282 lines
31 KiB
XML
282 lines
31 KiB
XML
<document id="49B0C79683AD50131F1EF51A0D5F56B3" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252292" ID-ZooBank="CCE28335-B063-47A5-8EFA-904B5B5BC99B" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1666769573018" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Singh, Navneet, Ranjan, Rahul, Talukdar, Avishek, Joshi, Rahul, Kirti, Jagbir Singh, Chandra, Kailash & Mally, Richard" docDate="2022" docId="03C8791FFFCE8031FF785359FC015F9A" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5197.1.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5197 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Phycitinae Zeller 1839" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="24" masterDocId="FFF10167FFDB8029FFEF545AFFFA5F63" masterDocTitle="A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="423" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="22" updateTime="1699389895625" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="19F8C2D4A8916550910E6B37CFF6D1D4">A catalogue of Indian Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FA731502E9B958D2AD8823F64BBD48AD">Singh, Navneet</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4AFD19CA23E17762059900F5C850F1D9">Ranjan, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="305AED535F4390410C08315C87C8FD69">Talukdar, Avishek</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4C7DA3BF5C405251AACFD7DE440B35DA">Joshi, Rahul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="860E4CB0349CD35DD3617DA84556E26C" type="email">joshiarctiidae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="A7F2EB54B50DFCFD10134B48A49338E6">Kirti, Jagbir Singh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="3865A2DF7CABF15E843039AA98228C49">Chandra, Kailash</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="18A3A13D487DB491482F29B061C2934E" type="email">kailash611@rediffmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="D6E3BCE1E84C195FBEAB0388A43102BE">Mally, Richard</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="5BEB0596B3EC94C4F1E5DCBB26006D9A" type="email">spilomallynae@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="B1225356D26216A7FE15523C4B4FFAC3">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="628FC269EC1FFB449A2F0E17479328D9">
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<mods:date id="B3BEF74CE607095578B889B2D7D31B92">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="743E6987C829492FFB7E6B06A12326F0">2022-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="1874EF147C6720093EADF363EC5A72C4">5197</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="FF98F1FECEB379D469AB11AFC9B7B6CB">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="F7E631B1A769847B86B68A2687A59272">1</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="DF4A0DD6150D41206562F7CBB5C888D0">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="AB590417B002716D6981BD81C5E55B3A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="4D284C3A9E7CE0E415E56658DDCFBA91" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5197.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E7BFCB830F42752911AE653A04DB1D1E" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C8791FFFCE8031FF785359FC015F9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252358" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252358" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C8791FFFCE8031FF785359FC015F9A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C8791FFFCE8031FF785359FC015F9A" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="24" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFCE803CFF785359FEBC587E" box="[151,326,1795,1821]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFCE803CFF785359FEBC587E" blockId="21.[151,326,1795,1821]" box="[151,326,1795,1821]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<heading id="D0967F65FFCE803CFF785359FEBC587E" bold="true" box="[151,326,1795,1821]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFCE803CFF785359FEBC587E" bold="true" box="[151,326,1795,1821]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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1.3.
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCE803CFF275359FEBC587E" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1839" box="[200,326,1795,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Phycitinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Phycitinae</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37B9B82FFCE8031FF785311FC015F9A" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFCE803FFF785311FE155E7E" blockId="21.[151,1437,1867,2038]" lastBlockId="22.[151,1436,151,285]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="23" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFCE803CFF785311FE2F5806" bold="true" box="[151,469,1867,1893]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Diversity and distribution:</emphasis>
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the by far most speciose subfamily of
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCE803CFC6E5311FC145806" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[897,1006,1867,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
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, and within
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCE803CFB9A5311FB0A5806" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1141,1264,1867,1893]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="394" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Pyraloidea">Pyraloidea</taxonomicName>
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||
, second only to the more diverse
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCE803CFEB65335FE0B58EA" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[345,497,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Spilomelinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="413" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Spilomelinae</taxonomicName>
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||
. Globally,
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCE803CFD875335FD2458EA" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1839" box="[616,734,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycitinae">Phycitinae</taxonomicName>
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comprise 3,501 species in 676 genera (Nuss
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFCE803CFB37532AFAEB58EA" box="[1240,1297,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2003
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFCE803CFAA05335FAA758EA" bold="true" box="[1359,1373,1903,1929]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">–</emphasis>
