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590 lines
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<mods:title id="6EC780FA2A3F27F035DD63996261B986">Carlgren’s hesitation allayed: redescription and systematics of Heteranthus verruculatus Klunzinger, 1877 (Cnidaria, Actiniaria), with a redefinition of Heteranthidae Carlgren, 1900</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="86C8B5AD31BA3F563C877481A969F105">Yap, Nicholas Wei Liang</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8356645" ID-GBIF-Taxon="213181745" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8356645" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">
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<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37BFFF8E99FB3B2FB4DFB6B" ID-CoL="3L7D8" ID-ENA="1326989" authority="Klunzinger, 1877" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[706,1173,1177,1203]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">
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<emphasis id="F28D680CB37BFFF8E99FB3B2FC01FB6B" box="[706,985,1177,1203]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">Heteranthus verruculatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E882B3B2FB4DFB6B" author="Klunzinger, C. B." box="[991,1173,1177,1203]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" refId="ref14097" refString="Klunzinger, C. B. (1877) Die Korallthiere des rothen Meeres. Erster Theil: Die Alcyonarien und Malacodermen. Verlag der Gutmann'schen Buchhandlung, Berlin." type="book" year="1877">Klunzinger, 1877</bibRefCitation>
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<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB37BFFF8E99FB396FCFEFB0F" box="[706,806,1213,1239]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStart-4="FIGURE 6" captionStart-5="FIGURE 7" captionStart-6="FIGURE 8" captionStart-7="FIGURE 9" captionStart-8="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="8.[129,196,706,727]" captionStartId-1="11.[98,165,970,991]" captionStartId-2="12.[129,196,1185,1206]" captionStartId-3="13.[98,165,835,856]" captionStartId-4="14.[129,196,1261,1282]" captionStartId-5="15.[98,165,1048,1069]" captionStartId-6="16.[129,196,1623,1644]" captionStartId-7="19.[98,165,749,770]" captionStartId-8="20.[98,165,1124,1150]" captionTargetBox-0="[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetBox-1="[98,1157,164,952]" captionTargetBox-2="[223,1092,164,1166]" captionTargetBox-3="[193,1062,164,815]" captionTargetBox-4="[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetBox-5="[193,1061,164,1029]" captionTargetBox-6="[336,979,164,1597]" captionTargetBox-7="[251,1003,166,728]" captionTargetBox-8="[98,1668,608,1108]" captionTargetId-0="figure-250@8.[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetId-1="figure-170@11.[98,1157,164,952]" captionTargetId-2="figure-89@12.[223,1092,164,1166]" captionTargetId-3="figure-244@13.[193,1062,164,816]" captionTargetId-4="figure-66@14.[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetId-5="figure-166@15.[193,1062,164,1029]" captionTargetId-6="figure-1@16.[336,979,164,1604]" captionTargetId-7="figure-338@19.[249,1005,164,730]" captionTargetId-8="figure-2@20.[98,1668,608,1108]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionTargetPageId-3="13" captionTargetPageId-4="14" captionTargetPageId-5="15" captionTargetPageId-6="16" captionTargetPageId-7="19" captionTargetPageId-8="20" captionText-0="FIGURE 2 Name-bearing type materials of Heteranthus verruculatus and Heteranthus insignis. A.dried lectotype of H.verruculatus (ZMB 1852), top view. B. close-up of ZMB 1852 in two pieces, showing details of distalmost end, and mesenteries, top view.Note that a slice of the distalmost end is missing.C. the piece of distalmost end from lectotype ZMB 1852, now at Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NRS 4861), Sweden, side view.Note details of conspicuous verrucae and marginal projections with papillae- like bumps. D. holotype of H.insignis, an entire specimen (NRS 4076), side view.Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; m, mesenteries; mp, marginal projection; mt, marginal tentacles; pd, pedal disc; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." captionText-1="FIGURE 3 Living specimens of Heteranthus verruculatus. A.an expanded individual (RCLA.Cni.003), camouflaged with the sand that it is buried in, Tial, Pulau Ambon, Indonesia.Photograph by NWL Yap.B.a partially contracted individual (RCLA.Cni.003) extending from a rocky crevice, with sand grains and shell fragments still densely attached to distalmost end, atTial,Pulau Ambon, Indonesia.Photograph by NWL Yap.C.an expanded smaller individual with tentacles extended, encountered in a bed of Zoanthus at Pulau Tekukor,Singapore, in situ.Photograph by KS Loh, with permission.D.a population of densely packed clustering individuals (ZRC.CNI.1207), encountered in aHalophila ovalis meadow at Cyrene Reef, Singapore.Photograph by NWL Yap.Abbreviation:z, Zoanthus sp. Scale bar = 5 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 4 A clustering Heteranthus verruculatus (ZRC.CNI.1230) undergoing longitudinal fission. A, B. lateral stretching, with pedal-end extending the widest.Both column and pedal-ends inflate and deflate (arrowed) as the sea anemone pulls itself in opposite directions.C, D. column cleaved; continued stretching of actinopharynx that eventually splits, with distalmost end remaining (arrowed). E, F. pulling and splitting of the distalmost end of column where sphincter muscles are. Duration of observation is denoted at the top right-hand corner of each panel, time rendered in hours, minutes, and seconds (i.e., hh:mm:ss). Scale bar = 2 mm.Video screen capture by NWL Yap.For full video, refer to supplementary video S1." captionText-3="FIGURE 5 Oral disc appearance of Heteranthus verruculatus. A. an expanded solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) with a crenulated, oval oral disc. B.an expanded clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207) with a round, flat oral disc. In both A and B, innermost cycle of marginal tentacles is longer than outermost.C. dense arrangement of discal tentacles of a solitary individual from the Great Barrier Reef (NHM 1954.6.28.23).D.discal tentacles of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1230) with a sparse distribution of tentacles (arrowed).Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; dt, discal tentacles; m, mouth; mt, marginal tentacles.Scale bar = 2 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." captionText-4="FIGURE 6 Appearance of the column of Heteranthus verruculatus, external view.A.marginal projections on lectotype (NRS 4861), with numerous papillae-like verrucae, top view. B. marginal projections of H. insignis [= H.verruculatus], holotype (NRS 4076) with papillae-like verrucae, side view.C. marginal projections of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) covered densely with papillae-like verrucae.D. variation in appearance on marginal projection appearance on a clustering one (ZRC.CNI.1207). E.conspicuous verrucae of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.004). F.inconspicuous verrucae of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207). Abbreviations: mp, marginal projections; mt, marginal tentacles; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." captionText-5="FIGURE 7 Cross sections of Heteranthus verruculatus, through the level below actinopharynx, internal morphology.A.mesenteries of holotype Heteranthus insignis (NRS 4076) [= H.verruculatus]. Note complete mesenteries have humps along its edges.B.asymmetrical arrangement of mesenteries in a clustering individual (ZRC.CNI.1207), directives are absent. C. gametogenic tissues with oocytes present on both complete and incomplete mesenteries of an individual (WAMZ33604).Circles indicate the presence of the parietobasilar muscles as pennons. Abbreviation:o, oocytes.Scale = 2 mm.Photographs by NWL Yap." captionText-6="FIGURE 8 Longitudinal sections of Heteranthus verruculatus at distalmost end illustrating varying sphincter muscle forms, internal morphology.A.conspicuous and circumscribed (NHM 1954.6.28.23). B. restricted and inconspicuous (MTG59392).C. conspicuous with many folds (WAM Z33604). Abbreviations:fo,fosse; mp, marginal projection; mt, marginal tentacle; sph, sphincter muscle. Scale = 1 mm.Photographs by NWL Yap." captionText-7="FIGURE 9 Cnidae of Heteranthus verruculatus Klunzinger, 1877.A.spirocyst. B. basitrich.C.basitrich. D. spirocyst. E.basitrich.F.basitrich. G. basitrich.H. microbasic p-mastigophore. I. small basitrich. J. basitrich. K. large basitrich.L.microbasic amastigophore/microbasic p-mastigophore. Scale bar = 10 µm. Refer to table 2 for key to letters. Photographs by NWL Yap." captionText-8="FIGURE 10 Distribution of Heteranthus verruculatus across the globe. 1. Oahu, Hawaii.2. Rikitea, French Polynesia. 3. Kosseir, Egypt.4. Bar Al Himan Peninsula, Oman.5. Côn SƠn Island [= Poulo Condore], Vietnam.6. Singapore.7. Pulau Ambon, Indonesia. 8. Great Barrier Reef, Australia. 9. Moreton Bay, Australia.10. Rottnest Island, Australia.Star symbols denote type localities for H.verruculatus (i.e., No. 3) and H.insignis [=H.verruculatus] (i.e., No. 5). Black dots represent sites where H.verruculatus was reported and/or collected.As den Hartog (1997) did not provide a specific locality within Indonesia for which H.verruculatus was encountered, it is not reflected on this map.An asterisk (*) beside each number reflects materials that have been examined in this study. All GPS co-ordinates associated with these materials are listed in supplementary table S2.See main text for full details." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343305" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343307" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343309" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343311" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343313" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343315" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343317" figureDoi-7="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343319" figureDoi-8="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343321" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/8343305/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/8343307/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/8343309/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/8343311/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/8343313/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/8343315/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/8343317/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/8343319/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/8343321/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">figs. 2–10</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37BFFF8E99FB3CBFCD2FAC7" ID-CoL="3L7D8" authority="Klunzinger, 1877: 84" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityPageNumber="84" authorityYear="1877" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">
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<emphasis id="F28D680CB37BFFF8E99FB3CBFC21FB22" box="[706,1017,1248,1274]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">Heteranthus verruculatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8EF7FB3CBFCD2FAC7" author="Klunzinger, C. B." pageId="8" pageNumber="163" refId="ref14097" refString="Klunzinger, C. B. (1877) Die Korallthiere des rothen Meeres. Erster Theil: Die Alcyonarien und Malacodermen. Verlag der Gutmann'schen Buchhandlung, Berlin." type="book" year="1877">Klunzinger, 1877: 84</bibRefCitation>
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(original description);
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<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8EF61B22FFCD1FA9A" author="Carlgren, O." pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="21 - 144" refId="ref13017" refString="Carlgren, O. (1900) Ostafrikanische Actinien. Gesammelt von Herrn Dr. F. Stuhlmann 1888 und 1889. Mitt. Naturh. Museum, 17, 21 - 144." type="journal article" year="1900">Carlgren, 1900: 92</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E843B203FBF0FA9A" author="Stephenson, T. A." box="[798,1064,1320,1346]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="247 - 319" refId="ref14726" refString="Stephenson, T. A. (1922) On the classification of Actiniaria. Part III - Definitions connected with forms dealt with in Part II. Q. J. Microsc. Sci., 66, 247 - 319." type="journal article" year="1922">Stephenson, 1922: 290</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8EF61B203FD21FABE" author="Carlgren, O." pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref13090" refString="Carlgren, O. (1943) East-Asiatic Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., 20, 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1943">Carlgren, 1943: 31</bibRefCitation>
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;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E85BB267FC17FABF" author="Carlgren, O." box="[774,975,1356,1383]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 121" refId="ref13118" refString="Carlgren, O. (1949) A survey of the Ptychodactiaria, Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., 1, 1 - 121." type="journal article" year="1949">Carlgren, 1949: 75</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E881B267FB47FABE" author="Cutress, C. E." box="[988,1183,1356,1382]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="130 - 147" refId="ref13181" refString="Cutress, C. E. (1977) Corallimorpharia, Actiniaria, Ceriantharia. In: Devaney D. M. & Eldredge LG L. G. (Eds) Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii, pp. 130 - 147. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI." type="book chapter" year="1977">Cutress, 1977: 138</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E9F9B25BFC41FA53" author="den Hartog, J. C." box="[676,921,1392,1419]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="351 - 370" refId="ref13402" refString="den Hartog, J. C. (1997) The sea anemone fauna of Indonesian coral reefs. In: Tomascik T., Mah A. J., Nontji A. & Moosa M. K. (Eds) The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas, pp. 351 - 370. Periplus Editions, Singapore." type="book chapter" year="1997">den Hartog, 1997: 358</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E8FBB25BFB47FA53" author="Fautin, D. G. & Crowther, A. L. & Wallace, C. C." box="[934,1183,1392,1419]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="35 - 64" refId="ref13721" refString="Fautin, D. G., Crowther, A. L. & Wallace, C. C. (2008) Sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) of Moreton Bay. Mem. Queensl. Mus. - Nature, 54, 35 - 64." type="journal article" year="2008">Fautin et al., 2008: 52</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E9F9B2BFFC81FA76" author="Fautin, D. G." box="[676,857,1428,1454]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 449" refId="ref13690" refString="Fautin, D. G. (2016) Catalog to families, genera, and speciesofordersActiniariaandCorallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zootaxa, 4145, 1 - 449." type="journal article" year="2016">Fautin, 2016: 416</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37BFFF8E99FB293FB56FA0B" blockId="8.[676,1187,997,1742]" box="[706,1166,1464,1491]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37BFFF8E99FB293FB56FA0B" authority=": Andres, 1883: 509" authorityName="Andres" authorityPageNumber="509" authorityYear="1883" box="[706,1166,1464,1491]" class="Anthozoa" family="Discosomidae" genus="Actinothrix" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corallimorpharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37BFFF8E99FB293FC1BFA0A" box="[706,963,1464,1490]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">Actinothrix verruculata</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E892B293FB56FA0B" author="Andres, A." box="[975,1166,1464,1491]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="211 - 673" refId="ref12916" refString="Andres, A. (1883) Le Attinie. Atti dell' Accademia de Lincei, 14, 211 - 673." type="journal article" year="1883">Andres, 1883: 509</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37BFFF8E99FB2F7FCBCF9C2" blockId="8.[676,1187,997,1742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37BFFF8E99FB2F7FC3EFA2E" ID-CoL="3L7D7" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[706,998,1500,1526]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verriculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37BFFF8E99FB2F7FC3EFA2E" box="[706,998,1500,1526]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">Heteranthus verriculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[no author]:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E9F9B12BFCBCF9C2" author="Carlgren, O." box="[676,868,1536,1562]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref13090" refString="Carlgren, O. (1943) East-Asiatic Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., 20, 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1943">Carlgren, 1943: 32</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88E3E795B37BFFF8E99FB10FFBF1F95E" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37BFFF8E99FB10FFBF1F95E" blockId="8.[676,1187,997,1742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37BFFF8E99FB10FFB7BF9E6" authority="Carlgren, 1943: 30" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityPageNumber="30" authorityYear="1943" box="[706,1187,1572,1598]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37BFFF8E99FB10FFC68F9E5" box="[706,944,1572,1598]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">Heteranthus insignis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E899B10FFB7BF9E6" author="Carlgren, O." box="[964,1187,1572,1598]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref13090" refString="Carlgren, O. (1943) East-Asiatic Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., 20, 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1943">Carlgren, 1943: 30</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(original description);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E8E8B163FB47F9BA" author="Carlgren, O." box="[949,1183,1607,1634]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="427 - 457" refId="ref13151" refString="Carlgren, O. (1950) Actinia and Corallimorpharia. Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928 - 29. Sci. Rep., 5, 427 - 457." type="journal article" year="1950">Carlgren, 1950: 440</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E9F9B140FC82F95E" author="Fautin, D. G." box="[676,858,1643,1670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="1 - 449" refId="ref13690" refString="Fautin, D. G. (2016) Catalog to families, genera, and speciesofordersActiniariaandCorallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zootaxa, 4145, 1 - 449." type="journal article" year="2016">Fautin, 2016: 275</bibRefCitation>
|
||
NEW SYNONYMY
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88E3E795B37BFFF8E99FB1A4FC3DF915" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37BFFF8E99FB1A4FC3DF915" blockId="8.[676,1187,997,1742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37BFFF8E99FB1A4FCA2F972" box="[706,890,1679,1706]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37BFFF8E99FB1A4FC92F971" box="[706,842,1679,1705]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="163">Heteranthus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E8D0B1A4FD35F915" author="Gonzalez-Munoz, R. & Simoes, N. & Mascaro, M. & Tello-Musi, J. L. & Brugler, M. R. & Rodriguez, E." pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="69 - 79" refId="ref13856" refString="Gonzalez-Munoz, R., Simoes, N., Mascaro, M., Tello-Musi, J. L., Brugler, M. R. & Rodriguez, E. (2015) Morphological and molecular variability of the sea anemone Phymanthus crucifer (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Actiniaria, Actinoidea). J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK., 95, 69 - 79." type="journal article" year="2015">González-Muñoz et al., 2015: 3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37BFFF8E9A5B198FC3DF915" author="Brugler, M. R. & Gonzalez-Munoz, R. E. & Tessler, M. & Rodriguez, E." box="[760,997,1715,1742]" pageId="8" pageNumber="163" pagination="756 - 776" refId="ref12968" refString="Brugler, M. R., Gonzalez-Munoz, R. E., Tessler, M. & Rodriguez, E. (2018) An EPIC Journey to locate single-copy nuclear markers in sea anemones. Zool. Scr., 47, 756 - 776." type="journal article" year="2018">Brugler et al., 2018: 10</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88E3E795B37AFFF9EBDCB780FF54FC03" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37AFFF9EBDCB780FDC8FEA1" blockId="9.[98,611,171,1742]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9EBDCB780FEC4FF31" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Material examined (*- observed alive by the first author)</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="8D7B81A5B37AFFF9EA79B7E4FE5FFF31" box="[292,391,207,233]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[98,158,444,470]" captionTargetBox="[98,1662,523,1465]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 2 Cnidom of Heteranthus verruculatus Klunzinger, 1877, comprising type specimens (i.e,. those of H.verruculatus and H.insignis), and voucher specimens. Regarding the latter, cnidae measurements were taken from both solitary and clustering polyps" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9486E496B362FFE1EB3FB697FBE5FE2B" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" tableUuid="9486E496B362FFE1EB3FB697FBE5FE2B">table S2</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7091BE43B37AFFF9EAFCB7E4FF55FEA2" collectionCode="UFM, WAM" country="Oman" location="Bar Al Hikan Peninsula" municipality="Perth" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" specimenCode="UFM 4220, WAM Z33600, WAM Z33604" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Western Australia">
|
||
Indian Ocean.
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9E90EB7E4FDBAFF31" bold="true" box="[595,610,207,233]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">–</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37AFFF9EB3FB7D8FF72FED5" box="[98,170,243,269]" name="Oman" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="C526E2C5B37AFFF9EBE6B7DFFE0AFED5" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915:C526E2C5B37AFFF9EBE6B7DFFE0AFED5" box="[187,466,243,270]" country="Oman" municipality="Perth" name="Bar Al Hikan Peninsula" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" stateProvince="Western Australia">Bar Al Hikan Peninsula</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="905F1C65B37AFFF9EAB8B7D8FDB9FED5" box="[485,609,243,269]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">UFM 4220</specimenCode>
|
||
x2);
|
||
<collectingRegion id="023D7AFCB37AFFF9EBCFB633FE85FEE9" box="[146,349,279,306]" country="Australia" name="Western Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Western Australia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="20222E64B37AFFF9EA3AB63CFE7DFEE9" box="[359,421,279,305]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Perth</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<location id="C526E2C5B37AFFF9EAECB633FD86FEE9" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915:C526E2C5B37AFFF9EAECB633FD86FEE9" box="[433,606,279,306]" country="Oman" municipality="Perth" name="Rottnest Island" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" stateProvince="Western Australia">Rottnest Island</location>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="C526E2C5B37AFFF9EB3FB610FF3AFE8D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915:C526E2C5B37AFFF9EB3FB610FF3AFE8D" box="[98,226,315,341]" country="Oman" municipality="Perth" name="Radar Reef" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" stateProvince="Western Australia">Radar Reef</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="905F1C65B37AFFF9EBA9B610FE4CFE8D" box="[244,404,315,341]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">WAM Z33600</specimenCode>
|
||
x1;
|
||
<specimenCode id="905F1C65B37AFFF9EA98B610FDB9FE8D" box="[453,609,315,341]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">WAM Z33604</specimenCode>
|
||
x6),
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7091BE43B37AFFF9EBCEB674FDC8FEA1" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4412278313" box="[147,528,351,377]" collectionCode="WAM" location="Cape Vlamingh" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" specimenCode="WAM Z33601" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="C526E2C5B37AFFF9EBCEB674FEE6FEA1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915:C526E2C5B37AFFF9EBCEB674FEE6FEA1" box="[147,318,351,377]" name="Cape Vlamingh" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Cape Vlamingh</location>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCode id="905F1C65B37AFFF9EA16B674FE39FEA1" box="[331,481,351,377]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">WAM Z33601</specimenCode>
|
||
x3).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37AFFF9EBDCB6A8FE34FCA8" blockId="9.[98,611,171,1742]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7091BE43B37AFFF9EBDCB6A8FE34FCA8" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
|
||
Western Pacific Ocean. –
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37AFFF9EAC6B6A8FDD1FE45" box="[411,521,387,413]" name="Singapore" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Cyrene Reef (ZRC.CNI.0496 x2; ZRC.CNI.0505 x8; ZRC. CNI.0506 x3; ZRC.CNI.0507 x17; ZRC.CNI.0583 x3; ZRC.CNI.1207 x8*; ZRC.CNI.1230 x>50*; ZRC.CNI.1367 x18*), Pulau Jong (ZRC.CNI.1368 x>35*), Pulau Tekukor (photograph only), RafflesLighthouse(photographonly);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37AFFF9EAABB571FDBAFDAC" box="[502,610,602,628]" name="Indonesia" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Pulau Ambon): Latuhalat (RCLA.Cni.004 x3*), Tial (RCLA.Cni.003 x4*, RCLA.Cni.008 x2*); Eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37AFFF9EBE0B5EDFEF9FD38" box="[189,289,710,736]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Low Isle on Snapper Island, Great Barrier Reef (NHM 1954.6.28.23 x1), Moreton Bay (MTQ-G59967 x2; MTQ-G59968 x3; MTQ-G59391 x21; MTQ-G59392 x1), Mystic Sands, Townsville (MTQ-G59393 x5).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37AFFF9EBDCB452FF54FC03" blockId="9.[98,611,171,1742]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">South Pacific Ocean. – French Polynesian Islands, Mangareva, Rikitea (MNHN-IK-2019-8 x3).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88E3E795B37AFFFAEBDCB4CEFE19FEE9" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37AFFF9EBDCB4CEFE9BF9E6" blockId="9.[98,611,171,1742]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9EBDCB4CEFEEFFBFB" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Nomenclatural considerations and type material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
Both
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37AFFF9EADEB322FF5CFB90" author="Fautin, D. G. & Crowther, A. L. & Wallace, C. C." pageId="9" pageNumber="164" pagination="35 - 64" refId="ref13721" refString="Fautin, D. G., Crowther, A. L. & Wallace, C. C. (2008) Sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) of Moreton Bay. Mem. Queensl. Mus. - Nature, 54, 35 - 64." type="journal article" year="2008">Fautin et al. (2008: 52)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37AFFF9EB9DB306FE5CFB90" author="Fautin, D. G." box="[192,388,1069,1096]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" pagination="1 - 449" refId="ref13690" refString="Fautin, D. G. (2016) Catalog to families, genera, and speciesofordersActiniariaandCorallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zootaxa, 4145, 1 - 449." type="journal article" year="2016">Fautin (2016: 416)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed
|
||
<specimenCount id="D6FF7F97B37AFFF9EA8DB305FDBAFB90" box="[464,610,1070,1096]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="generic" typeStatus="syntypes">two syntypes</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37AFFF9EB22B379FEFAFBB3" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[127,290,1105,1131]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9EB22B379FEFAFBB3" box="[127,290,1105,1131]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">H. verruculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the first is a nearly complete polyp that is kept in Berlin(ZMB 1852),while the second is a small fragment of a
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB37AFFF9EAEBB3B2FDD4FB6B" box="[438,524,1177,1203]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
, kept in
|
||
<location id="C526E2C5B37AFFF9EB3FB396FF0FFB0F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915:C526E2C5B37AFFF9EB3FB396FF0FFB0F" box="[98,215,1213,1239]" country="Tanzania" county="Berlin" municipality="Stockholm" name="Stockholm" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Stockholm</location>
|
||
(NRS 4861).
|
||
<location id="C526E2C5B37AFFF9EA35B396FE0EFB0F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915:C526E2C5B37AFFF9EA35B396FE0EFB0F" box="[360,470,1213,1239]" country="Tanzania" county="Berlin" municipality="Stockholm" name="Regarding" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Regarding</location>
|
||
the latter, it has a recent label indicating that the sample was collected by ‘
|
||
<location id="C526E2C5B37AFFF9EA70B22FFE73FAC6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915:C526E2C5B37AFFF9EA70B22FFE73FAC6" box="[301,427,1284,1310]" country="Tanzania" county="Berlin" municipality="Stockholm" name="Stuhlmann'" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Stuhlmann’</location>
|
||
between ‘1888– 1889,’ from ‘
|
||
<location id="C526E2C5B37AFFF9EB82B203FE80FA9A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915:C526E2C5B37AFFF9EB82B203FE80FA9A" box="[223,344,1320,1346]" country="Tanzania" county="Berlin" municipality="Stockholm" name="East-Africa" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">East-Africa</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37AFFF9EA3CB203FE66FA9A" box="[353,446,1320,1346]" name="Tanzania" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Sansibar</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectorName id="6D0CD1C8B37AFFF9EA95B203FD9DFA9B" box="[456,581,1320,1347]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Kokotoni, S</collectorName>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37AFFF9EB3FB267FF4FFABE" box="[98,151,1356,1382]" name="Iceland" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Insel</collectingCountry>
|
||
Puopo. Rock.’
|
||
<location id="C526E2C5B37AFFF9EA66B267FEB2FABE" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915:C526E2C5B37AFFF9EA66B267FEB2FABE" box="[315,362,1356,1382]" country="Tanzania" county="Berlin" municipality="Stockholm" name="This" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">This</location>
|
||
recent label is almost certainly an error.
|
||
<location id="C526E2C5B37AFFF9EA7CB25BFEACFA52" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915:C526E2C5B37AFFF9EA7CB25BFEACFA52" box="[289,372,1392,1418]" country="Tanzania" county="Berlin" municipality="Stockholm" name="Despite" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Despite</location>
|
||
these
|
||
<specimenCount id="D6FF7F97B37AFFF9EAE8B25AFDEFFA53" box="[437,567,1393,1419]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="generic" typeStatus="syntype">two syntype</specimenCount>
|
||
lots being kept in separate museums, they are not of different individuals; the fragment present in
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="20222E64B37AFFF9EB3FB2F7FF0FFA2E" box="[98,215,1500,1526]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Stockholm</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
is from the same individual present in
|
||
<collectingCounty id="2927CC92B37AFFF9EB22B12BFF1AF9C2" box="[127,194,1536,1562]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Berlin</collectingCounty>
|
||
, therefore only
|
||
<specimenCount id="D6FF7F97B37AFFF9EA30B12BFDBAF9C2" box="[365,610,1536,1562]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="generic" typeStatus="syntype">one syntype specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
exists instead of two.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37AFFF9EBDCB163FBFEFD88" blockId="9.[98,611,171,1742]" lastBlockId="9.[645,1158,171,1742]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
|
||
While
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37AFFF9EB8DB163FE49F9BA" author="Carlgren, O." box="[208,401,1608,1634]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" pagination="21 - 144" refId="ref13017" refString="Carlgren, O. (1900) Ostafrikanische Actinien. Gesammelt von Herrn Dr. F. Stuhlmann 1888 und 1889. Mitt. Naturh. Museum, 17, 21 - 144." type="journal article" year="1900">Carlgren’s (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
publication dealt with material collected by Stuhlmann from East Africa, it also presented diagnoses of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37AFFF9EB3FB198FEDDF915" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1900" box="[98,261,1715,1741]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Heteranthidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37AFFF9EA01B198FE3CF915" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[348,484,1715,1741]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9EA01B198FE3CF915" box="[348,484,1715,1741]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Heteranthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37AFFF9E95CB198FD2EFF1D" author="Carlgren, O." box="[513,758,171,1741]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" pagination="21 - 144" refId="ref13017" refString="Carlgren, O. (1900) Ostafrikanische Actinien. Gesammelt von Herrn Dr. F. Stuhlmann 1888 und 1889. Mitt. Naturh. Museum, 17, 21 - 144." type="journal article" year="1900">Carlgren (1900: 92)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
did not report any species of the genus collected from that locality and explicitly states that, “
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9E86EB7DFFC9EFED5" box="[819,838,244,269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">…</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37AFFF9E817B7D8FBF5FED6" authority="KLUNZ." authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[842,1069,243,270]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9E817B7D8FC0AFED5" box="[842,978,243,269]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Heteranthus</emphasis>
|
||
KLUNZ.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
mit nur einer Spezies,
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9E87DB633FC15FEE9" box="[800,973,279,305]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37AFFF9E87DB633FC10FEE9" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[800,968,279,305]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">H.verruculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Diese Spezies ist nicht in der STUHLMANN’schen Sammlung enthalten,”. In other words, Carlgren did not find
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37AFFF9E9E7B6A8FC9AFE45" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[698,834,387,413]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9E9E7B6A8FC9AFE45" box="[698,834,387,413]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Heteranthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals from East Africa in Stuhlmann’s collection. We infer that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37AFFF9E9D8B6E1FC9EFE3D" author="Carlgren, O." box="[645,838,458,485]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" pagination="21 - 144" refId="ref13017" refString="Carlgren, O. (1900) Ostafrikanische Actinien. Gesammelt von Herrn Dr. F. Stuhlmann 1888 und 1889. Mitt. Naturh. Museum, 17, 21 - 144." type="journal article" year="1900">Carlgren’s (1900)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
inclusion of the diagnoses served to facilitate discussion regarding East African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37AFFF9E9B7B539FCACFDF4" baseAuthorityName="Fossa & Nilsen" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[746,884,530,556]" class="Anthozoa" family="Phymanthidae" genus="Phymanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9E9B7B539FCACFDF4" box="[746,884,530,556]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Phymanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens, which he described in detail in his publication.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37AFFF9E9F9B571FB59FB6B" blockId="9.[645,1158,171,1742]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
|
||
Older labels within lot NRS 4861 provided further support that this fragment is part of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB37AFFF9E9D8B588FD03FD65" box="[645,731,675,701]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
kept in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="023D7AFCB37AFFF9E86CB589FCAEFD64" box="[817,886,674,700]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Berlin</collectingRegion>
|
||
. Though faded, one label has the number “1852,” written on it, which corresponds to the catalogue number present on the old label of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="023D7AFCB37AFFF9E835B425FC72FCF0" box="[872,938,782,808]" country="Germany" name="Berlin" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Berlin</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimen (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB37AFFF9EF70B425FBA2FCF0" box="[1069,1146,782,808]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[129,196,706,727]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetId="figure-250@8.[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2 Name-bearing type materials of Heteranthus verruculatus and Heteranthus insignis. A.dried lectotype of H.verruculatus (ZMB 1852), top view. B. close-up of ZMB 1852 in two pieces, showing details of distalmost end, and mesenteries, top view.Note that a slice of the distalmost end is missing.C. the piece of distalmost end from lectotype ZMB 1852, now at Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NRS 4861), Sweden, side view.Note details of conspicuous verrucae and marginal projections with papillae- like bumps. D. holotype of H.insignis, an entire specimen (NRS 4076), side view.Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; m, mesenteries; mp, marginal projection; mt, marginal tentacles; pd, pedal disc; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343305/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">fig. 2A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Other older labels, likely written by Carlgren himself, indicate that the fragment was from “
|
||
<collectingRegion id="023D7AFCB37AFFF9E9D3B452FCD5FC4B" box="[654,781,889,915]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Röda havet</collectingRegion>
|
||
” [=
|
||
<collectingRegion id="023D7AFCB37AFFF9E81BB452FC7EFC4C" box="[838,934,889,916]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
|
||
], and “Klunz orig!”. In addition, the NRS fragment corresponds to the position of the missing slice of ZMB 1852, though slightly smaller in width, with the oral disc and actinopharynx absent; presumably Carlgren had prepared histological slides from the NRS material (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37AFFF9E82CB37AFBC8FBB4" author="Carlgren, O." box="[881,1040,1105,1132]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" pagination="427 - 457" refId="ref13151" refString="Carlgren, O. (1950) Actinia and Corallimorpharia. Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928 - 29. Sci. Rep., 5, 427 - 457." type="journal article" year="1950">Carlgren, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This confirms that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37AFFF9E877B35DFC0AFB57" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[810,978,1141,1167]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9E877B35DFC0AFB57" box="[810,978,1141,1167]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">H. verruculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fragment numbered NRS 4861 is part of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB37AFFF9E8E0B3B2FBCBFB6B" box="[957,1043,1177,1203]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
ZMB 1852.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37AFFFAE9F9B396FE19FEE9" blockId="9.[645,1158,171,1742]" lastBlockId="10.[129,641,171,1742]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="165" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">
|
||
We hereby designate both ZMB 1852 and NRS 4861, previously considered as separate
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB37AFFF9E9D8B22EFD3EFAC7" box="[645,742,1285,1311]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
but now found to be of the same
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB37AFFF9EF0AB22EFD6EFA9B" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen, as the
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB37AFFF9E8DEB203FC32FA9A" box="[899,1002,1320,1346]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
for the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37AFFF9E9D8B267FB5CFABE" authority="Klunzinger, 1877" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[645,1156,1356,1382]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37AFFF9E9D8B267FC71FABE" box="[645,937,1356,1382]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Heteranthus verruculatus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37AFFF9E89CB267FB5CFABE" author="Klunzinger, C. B." box="[961,1156,1356,1382]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" refId="ref14097" refString="Klunzinger, C. B. (1877) Die Korallthiere des rothen Meeres. Erster Theil: Die Alcyonarien und Malacodermen. Verlag der Gutmann'schen Buchhandlung, Berlin." type="book" year="1877">Klunzinger, 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Code Article 74), to enhance its nomenclatural objectivity.
|
||
<collectorName id="6D0CD1C8B37AFFF9E87EB2BFFBCDFA76" box="[803,1045,1428,1454]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">While C.B. Klunzinger</collectorName>
|
||
described the species from more than one individual that he had collected from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37AFFF9E820B2F7FC64FA2E" box="[893,956,1500,1526]" name="Egypt" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37AFFF9E897B2F7FB59FA2E" author="Klunzinger, C. B." box="[970,1153,1500,1526]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" refId="ref14097" refString="Klunzinger, C. B. (1877) Die Korallthiere des rothen Meeres. Erster Theil: Die Alcyonarien und Malacodermen. Verlag der Gutmann'schen Buchhandlung, Berlin." type="book" year="1877">Klunzinger, 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37AFFF9E9D8B12BFCC8F9C3" author="Fautin, D. G." box="[645,784,1536,1563]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" pagination="1 - 449" refId="ref13690" refString="Fautin, D. G. (2016) Catalog to families, genera, and speciesofordersActiniariaandCorallimorpharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa). Zootaxa, 4145, 1 - 449." type="journal article" year="2016">Fautin, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the first author was not able to locate any other
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB37AFFF9E818B10FFC7EF9E6" box="[837,934,1572,1598]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
at museums where Klunzinger’s specimens are now kept, or in those that
|
||
<collectorName id="6D0CD1C8B37AFFF9E9A2B147FCA5F95D" box="[767,893,1643,1670]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164">O. Carlgren</collectorName>
|
||
have visited and possibly transferred some. Should these other
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB37AFFF9EF0AB1BBFD18F916" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
be found, they are the
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB37AFFF9E8BFB198FB5CF915" box="[994,1156,1715,1741]" pageId="9" pageNumber="164" type="paralectotype">paralectotypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB379FFFAEBC2B787FE9EFF1D" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[159,326,171,197]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB379FFFAEBC2B787FE9EFF1D" box="[159,326,171,197]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">H. verruculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Code Article 74.1.3). In this publication, all three conditions stipulating the designation of a
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB379FFFAEA37B7D8FE09FED5" box="[362,465,243,269]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
after 1999 have been met (Code Article 74.7).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88E3E795B379FFFAEBC2B610FDB4FB57" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB379FFFAEBC2B610FE36FCA8" blockId="10.[129,641,171,1742]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB379FFFAEBC2B610FE6FFE8D" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[159,439,315,341]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB379FFFAEBC2B610FE6FFE8D" box="[159,439,315,341]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">Heteranthus verruculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7091BE43B379FFFAEA8FB617FD58FE46" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4412278304" collectionCode="ZMB" collectorName="C. B. Klunzinger" location="Koseir" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" specimenCode="ZMB 1852" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Red Sea" typeStatus="lectotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB379FFFAEA8FB617FD9CFE8E" box="[466,580,316,342]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
<specimenCode id="905F1C65B379FFFAE910B617FF68FEA2" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">ZMB 1852</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAEBE2B674FEFFFEA1" box="[191,295,351,377]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[129,196,706,727]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetId="figure-250@8.[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2 Name-bearing type materials of Heteranthus verruculatus and Heteranthus insignis. A.dried lectotype of H.verruculatus (ZMB 1852), top view. B. close-up of ZMB 1852 in two pieces, showing details of distalmost end, and mesenteries, top view.Note that a slice of the distalmost end is missing.C. the piece of distalmost end from lectotype ZMB 1852, now at Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NRS 4861), Sweden, side view.Note details of conspicuous verrucae and marginal projections with papillae- like bumps. D. holotype of H.insignis, an entire specimen (NRS 4076), side view.Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; m, mesenteries; mp, marginal projection; mt, marginal tentacles; pd, pedal disc; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343305/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="6D0CD1C8B379FFFAEA91B674FDA3FEA1" box="[460,635,351,377]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">C.B. Klunzinger</collectorName>
|
||
, no later than 1877 from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="023D7AFCB379FFFAEAE3B6A8FDC0FE45" box="[446,536,387,413]" country="Egypt" name="Al Bahr al Ahmar" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">Red Sea</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<location id="C526E2C5B379FFFAE97AB6A8FDADFE46" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:48500508B37BFFFDE99FB3B2FBABF915:C526E2C5B379FFFAE97AB6A8FDADFE46" box="[551,629,387,414]" name="Koseir" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" stateProvince="Red Sea">Koseir</location>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
Two pieces of a single specimen, rigid and brittle, cut transversely across at mid-column (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAEBD5B6C5FF02FDD1" box="[136,218,494,521]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[129,196,706,727]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetId="figure-250@8.[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2 Name-bearing type materials of Heteranthus verruculatus and Heteranthus insignis. A.dried lectotype of H.verruculatus (ZMB 1852), top view. B. close-up of ZMB 1852 in two pieces, showing details of distalmost end, and mesenteries, top view.Note that a slice of the distalmost end is missing.C. the piece of distalmost end from lectotype ZMB 1852, now at Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NRS 4861), Sweden, side view.Note details of conspicuous verrucae and marginal projections with papillae- like bumps. D. holotype of H.insignis, an entire specimen (NRS 4076), side view.Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; m, mesenteries; mp, marginal projection; mt, marginal tentacles; pd, pedal disc; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343305/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Distalmost column slit longitudinally, a slice of distalmost margin missing (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAEBD5B51DFF09FD89" box="[136,209,566,593]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[129,196,706,727]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetId="figure-250@8.[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2 Name-bearing type materials of Heteranthus verruculatus and Heteranthus insignis. A.dried lectotype of H.verruculatus (ZMB 1852), top view. B. close-up of ZMB 1852 in two pieces, showing details of distalmost end, and mesenteries, top view.Note that a slice of the distalmost end is missing.C. the piece of distalmost end from lectotype ZMB 1852, now at Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NRS 4861), Sweden, side view.Note details of conspicuous verrucae and marginal projections with papillae- like bumps. D. holotype of H.insignis, an entire specimen (NRS 4076), side view.Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; m, mesenteries; mp, marginal projection; mt, marginal tentacles; pd, pedal disc; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343305/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 2B</figureCitation>
|
||
). An oily scum layer encrusts oral disc. Both pieces dark-greenish or grey. Total length
|
||
<quantity id="070119FBB379FFFAEBDCB555FF12FD41" box="[129,202,638,665]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
|
||
, mid-column
|
||
<quantity id="070119FBB379FFFAEA2DB555FE6FFD41" box="[368,439,638,665]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="13.0">13 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, distalmost and proximal end
|
||
<quantity id="070119FBB379FFFAEA06B589FE7AFD65" box="[347,418,674,701]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, respectively; NRS 4861 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAEBA5B5EDFE9BFD38" box="[248,323,710,736]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[129,196,706,727]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetId="figure-250@8.[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2 Name-bearing type materials of Heteranthus verruculatus and Heteranthus insignis. A.dried lectotype of H.verruculatus (ZMB 1852), top view. B. close-up of ZMB 1852 in two pieces, showing details of distalmost end, and mesenteries, top view.Note that a slice of the distalmost end is missing.C. the piece of distalmost end from lectotype ZMB 1852, now at Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NRS 4861), Sweden, side view.Note details of conspicuous verrucae and marginal projections with papillae- like bumps. D. holotype of H.insignis, an entire specimen (NRS 4076), side view.Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; m, mesenteries; mp, marginal projection; mt, marginal tentacles; pd, pedal disc; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343305/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
) a single fragment originating from ZMB 1852. A piece of distalmost end of column, also includes part of the mid-column, dark sandy-brown in colour, in good condition. Fragment
|
||
<quantity id="070119FBB379FFFAEA31B47DFE73FCA8" box="[364,427,854,880]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB379FFFAEBC2B452FDB4FB57" blockId="10.[129,641,171,1742]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB379FFFAEBC2B452FE59FC4B" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1943" box="[159,385,889,915]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB379FFFAEBC2B452FE59FC4B" box="[159,385,889,915]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">Heteranthus insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
–
|
||
<materialsCitation id="7091BE43B379FFFAEAC1B452FE09FC03" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4412278318" collectionCode="NRS" collectorName="D. C. Dawydoff" country="Vietnam" location="Vietnam" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" specimenCode="NRS 4076" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB379FFFAEAC1B452FDDEFC4B" box="[412,518,889,915]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="905F1C65B379FFFAE952B451FDA4FC4B" box="[527,636,889,916]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">NRS 4076</specimenCode>
|
||
, collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="6D0CD1C8B379FFFAEA50B4B5FE75FC6F" box="[269,429,925,952]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">D.C. Dawydoff</collectorName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB379FFFAEAB2B4B6FD97FC6F" box="[495,591,925,951]" name="Vietnam" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
and given to O. Carlgren (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAEA2BB4EAFE1DFC03" box="[374,453,961,987]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="8.[129,196,706,727]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetId="figure-250@8.[223,1092,164,688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 2 Name-bearing type materials of Heteranthus verruculatus and Heteranthus insignis. A.dried lectotype of H.verruculatus (ZMB 1852), top view. B. close-up of ZMB 1852 in two pieces, showing details of distalmost end, and mesenteries, top view.Note that a slice of the distalmost end is missing.C. the piece of distalmost end from lectotype ZMB 1852, now at Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (NRS 4861), Sweden, side view.Note details of conspicuous verrucae and marginal projections with papillae- like bumps. D. holotype of H.insignis, an entire specimen (NRS 4076), side view.Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; m, mesenteries; mp, marginal projection; mt, marginal tentacles; pd, pedal disc; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343305" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343305/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
A single specimen,
|
||
<quantity id="070119FBB379FFFAEB99B4CEFED3FBD8" box="[196,267,997,1024]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="17.0">17 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length, cut transversely into two pieces at mid-column, with a longitudinal cut along each. A slice of distalmost margin missing. Both pieces firm, in good condition. Both pieces cream-coloured in preservative.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88E3E795B379FFFAEBC2B3B2FD58F9BA" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB379FFFAEBC2B3B2FD58F9BA" blockId="10.[129,641,171,1742]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB379FFFAEBC2B3B2FE88FB6B" box="[159,336,1177,1203]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Encountered during low spring tides along shallow tropical coasts, with oral disc and marginal tentacles expanded (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAE902B3CBFF46FAC7" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[98,165,970,991]" captionTargetBox="[98,1157,164,952]" captionTargetId="figure-170@11.[98,1157,164,952]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3 Living specimens of Heteranthus verruculatus. A.an expanded individual (RCLA.Cni.003), camouflaged with the sand that it is buried in, Tial, Pulau Ambon, Indonesia.Photograph by NWL Yap.B.a partially contracted individual (RCLA.Cni.003) extending from a rocky crevice, with sand grains and shell fragments still densely attached to distalmost end, atTial,Pulau Ambon, Indonesia.Photograph by NWL Yap.C.an expanded smaller individual with tentacles extended, encountered in a bed of Zoanthus at Pulau Tekukor,Singapore, in situ.Photograph by KS Loh, with permission.D.a population of densely packed clustering individuals (ZRC.CNI.1207), encountered in aHalophila ovalis meadow at Cyrene Reef, Singapore.Photograph by NWL Yap.Abbreviation:z, Zoanthus sp. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343307/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sand grains and shell fragments adhere to verrucae at distalmost end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAEAEFB203FE21FA9A" box="[434,505,1320,1346]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[98,165,970,991]" captionTargetBox="[98,1157,164,952]" captionTargetId="figure-170@11.[98,1157,164,952]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3 Living specimens of Heteranthus verruculatus. A.an expanded individual (RCLA.Cni.003), camouflaged with the sand that it is buried in, Tial, Pulau Ambon, Indonesia.Photograph by NWL Yap.B.a partially contracted individual (RCLA.Cni.003) extending from a rocky crevice, with sand grains and shell fragments still densely attached to distalmost end, atTial,Pulau Ambon, Indonesia.Photograph by NWL Yap.C.an expanded smaller individual with tentacles extended, encountered in a bed of Zoanthus at Pulau Tekukor,Singapore, in situ.Photograph by KS Loh, with permission.D.a population of densely packed clustering individuals (ZRC.CNI.1207), encountered in aHalophila ovalis meadow at Cyrene Reef, Singapore.Photograph by NWL Yap.Abbreviation:z, Zoanthus sp. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343307/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). May occur as solitary or as clonal, clustering individuals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAEBD5B25BFF2CFA53" box="[136,244,1392,1419]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[98,165,970,991]" captionTargetBox="[98,1157,164,952]" captionTargetId="figure-170@11.[98,1157,164,952]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3 Living specimens of Heteranthus verruculatus. A.an expanded individual (RCLA.Cni.003), camouflaged with the sand that it is buried in, Tial, Pulau Ambon, Indonesia.Photograph by NWL Yap.B.a partially contracted individual (RCLA.Cni.003) extending from a rocky crevice, with sand grains and shell fragments still densely attached to distalmost end, atTial,Pulau Ambon, Indonesia.Photograph by NWL Yap.C.an expanded smaller individual with tentacles extended, encountered in a bed of Zoanthus at Pulau Tekukor,Singapore, in situ.Photograph by KS Loh, with permission.D.a population of densely packed clustering individuals (ZRC.CNI.1207), encountered in aHalophila ovalis meadow at Cyrene Reef, Singapore.Photograph by NWL Yap.Abbreviation:z, Zoanthus sp. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343307/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 3C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), inhabiting narrow rocky crevices. Clustering
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB379FFFAEBA2B2BEFEF7FA77" box="[255,303,1429,1455]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">type</typeStatus>
|
||
abundant in sandy seagrass meadows of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB379FFFAEA74B293FE3BFA0A" authorityName="Tasman" authorityYear="1858" box="[297,483,1464,1490]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bugulidae" genus="Halophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ovalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB379FFFAEA74B293FE3BFA0A" box="[297,483,1464,1490]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">Halophila ovalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with pedal end attached to the roots of plant or coral rubble underneath. Asexual propagation via longitudinal fission frequently observed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAE902B10FFF65F9BA" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[129,196,1185,1206]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-89@12.[223,1092,164,1166]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4 A clustering Heteranthus verruculatus (ZRC.CNI.1230) undergoing longitudinal fission. A, B. lateral stretching, with pedal-end extending the widest.Both column and pedal-ends inflate and deflate (arrowed) as the sea anemone pulls itself in opposite directions.C, D. column cleaved; continued stretching of actinopharynx that eventually splits, with distalmost end remaining (arrowed). E, F. pulling and splitting of the distalmost end of column where sphincter muscles are. Duration of observation is denoted at the top right-hand corner of each panel, time rendered in hours, minutes, and seconds (i.e., hh:mm:ss). Scale bar = 2 mm.Video screen capture by NWL Yap.For full video, refer to supplementary video S1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343309/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 4A–F</figureCitation>
|
||
;supplementary video S1).Zooxanthellate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88E3E795B379FFFDEBC2B140FC33FB23" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="10" pageNumber="165" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB379FFFAEBC2B140FB57FC94" blockId="10.[129,641,171,1742]" lastBlockId="10.[676,1187,171,1742]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB379FFFAEBC2B140FEDCF95D" box="[159,260,1643,1669]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">Oral disc.</emphasis>
|
||
When fully expanded, margin may be slightly undulate in solitary individuals; in smaller clustering ones, flat(
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAEAE7B198FDC2F916" box="[442,538,1715,1742]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[98,165,835,856]" captionTargetBox="[193,1062,164,815]" captionTargetId="figure-244@13.[193,1062,164,816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5 Oral disc appearance of Heteranthus verruculatus. A. an expanded solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) with a crenulated, oval oral disc. B.an expanded clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207) with a round, flat oral disc. In both A and B, innermost cycle of marginal tentacles is longer than outermost.C. dense arrangement of discal tentacles of a solitary individual from the Great Barrier Reef (NHM 1954.6.28.23).D.discal tentacles of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1230) with a sparse distribution of tentacles (arrowed).Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; dt, discal tentacles; m, mouth; mt, marginal tentacles.Scale bar = 2 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343311/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig.5A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
).Outline oval to round; elongated oval during onset of longitudinal fission (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAE8E9B7E4FBDCFF31" box="[948,1028,207,233]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[129,196,1185,1206]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,1166]" captionTargetId="figure-89@12.[223,1092,164,1166]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4 A clustering Heteranthus verruculatus (ZRC.CNI.1230) undergoing longitudinal fission. A, B. lateral stretching, with pedal-end extending the widest.Both column and pedal-ends inflate and deflate (arrowed) as the sea anemone pulls itself in opposite directions.C, D. column cleaved; continued stretching of actinopharynx that eventually splits, with distalmost end remaining (arrowed). E, F. pulling and splitting of the distalmost end of column where sphincter muscles are. Duration of observation is denoted at the top right-hand corner of each panel, time rendered in hours, minutes, and seconds (i.e., hh:mm:ss). Scale bar = 2 mm.Video screen capture by NWL Yap.For full video, refer to supplementary video S1." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343309/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 4A</figureCitation>
|
||
). In life, light to dark-brown, may be speckled with white patches. Thin-walled, mesenterial insertions seen as radial dark lines extending from mouth to marginal tentacles in living animals, as white lines in preserved materials. Discal tentacles present, papilliform (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAE8AAB68CFB85FE19" box="[1015,1117,422,449]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[98,165,835,856]" captionTargetBox="[193,1062,164,815]" captionTargetId="figure-244@13.[193,1062,164,816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5 Oral disc appearance of Heteranthus verruculatus. A. an expanded solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) with a crenulated, oval oral disc. B.an expanded clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207) with a round, flat oral disc. In both A and B, innermost cycle of marginal tentacles is longer than outermost.C. dense arrangement of discal tentacles of a solitary individual from the Great Barrier Reef (NHM 1954.6.28.23).D.discal tentacles of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1230) with a sparse distribution of tentacles (arrowed).Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; dt, discal tentacles; m, mouth; mt, marginal tentacles.Scale bar = 2 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343311/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 5C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Area immediately around mouth without discal tentacles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAE840B6C5FCA8FDD1" box="[797,880,494,521]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[98,165,835,856]" captionTargetBox="[193,1062,164,815]" captionTargetId="figure-244@13.[193,1062,164,816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5 Oral disc appearance of Heteranthus verruculatus. A. an expanded solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) with a crenulated, oval oral disc. B.an expanded clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207) with a round, flat oral disc. In both A and B, innermost cycle of marginal tentacles is longer than outermost.C. dense arrangement of discal tentacles of a solitary individual from the Great Barrier Reef (NHM 1954.6.28.23).D.discal tentacles of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1230) with a sparse distribution of tentacles (arrowed).Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; dt, discal tentacles; m, mouth; mt, marginal tentacles.Scale bar = 2 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343311/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
), arranged in radial rows from mid-way extending towards marginal tentacles. Radial rows of discal tentacle both endocoelic and exocoelic, numerous. In solitary individuals, discal tentacles conspicuous and densely arranged, clustering
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB379FFFAE9F9B5EDFD0DFD38" box="[676,725,710,736]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">type</typeStatus>
|
||
less conspicuous and less dense (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAEF16B5EDFB4EFD39" box="[1099,1174,710,737]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[98,165,835,856]" captionTargetBox="[193,1062,164,815]" captionTargetId="figure-244@13.[193,1062,164,816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5 Oral disc appearance of Heteranthus verruculatus. A. an expanded solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) with a crenulated, oval oral disc. B.an expanded clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207) with a round, flat oral disc. In both A and B, innermost cycle of marginal tentacles is longer than outermost.C. dense arrangement of discal tentacles of a solitary individual from the Great Barrier Reef (NHM 1954.6.28.23).D.discal tentacles of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1230) with a sparse distribution of tentacles (arrowed).Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; dt, discal tentacles; m, mouth; mt, marginal tentacles.Scale bar = 2 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343311/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 5D</figureCitation>
|
||
), becoming obscure when preserved. Central mouth flat, edges tinged brown, white or pink in life, cream-white in preserved specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB379FFFAE99FB47EFBAAF9C2" blockId="10.[676,1187,171,1742]" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB379FFFAE99FB47EFC79FCB7" box="[706,929,853,879]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">Marginal tentacles.</emphasis>
|
||
Numerous, numbers variable; in solitary individuals that exhibit a regular symmetry (i.e., mesenteries arranged symmetrically) typically 96, arranged in five cycles (e.g., RCLA.Cni.008). One per endo/exocoel; innermost cycles endocoelic, outermost exocoelic. Innermost cycle longer than outermost, longest length approximately ¾ radius of oral disc. Simple, conical, without ramified protuberances in life, some individuals slightly inflated at mid-tentacle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAE9F6B3CBFCC1FB23" box="[683,793,1248,1275]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[98,165,970,991]" captionTargetBox="[98,1157,164,952]" captionTargetId="figure-170@11.[98,1157,164,952]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3 Living specimens of Heteranthus verruculatus. A.an expanded individual (RCLA.Cni.003), camouflaged with the sand that it is buried in, Tial, Pulau Ambon, Indonesia.Photograph by NWL Yap.B.a partially contracted individual (RCLA.Cni.003) extending from a rocky crevice, with sand grains and shell fragments still densely attached to distalmost end, atTial,Pulau Ambon, Indonesia.Photograph by NWL Yap.C.an expanded smaller individual with tentacles extended, encountered in a bed of Zoanthus at Pulau Tekukor,Singapore, in situ.Photograph by KS Loh, with permission.D.a population of densely packed clustering individuals (ZRC.CNI.1207), encountered in aHalophila ovalis meadow at Cyrene Reef, Singapore.Photograph by NWL Yap.Abbreviation:z, Zoanthus sp. Scale bar = 5 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343307/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">figs. 3A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAE87FB3CBFC9DFB23" box="[802,837,1248,1275]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[98,165,835,856]" captionTargetBox="[193,1062,164,815]" captionTargetId="figure-244@13.[193,1062,164,816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5 Oral disc appearance of Heteranthus verruculatus. A. an expanded solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) with a crenulated, oval oral disc. B.an expanded clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207) with a round, flat oral disc. In both A and B, innermost cycle of marginal tentacles is longer than outermost.C. dense arrangement of discal tentacles of a solitary individual from the Great Barrier Reef (NHM 1954.6.28.23).D.discal tentacles of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1230) with a sparse distribution of tentacles (arrowed).Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; dt, discal tentacles; m, mouth; mt, marginal tentacles.Scale bar = 2 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343311/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">5A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Tip blunt, without perforation in live individuals; after preservation may appear perforated due to tentacle retraction (e.g., NHM 1954.6.28.23;
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAE8ECB267FC22FABF" box="[945,1018,1356,1383]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[98,165,835,856]" captionTargetBox="[193,1062,164,815]" captionTargetId="figure-244@13.[193,1062,164,816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5 Oral disc appearance of Heteranthus verruculatus. A. an expanded solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) with a crenulated, oval oral disc. B.an expanded clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207) with a round, flat oral disc. In both A and B, innermost cycle of marginal tentacles is longer than outermost.C. dense arrangement of discal tentacles of a solitary individual from the Great Barrier Reef (NHM 1954.6.28.23).D.discal tentacles of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1230) with a sparse distribution of tentacles (arrowed).Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; dt, discal tentacles; m, mouth; mt, marginal tentacles.Scale bar = 2 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343311/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 5C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Wide at base, narrow toward tip. Colour in life greenishbrown, some with light horizontal cross bands along oral face (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB379FFFAE836B293FC3CFA0A" box="[875,996,1464,1491]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="13.[98,165,835,856]" captionTargetBox="[193,1062,164,815]" captionTargetId="figure-244@13.[193,1062,164,816]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURE 5 Oral disc appearance of Heteranthus verruculatus. A. an expanded solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) with a crenulated, oval oral disc. B.an expanded clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207) with a round, flat oral disc. In both A and B, innermost cycle of marginal tentacles is longer than outermost.C. dense arrangement of discal tentacles of a solitary individual from the Great Barrier Reef (NHM 1954.6.28.23).D.discal tentacles of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1230) with a sparse distribution of tentacles (arrowed).Abbreviations:a, actinopharynx; dt, discal tentacles; m, mouth; mt, marginal tentacles.Scale bar = 2 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343311/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">fig. 5A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Base coloured white to dark brown, tip with white specks in life, cream-white in preserved specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB379FFFBE99FB108FC10F915" blockId="10.[676,1187,171,1742]" lastBlockId="11.[645,1157,1249,1741]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB379FFFAE99FB108FCC7F9E5" box="[706,799,1571,1597]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="165">Column.</emphasis>
|
||
Distalmost end flared slightly outwards when expanded. Distal margin with marginal projections, both endo/exocoelic. Larger marginal projections, endocoelic; smaller: exocoelic. In solitary individuals, marginal projections densely covered with conspicuous, papillae-like verrucae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB378FFFBE955B22FFFADFA9B" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[129,196,1261,1282]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-66@14.[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6 Appearance of the column of Heteranthus verruculatus, external view.A.marginal projections on lectotype (NRS 4861), with numerous papillae-like verrucae, top view. B. marginal projections of H. insignis [= H.verruculatus], holotype (NRS 4076) with papillae-like verrucae, side view.C. marginal projections of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) covered densely with papillae-like verrucae.D. variation in appearance on marginal projection appearance on a clustering one (ZRC.CNI.1207). E.conspicuous verrucae of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.004). F.inconspicuous verrucae of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207). Abbreviations: mp, marginal projections; mt, marginal tentacles; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343313/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="166">fig. 6A– C</figureCitation>
|
||
) that may be less dense or inconspicuous in clustering individuals (e.g., ZRC.CNI.1207, MTQG59393;
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB378FFFBEA57B25BFEBDFA53" box="[266,357,1392,1419]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[129,196,1261,1282]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-66@14.[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6 Appearance of the column of Heteranthus verruculatus, external view.A.marginal projections on lectotype (NRS 4861), with numerous papillae-like verrucae, top view. B. marginal projections of H. insignis [= H.verruculatus], holotype (NRS 4076) with papillae-like verrucae, side view.C. marginal projections of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) covered densely with papillae-like verrucae.D. variation in appearance on marginal projection appearance on a clustering one (ZRC.CNI.1207). E.conspicuous verrucae of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.004). F.inconspicuous verrucae of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207). Abbreviations: mp, marginal projections; mt, marginal tentacles; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343313/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="166">fig. 6D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Longitudinal rows of round verrucae extend proximally from marginal projections, smaller near distalmost end, increasing in size proximally towards mid-column. Verrucae very conspicuous in solitary individuals, edges thickened and slightly raised, middle depressed (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB378FFFBE95FB163FD8DF9BB" box="[514,597,1608,1635]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[129,196,1261,1282]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-66@14.[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6 Appearance of the column of Heteranthus verruculatus, external view.A.marginal projections on lectotype (NRS 4861), with numerous papillae-like verrucae, top view. B. marginal projections of H. insignis [= H.verruculatus], holotype (NRS 4076) with papillae-like verrucae, side view.C. marginal projections of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) covered densely with papillae-like verrucae.D. variation in appearance on marginal projection appearance on a clustering one (ZRC.CNI.1207). E.conspicuous verrucae of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.004). F.inconspicuous verrucae of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207). Abbreviations: mp, marginal projections; mt, marginal tentacles; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343313/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="166">fig. 6E</figureCitation>
|
||
); less conspicuous in clustering polyps (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB378FFFBE963B140FF59F972" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[129,196,1261,1282]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-66@14.[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6 Appearance of the column of Heteranthus verruculatus, external view.A.marginal projections on lectotype (NRS 4861), with numerous papillae-like verrucae, top view. B. marginal projections of H. insignis [= H.verruculatus], holotype (NRS 4076) with papillae-like verrucae, side view.C. marginal projections of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) covered densely with papillae-like verrucae.D. variation in appearance on marginal projection appearance on a clustering one (ZRC.CNI.1207). E.conspicuous verrucae of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.004). F.inconspicuous verrucae of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207). Abbreviations: mp, marginal projections; mt, marginal tentacles; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343313/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="166">fig. 6F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Longitudinal verrucae rows both endo/ exocoelic. Endocoelic rows longer, up to 20 verrucae per row; exocoelic: shorter, up to four in each row; shell fragments, coral rubble and/or sand grains may adhere to the verrucae. Column wall thin, mesenterial insertions can be seen through as faint light lines extending from distal to proximal end. From mid-column to proximal end of column smooth, without cinclides. Fosse present, shallow. In life, light-brown with greenishtinge to cream-white with reddish orange/ pink splotches, distalmost end dark grey (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB378FFFBE9D0B140FD21F95E" box="[653,761,1643,1670]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="14.[129,196,1261,1282]" captionTargetBox="[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetId="figure-66@14.[223,1092,164,1242]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 6 Appearance of the column of Heteranthus verruculatus, external view.A.marginal projections on lectotype (NRS 4861), with numerous papillae-like verrucae, top view. B. marginal projections of H. insignis [= H.verruculatus], holotype (NRS 4076) with papillae-like verrucae, side view.C. marginal projections of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) covered densely with papillae-like verrucae.D. variation in appearance on marginal projection appearance on a clustering one (ZRC.CNI.1207). E.conspicuous verrucae of a solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.004). F.inconspicuous verrucae of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207). Abbreviations: mp, marginal projections; mt, marginal tentacles; v, verrucae.Scale bar = 1 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343313/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="166">fig. 6E–F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In preserved specimens, column entirely cream-white; distalmost end grey in recently preserved materials.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9486E496B378FFFBEB3FB4E1FC1DFB74" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343307" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8343307" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343307/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="166" startId="11.[98,165,970,991]" targetBox="[98,1157,164,952]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB378FFFBEB3FB4E1FC1DFB74" blockId="11.[98,1149,970,1197]" pageId="11" pageNumber="166">
|
||
FIGURE 3 Living specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB378FFFBEACFB4E1FDA9FC07" authorityName="Klunzinger" authorityYear="1877" box="[402,625,970,991]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="11" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB378FFFBEACFB4E1FDA9FC07" box="[402,625,970,991]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="166">Heteranthus verruculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A. an expanded individual (RCLA.Cni.003), camouflaged with the sand that it is buried in, Tial, Pulau Ambon, Indonesia. Photograph by NWL Yap. B. a partially contracted individual (RCLA.Cni.003) extending from a rocky crevice, with sand grains and shell fragments still densely attached to distalmost end, at Tial, Pulau Ambon, Indonesia. Photograph by NWL Yap.C. an expanded smaller individual with tentacles extended, encountered in a bed of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB378FFFBE8ACB314FB9DFB8C" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1801" box="[1009,1093,1087,1108]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="11" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB378FFFBE8ACB314FB9DFB8C" box="[1009,1093,1087,1108]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="166">Zoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at Pulau Tekukor, Singapore, in situ. Photograph by KS Loh, with permission. D. a population of densely packed clustering individuals (ZRC.CNI.1207), encountered in a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB378FFFBE84FB351FC78FB57" authorityName="Tasman" authorityYear="1858" box="[786,928,1146,1167]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Bugulidae" genus="Halophila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="166" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="ovalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB378FFFBE84FB351FC78FB57" box="[786,928,1146,1167]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="166">Halophila ovalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
meadow at Cyrene Reef, Singapore. Photograph by NWL Yap. Abbreviation: z,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB378FFFBE9EEB3BCFCFCFB74" box="[691,804,1175,1196]" class="Anthozoa" family="Zoanthidae" genus="Zoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="11" pageNumber="166" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB378FFFBE9EEB3BCFCDFFB74" box="[691,775,1175,1196]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="166">Zoanthus</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Scale bar = 5 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="9486E496B37FFFFCEBDCB38AFE37FA5B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343309" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8343309" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343309/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="167" startId="12.[129,196,1185,1206]" targetBox="[223,1092,164,1166]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37FFFFCEBDCB38AFE37FA5B" blockId="12.[129,1172,1184,1412]" pageId="12" pageNumber="167">
|
||
FIGURE 4 A clustering
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37FFFFCEA31B38BFD3AFB6F" authority="(ZRC. CNI. 1230)" baseAuthorityName="ZRC. CNI." baseAuthorityYear="1230" box="[364,738,1184,1207]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="167" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37FFFFCEA31B38BFD89FB6D" box="[364,593,1184,1205]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="167">Heteranthus verruculatus</emphasis>
|
||
(ZRC.CNI.1230)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
undergoing longitudinal fission. A, B. lateral stretching, with pedal-end extending the widest. Both column and pedal-ends inflate and deflate (arrowed) as the sea anemone pulls itself in opposite directions. C, D. column cleaved; continued stretching of actinopharynx that eventually splits, with distalmost end remaining (arrowed). E, F. pulling and splitting of the distalmost end of column where sphincter muscles are. Duration of observation is denoted at the top right-hand corner of each panel, time rendered in hours, minutes, and seconds (i.e., hh:mm:ss). Scale bar = 2 mm. Video screen capture by NWL Yap. For full video, refer to supplementary video S1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37FFFFCEBC2B293FDA7F9BA" blockId="12.[129,641,1464,1742]" pageId="12" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37FFFFCEBC2B293FED7FA0A" box="[159,271,1464,1490]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="167">Pedal disc.</emphasis>
|
||
Adheres readily to surfaces when animal is alive. Outline: oval, may be flat or inflated. Limbus slightly scalloped. Thin-walled, mesenterial insertions seen as light lines. Diameter may be equal or greater than oral disc.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37FFFFDEBC2B147FC00FB57" blockId="12.[129,641,1464,1742]" lastBlockId="13.[645,1157,1069,1742]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="12" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37FFFFCEBC2B147FEA3F95D" box="[159,379,1644,1670]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="167">Internal anatomy.</emphasis>
|
||
Anatomy typically arranged regularly in solitary individuals (e.g.,RCLA.Cni.008); irregular in clustering individuals (e.g., NRS 4076, WAM Z33601). Actinopharynx pleated longitudinally, extends proximally to mid-column; white in life, cream-colored in preserved specimens. Marginal and oral stomata present. Usually two siphonoglyphs in solitary individuals, symmetrical; clustering individuals with supernumerary siphonoglyphs (i.e., three siphonoglyphs in WAM Z33604) or may be entirely absent, asymmetrical. Mesenteries numerous, number of pairs variable in clustering individuals (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB37EFFFDEA36B3B2FE0FFB6B" box="[363,471,1177,1203]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[98,165,1048,1069]" captionTargetBox="[193,1061,164,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-166@15.[193,1062,164,1029]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7 Cross sections of Heteranthus verruculatus, through the level below actinopharynx, internal morphology.A.mesenteries of holotype Heteranthus insignis (NRS 4076) [= H.verruculatus]. Note complete mesenteries have humps along its edges.B.asymmetrical arrangement of mesenteries in a clustering individual (ZRC.CNI.1207), directives are absent. C. gametogenic tissues with oocytes present on both complete and incomplete mesenteries of an individual (WAMZ33604).Circles indicate the presence of the parietobasilar muscles as pennons. Abbreviation:o, oocytes.Scale = 2 mm.Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343315/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
). In solitary individuals, mesenteries typically arranged in up to four cycles (i.e., 6 + 6 + 12 + 24 pairs), symmetrical. Mesentery pairs in first two cycles complete, those of third cycle incomplete, all with filaments and gametogenic tissue, if present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB37EFFFDEB97B25BFEC2FA52" box="[202,282,1392,1418]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[98,165,1048,1069]" captionTargetBox="[193,1061,164,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-166@15.[193,1062,164,1029]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7 Cross sections of Heteranthus verruculatus, through the level below actinopharynx, internal morphology.A.mesenteries of holotype Heteranthus insignis (NRS 4076) [= H.verruculatus]. Note complete mesenteries have humps along its edges.B.asymmetrical arrangement of mesenteries in a clustering individual (ZRC.CNI.1207), directives are absent. C. gametogenic tissues with oocytes present on both complete and incomplete mesenteries of an individual (WAMZ33604).Circles indicate the presence of the parietobasilar muscles as pennons. Abbreviation:o, oocytes.Scale = 2 mm.Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343315/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">fig. 7C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Mesentery pairs in fourth cycle incomplete, without retractor muscle or filaments. Retractor muscles strong, diffuse, always humped along its edge but less pronounced in clustering individuals. Parietobasiliar muscles poorly developed, retractor pennon reduced or absent; if present, extends away from mesentery (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB37EFFFDEABCB140FD8EF95E" box="[481,598,1643,1670]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="15.[98,165,1048,1069]" captionTargetBox="[193,1061,164,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-166@15.[193,1062,164,1029]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 7 Cross sections of Heteranthus verruculatus, through the level below actinopharynx, internal morphology.A.mesenteries of holotype Heteranthus insignis (NRS 4076) [= H.verruculatus]. Note complete mesenteries have humps along its edges.B.asymmetrical arrangement of mesenteries in a clustering individual (ZRC.CNI.1207), directives are absent. C. gametogenic tissues with oocytes present on both complete and incomplete mesenteries of an individual (WAMZ33604).Circles indicate the presence of the parietobasilar muscles as pennons. Abbreviation:o, oocytes.Scale = 2 mm.Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343315" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343315/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">fig. 7A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Directives attached to a siphonoglyph each, if present. Sphincter muscle below fosse, form variable among specimens. Typically strong, conspicuous and circumscribed, or restricted or with a few folds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB37EFFFDE83FB35EFC14FB57" box="[866,972,1141,1167]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[129,196,1623,1644]" captionTargetBox="[336,979,164,1597]" captionTargetId="figure-1@16.[336,979,164,1604]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8 Longitudinal sections of Heteranthus verruculatus at distalmost end illustrating varying sphincter muscle forms, internal morphology.A.conspicuous and circumscribed (NHM 1954.6.28.23). B. restricted and inconspicuous (MTG59392).C. conspicuous with many folds (WAM Z33604). Abbreviations:fo,fosse; mp, marginal projection; mt, marginal tentacle; sph, sphincter muscle. Scale = 1 mm.Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343317" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343317/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">fig. 8A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="9486E496B37EFFFDEB3FB468FD12FBD0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343311" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8343311" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343311/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" startId="13.[98,165,835,856]" targetBox="[193,1062,164,815]" targetPageId="13" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37EFFFDEB3FB468FBE3FCAE" blockId="13.[98,1142,835,1033]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">
|
||
FIGURE 5 Oral disc appearance of
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37EFFFDEAE4B468FD7BFC80" box="[441,675,835,856]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37EFFFDEAE4B468FD47FC80" box="[441,671,835,856]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">Heteranthus verruculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
A. an expanded solitary individual (RCLA.Cni.008) with a crenulated, oval oral disc. B. an expanded clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1207) with a round,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37EFFFDEB86B455FD12FBD0" blockId="13.[98,1142,835,1033]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">flat oral disc. In both A and B, innermost cycle of marginal tentacles is longer than outermost. C. dense arrangement of discal tentacles of a solitary individual from the Great Barrier Reef (NHM 1954.6.28.23). D. discal tentacles of a clustering polyp (ZRC.CNI.1230) with a sparse distribution of tentacles (arrowed). Abbreviations: a, actinopharynx; dt, discal tentacles; m, mouth; mt, marginal tentacles. Scale bar = 2 mm. Photographs by NWL Yap.</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37EFFFDE9F9B3B2FC33FB23" blockId="13.[645,1157,1069,1742]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37EFFFDE9F9B3B2FD22FB6B" box="[676,762,1177,1203]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">Cnidom</emphasis>
|
||
Spirocysts, basitrichs, microbasic amastigophores, and microbasic
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37EFFFDE9D8B3CAFD4BFB22" box="[645,659,1249,1274]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">p</emphasis>
|
||
-mastigophores (
|
||
<tableCitation id="8D7B81A5B37EFFFDE80CB3CBFC44FB23" box="[849,924,1248,1275]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="17.[98,158,444,470]" captionTargetBox="[98,1662,523,1465]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 2 Cnidom of Heteranthus verruculatus Klunzinger, 1877, comprising type specimens (i.e,. those of H.verruculatus and H.insignis), and voucher specimens. Regarding the latter, cnidae measurements were taken from both solitary and clustering polyps" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/9486E496B362FFE1EB3FB697FBE5FE2B" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" tableUuid="9486E496B362FFE1EB3FB697FBE5FE2B">table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB37EFFFDE8FAB3CBFC04FB23" box="[935,988,1248,1275]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="19.[98,165,749,770]" captionTargetBox="[251,1003,166,728]" captionTargetId="figure-338@19.[249,1005,164,730]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="FIGURE 9 Cnidae of Heteranthus verruculatus Klunzinger, 1877.A.spirocyst. B. basitrich.C.basitrich. D. spirocyst. E.basitrich.F.basitrich. G. basitrich.H. microbasic p-mastigophore. I. small basitrich. J. basitrich. K. large basitrich.L.microbasic amastigophore/microbasic p-mastigophore. Scale bar = 10 µm. Refer to table 2 for key to letters. Photographs by NWL Yap." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343319" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343319/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="88E3E795B37EFFFDE9F9B22FFBABF915" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="C046B41EB37EFFFDE9F9B22FFBABF915" blockId="13.[645,1157,1069,1742]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37EFFFDE9F9B22FFC5DFAC7" box="[676,901,1284,1311]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">
|
||
Distribution (
|
||
<figureCitation id="58C2A89BB37EFFFDE866B22EFCAEFAC7" box="[827,886,1285,1311]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="20.[98,165,1124,1150]" captionTargetBox="[98,1668,608,1108]" captionTargetId="figure-2@20.[98,1668,608,1108]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 10 Distribution of Heteranthus verruculatus across the globe. 1. Oahu, Hawaii.2. Rikitea, French Polynesia. 3. Kosseir, Egypt.4. Bar Al Himan Peninsula, Oman.5. Côn SƠn Island [= Poulo Condore], Vietnam.6. Singapore.7. Pulau Ambon, Indonesia. 8. Great Barrier Reef, Australia. 9. Moreton Bay, Australia.10. Rottnest Island, Australia.Star symbols denote type localities for H.verruculatus (i.e., No. 3) and H.insignis [=H.verruculatus] (i.e., No. 5). Black dots represent sites where H.verruculatus was reported and/or collected.As den Hartog (1997) did not provide a specific locality within Indonesia for which H.verruculatus was encountered, it is not reflected on this map.An asterisk (*) beside each number reflects materials that have been examined in this study. All GPS co-ordinates associated with these materials are listed in supplementary table S2.See main text for full details." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8343321" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/8343321/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37EFFFDE8D1B22EFBEAFAC6" bold="true" box="[908,1074,1284,1311]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">
|
||
<typeStatus id="1F420ABCB37EFFFDE8D1B22EFC1CFAC7" box="[908,964,1285,1311]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37EFFFDEF62B22EFB59FAC7" box="[1087,1153,1285,1311]" name="Egypt" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">Egypt</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Koseir (of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37EFFFDE85CB202FC74FA9A" box="[769,940,1320,1346]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="verruculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37EFFFDE85CB202FC74FA9A" box="[769,940,1320,1346]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">H. verruculatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37EFFFDE8E1B203FBA1FA9B" author="Klunzinger, C. B." box="[956,1145,1320,1347]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" refId="ref14097" refString="Klunzinger, C. B. (1877) Die Korallthiere des rothen Meeres. Erster Theil: Die Alcyonarien und Malacodermen. Verlag der Gutmann'schen Buchhandlung, Berlin." type="book" year="1877">Klunzinger, 1877</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37EFFFDE9D8B267FD3FFABE" box="[645,743,1356,1382]" name="Vietnam" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Poulo Condore [= Côn SƠn
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37EFFFDEF67B267FB59FABE" box="[1082,1153,1356,1382]" name="Iceland" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Vung Tau] (of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="07F9CF9DB37EFFFDE81DB25AFC62FA52" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1943" box="[832,954,1393,1418]" class="Anthozoa" family="Heteranthidae" genus="Heteranthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Actiniaria" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="insignis">
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37EFFFDE81DB25AFC62FA52" box="[832,954,1393,1418]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">H. insignis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37EFFFDE88DB25BFBA2FA52" author="Carlgren, O." box="[976,1146,1392,1418]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" pagination="1 - 43" refId="ref13090" refString="Carlgren, O. (1943) East-Asiatic Corallimorpharia and Actiniaria. K. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., 20, 1 - 43." type="journal article" year="1943">Carlgren, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37EFFFDE9D8B2BFFC83FA76" bold="true" box="[645,859,1428,1454]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">Published records</emphasis>
|
||
: Eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37EFFFDE892B2BFFBEEFA76" box="[975,1078,1428,1454]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Great Barrier Reef (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37EFFFDE874B293FC0CFA0B" author="Carlgren, O." box="[809,980,1464,1491]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" pagination="427 - 457" refId="ref13151" refString="Carlgren, O. (1950) Actinia and Corallimorpharia. Great Barrier Reef Expedition 1928 - 29. Sci. Rep., 5, 427 - 457." type="journal article" year="1950">Carlgren, 1950</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Moreton Bay and Townsville (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37EFFFDE864B2F7FBDBFA2E" author="Fautin, D. G. & Crowther, A. L. & Wallace, C. C." box="[825,1027,1500,1526]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" pagination="35 - 64" refId="ref13721" refString="Fautin, D. G., Crowther, A. L. & Wallace, C. C. (2008) Sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) of Moreton Bay. Mem. Queensl. Mus. - Nature, 54, 35 - 64." type="journal article" year="2008">Fautin et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37EFFFDEF48B2F7FB5CFA2E" box="[1045,1156,1500,1526]" name="Indonesia" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37EFFFDE9D0B12BFCBAF9C2" author="den Hartog, J. C." box="[653,866,1536,1562]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" pagination="351 - 370" refId="ref13402" refString="den Hartog, J. C. (1997) The sea anemone fauna of Indonesian coral reefs. In: Tomascik T., Mah A. J., Nontji A. & Moosa M. K. (Eds) The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas, pp. 351 - 370. Periplus Editions, Singapore." type="book chapter" year="1997">den Hartog, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: locality not specified); Hawaii, Oahu, Kaneohne Bay (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37EFFFDEF74B10FFD60F9BA" author="Cutress, C. E." pageId="13" pageNumber="168" pagination="130 - 147" refId="ref13181" refString="Cutress, C. E. (1977) Corallimorpharia, Actiniaria, Ceriantharia. In: Devaney D. M. & Eldredge LG L. G. (Eds) Reef and Shore Fauna of Hawaii, pp. 130 - 147. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI." type="book chapter" year="1977">Cutress, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Western Australia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="A468C9EFB37EFFFDE8F7B163FB5AF9BA" author="Fautin, D. G. & Crowther, A. L. & Wallace, C. C." box="[938,1154,1608,1634]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168" pagination="35 - 64" refId="ref13721" refString="Fautin, D. G., Crowther, A. L. & Wallace, C. C. (2008) Sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria) of Moreton Bay. Mem. Queensl. Mus. - Nature, 54, 35 - 64." type="journal article" year="2008">Fautin et al., 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: locality not specified).
|
||
<emphasis id="F28D680CB37EFFFDE8CFB147FBFDF95E" bold="true" box="[914,1061,1644,1670]" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">New records</emphasis>
|
||
: French Polynesian Islands, Mangareva, Rikitea;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37EFFFDE9D8B198FD15F915" box="[645,717,1715,1741]" name="Oman" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">Oman</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Bar Al Hikman Peninsula;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B8EEF48EB37EFFFDE8A1B198FBB7F915" box="[1020,1135,1715,1741]" name="Singapore" pageId="13" pageNumber="168">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |