treatments-xml/data/7E/35/89/7E35892C1FB75D0197B6BDCFFA69AC9C.xml

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<mods:title>Hexatoma crane flies (Diptera, Limoniidae) of Korea</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Podenas, Sigitas</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Nature Research Centre, Akademijos str. 2, LT- 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania &amp; Instute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Centre of Vilnius University, Sauletekio str. 7, LT- 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Park, Sun-Jae</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Byun, Hye-Woo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Podeniene, Virginija</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName LSID="7E35892C-1FB7-5D01-97B6-BDCFFA69AC9C" authority="Latreille, 1809" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Hexatoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexatoma" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hexatoma Latreille, 1809</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Hexatoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexatoma" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hexatoma</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65741" author="Latreille, PA" journalOrPublisher="Koenig, Parisiis et Argentorati [= Paris and Strasbourg]" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 399" refId="B34" refString="Latreille, PA, 1809. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secumdum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. Tomus Quartus et Ultimus. A. Koenig, Parisiis et Argentorati [= Paris and Strasbourg] 4: 1 - 399, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65741" title="Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secumdum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata. Tomus Quartus et Ultimus. A." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.65741" volume="4" year="1809">Latreille 1809</bibRefCitation>
: 260; 
<bibRefCitation author="Edwards, FW" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the Society for British Entomology" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 168" refId="B25" refString="Edwards, FW, 1938. British short-palped craneflies. Taxonomy of adults. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 5: 1 - 168" title="British short-palped craneflies. Taxonomy of adults." volume="5" year="1938">Edwards 1938</bibRefCitation>
: 63 (in key), 64 (descriptive note), pl. 3, fig. 14; 
<bibRefCitation author="Alexander, CP" journalOrPublisher="Revista de Etologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="149 - 190" refId="B12" refString="Alexander, CP, 1948. Notes on the tropical American species of Tipulidae (Diptera). IV. The primitive Hexatomini: Paradelphomyia, Austrolimnophila, Epiphragma, Lecteria, Polymera, and allies. Revista de Etologia 19: 149 - 190" title="Notes on the tropical American species of Tipulidae (Diptera). IV. The primitive Hexatomini: Paradelphomyia, Austrolimnophila, Epiphragma, Lecteria, Polymera, and allies." volume="19" year="1948">Alexander 1948</bibRefCitation>
: 528 (in catalogue); 
<bibRefCitation author="Ishida, H" journalOrPublisher="Nature and Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="3 - 11" refId="B31" refString="Ishida, H, 1959. The catalogue of the Japanese Tipulidae, with the keys to the genera and subgenera (Diptera). V. Limoniinae, Tribe Hexatomini. Science Report of the Hyogo University of Agriculture, Serie. Nature and Science 4 (1): 3 - 11" title="The catalogue of the Japanese Tipulidae, with the keys to the genera and subgenera (Diptera). V. Limoniinae, Tribe Hexatomini. Science Report of the Hyogo University of Agriculture, Serie." volume="4" year="1959">Ishida 1959</bibRefCitation>
: 2 (in key); 
<bibRefCitation author="Savchenko, EN" journalOrPublisher="Akadimiya Nauk Ukrainian SSR, Kiev" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B52" refString="Savchenko, EN, Krivolutskaya, GO, 1976. Limoniidae of the south Kuril Islands and south Sakhalin. Akadimiya Nauk Ukrainian SSR, Kiev" title="Limoniidae of the south Kuril Islands and south Sakhalin." year="1976">Savchenko and Krivolutskaya 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 76 (note on distribution); 
<bibRefCitation author="Savchenko, EN" journalOrPublisher="Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Naukova Dumka, Kiev" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B49" refString="Savchenko, EN, 1983. Limoniidae of South Primorye. Akademiy Nauk Ukrainskoy SSR, I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Naukova Dumka, Kiev" title="Limoniidae of South Primorye. Akademiy Nauk Ukrainskoy SSR, I. I." year="1983">Savchenko 1983</bibRefCitation>
: 67 (note on distribution); 
<bibRefCitation author="Savchenko, EN" journalOrPublisher="Fauna Ukrainy" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" pagination="1 - 380" refId="B50" refString="Savchenko, EN, 1986. Komary-limoniidy [limoniid-flies]. (General description, subfamilies Pediciinae and Hexatominae). Fauna Ukrainy 14 (2): 1 - 380" title="Komary-limoniidy [limoniid-flies]. (General description, subfamilies Pediciinae and Hexatominae)." volume="14" year="1986">Savchenko 1986</bibRefCitation>
: 337-342 (redescription), figs 96, 173-179; 
<bibRefCitation author="Savchenko, EN" journalOrPublisher="Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Naukova Dumka, Kiev" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B51" refString="Savchenko, EN, 1989. Komary-limoniidy fauny SSSR [Limoniidae fauna of the USSR]. Determination tables of superspecies taxa with catalogue survey of species. Akadimiya Nauk Ukrainian SSR, I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Naukova Dumka, Kiev" title="Komary-limoniidy fauny SSSR [Limoniidae fauna of the USSR]. Determination tables of superspecies taxa with catalogue survey of species. Akadimiya Nauk Ukrainian SSR, I. I." year="1989">Savchenko 1989</bibRefCitation>
: 118-119 (redescription), figs 58-60.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Nematocera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nematocera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nematocera</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13731" author="Meigen, JW" journalOrPublisher="Journal version: Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences, de l Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B39" refString="Meigen, JW, 1818. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Gedrukt bei Beaufort Sohn, Aachen, vol. 1, [i-xxxvi,] 324 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13731" title="Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Gedrukt bei Beaufort Sohn, Aachen, vol. 1, [i-xxxvi,] 324 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13731" year="1818">Meigen 1818</bibRefCitation>
: 209, pl. 7, figs 1-4.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Anisomera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Anisomera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Anisomera</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13731" author="Meigen, JW" journalOrPublisher="Journal version: Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences, de l Agriculture et des Arts, de Lille" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B39" refString="Meigen, JW, 1818. Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Gedrukt bei Beaufort Sohn, Aachen, vol. 1, [i-xxxvi,] 324 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13731" title="Systematische Beschreibung der bekannten europaischen zweiflugeligen Insekten. Gedrukt bei Beaufort Sohn, Aachen, vol. 1, [i-xxxvi,] 324 pp." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.13731" year="1818">Meigen 1818</bibRefCitation>
: 210, pl. 7, figs 5-8.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtis" authorityYear="1836" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Peronecera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Peronecera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Peronecera</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Curtis, J" journalOrPublisher="Volume 1. Introductory chapters and keys to Diptera families. Suricata 4. South African National Biodiversity Institue, Pretoria" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B21" refString="Curtis, J, 1836. British entomology: being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found. Richard and John E. Taylor, London, vol. 13, 578-625." title="British entomology: being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found. Richard and John E. Taylor, London, vol. 13, 578 - 625." year="1836">Curtis 1836</bibRefCitation>
: 589, figs 2-7; 
<bibRefCitation author="Enderlein, G" journalOrPublisher="Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B27" refString="Enderlein, G, 1936. 22. Ordnung: Zweiflugler, Diptera. In: BrohmerPErhmannPUlmerG (Eds) Tierwelt Mitteleuropas 6(2), Insecta 3, Abt.16: 1-259." title="22. Ordnung: Zweiflugler, Diptera. In: BrohmerPErhmannPUlmerG (Eds) Tierwelt Mitteleuropas 6 (2), Insecta 3, Abt. 16: 1 - 259." year="1936">Enderlein 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 22 (in key), fig. 41.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1936" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Trimacromera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Trimacromera" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Trimacromera</taxonomicName>
<bibRefCitation author="Enderlein, G" journalOrPublisher="Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" refId="B27" refString="Enderlein, G, 1936. 22. Ordnung: Zweiflugler, Diptera. In: BrohmerPErhmannPUlmerG (Eds) Tierwelt Mitteleuropas 6(2), Insecta 3, Abt.16: 1-259." title="22. Ordnung: Zweiflugler, Diptera. In: BrohmerPErhmannPUlmerG (Eds) Tierwelt Mitteleuropas 6 (2), Insecta 3, Abt. 16: 1 - 259." year="1936">Enderlein 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 23 (in key), fig. 43.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Macquart" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Hexatoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexatoma nigra" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Hexatoma nigra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Latreille, 1809 (southern Europe).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="165" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Medium-sized to large crane flies with body length 6.5-32.0 mm and wing length 7.5-21.0 mm. Body coloration varies from yellow or orange to brown and black, some species have very distinct coloration.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Head</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Rounded posteriorly without neck-like extension. Vertex wide with distinct tubercle. Length of antenna varies from short, hardly reaching wing base, if bent backwards, to very long, when it exceeds body length up to 4 
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
. Antennae sexually dimorphic. Males usually have longer antennae than females, but that is because of elongated basal segments of the male flagellum. Antenna has reduced number of segments, less than typical 14-16-segmented antenna of most short-palped crane flies, often male antenna 6- or 7-segmented, that of female 8-11-segmented. Verticils missing or indistinct, but male flagellum often with two longitudinal rows of short erect spines medially.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Thorax</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Some species with very setose thorax, setae could be long, dense, and erect. Some species with more dense and longer pubescence in males than in females. Prothorax very narrow but wide. Mesonotal prescutum usually without, sometimes with, small indistinct tubercular pits, pseudosutural fovea small. Prescutum and presutural scutum with three or four longitudinal stripes. Pleuron usually without stripes, could be bare or setose, depending on species. Meron usually big, thus middle and posterior coxae widely separated. Wing long and narrow, patternless or with very distinct pattern, sometimes completely dark, even black, but often with light 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“window”">&quot;window&quot;</normalizedToken>
in the middle, stigma present or missing. Macrotrichiae missing on wing cells. Arculus present, humeral vein close to arculus. Vein Sc long, reaching wing margin far beyond branching point of Rs, sc-r slightly before tip of Sc. Radial sector with two or three branches reaching wing margin. R1 short, nearly transverse, or slightly elongate, R3 and R4 diverging. Cell r3 with long stem. Cell m1 present or missing; two, three or four branches of M reaching wing margin. Discal cell present or missing. Position of cross-vein m-cu differs according to species. Vein CuP usually slightly arched at distal part, anal vein long, slightly sinuous or arched, reaching wing margin close to the level of Rs base. Anal angle distinct, widely rounded. Wing cells without macrotrichiae. Wing squama setoseless. All legs with tibial spurs, usually fore leg with single spur, middle and posterior legs with two spurs each. Claw simple or with single subbasal spine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Abdomen</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Tergites with paired transverse sutures. Male terminalia approximately as wide as the rest of the abdominal segments, slightly elongate. Epandrium (ninth tergite) wider than longer, posterior margin simple without additional structures. Each gonocoxite elongate, two pairs of terminal gonostyli, the shape of which are only slightly variable among different species. Aedeagus simple, short, and straight. Ovipositor usually with long and narrow cerci and hypovalvae, distal part of cercus slightly raised upwards, acute. Some species with shortened ovipositor bearing fleshy cerci and hypovalvae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
596 species belong to the genus 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" class="Insecta" family="Limoniidae" genus="Hexatoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Hexatoma" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="165">Hexatoma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
worldwide, they are divided into six subgenera:
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" genus="H." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. (Eriocera)" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eriocera">H. (Eriocera)</taxonomicName>
Macquart, 1838 (556 extant and three fossil species),
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" genus="H." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. (Cladolipes)" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Cladolipes">H. (Cladolipes)</taxonomicName>
Loew, 1865 (three species, one of them with two subspecies),
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" genus="H." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. (Coreozelia)" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Coreozelia">H. (Coreozelia)</taxonomicName>
Enderlein, 1936 (one Western Palearctic species),
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" genus="H." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. (Euhexatoma)" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Euhexatoma">H. (Euhexatoma)</taxonomicName>
Alexander, 1936 (one Oriental species),
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" genus="H." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. (Hexatoma)" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Hexatoma">H. (Hexatoma)</taxonomicName>
Latreille, 1809 (23 species, one of them with two subspecies),
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" genus="H." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. (Parahexatoma)" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Parahexatoma">H. (Parahexatoma)</taxonomicName>
Alexander, 1951 (12 species, Afrotropics only) (
<bibRefCitation author="Oosterbroek, P" journalOrPublisher="Spixiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" publicationUrl="https://ccw.naturalis.nl/" refId="B42" refString="Oosterbroek, P, 2022. Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (CCW). https://ccw.naturalis.nl/" title="Catalogue of the Craneflies of the World (CCW)." url="https://ccw.naturalis.nl/" year="2022">Oosterbroek 2022</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="165">
Six fossil species are described from the Eocene, three of them in 
<taxonomicName authority="" class="Insecta" genus="H." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="H. (Eriocera)" order="Diptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eriocera">H. (Eriocera)</taxonomicName>
, three not assigned to subgenera (
<bibRefCitation author="Evenhuis, N" journalOrPublisher="Abteilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere" pageId="0" pageNumber="165" publicationUrl="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fossilcat" refId="B28" refString="Evenhuis, N, 2014. Family Limoniidae. In: Catalogue of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera). http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fossilcat" title="Family Limoniidae. In: Catalogue of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera)." url="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/fossilcat" year="2014">Evenhuis 2014</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
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