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2022,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCE803CFF7853C9FEA758CE" author="Leger, T. & Mally, R. & Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M." box="[151,349,1939,1965]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" pagination="84 - 99" refId="ref288552" refString="Leger, T., Mally, R., Neinhuis, C. & Nuss, M. (2020) Refining the phylogeny of Crambidae with complete sampling of subfamilies (Lepidoptera, Pyraloidea). Zoologica Scripta, 50 (1), 84 - 99. [2021] https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12452" type="journal article" year="2020">
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||
Léger
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCE803CFF0F53CEFEE358CE" box="[224,281,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2020
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFCE803CFE6153C9FE3058CE" box="[398,458,1939,1965]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">India</collectingCountry>
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, 235 species in 102 genera are reported, accounting to 6.68% of the total global
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCE803CFABC53C9FF3758B2" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1839" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycitinae">Phycitinae</taxonomicName>
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diversity. Almost two thirds (65 genera) of the 102 genera in
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFCE803CFC9C53EDFC5758B2" box="[883,941,1975,2001]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">India</collectingCountry>
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are represented by only a single species, and another 33 genera contain between two to 10 species. The four most speciose Indian Phycitinae genera, comprise 11 to 18 species, respectively (
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<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFCD803FFE0254CDFDBA5FD2" box="[493,576,151,177]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="22.[152,255,2001,2025]" captionTargetId="figure-75@22.[377,1211,309,1977]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 10. Species diversity of Indian Phycitinae genera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7849035" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7849035/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
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). The subfamily is distributed throughout the world with the exception of the southernmost regions (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCD803FFE7754E1FD6E5FB6" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." box="[408,660,187,213]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
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||
). In
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<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFCD803FFD2754E1FCFE5FB6" box="[712,772,187,213]" name="India" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">India</collectingCountry>
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, the subfamily is represented in most of the biogeographic zones with at least 34 species. The Desert, Trans-Himalaya, Islands and East Himalaya biogeographic zones have low species numbers (
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<figureCitation id="135AD48CFFCD803FFE7F5559FE1B5E7E" box="[400,481,259,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="23.[152,255,1256,1280]" captionTargetBox="[160,1427,190,1225]" captionTargetId="figure-19@23.[151,1436,181,1233]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURE 11. Species diversity of Indian Phycitinae in different Biogeographic zones/zones." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252314" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252314/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
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||
).
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</paragraph>
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||
<caption id="DF1E9881FFCD803FFF77538BFD07588A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7849035" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7849035" box="[152,765,2001,2025]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7849035/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" startId="22.[152,255,2001,2025]" targetBox="[384,1204,317,1972]" targetPageId="22">
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||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFCD803FFF77538BFD07588A" blockId="22.[152,765,2001,2025]" box="[152,765,2001,2025]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
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<emphasis id="B915141BFFCD803FFF77538BFEDF588A" bold="true" box="[152,293,2001,2025]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
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Species diversity of Indian Phycitinae genera.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
<caption id="DF1E9881FFCC803EFF7750B2FBBF5A62" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7252314" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7252314" box="[152,1093,1256,1281]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7252314/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" startId="23.[152,255,1256,1280]" targetBox="[160,1427,190,1225]" targetPageId="23">
|
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<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFCC803EFF7750B2FBBF5A62" blockId="23.[152,1093,1256,1281]" box="[152,1093,1256,1281]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
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||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFF7750B2FEDE5A63" bold="true" box="[152,292,1256,1280]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
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Species diversity of Indian Phycitinae in different Biogeographic zones/zones.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFCC803EFF285174FBCC59B6" blockId="23.[151,1437,1326,2037]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFF285174FE615A2A" bold="true" box="[199,411,1326,1353]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Adult characters:</emphasis>
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ocelli are present or absent, chaetosemata are present. The labial palpi are well-developed and upturned, and sometimes feature a long downturned terminal palpomere. The maxillary palpi are mostly welldeveloped and variously shaped. The proboscis is mostly well-developed or reduced, and only rarely absent. The male antennae often have a contorted or swollen base. The forewings are mostly long and narrow, usually with a convex costa and a rounded apex, and with a greyish or brownish maculation. Forewing venation with 11 or fewer veins, where M is absent, M
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<subScript id="17E5CA4CFFCC803EFE3351AFFE1E5960" attach="left" box="[476,484,1525,1539]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">2</subScript>
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stalked or united with M
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<subScript id="17E5CA4CFFCC803EFCE851AFFCF55960" attach="left" box="[775,783,1525,1539]" fontSize="6" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">3</subScript>
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, areole absent. The pearl-coloured hindwings are usually broad and exhibit a cubital pecten. In both sexes fore- and hindwing are coupled via a single frenulum bristle. In the tympanal organs, the distal insertion of the scoloparium features a circular sclerotization. The venulae secundae are usually absent. The uncus arms of the male genitalia extend at 110 degrees or more from the longitudinal uncus axis. The tegumen connects to only a small portion of the uncus base. In the female genitalia, the ductus seminalis usually attaches to the corpus bursae and not to the ductus bursae as usual in other
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<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCC803EFBD552CDFB5E59D2" authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1809" box="[1082,1188,1687,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pyralidae</taxonomicName>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCC803EFB5C52CDFAA359D1" author="Heinrich, C." box="[1203,1369,1687,1714]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 581" refId="ref281217" refString="Heinrich, C. (1956) American moths of the subfamily Phycitinae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 207, i - viii + 1 - 581." type="journal article" year="1956">Heinrich 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCC803EFA8B52CDFEC659B6" author="Solis, M. A. & Mitter, C." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="79 - 90" refId="ref310347" refString="Solis, M. A. & Mitter, C. (1992) Review and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of the Pyralidae (sensu stricto) (Lepidoptera: Pyraloidea). Systematic Entomology, 17, 79 - 90. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1992. tb 00323. x" type="journal article" year="1992">Solis & Mitter 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCC803EFEA852E1FDC959B6" author="Robinson, G. S. & Tuck, K. R. & Shaffer, M." box="[327,563,1723,1749]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref303320" refString="Robinson, G. S., Tuck, K. R. & Shaffer, M. (1994) A field guide to the smaller moths of South-East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, 309 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Robinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFE5652E6FE0859B6" box="[441,498,1723,1749]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCC803EFDD152E1FCCF59B6" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." box="[574,821,1723,1749]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCC803EFCAF52E1FBD759B6" author="Holloway, J. D. & Kibby, G. & Peggie, D." box="[832,1069,1723,1749]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. & Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Holloway
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFC5A52E6FC1759B6" box="[949,1005,1723,1749]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFCC803EFF285285FB03587E" blockId="23.[151,1437,1326,2037]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFF285285FE5F599A" bold="true" box="[199,421,1759,1785]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Larval characters:</emphasis>
|
||
most larvae have the mesothoracic
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A506EBFFCC803EFCC05285FCAD599A" box="[815,855,1759,1785]" country="Serbia" name="Sid" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">SD</collectingRegion>
|
||
1 seta encircled by a sclerotised ring (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCC803EFB1F5285FF28587E" author="Holloway, J. D. & Kibby, G. & Peggie, D." pageId="23" pageNumber="24" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. & Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Holloway
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFA8A52BAFA67599A" box="[1381,1437,1759,1785]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCC803EFF325359FEA3587E" author="Solis, M. A." box="[221,345,1795,1821]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 58" refId="ref309925" refString="Solis, M. A. (2006) Key to selected Pyraloidea (Lepidoptera) larvae intercepted at U. S. ports of entry: Revision of Pyraloidea in " Keys to some frequently intercepted lepidopterous larvae " by Weisman 1986. USDA Systematic Entomology Laboratory, 2006, 1 - 58." type="journal article" year="2006">Solis 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A comprehensive study of European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCC803EFCE75359FC84587E" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1839" box="[776,894,1795,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="392" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Phycitinae">Phycitinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFCC803EFBC25359FB0F587E" author="Hasenfuss, I." box="[1069,1269,1795,1821]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" pagination="1 - 263" refId="ref280672" refString="Hasenfuss, I. (1960) Die Larvalsystematik der Zunsler (Pyralidae). Abhandlungen zur Larvalsystematik der Insekten, 5, 1 - 263." type="journal article" year="1960">Hasenfuss (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDEC809FFCC8031FF28537DFC015F9A" blockId="23.[151,1437,1326,2037]" lastBlockId="24.[151,1436,151,249]" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFF28537DFEA55822" bold="true" box="[199,351,1831,1857]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Food plants:</emphasis>
|
||
larvae are stem, seed and gall borers or leaf rollers. The caterpillars of several tropical species, e. g. in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCC803EFF025311FE545806" authority="Ragonot" authorityName="Ragonot" authorityYear="1889" box="[237,430,1867,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Laetilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFF025311FEBE5806" box="[237,324,1867,1893]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Laetilia</emphasis>
|
||
Ragonot
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, prey on scale insects. The subfamily comprises several cosmopolitan polyphagous pests of stored food products in the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCC803EFDB95335FD0058EA" authority="Walker" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1864" box="[598,762,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Cadra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFDB95335FD6458EA" box="[598,670,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cadra</emphasis>
|
||
Walker
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCC803EFCE65335FC3458EA" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1845" box="[777,974,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Ephestia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFCE65335FC9158EA" box="[777,875,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ephestia</emphasis>
|
||
Guenée
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCC803EFC325335FB8C58EA" authority="Zeller" authorityName="Zeller" authorityYear="1839" box="[989,1142,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Etiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFC325335FBD258EA" box="[989,1064,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Etiella</emphasis>
|
||
Zeller
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCC803EFB5B5335FA9D58EA" authority="Guenee." authorityName="Guenee." box="[1204,1383,1903,1929]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Plodia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFB5B5335FB0558EA" box="[1204,1279,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Plodia</emphasis>
|
||
Guenée.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
The Southeast Asian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCC803EFEBE53C9FD4458CE" authority="(Moore)" baseAuthorityName="Moore" box="[337,702,1939,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Citripestis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sagittiferella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFEBE53C9FDA058CE" box="[337,602,1939,1965]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Citripestis sagittiferella</emphasis>
|
||
(Moore)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a serious threat to citrus fruits. Some species have been used as biological control agents against invasive plants:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCC803EFD2B53EDFBE858B2" authority="(Berg)" baseAuthorityName="Berg" box="[708,1042,1975,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Cactoblastis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cactorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFD2B53EDFC3858B2" box="[708,962,1975,2001]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Cactoblastis cactorum</emphasis>
|
||
(Berg)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was introduced to Hawaii,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFCC803EFAA753EDFF4C5896" name="Australia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFCC803EFF2E5381FEA85896" box="[193,338,2011,2037]" name="South Africa" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the West Indies and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFCC803EFDAF5381FD575896" box="[576,685,2011,2037]" name="Mauritius" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Mauritius</collectingCountry>
|
||
to control invasive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFCC803EFC645381FBBC5896" box="[907,1094,2011,2037]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Cactaceae" genus="Opuntia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFCC803EFC645381FC1D5896" box="[907,999,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Opuntia</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
The alligator weed stem borer
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FF7854CDFDBE5FD2" authority="(Hampson)" baseAuthorityName="Hampson" box="[151,580,151,177]" class="Mammalia" genus="Macrorrhina" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="endonephele">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FF7854CDFE445FD2" box="[151,446,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Macrorrhina endonephele</emphasis>
|
||
(Hampson)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been introduced to North America,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC38031FBE554CDFB8B5FD2" box="[1034,1137,151,177]" name="Australia" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3768899FFC38031FB4554CDFABB5FD2" box="[1194,1345,151,177]" name="New Zealand" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
to fight the invasive alligator weed,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C61B38AFFC38031FE3A54E1FC205FB6" box="[469,986,187,213]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Amaranthaceae" genus="Alternanthera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="philoxeroides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FE3A54E1FCEB5FB6" box="[469,785,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Alternanthera philoxeroides</emphasis>
|
||
(Amaranthaceae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC38031FC0554E1FB205FB6" author="Robinson, G. S. & Tuck, K. R. & Shaffer, M." box="[1002,1242,187,213]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref303320" refString="Robinson, G. S., Tuck, K. R. & Shaffer, M. (1994) A field guide to the smaller moths of South-East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur, 309 pp." type="book" year="1994">
|
||
Robinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FBB054E1FB625FB6" box="[1119,1176,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC38031FB0954E1FF285F9A" author="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A." pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="233 - 256" refId="ref297140" refString="Munroe, E. G. & Solis, M. A. (1999) The Pyraloidea. In: Kristensen, N. P. (Ed.), Handbook of Zoology section Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterfles. Walter de Gruyter, New York, pp. 233 - 256. https: // doi. org / 10.1515 / 9783110804744.233" type="book chapter" year="1999">Munroe & Solis 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC38031FF325485FE375F9A" author="Holloway, J. D. & Kibby, G. & Peggie, D." box="[221,461,223,249]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" refId="ref282024" refString="Holloway, J. D., Kibby, G. & Peggie, D. (2001) The families of Malesian moths and butterflies (Fauna Malesiana) (Vol. 3). Brill, Leiden, Boston, Koln, 455 pp., 8 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 9789004475595" type="book" year="2001">
|
||
Holloway
|
||
<emphasis id="B915141BFFC38031FEBC5485FE715F9A" box="[339,395,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2001
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC38031FE375485FD1F5F9A" author="Hayden, J. E. & Landry, J. - F." box="[472,741,223,249]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref280966" refString="Hayden, J. E. & Landry, J. - F. (2020) Arcola malloi (Pastrana), the alligatorweed stemborer, a new synonym of Macrorrhinia endonephele (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae). Insecta Mundi, 768, 1 - 25. https: // doi. org / 10.32473 / edis-in 995 - 2013" type="journal article" year="2020">Hayden & Landry 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF0B5F8FFC38031FD1F5485FC145F9A" author="Wells, B. C. & Minteer, C." box="[752,1006,223,249]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref318486" refString="Wells, B. C. & Minteer, C. (2021) Alligatorweed Stem Borer (suggested common name) Arcola malloi Pastrana (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae). EDIS, 2021 (1), 1 - 4. https: // doi. org / 10.32473 / edis-in 1300 - 2020" type="journal article" year="2021">Wells & Minteer 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |