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<mods:title id="14A7BB544997CFCDCC1383C387679D7B">DNA barcoding of some Pandeidae species (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Anthoathecata)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FE8FFADBD8A31A86" bold="true" box="[266,452,1397,1421]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Neoturris pileata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FE57FAD8DB1D1A86" author="Forsskal P. &amp; In &amp; Niebuhr C. E." box="[466,634,1398,1421]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 164" refId="ref16403" refString="Forsskal P. In: Niebuhr C. E. 1775. Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorium, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskal. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Molleri, KObenhavn, pp. 1 - 164. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2154" type="book chapter" year="1775">Forsskål, 1775</bibRefCitation>
)
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<figureCitation id="136CEDFEFFF5E259FE1CFA38D8951AA6" box="[409,498,1430,1453]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStart-2="Fig" captionStart-3="Fig" captionStart-4="Fig" captionStart-5="Fig" captionStart-6="Fig" captionStartId-0="6.[832,867,2055,2076]" captionStartId-1="7.[151,186,991,1012]" captionStartId-2="8.[151,186,1516,1537]" captionStartId-3="9.[151,186,1911,1932]" captionStartId-4="10.[151,186,1082,1103]" captionStartId-5="10.[831,866,1040,1061]" captionStartId-6="11.[153,188,1970,1991]" captionTargetBox-0="[846,1431,1367,2022]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,257,949]" captionTargetBox-2="[151,1435,257,1467]" captionTargetBox-3="[175,1413,257,1860]" captionTargetBox-4="[151,781,257,1045]" captionTargetBox-5="[821,1436,257,1007]" captionTargetBox-6="[161,1428,257,1924]" captionTargetId-0="figure-651@6.[831,1436,1364,2025]" captionTargetId-1="figure-415@7.[151,1436,257,949]" captionTargetId-2="figure-219@8.[151,1436,257,1467]" captionTargetId-3="figure-4@9.[175,1413,257,1860]" captionTargetId-4="figure-387@10.[151,756,257,1045]" captionTargetId-5="figure-454@10.[831,1436,257,1000]" captionTargetId-6="figure-4@11.[161,1428,257,1925]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="7" captionTargetPageId-2="8" captionTargetPageId-3="9" captionTargetPageId-4="10" captionTargetPageId-5="10" captionTargetPageId-6="11" captionText-0="Fig. 1. Neoturris abyssi, original illustration of Sars (1874)." captionText-1="Fig. 2. Neoturris abyssi (=Neoturris pileata), preserved polyp specimens from Norway, Bergen area, Hauglandsosen. (A) MHNG- INVE-54695 on Nucula spec. (B) MHNG-INVE-62572, on a scaphopod, (DNA 695, see Table 1)." captionText-2="Fig. 3. Neoturris abyssi (=Neoturris pileata) medusae from Norway, photographs of living, relatively young stages. (A) Lateral view of medusa with bell size 7 mm (DNA 953, see Table 1). (B) Same as A, detail of radial canals and folds of stomach wall. (C) Same as A, oblique view from below. (D) Animal of bell size 9 mm, detail of tentacle bases, note the absence of ocelli." captionText-3="Fig. 4. Neoturris abyssi (=Neoturris pileata) medusae from Norway, photographs of the most advanced stages found. (A) Lateral view of manubrium of a medusa with bell size 9 mm (DNA 918, see Table 1). No gametes could be seen when examining the gonad fold under a compound microscope. (B) Manubrium of a medusa with bell size 12 mm (DNA 916, see Table 1); note the increased number of gonadal folds and pits. Small oocytes were present in the gonads folds. Except for the colour this animal closely resemble Mediterranean specimens (Figs 6-7). (C) Medusa of about 10 mm height (DNA 919, see Table 1) cut open and spread to visualise anatomical details (inner side of stomach facing observer)." captionText-4="Fig. 5. Neoturris abyssi (=Neoturris pileata), living medusa from the Swedish coast, photo taken by Fredrik Pleijel and reproduced with the permission of the author. The manubrium is contracted, feigning a horizontal gonadal fold on the manubrium resembling the permanent one seen in some Leuckartiara species. This photo is copyright protected and it must not be reproduced without the consent of the author." captionText-5="Fig. 6. Neoturris pileata, preserved specimen (MHNG- INVE-35522) from the Mediterranean, collected before 1895 and identified by C. Hartlaub. Note that the bell shape is not elongated as often seen in other illustrations (e.g. Fig. 7), but nevertheless lies within the range of variation for Mediterranean specimens. Moreover, the bell is somewhat flattened in this preserved sample." captionText-6="Fig. 7. Neoturris pileata, living medusa photographed by Nicholas Samaras, location: Mediterranean, Greece, Chalkidiki Peninsula, depth 3 m. The photo shows a perfect and typical N. pileata, note the intense red colour of the manubrium as well as the folds and pits on it. Note that this photo is copyright protected and the right to reproduce it here was acquired by paying a royalty fee to the copyright holder Nicholas Samaras (www.underwater-photography.gr)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590744" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590746" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590748" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590750" figureDoi-4="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590752" figureDoi-5="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5698786" figureDoi-6="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590754" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5590744/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5590746/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5590748/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/5590750/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/5590752/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/5698786/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/5590754/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Figs 1-7</figureCitation>
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<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12FA6AD9841AD2" box="[151,227,1476,1497]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Medusa</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF6EFA6AD8491AD2" box="[235,302,1476,1497]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">pileata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FEB0FA6AD89E1AD2" author="Forsskal P. &amp; In &amp; Niebuhr C. E." box="[309,505,1476,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 164" refId="ref16403" refString="Forsskal P. In: Niebuhr C. E. 1775. Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorium, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskal. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Molleri, KObenhavn, pp. 1 - 164. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2154" type="book chapter" year="1775">Forsskål, 1775: 110</bibRefCitation>
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. – 
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: pl. 33, fig. D.
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<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12FA50D82C1918" box="[151,331,1534,1555]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Oceania Lesueurii</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FED7FA50DB0D1918" author="Peron F. &amp; Lesueur C. A." box="[338,618,1534,1555]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="325 - 366" refId="ref17668" refString="Peron F., Lesueur C. A. 1810. Tableau des caracteres generiques et specifiques de toutes les especes de meduses connues jusqu'a ce jour. Annales du Museum national d'histoire naturelle de Paris 14: 325 - 366." type="journal article" year="1810">Péron &amp; Lesueur, 1810: 345</bibRefCitation>
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. – 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FD0DFA50D86E193B" author="Goy J." pageId="6" pageNumber="107" refId="ref16536" refString="Goy J. 1995. Les meduses de Francois Peron et Charles- Alexandre Lesueur. Un autre regard sur l'expedition Baudin. Ministere de l'enseignement superieur et de la recherche. Comite des travaux historiques et scientifiques, Paris, 392 pp." type="book" year="1995">Goy, 1995: 244</bibRefCitation>
, plate.
</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FF12F996D8881946" author="Oken L." box="[151,495,1592,1613]" page="125" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1815">
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<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12F996D8221946" box="[151,325,1592,1613]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Carybdea pisifera</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FF12F9FBDB7E1961" authority="de Blainville, 1830: 258" authorityName="de Blainville" authorityPageNumber="258" authorityYear="1830" box="[151,537,1621,1642]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Oceania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileus">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12F9FBD8401961" box="[151,295,1621,1642]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Oceania pileus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FEABF9FBDB7E1961" author="de Blainville H. M. D." box="[302,537,1621,1642]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 548" refId="ref16097" refString="de Blainville H. M. D. 1830. Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles. F. G. Levrault, Paris, pp. 1 - 548." type="book chapter" year="1830">de Blainville, 1830: 258</bibRefCitation>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FF12F9DCDB74198C" authority="M. Sars, 1835: 22" authorityName="M. Sars" authorityPageNumber="22" authorityYear="1835" box="[151,531,1650,1671]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Oceania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="ampullacea">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12F9DCD838198C" box="[151,351,1650,1671]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Oceania ampullacea</emphasis>
M. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FE02F9DCDB74198C" author="Sars M." box="[391,531,1650,1671]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" refId="ref17986" refString="Sars M. 1835. Beskrivelser og jagttagelser over nogle maerkelige eller nye i havet ved den Bergenske kyst levende dyr af polypernes, acalephernes, radiaternes, annelidernes og molluskernes classer, med en kort oversigt over de hidtil af forfatteren sammesteds fundne ar. T. Hallager, Bergen, xii + 81 pp. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 13017" type="book" year="1835">Sars, 1835: 22</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 4 fig. 8. – 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FD1AF9DCD85E19AF" author="Haeckel E." pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref16579" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: XX + 1 - 360, 20 plates. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" type="book chapter" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879: 58</bibRefCitation>
, synonym.
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<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12F902D84F19CA" box="[151,296,1708,1729]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Tiaria papalis</emphasis>
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. – 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FDA9F902DB9719CA" author="Haeckel E." box="[556,752,1708,1729]" page="58" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1879">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FDA9F902DB9719CA" author="Haeckel E." box="[556,752,1708,1729]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref16579" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: XX + 1 - 360, 20 plates. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" type="book chapter" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879: 58</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, synonym.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FF12F94BD825181C" blockId="6.[151,757,1476,2076]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB47D655FFF5E259FF12F94BD825181C" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FF12F94BD89219F1" author="Forbes E." box="[151,501,1765,1786]" page="286" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1846">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FF12F94BD89219F1" authority="Forbes, 1846: 286" authorityName="Forbes" authorityPageNumber="286" authorityYear="1846" box="[151,501,1765,1786]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Turris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="digitale">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12F94BD84F19F1" box="[151,296,1765,1786]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Turris digitale</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FEB3F94BD89219F1" author="Forbes E." box="[310,501,1765,1786]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="284 - 287" refId="ref16324" refString="Forbes E. 1846. On the Pulmograde Medusae of the British Seas. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (ser. 1) 18: 284 - 287." type="journal article" year="1846">Forbes, 1846: 286</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
. – 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FD9AF94BDB9719F1" author="Hartlaub C." box="[543,752,1765,1786]" page="324" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FD9AF94BDB9719F1" author="Hartlaub C." box="[543,752,1765,1786]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="237 - 363" refId="ref16691" refString="Hartlaub C. 1914. Craspedote Medusen. Teil 1, Lieferung 3, Tiaridae. Nordisches Plankton 6: 237 - 363." type="journal article" year="1914">Hartlaub, 1914: 324</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, synonym.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FF12F8B1D8FA1865" blockId="6.[151,757,1476,2076]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB47D655FFF5E259FF12F8B1D8FA1865" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12F8B1D820183F" box="[151,327,1823,1844]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FF12F8B1D849183F" box="[151,302,1823,1844]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Turris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="digitalis">Turris digitalis</taxonomicName>
. –
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FED4F8B1D89A183F" author="Forbes E." box="[337,509,1823,1844]" page="21" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1848">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FED4F8B1D89A183F" author="Forbes E." box="[337,509,1823,1844]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" refId="ref16355" refString="Forbes E. 1848. A monograph of the British naked-eyed medusae: with figures of all the species. Ray Society, London, 104 pp., 13 pls. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10032" type="book" year="1848">Forbes, 1848: 21</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 3 fig. 1. – 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FD1AF8B1D85E185A" author="Haeckel E." page="61" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1879">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FD1AF8B1D85E185A" author="Haeckel E." pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref16579" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: XX + 1 - 360, 20 plates. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" type="book chapter" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879: 61</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 4 figs 2-3. ‒ 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FE50F892DBE3185A" author="Kramp P. L." box="[469,644,1852,1873]" page="153" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FE50F892DBE3185A" author="Kramp P. L." box="[469,644,1852,1873]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="149 - 168" refId="ref16875" refString="Kramp P. L. 1955. A revision of Ernst Haeckel's determinations of a collection of Medusae belonging to the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. Deep Sea Research 3: 149 - 168." type="journal article" year="1955">Kramp, 1955: 153</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, revision of Haeckel’s material.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FF12F8D8D8C418A3" blockId="6.[151,757,1476,2076]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FF12F8D8DB6C1880" authority="Forbes, 1848: 27" authorityName="Forbes" authorityPageNumber="27" authorityYear="1848" box="[151,523,1910,1931]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Oceania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="episcopalis">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12F8D8D83B1880" box="[151,348,1910,1931]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Oceania episcopalis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FEE1F8D8DB6C1880" author="Forbes E." box="[356,523,1910,1931]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" refId="ref16355" refString="Forbes E. 1848. A monograph of the British naked-eyed medusae: with figures of all the species. Ray Society, London, 104 pp., 13 pls. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10032" type="book" year="1848">Forbes, 1848: 27</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 2 fig. 1. – 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FD1AF8D8D85E18A3" author="Haeckel E." pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref16579" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: XX + 1 - 360, 20 plates. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" type="book chapter" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879: 58</bibRefCitation>
, synonym.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FF12F81ED8C418E9" blockId="6.[151,757,1476,2076]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FF12F81EDB6A18CE" authority="Leuckart, 1856: 20" authorityName="Leuckart" authorityPageNumber="20" authorityYear="1856" box="[151,525,1968,1989]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Oceania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coccinea">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12F81ED82118CE" box="[151,326,1968,1989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Oceania coccinea</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FECAF81EDB6A18CE" author="Leuckart R." box="[335,525,1968,1989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref17270" refString="Leuckart R. 1856. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Medusenfauna von Nizza. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 22 (1): 1 - 40, pls 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1856">Leuckart, 1856: 20</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 2 fig. 3.– 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FD1AF81ED85E18E9" author="Haeckel E." pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref16579" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: XX + 1 - 360, 20 plates. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" type="book chapter" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879: 58</bibRefCitation>
, synonym.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FF12F844DB3718F4" blockId="6.[151,757,1476,2076]" box="[151,592,2026,2047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FF12F844DB7B18F4" authority="Patterson, 1859: 279" authorityName="Patterson" authorityPageNumber="279" authorityYear="1859" box="[151,540,2026,2047]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Oceaniidae" genus="Oceania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="constricta">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12F844D82918F4" box="[151,334,2026,2047]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Oceania constricta</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FED1F844DB7B18F4" author="Patterson R." box="[340,540,2026,2047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="279 - 281" refId="ref17639" refString="Patterson R. 1859. On a new naked-eyed medusa. Proceedings of the Dublin University Zoological and Botanical Association 1 (3): 279 - 281." type="journal article" year="1859">Patterson, 1859: 279</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, figs.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FF12F7A9DB0A1717" blockId="6.[151,757,1476,2076]" box="[151,621,2055,2076]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB47D655FFF5E259FF12F7A9DB0A1717" box="[151,621,2055,2076]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FF12F7A9D8731717" ID-CoL="7BYNL" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[151,276,2055,2076]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Tiara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FF12F7A9D8731717" box="[151,276,2055,2076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Tiara pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FEB7F7A9D8841717" author="Haeckel E." box="[306,483,2055,2076]" page="58" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1879">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FEB7F7A9D8841717" author="Haeckel E." box="[306,483,2055,2076]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 360" refId="ref16579" refString="Haeckel E. 1879. Das System der Medusen. Erster Teil einer Monographie der Medusen. Denkschriften der Medicinisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena 1: XX + 1 - 360, 20 plates. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 46856" type="book chapter" year="1879">Haeckel, 1879: 58</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 3 figs 6-8.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCBAFEACDA8D1E3F" blockId="6.[831,1437,258,952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB47D655FFF5E259FCBAFEACDA8D1E3F" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FCBAFEACDD1F1E1C" author="Hartlaub C." box="[831,1144,258,279]" page="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1892">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FCBAFEACDD1F1E1C" authority="Hartlaub, 1892: 19" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityPageNumber="19" authorityYear="1892" box="[831,1144,258,279]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Turris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="coeca">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FCBAFEACDADE1E1C" box="[831,953,258,279]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Turris coeca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FC45FEACDD1F1E1C" author="Hartlaub C." box="[960,1144,258,279]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="17 - 22" refId="ref16665" refString="Hartlaub C. 1892. Zur Kenntniss der Anthomedusen. Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse: 17 - 22." type="book chapter" year="1892">Hartlaub, 1892: 19</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 1. – 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FB51FEACDCFF1E1C" author="Hartlaub C." box="[1236,1432,258,279]" page="329" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FB51FEACDCFF1E1C" author="Hartlaub C." box="[1236,1432,258,279]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="237 - 363" refId="ref16691" refString="Hartlaub C. 1914. Craspedote Medusen. Teil 1, Lieferung 3, Tiaridae. Nordisches Plankton 6: 237 - 363." type="journal article" year="1914">Hartlaub, 1914: 329</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, synonym.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCBAFE92DAA41E64" blockId="6.[831,1437,258,952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
in part 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FC03FE92DD6C1E5A" box="[902,1035,316,337]" class="Gastropoda" family="Turridae" genus="Turris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neogastropoda" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pileata">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FC03FE92DD6C1E5A" box="[902,1035,316,337]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Turris pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. – 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FBAEFE92DDBD1E5A" author="Mayer A. G." box="[1067,1242,316,337]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref17389" refString="Mayer A. G. 1910. Medusae of the world. Hydromedusae, Vols. I &amp; II. Scyphomedusae, Vol III. Carnegie Institution, Washington, 735 pp., pls 1 - 76." type="book chapter" year="1910">Mayer, 1910: 123</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 12 fig. 4, pl. 13 fig. 6.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCBAFED9DD851E87" blockId="6.[831,1437,258,952]" box="[831,1250,375,396]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB47D655FFF5E259FCBAFED9DD851E87" box="[831,1250,375,396]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FCBAFED9DAB31E87" box="[831,980,375,396]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FCBAFED9DAA71E87" ID-CoL="7BYNL" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[831,960,375,396]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Tiara" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">Tiara pileata</taxonomicName>
. –
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FC5FFED9DDC71E87" author="Le Danois E." box="[986,1184,375,396]" page="17" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FC5FFED9DDC71E87" author="Le Danois E." box="[986,1184,375,396]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="13 - 34" refId="ref17150" refString="Le Danois E. 1914. Coelenteres du plankton recueillis pendant la croisiere du yacht &quot; Pourquoi-Pas &quot; dans l'Atlantique Nord et l'Ocean Glacial (sous le commendement du Dr. Charcot). Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France 38: 13 - 34." type="journal article" year="1914">Le Danois, 1914: 17</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 4.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCBAFE3ADA801ECD" blockId="6.[831,1437,258,952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB47D655FFF5E259FCBAFE3ADA801ECD" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FCBAFE3ADDAA1EA2" author="Sars G. O." box="[831,1229,404,425]" page="126" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1874">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FCBAFE3ADDAA1EA2" ID-CoL="f942f379-972a-458d-a4b7-1824004115f6" authority="G. O. Sars, 1874: 126" authorityName="G. O. Sars" authorityPageNumber="126" authorityYear="1874" box="[831,1229,404,425]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Perigonimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FCBAFE3ADA9B1EA2" box="[831,1020,404,425]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Perigonimus abyssi</emphasis>
G.O. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FBB3FE3ADDAA1EA2" author="Sars G. O." box="[1078,1229,404,425]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="91 - 150" refId="ref18059" refString="Sars G. O. 1874. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Kristiana 1873: 91 - 150, pls 2 - 5." type="journal article" year="1874">Sars, 1874: 126</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</treatmentCitation>
, pl. 5 figs 27-30. 
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FAF6FE3ADA801ECD" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">new synonym</emphasis>
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCBAFE61DDCC1D52" blockId="6.[831,1437,258,952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB47D655FFF5E259FCBAFE61DDCC1D52" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FCBAFE61DD651EEF" box="[831,1026,463,484]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FCBAFE61DA8D1EEF" ID-CoL="46W9Y" authorityName="Forsskal" authorityYear="1775" box="[831,1002,463,484]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">Neoturris pileata</taxonomicName>
. –
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FB8FFE61DDB41EEF" author="Hartlaub C." box="[1034,1235,463,484]" page="326" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1914">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FB8FFE61DDB41EEF" author="Hartlaub C." box="[1034,1235,463,484]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="237 - 363" refId="ref16691" refString="Hartlaub C. 1914. Craspedote Medusen. Teil 1, Lieferung 3, Tiaridae. Nordisches Plankton 6: 237 - 363." type="journal article" year="1914">Hartlaub, 1914: 326</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 270, 273, 274- 281. 
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FC39FE42DAAF1D0A" box="[956,968,492,513]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FC4AFE42DD111D0A" author="Kramp P. L." box="[975,1142,492,513]" page="92" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1926">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FC4AFE42DD111D0A" author="Kramp P. L." box="[975,1142,492,513]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref16844" refString="Kramp P. L. 1926. Medusae. Part II. Anthomedusae. Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 (10): 1 - 102, pls 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1926">Kramp, 1926: 92</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 37, pl. 2 figs 13-14, chart XVIII. 
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FC57FDA7DAB91D15" box="[978,990,521,542]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">–</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FC61FDA7DDFE1D15" author="Russell F. S." box="[996,1177,521,542]" page="203" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1953">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FC61FDA7DDFE1D15" author="Russell F. S." box="[996,1177,521,542]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" refId="ref17924" refString="Russell F. S. 1953. The medusae of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, London, 530 pp., 35 pls." type="book" year="1953">Russell, 1953: 203</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 104-106, pl. 12 fig. 1. – 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FC18FD88DD071D30" author="Edwards C." box="[925,1120,550,571]" page="461" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1965">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FC18FD88DD071D30" author="Edwards C." box="[925,1120,550,571]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="443 - 468" refId="ref16126" refString="Edwards C. 1965. The hydroid and the medusa Neoturris pileata. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 45 (2): 443 - 468." type="journal article" year="1965">Edwards, 1965: 461</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 1-4, life cycle. ‒ 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FAB3FD88DA891D52" author="Schuchert P." page="333" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FAB3FD88DA891D52" author="Schuchert P." pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="195 - 396" refId="ref18128" refString="Schuchert P. 2007. The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue suisse de Zoologie 114 (2): 195 - 396." type="journal article" year="2007">Schuchert, 2007: 333</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, figs 59-60, review.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCBAFDCFDC681D98" blockId="6.[831,1437,258,952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
in part 
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FC0FFDCFDDFE1D7D" box="[906,1177,609,630]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FC0FFDCFDDE61D7D" ID-CoL="6Q43M" baseAuthorityName="Murbach &amp; Shearer" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[906,1153,609,630]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="brevicornis">Leuckartiara brevicornis</taxonomicName>
. –
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FB26FDCFDC0B1D7D" author="Hartlaub C." box="[1187,1388,609,630]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="237 - 363" refId="ref16691" refString="Hartlaub C. 1914. Craspedote Medusen. Teil 1, Lieferung 3, Tiaridae. Nordisches Plankton 6: 237 - 363." type="journal article" year="1914">Hartlaub, 1914: 304</bibRefCitation>
, figs 254-256. [incorrect subsequent spelling]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCBAFD35DAAC1C03" blockId="6.[831,1437,258,952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
in part 
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FC06FD35DDE61DBB" box="[899,1153,667,688]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FC06FD35DD0B1DBB" ID-CoL="6Q3RM" baseAuthorityName="Murbach &amp; Shaerer" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[899,1132,667,688]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="breviconis">Leuckartiara breviconis</taxonomicName>
. –
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FB02FD35DC4C1DBB" author="Kramp P. L." box="[1159,1323,667,688]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 102" refId="ref16844" refString="Kramp P. L. 1926. Medusae. Part II. Anthomedusae. Danish Ingolf Expedition 5 (10): 1 - 102, pls 1 - 2." type="journal article" year="1926">Kramp, 1926: 80</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 2 fig. 8. ‒ 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FC18FD17DD351DC5" author="Russell F. S." box="[925,1106,697,718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" refId="ref17924" refString="Russell F. S. 1953. The medusae of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press, London, 530 pp., 35 pls." type="book" year="1953">Russell, 1953: 198</bibRefCitation>
, pl. 12 fig. 2. – 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FB62FD17DCFF1DC5" author="Kramp P. L." box="[1255,1432,697,718]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 283" refId="ref16910" refString="Kramp P. L. 1959. The Hydromedusae of the Atlantic Ocean and adjacent waters. Dana Report 46: 1 - 283." type="book chapter" year="1959">Kramp, 1959: 120</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 121. [not 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FB8FFD78DAA21C03" ID-CoL="46W9T" authority="(Murbach &amp; Shaerer, 1902)" baseAuthorityName="Murbach &amp; Shaerer" baseAuthorityYear="1902" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="breviconis">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FB8FFD78DDA91DE0" box="[1034,1230,726,747]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Neoturris breviconis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FB5CFD78DAD91C03" author="Murbach L. &amp; Shaerer C." pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="71 - 73" refId="ref17428" refString="Murbach L., Shaerer C. 1902. Preliminary report on a collection of medusae from the coast of British Columbia and Alaska. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 9: 71 - 73." type="journal article" year="1902">Murbach &amp; Shaerer, 1902</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
]
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCC5FCBEDC0F1C48" blockId="6.[831,1437,258,952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB47D655FFF5E259FCC5FCBEDC0F1C48" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FCC5FCBEDD571C2E" box="[832,1072,784,805]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FCC5FCBEDD4B1C2E" ID-CoL="6Q3RM" baseAuthorityName="Murbach &amp; Shaerer" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[832,1068,784,805]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="breviconis">Leuckartiara breviconis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
‒ 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FBCBFCBEDC0B1C2E" author="Kramp P. L. &amp; Damas D." box="[1102,1388,784,805]" page="280" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1925">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FBCBFCBEDC0B1C2E" author="Kramp P. L. &amp; Damas D." box="[1102,1388,784,805]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="217 - 323" refId="ref17019" refString="Kramp P. L., Damas D. 1925. Les meduses de la Norvege. Introduction et partie speciale. Videnskabelige meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorik Forening 80: 217 - 323." type="journal article" year="1925">Kramp &amp; Damas, 1925: 280</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
[not 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FC0EFC80DC051C48" ID-CoL="46W9T" authority="(Murbach &amp; Shaerer, 1902)" baseAuthorityName="Murbach &amp; Shaerer" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[907,1378,814,835]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="breviconis">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FC0EFC80DD371C48" box="[907,1104,814,835]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Neoturris breviconis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FBD8FC80DC3C1C48" author="Murbach L. &amp; Shaerer C." box="[1117,1371,814,835]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="71 - 73" refId="ref17428" refString="Murbach L., Shaerer C. 1902. Preliminary report on a collection of medusae from the coast of British Columbia and Alaska. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 9: 71 - 73." type="journal article" year="1902">Murbach &amp; Shaerer, 1902</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
]
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCC5FCE5DDFC1CB3" blockId="6.[831,1437,258,952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB47D655FFF5E259FCC5FCE5DDFC1CB3" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FCC5FCE5DD791C6B" box="[832,1054,843,864]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FCC5FCE5DD621C6B" ID-CoL="3bede5f2-0f64-46ca-84c3-39d7e486cbe2" baseAuthorityName="G. O. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[832,1029,843,864]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">Leuckartiara abyssi</taxonomicName>
. –
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FBA2FCE5DDA71C6B" author="Rees W. J." box="[1063,1216,843,864]" page="19" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1938">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FBA2FCE5DDA71C6B" author="Rees W. J." box="[1063,1216,843,864]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="1 - 42" refId="ref17772" refString="Rees W. J. 1938. Observations on British and Norwegian hydroids and their medusae. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the U. K. 23: 1 - 42." type="journal article" year="1938">Rees, 1938: 19</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 6a-d, part of life cycle. – 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FC6BFCC6DDFB1C76" author="Rees W. J." box="[1006,1180,872,893]" page="114" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="1956">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FC6BFCC6DDFB1C76" author="Rees W. J." box="[1006,1180,872,893]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="109 - 120" refId="ref17807" refString="Rees W. J. 1956. A revision of some northern gymnoblastic hydroids in the Zoological Museum, Oslo. Nytt Magasin for Zoologi 4: 109 - 120." type="journal article" year="1956">Rees, 1956: 114</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, re-examination of type material, 
<typeStatus id="54EC4FD9FFF5E259FC60FC2BDD5A1C91" box="[997,1085,901,922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
designation. – 
<treatmentCitation id="0AF6D76AFFF5E259FB49FC2BDCFF1C91" author="Schuchert P." box="[1228,1432,901,922]" page="330" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" year="2007">
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FB49FC2BDCFF1C91" author="Schuchert P." box="[1228,1432,901,922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="195 - 396" refId="ref18128" refString="Schuchert P. 2007. The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue suisse de Zoologie 114 (2): 195 - 396." type="journal article" year="2007">Schuchert, 2007: 330</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
, fig. 57, redescription, status.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34DA2F0FFF5E258FCBAFC7EDC451716" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCBAFC7EDD1C1CEC" blockId="6.[831,1147,976,999]" box="[831,1147,976,999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FCBAFC7EDABD1CEC" bold="true" box="[831,986,976,999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<typeStatus id="54EC4FD9FFF5E259FCBAFC7EDA101CEC" box="[831,887,976,999]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
Mediterranean
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCBAFBAEDDD41B73" blockId="6.[831,1437,1023,1274]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FCBAFBAEDAD81B1C" bold="true" box="[831,959,1024,1047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Material of</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FC43FBAEDD3D1B1C" authority=": All" authorityName="All" box="[966,1114,1023,1047]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FC43FBAEDD541B1C" bold="true" box="[966,1075,1023,1047]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FC43FBAEDD4D1B1C" bold="true" box="[966,1066,1023,1047]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">N. abyssi</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B3FFB26FFF5E259FBBDFBAEDD3D1B1C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3391165305" box="[1080,1114,1024,1047]" country="Norway" location="Bergen area" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">All</materialsCitation>
</taxonomicName>
specimens came from 
<location id="8E88A7A0FFF5E259FAD5FBAEDA0C1B3C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE406DFFF5E255FE8FFADBD87C1715:8E88A7A0FFF5E259FAD5FBAEDA0C1B3C" country="Norway" name="Bergen area" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Bergen area</location>
in 
<collectingCountry id="F340B1EBFFF5E259FC0AFB8EDA801B3C" box="[911,999,1056,1079]" name="Norway" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Norway</collectingCountry>
. See also 
<tableCitation id="C6D5C4C0FFF5E259FBD4FB8EDDC71B3C" box="[1105,1184,1056,1079]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[144,197,540,561]" captionTargetBox="[154,1936,636,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Sample data, voucher numbers, and GenBank data of specimens examined by the author. The sample data of other sequences retrieved from GenBank and shown in Figs 8-9 can be obtained by searching the accession numbers in GenBank. nd = no data." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF28A1F3FFF0E25CFF15FDB2DAC41D45" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" tableUuid="DF28A1F3FFF0E25CFF15FDB2DAC41D45">Table 1</tableCitation>
for GenBank numbers. If no museum accession number is given, there is no material in a permanent collection.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCBAFB2CDABA1B92" blockId="6.[831,1437,1023,1274]" box="[831,989,1154,1177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FCBAFB2CDAB11B92" box="[831,982,1154,1177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Hydroid stage</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E258FCBAFB0CD8BF1993" blockId="6.[831,1437,1023,1274]" lastBlockId="7.[151,757,1114,2077]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="108" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
MHNG-INVE-54693; without gonophores on 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FACAFB0CDA151BD1" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculida" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FACAFB0CDCFB1BB2" box="[1359,1436,1186,1209]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Nucula</emphasis>
spec
</taxonomicName>
; Herdlafjord, 60.503° 5.2152°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF5E259FB50FB6DDC281BD1" box="[1237,1359,1219,1242]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.075" metricValueMax="4.4" metricValueMin="3.75" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" unit="m" value="407.5" valueMax="440.0" valueMin="375.0">375-440 m</quantity>
depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF5E259FC79FB4DDD1F1BF1" box="[1020,1144,1251,1274]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" value="2007-04-20">20.04.2007</date>
. ‒ MHNG-INVE-54695; without gonophores on 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF4E258FE23FBF4DB5D1B7A" box="[422,570,1114,1137]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FE23FBF4D8941B7A" box="[422,499,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Nucula</emphasis>
spec.
</taxonomicName>
; Hauglandsosen, 60.433°5.1167°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FECCFBD4D8EC1B9A" box="[329,395,1146,1169]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="180.0">180 m</quantity>
depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FDF0FBD4DB961B9A" box="[629,753,1146,1169]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2007-08-15">15.08.2007</date>
. ‒ Hydroid without gonophores on scaphopod of about 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FF12FB15D9841BD9" box="[151,227,1211,1234]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
size; Raunefjord, Vatlestraumen, 60.33802° 5.18163°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FE89FB72D80C1BF8" box="[268,363,1244,1267]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="37.0" valueMax="42.0" valueMin="32.0">32-42 m</quantity>
depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FDF0FB72DB971BF8" box="[629,752,1244,1267]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2008-09-16">16.09.2008</date>
; DNA isolate 935. ‒ Hydroid without gonophores on 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF4E258FF12FAB2D84B1A38" box="[151,300,1308,1331]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FF12FAB2D9831A38" box="[151,228,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Nucula</emphasis>
spec.
</taxonomicName>
; Raunefjord, Vatlestraumen, 60.338017° 5.181633°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FE9DFA93D8101A5F" box="[280,375,1341,1364]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="4.2" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="37.0" valueMax="42.0" valueMin="32.0">32-42 m</quantity>
depth, temperature °C; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FF4AFAF3D82D1A7F" box="[207,330,1373,1396]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2008-09-16">16.09.2008</date>
; DNA isolate 936. ‒ Hydroid without gonophores on sipuncule in 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF4E258FE4EFAD0DB021A9E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[459,613,1406,1429]" class="Scaphopoda" family="Dentaliidae" genus="Antalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dentaliida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="entalis">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FE4EFAD0DB021A9E" box="[459,613,1406,1429]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Antalis entalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; Raunefjord, Flesland, 60.30282° 5.2016°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FE50FA30DB5B1ABE" box="[469,572,1438,1461]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="72.5" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="45.0">45-100 m</quantity>
depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FF4AFA10D82D1ADE" box="[207,330,1470,1493]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2008-09-19">19.09.2008</date>
; DNA isolate 694. ‒ Hydroid without gonophores on 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF4E258FEC5FA71D8AF1AFD" box="[320,456,1503,1526]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FEC5FA71D8EA1AFD" box="[320,397,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Nucula</emphasis>
spec
</taxonomicName>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49933F99FFF4E258FE50FA71DB2F1AFD" box="[469,584,1503,1526]" country="Norway" name="Hordaland" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Hordaland</collectingRegion>
, Hauglandosen, 60.435° 5.122°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FEE5FA51D886191D" box="[352,481,1535,1558]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.43" metricValueMax="1.51" metricValueMin="1.35" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="143.0" valueMax="151.0" valueMin="135.0">135-151 m</quantity>
depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FF12F98ED875193C" box="[151,274,1568,1591]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2008-09-19">19.09.2008</date>
; DNA isolate 695. ‒ Hydroid without gonophores on 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF4E258FEC5F9EED8AF195C" box="[320,456,1600,1623]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FEC5F9EED8EA195C" box="[320,397,1600,1623]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Nucula</emphasis>
spec
</taxonomicName>
; 
<collectingRegion id="49933F99FFF4E258FE50F9EEDB2F195C" box="[469,584,1600,1623]" country="Norway" name="Hordaland" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Hordaland</collectingRegion>
, Hauglandosen, 60.435° 5.122°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FEE5F9CED886197C" box="[352,481,1632,1655]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.43" metricValueMax="1.51" metricValueMin="1.35" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="143.0" valueMax="151.0" valueMin="135.0">135-151 m</quantity>
depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FF12F92FD8751993" box="[151,274,1665,1688]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2008-09-19">19.09.2008</date>
; DNA isolate 704.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF28A1F3FFF5E259FCC5F7A9DCE31717" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590744" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590744" box="[832,1412,2055,2076]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590744/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" startId="6.[832,867,2055,2076]" targetBox="[846,1431,1367,2022]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF5E259FCC5F7A9DCE31717" blockId="6.[832,1412,2055,2076]" box="[832,1412,2055,2076]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">
Fig. 1. 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF5E259FC0EF7A9DD4E1717" baseAuthorityName="G. O. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[907,1065,2055,2076]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF5E259FC0EF7A9DD4E1717" box="[907,1065,2055,2076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="107">Neoturris abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, original illustration of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF5E259FA8BF7A9DCE71717" author="Sars G. O." box="[1294,1408,2055,2076]" pageId="6" pageNumber="107" pagination="91 - 150" refId="ref18059" refString="Sars G. O. 1874. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Kristiana 1873: 91 - 150, pls 2 - 5." type="journal article" year="1874">Sars (1874)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF28A1F3FFF4E258FF12FC71DDF61B1A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590746" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590746" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590746/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" startId="7.[151,186,991,1012]" targetBox="[151,1436,257,949]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF4E258FF12FC71DDF61B1A" blockId="7.[151,1436,991,1041]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
Fig. 2. 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF4E258FF66FC71D8E41CFF" baseAuthorityName="G. O. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[227,387,991,1012]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FF66FC71D8E41CFF" box="[227,387,991,1012]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Neoturris abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF4E258FE25FC71DB2F1CFF" authorityName="Forsskal" authorityYear="1775" box="[416,584,991,1012]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FE25FC71DB2F1CFF" box="[416,584,991,1012]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Neoturris pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), preserved polyp specimens from Norway, Bergen area, Hauglandsosen. (A) MHNG-INVE-54695 on 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF4E258FE01FC52DB661B1A" box="[388,513,1020,1041]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FE01FC52D8AE1B1A" box="[388,457,1020,1041]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Nucula</emphasis>
spec.
</taxonomicName>
(B) MHNG-INVE-62572, on a scaphopod, (DNA 695, see Table 1).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF4E258FF12F90FD85519B3" blockId="7.[151,757,1114,2077]" box="[151,306,1697,1720]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FF12F90FD84D19B3" box="[151,298,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Medusa stage</emphasis>
:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF4E258FF12F96CDDD81B9A" blockId="7.[151,757,1114,2077]" lastBlockId="7.[831,1436,1114,1169]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
Raunefjord, 60.275° 5.200°, 
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depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FF12F94CD87419F2" box="[151,275,1762,1785]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2012-05-22">22.05.2012</date>
; DNA isolate 953. ‒ MHNG-INVE-82129; Korsfjord, 60.20833° 5.20261°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FE6AF8ACDB5B1812" box="[495,572,1794,1817]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="10.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="0.0">0-20 m</quantity>
depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FF5FF88DD8311831" box="[218,342,1827,1850]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2012-05-23">23.05.2012</date>
; DNA isolate 916. ‒ Korsfjord, 60.20833° 5.20261°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FE14F8EDD88F1851" box="[401,488,1859,1882]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="10.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="0.0">0-20 m</quantity>
depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FF12F8CAD8741870" box="[151,275,1892,1915]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2012-05-23">23.05.2012</date>
; DNA isolate 917. ‒ Korsfjord, 60.20833° 5.20261°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FE8BF82AD8051890" box="[270,354,1924,1947]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="10.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="0.0">0-20 m</quantity>
depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FDF0F82ADB961890" box="[629,753,1924,1947]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2012-05-23">23.05.2012</date>
; DNA isolate 918. ‒ Korsfjord, 60.20833° 5.20261°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FF12F86BD99318D7" box="[151,244,1989,2012]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="10.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="0.0">0-20 m</quantity>
depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FDA3F86BDBC518D7" box="[550,674,1989,2012]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2012-05-23">23.05.2012</date>
; DNA isolate 919. ‒ Korsfjord, 60.20833° 5.20261°, 
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depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FE15F7A8DB6B1716" box="[400,524,2054,2077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2012-05-23">23.05.2012</date>
; DNA isolate 954. ‒ Fanafjord, 60.24079° 5.22941°, 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF4E258FB1DFBF4DD831B7A" box="[1176,1252,1114,1137]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" unit="m" value="10.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="0.0">0-20 m</quantity>
depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FCF6FBD4DA881B9A" box="[883,1007,1146,1169]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2015-04-24">24.04.2015</date>
; DNA isolate 1119.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF4E258FCBAFB04DA981A48" blockId="7.[831,1436,1193,1347]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FCBAFB04DD2F1BCA" bold="true" box="[831,1096,1193,1217]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
Material of 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF4E258FC55FB04DD271BCA" authorityName="Forsskal" authorityYear="1775" box="[976,1088,1193,1217]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FC55FB04DD271BCA" bold="true" box="[976,1088,1193,1217]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">N. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
MHNG-INVE-97957; 
<collectingCountry id="F340B1EBFFF4E258FAC9FB04DCFF1BCA" box="[1356,1432,1194,1217]" name="France" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">France</collectingCountry>
, Bay of Villefranche-sur-Mer, 43.685° 7.315667°, 
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depth; collection date 
<date id="FFE9D7BBFFF4E258FB48FB45DC2D1A09" box="[1229,1354,1259,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" value="2017-11-04">11.04.2017</date>
; DNA isolate 1280. Additional examined material is given in 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF4E258FCBAFA82DA9C1A48" author="Schuchert P." box="[831,1019,1324,1347]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" pagination="195 - 396" refId="ref18128" refString="Schuchert P. 2007. The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue suisse de Zoologie 114 (2): 195 - 396." type="journal article" year="2007">Schuchert (2007)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF4E258FCBAFAF2DC6119F3" blockId="7.[831,1437,1372,2077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FCBAFAF2DAD01A78" bold="true" box="[831,951,1372,1395]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF4E258FC47FAF2DD4E1A78" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1914" box="[962,1065,1372,1395]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FC47FAF2DD4E1A78" box="[962,1065,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Neoturris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusa with bell that is usually higher than wide, height 
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, no exumbrellar nematocyst ridges, with or without apical projection, no apical canal, with up to 60-90 tentacles. Manubrium usually longer than half the subumbrella height, interradial gonad region large and without folds but with many gonadal pits (&gt;20 per quadrant), eight adradial rows of horizontal gonads folds, folds appear directed towards interradii; no papillae on gonads, radial canals jagged, tentacle bases without abaxial spurs, no ocelli. Colours depending on age and environment, manubrium in younger ones yellow-orange, in fully grown medusae pink to ruby-red; tentacle-bases yellowish.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF4E258FCBAF8ACDC451716" blockId="7.[831,1437,1372,2077]" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">
Hydroids usually on scaphopods and 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF4E258FB79F8ACDC2E1812" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1799" box="[1276,1353,1794,1817]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculida" pageId="7" pageNumber="108" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF4E258FB79F8ACDC2E1812" box="[1276,1353,1794,1817]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="108">Nucula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shells, colonial, arising from creeping stolons; hydrocauli covered by perisarc, not branched, monosiphonic. Perisarc extends onto hydranth body as a more or less gelatinous pseudohydrotheca which does not envelop the tentacles. Hydranths with conical hypostome, one whorl of filiform tentacles. Gonophores develop on cauli or stolons, enclosed in thin perisarc membrane. Gonophores liberated as free medusae with four tentacles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF28A1F3FFFBE257FF12FA42DC3F1930" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590748" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590748" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590748/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" startId="8.[151,186,1516,1537]" targetBox="[151,1435,257,1467]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFFBE257FF12FA42DC3F1930" blockId="8.[151,1437,1516,1595]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
Fig. 3. 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FF66FA42D8E6190A" baseAuthorityName="G. O. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[227,385,1516,1537]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FF66FA42D8E6190A" box="[227,385,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Neoturris abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FE18FA42DB25190A" authorityName="Forsskal" authorityYear="1775" box="[413,578,1516,1537]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FE18FA42DB25190A" box="[413,578,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Neoturris pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) medusae from Norway, photographs of living, relatively young stages. (A) Lateral view of medusa with bell size 7 mm (DNA 953, see Table 1). (B) Same as A, detail of radial canals and folds of stomach wall. (C) Same as A, oblique view from below. (D) Animal of bell size 9 mm, detail of tentacle bases, note the absence of ocelli.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34DA2F0FFFBE255FF12F92AD87C1715" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="111" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFFBE257FF12F92ADB701990" blockId="8.[151,535,1668,1691]" box="[151,535,1668,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<heading id="D0A04617FFFBE257FF12F92ADB701990" box="[151,535,1668,1691]" fontSize="10" level="3" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FF12F92AD8431990" bold="true" box="[151,292,1668,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Description:</emphasis>
See 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFFBE257FEDDF92ADB731990" author="Schuchert P." box="[344,532,1668,1691]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="195 - 396" refId="ref18128" refString="Schuchert P. 2007. The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue suisse de Zoologie 114 (2): 195 - 396." type="journal article" year="2007">Schuchert (2007)</bibRefCitation>
.
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFFBE257FF12F91ADC571716" blockId="8.[151,756,1716,2077]" lastBlockId="8.[831,1437,1668,2077]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FF12F91AD86F19C0" bold="true" box="[151,264,1716,1739]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Remarks:</emphasis>
As already suspected by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFFBE257FD9FF91ADBAF19C0" author="Edwards C." box="[538,712,1716,1739]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="443 - 468" refId="ref16126" refString="Edwards C. 1965. The hydroid and the medusa Neoturris pileata. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 45 (2): 443 - 468." type="journal article" year="1965">Edwards (1965)</bibRefCitation>
, the 16S and COI sequence comparisons presented above are evidence that the hydroid 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FE65F956D86C183A" authority="G. O. Sars, 1874" authorityName="G. O. Sars" authorityYear="1874" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FE65F956DBD01804" box="[480,695,1784,1807]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Leuckartiara abyssi</emphasis>
G.O. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFFBE257FF12F8B4D86C183A" author="Sars G. O." box="[151,267,1818,1841]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="91 - 150" refId="ref18059" refString="Sars G. O. 1874. Bidrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Kristiana 1873: 91 - 150, pls 2 - 5." type="journal article" year="1874">Sars, 1874</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
must belong to 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FE40F8B4D9BE1859" authority="(Forsskal, 1775)" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FE40F8B4DB18183A" box="[453,639,1818,1841]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Neoturris pileata</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFFBE257FD14F8B4D9B71859" author="Forsskal P. &amp; In &amp; Niebuhr C. E." pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 164" refId="ref16403" refString="Forsskal P. In: Niebuhr C. E. 1775. Descriptiones animalium avium, amphibiorium, piscium, insectorum, vermium; quae in itinere orientali observavit Petrus Forskal. Post mortem auctoris edidit Carsten Niebuhr. Molleri, KObenhavn, pp. 1 - 164. https: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2154" type="book chapter" year="1775">Forsskål, 1775</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. The hydroid of 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FE10F895D89F1859" authorityName="G. O. Sars" authorityYear="1874" box="[405,504,1851,1874]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FE10F895D89F1859" box="[405,504,1851,1874]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">L. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from near the original collecting site of Sars belongs unambiguously to 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FF12F8D1D999189D" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,254,1919,1942]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FF12F8D1D999189D" box="[151,254,1919,1942]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Neoturris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusae found at the same locality. These 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FF12F80ED99918BC" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1914" box="[151,254,1952,1975]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FF12F80ED99918BC" box="[151,254,1952,1975]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Neoturris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusae were smaller than those of adult Mediterranean ones (largest ones seen about 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFFBE257FD27F86CDB9318D2" box="[674,756,1986,2009]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
high), but the morphology of the manubrium with its numerous interradial pits and the adradial folds (
<figureCitation id="136CEDFEFFFBE257FCCDF92ADAC71990" box="[840,928,1668,1691]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="9.[151,186,1911,1932]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,257,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-4@9.[175,1413,257,1860]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Fig. 4. Neoturris abyssi (=Neoturris pileata) medusae from Norway, photographs of the most advanced stages found. (A) Lateral view of manubrium of a medusa with bell size 9 mm (DNA 918, see Table 1). No gametes could be seen when examining the gonad fold under a compound microscope. (B) Manubrium of a medusa with bell size 12 mm (DNA 916, see Table 1); note the increased number of gonadal folds and pits. Small oocytes were present in the gonads folds. Except for the colour this animal closely resemble Mediterranean specimens (Figs 6-7). (C) Medusa of about 10 mm height (DNA 919, see Table 1) cut open and spread to visualise anatomical details (inner side of stomach facing observer)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590750/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
) comes close to the ones in more southern waters (comp. 
<figureCitation id="136CEDFEFFFBE257FC66F90ADD2619B0" box="[995,1089,1700,1723]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="10.[831,866,1040,1061]" captionStartId-1="11.[153,188,1970,1991]" captionTargetBox-0="[821,1436,257,1007]" captionTargetBox-1="[161,1428,257,1924]" captionTargetId-0="figure-454@10.[831,1436,257,1000]" captionTargetId-1="figure-4@11.[161,1428,257,1925]" captionTargetPageId-0="10" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="Fig. 6. Neoturris pileata, preserved specimen (MHNG- INVE-35522) from the Mediterranean, collected before 1895 and identified by C. Hartlaub. Note that the bell shape is not elongated as often seen in other illustrations (e.g. Fig. 7), but nevertheless lies within the range of variation for Mediterranean specimens. Moreover, the bell is somewhat flattened in this preserved sample." captionText-1="Fig. 7. Neoturris pileata, living medusa photographed by Nicholas Samaras, location: Mediterranean, Greece, Chalkidiki Peninsula, depth 3 m. The photo shows a perfect and typical N. pileata, note the intense red colour of the manubrium as well as the folds and pits on it. Note that this photo is copyright protected and the right to reproduce it here was acquired by paying a royalty fee to the copyright holder Nicholas Samaras (www.underwater-photography.gr)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5698786" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590754" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5698786/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5590754/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Figs 6-7</figureCitation>
). The colour of the manubrium was, however, never as red as found in medusae south of 
<collectingCountry id="F340B1EBFFFBE257FCE4F94ADAD019F0" box="[865,951,1764,1787]" name="Norway" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Norway</collectingCountry>
to the Mediterranean. A 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FB5DF94ADC5819F0" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1914" box="[1240,1343,1764,1787]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FB5DF94ADC5819F0" box="[1240,1343,1764,1787]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Neoturris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusa from 
<collectingCountry id="F340B1EBFFFBE257FCFBF8AADAB41810" box="[894,979,1796,1819]" name="Sweden" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Sweden</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="136CEDFEFFFBE257FC63F8AADD4D1810" box="[998,1066,1796,1819]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[151,186,1082,1103]" captionTargetBox="[151,781,257,1045]" captionTargetId="figure-387@10.[151,756,257,1045]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 5. Neoturris abyssi (=Neoturris pileata), living medusa from the Swedish coast, photo taken by Fredrik Pleijel and reproduced with the permission of the author. The manubrium is contracted, feigning a horizontal gonadal fold on the manubrium resembling the permanent one seen in some Leuckartiara species. This photo is copyright protected and it must not be reproduced without the consent of the author." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590752/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
) had a much darker manubrium, despite being not much larger than the Norwegian ones. The yellowish 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FC65F8EBDD211857" authorityName="Hartlaub" authorityYear="1914" box="[992,1094,1861,1884]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FC65F8EBDD211857" box="[992,1094,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Neoturris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusae occur regularly in the Bergen region (see also 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFFBE257FBDDF8CBDC111877" author="Hosia A. &amp; Bamstedt U." box="[1112,1398,1893,1916]" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="113 - 127" refId="ref16715" refString="Hosia A., Bamstedt U. 2007. Seasonal changes in the gelatinous zooplankton community and hydromedusa abundances in Korsfjord and Fanafjord, western Norway. Marine Ecology Progress Series 351: 113 - 127." type="book chapter" year="2007">Hosia &amp; Båmstedt, 2007</bibRefCitation>
; as 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FCBAF82BDACC1897" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[831,939,1925,1948]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FCBAF82BDACC1897" box="[831,939,1925,1948]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">N. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and must also have been seen by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFFBE257FAB1F82BDABF18B7" author="Kramp P. L. &amp; Damas D." pageId="8" pageNumber="109" pagination="217 - 323" refId="ref17019" refString="Kramp P. L., Damas D. 1925. Les meduses de la Norvege. Introduction et partie speciale. Videnskabelige meddelelser fra Dansk naturhistorik Forening 80: 217 - 323." type="journal article" year="1925">Kramp &amp; Damas (1925)</bibRefCitation>
who attributed them to 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FB5DF80BDC0118B7" baseAuthorityName="Murbach &amp; Shaerer" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[1240,1382,1957,1980]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="breviconis">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FB5DF80BDC0118B7" box="[1240,1382,1957,1980]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">N. breviconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The sequence comparison made here (
<figureCitation id="136CEDFEFFFBE257FB3AF86BDC4718D7" box="[1215,1312,1989,2012]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="12.[151,186,1968,1989]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,186,1913,1934]" captionTargetId-0="graphics-9@12.[87,1710,443,1593]" captionTargetId-1="graphics-6@13.[102,1709,536,1563]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionText-0="Fig. 8. 16S maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Pandeidae species obtained with PhyML (GTR+G+I model) and based on 595 bp positions of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if &gt; 70%). For more details see text and Table 1. Samples based on the polyp stage are indicated, all others are medusa samples." captionText-1="Fig. 9. COI maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Pandeidae species obtained with PhyML (GTR+G+I model) and based on 664 bp positions of the mitochondrial COI gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if&gt; 70%). For more details see text and Table 1. Samples based on the polyp stage are indicated, all others are medusa samples." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590756" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590759" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5590756/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5590759/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">Figs 8-9</figureCitation>
), however, show that this cannot be the case as 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FB47F84BDC2818F7" baseAuthorityName="Murbach &amp; Shaerer" baseAuthorityYear="1902" box="[1218,1359,2021,2044]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="breviconis">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FB47F84BDC2818F7" box="[1218,1359,2021,2044]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">N. breviconis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is well separated from the 
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFBE257FB88F7A8DD8E1716" box="[1037,1257,2054,2077]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="109">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FB88F7A8DD161716" authorityName="G. O. Sars" authorityYear="1874" box="[1037,1137,2054,2077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">N. abyssi</taxonomicName>
+ 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFBE257FB05F7A8DD8E1716" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[1152,1257,2054,2077]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="8" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">N. pileata</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
clade.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF28A1F3FFFAE256FF12F8D9DAA91717" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590750" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590750" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590750/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" startId="9.[151,186,1911,1932]" targetBox="[175,1413,257,1860]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFFAE256FF12F8D9DAA91717" blockId="9.[151,1437,1911,2076]" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">
Fig. 4. 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFAE256FF66F8D9D8E41887" baseAuthorityName="G. O. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[227,387,1911,1932]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFAE256FF66F8D9D8E41887" box="[227,387,1911,1932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Neoturris abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFFAE256FE27F8D9DB2E1887" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[418,585,1911,1932]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="9" pageNumber="110" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFFAE256FE27F8D9DB2E1887" box="[418,585,1911,1932]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="110">Neoturris pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) medusae from Norway, photographs of the most advanced stages found. (A) Lateral view of manubrium of a medusa with bell size 9 mm (DNA 918, see Table 1). No gametes could be seen when examining the gonad fold under a compound microscope. (B) Manubrium of a medusa with bell size 12 mm (DNA 916, see Table 1); note the increased number of gonadal folds and pits. Small oocytes were present in the gonads folds. Except for the colour this animal closely resemble Mediterranean specimens (Figs 6-7). (C) Medusa of about 10 mm height (DNA 919, see Table 1) cut open and spread to visualise anatomical details (inner side of stomach facing observer).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF28A1F3FFF9E255FCBAFBBEDC1C1BD9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5698786" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5698786" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5698786/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" startId="10.[831,866,1040,1061]" targetBox="[821,1436,257,1007]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF9E255FCBAFBBEDC1C1BD9" blockId="10.[831,1436,1040,1234]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">
Fig. 6. 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FC0EFBBEDD261B2E" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[907,1089,1040,1061]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FC0EFBBEDD261B2E" box="[907,1089,1040,1061]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">Neoturris pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, preserved specimen (MHNG-INVE-35522) from the Mediterranean, collected before 1895 and identified by C. Hartlaub. Note that the bell shape is not elongated as often seen in other illustrations (e.g. Fig. 7), but nevertheless lies within the range of variation for Mediterranean specimens. Moreover, the bell is somewhat flattened in this preserved sample.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF28A1F3FFF9E255FF12FB94DB421A13" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590752" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5590752" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5590752/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" startId="10.[151,186,1082,1103]" targetBox="[151,781,257,1045]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF9E255FF12FB94DB421A13" blockId="10.[151,756,1082,1304]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">
Fig. 5. 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FF66FB94D8E11B44" baseAuthorityName="G. O. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[227,390,1082,1103]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FF66FB94D8E11B44" box="[227,390,1082,1103]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">Neoturris abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FE23FB94DB371B44" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[422,592,1082,1103]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FE23FB94DB371B44" box="[422,592,1082,1103]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">Neoturris pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), living medusa from the Swedish coast, photo taken by Fredrik Pleijel and reproduced with the permission of the author. The manubrium is contracted, feigning a horizontal gonadal fold on the manubrium resembling the permanent one seen in some 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FE23FB64DB1B1BD4" box="[422,636,1226,1247]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FE23FB64DB441BD4" box="[422,547,1226,1247]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">Leuckartiara</emphasis>
species.
</taxonomicName>
This photo is copyright protected and it must not be reproduced without the consent of the author.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BE8F17BFFF9E255FF12FAF5D87C1715" blockId="10.[151,756,1371,2078]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">
The hydroid of 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FECCFAF5D8D11A79" baseAuthorityName="Forsskal" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[329,438,1371,1394]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pileata">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FECCFAF5D8D11A79" box="[329,438,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">N. pileata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
without medusa buds is not readily distinguishable from 
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FD84FAD2DB931A98" box="[513,756,1404,1427]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FD84FAD2DB971A98" baseAuthorityName="Fleming" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[513,752,1404,1427]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octona">Leuckartiara octona</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the only other pandeid known from the region (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC68C8AFFF9E255FD31FA32D8141ADF" author="Hosia A. &amp; Bamstedt U." pageId="10" pageNumber="111" pagination="113 - 127" refId="ref16715" refString="Hosia A., Bamstedt U. 2007. Seasonal changes in the gelatinous zooplankton community and hydromedusa abundances in Korsfjord and Fanafjord, western Norway. Marine Ecology Progress Series 351: 113 - 127." type="book chapter" year="2007">Hosia &amp; Båmstedt, 2007</bibRefCitation>
). The only character to reliably distinguish the two is found in the newly released medusae, which have four tentacles instead of the two tentacles present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FEF1F9B0D8BB193E" baseAuthorityName="Fleming" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[372,476,1566,1589]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octona">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FEF1F9B0D8BB193E" box="[372,476,1566,1589]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">L. octona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A less reliable character is the absence of branching of the stems, which in fully grown colonies of 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FEDBF9F1D8A4197D" baseAuthorityName="Fleming" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[350,451,1631,1654]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octona">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FEDBF9F1D8A4197D" box="[350,451,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">L. octona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are quite regularly branched once, but not so in 
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FEEAF92ED8BC199C" box="[367,475,1664,1687]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FEEAF92ED8B0199C" baseAuthorityName="G. O. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[367,471,1664,1687]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">N. abyssi</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
The Norwegian hydroids here assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FEE4F90FD8AF19B3" baseAuthorityName="G. O. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[353,456,1697,1720]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FEE4F90FD8AF19B3" box="[353,456,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">L. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lacked medusa buds, but were nevertheless assigned to 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FE76F96FDB3F19D3" baseAuthorityName="G. O. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[499,600,1729,1752]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FE76F96FDB3F19D3" box="[499,600,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">L. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
because they came from close to the 
<typeStatus id="54EC4FD9FFF9E255FE24F94CD8A819F2" box="[417,463,1762,1785]" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">type</typeStatus>
locality, they grew on the typical substrate, the pedicels were never branched, and they occurred in relatively deep waters. Their sequences separated them immediately from 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FD9BF8EDDBED1851" baseAuthorityName="Fleming" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[542,650,1859,1882]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octona">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FD9BF8EDDBED1851" box="[542,650,1859,1882]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">L. octona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
medusae collected at the same locality (
<figureCitation id="136CEDFEFFF9E255FE7DF8CADB3D1870" box="[504,602,1892,1915]" captionStart-0="Fig" captionStart-1="Fig" captionStartId-0="12.[151,186,1968,1989]" captionStartId-1="13.[151,186,1913,1934]" captionTargetId-0="graphics-9@12.[87,1710,443,1593]" captionTargetId-1="graphics-6@13.[102,1709,536,1563]" captionTargetPageId-0="12" captionTargetPageId-1="13" captionText-0="Fig. 8. 16S maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Pandeidae species obtained with PhyML (GTR+G+I model) and based on 595 bp positions of the mitochondrial 16S gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if &gt; 70%). For more details see text and Table 1. Samples based on the polyp stage are indicated, all others are medusa samples." captionText-1="Fig. 9. COI maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Pandeidae species obtained with PhyML (GTR+G+I model) and based on 664 bp positions of the mitochondrial COI gene. Node-support values are bootstrap values of 100 pseudoreplicates (shown only if&gt; 70%). For more details see text and Table 1. Samples based on the polyp stage are indicated, all others are medusa samples." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590756" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5590759" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5590756/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5590759/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">Figs 8-9</figureCitation>
). An infertile pandeid hydroid on a 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FE0EF82AD8BF1890" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1799" box="[395,472,1924,1947]" class="Bivalvia" family="Nuculidae" genus="Nucula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Nuculida" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Mollusca" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FE0EF82AD8BF1890" box="[395,472,1924,1947]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">Nucula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shell collected in 
<quantity id="4CAF5C9EFFF9E255FD20F82ADB931890" box="[677,756,1924,1947]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" unit="m" value="27.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="5.0">5-50 m</quantity>
depths along the Swedish coast (DNA 1055, 
<tableCitation id="C6D5C4C0FFF9E255FDEBF80BDBDC18B7" box="[622,699,1957,1980]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="3.[144,197,540,561]" captionTargetBox="[154,1936,636,1788]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Table 1. Sample data, voucher numbers, and GenBank data of specimens examined by the author. The sample data of other sequences retrieved from GenBank and shown in Figs 8-9 can be obtained by searching the accession numbers in GenBank. nd = no data." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF28A1F3FFF0E25CFF15FDB2DAC41D45" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" tableUuid="DF28A1F3FFF0E25CFF15FDB2DAC41D45">Table 1</tableCitation>
) was initially also identified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FE3FF868DB7A18D6" baseAuthorityName="G. O. Sars" baseAuthorityYear="1874" box="[442,541,1990,2013]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Neoturris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="abyssi">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FE3FF868DB7A18D6" box="[442,541,1990,2013]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">L. abyssi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the DNA data clearly identified it as 
<taxonomicName id="4C578AF8FFF9E255FE15F848D89F18F6" baseAuthorityName="Fleming" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[400,504,2022,2045]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Pandeidae" genus="Leuckartiara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anthoathecata" pageId="10" pageNumber="111" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="octona">
<emphasis id="B9232D69FFF9E255FE15F848D89F18F6" box="[400,504,2022,2045]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="111">L. octona</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and it was reclassified accordingly.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>