647 lines
66 KiB
XML
647 lines
66 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="171B473687B270F2C03C1D199E7B3128">Annotated list and key to the stream fishes of Trinidad & Tobago</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="C1091B579C5585D2C1B04BFE74476B55" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="C8B103A6E2AE6086217F8FCF0EB30FD3">Phillip, Dawn A. T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="06FBE154006D863712C9707F9E067539">Taphorn, Donald C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="04EB6EA8B66B572A03AB15E925E6B625">Holm, Erling</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9B814D9C0BCCABEAE740F35C597EFFE3">Gilliam, James F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6057C883DBF957F3E957779CB7E896FE">Lamphere, Bradley A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C92AEFCCCE39F248009E04BD236A56E6">López-Fernández, Hernán</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="DC64C0C0224B4F07DDCA810C9DB0F2AC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EB09EF168122171BAE6338E3B59AFB82">
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<mods:date id="B0C769A75DD51EB56C9391C04FB20E71">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="EEA3D546D1FF29F7B7C400EFA90476AE">3711</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="6AAF49F778F25F2C640287555060658B" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3711.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="2BCA46A1E229105997E4879BA056D3D8" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03879C69FFFCFFDA45DFFF1FC31CFA7F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6153122" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127665763" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6153122" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03879C69FFFCFFDA45DFFF1FC31CFA7F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03879C69FFFCFFDA45DFFF1FC31CFA7F" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<subSubSection id="C3347EF4FFFCFFD745DFFF1FC1A2FF1F" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD745DFFF1FC1B1FF5A" blockId="21.[151,480,152,178]" box="[151,480,152,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<heading id="D0D99A13FFFCFFD745DFFF1FC1B1FF5A" bold="true" box="[151,480,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD745DFFF1FC1B1FF5A" bold="true" box="[151,480,152,178]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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ORDER
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD74440FF1FC1B1FF5A" ID-CoL="PC" ID-ENA="8111" box="[264,480,152,178]" class="Actinopterygii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">PERCIFORMES</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD745DFFF58C1A2FF1F" blockId="21.[151,499,223,247]" box="[151,499,223,247]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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FAMILY
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD7444CFF58C1A2FF1F" box="[260,499,223,247]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Centropomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">CENTROPOMIDAE</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3347EF4FFFCFFDA45DFFEA0C31CFA7F" lastPageId="24" lastPageNumber="25" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD745DFFEA0C1EFFED7" blockId="21.[151,1436,294,427]" box="[151,446,294,319]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD745DFFEA0C17CFED6" box="[151,301,295,318]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Centropomidae" genus="Centropomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD745DFFEA0C17CFED6" box="[151,301,295,318]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Centropomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD7447CFEA0C10FFED6" box="[308,350,295,318]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Atherinidae" genus="Atherinomorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Atheriniformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spp">spp</taxonomicName>
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. [snook]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD7458FFECDC1EEFE42" blockId="21.[151,1436,294,427]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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There are several species of “snook” in the region; they can be identified using the FAO
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD741F0FECDC4B1FE8B" box="[1208,1248,330,355]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" rank="species" species="key">key</taxonomicName>
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available on the Internet (Orrell, 2011). Coastal in marine, estuarine and fresh waters; juveniles common in lower parts of streams. Carnivore.
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<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFCFFD7445DFE15C1EAFE42" box="[277,443,402,427]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.309999999999999" metricValueMax="15.0" metricValueMin="3.62" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="931.0" valueMax="1500.0" valueMin="362.0">362–1500 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD745DFFE73C1CAFDE4" blockId="21.[151,411,500,524]" box="[151,411,500,524]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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FAMILY
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD7444CFE73C1CAFDE4" box="[260,411,500,524]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">CICHLIDAE</taxonomicName>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD745DFFDBBC524FDBC" blockId="21.[151,1436,572,776]" box="[151,1397,572,597]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD745DFFDBBC25BFDBD" authority="Gill 1858" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,522,572,597]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Andinoacara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulcher">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD745DFFDBBC1D4FDBD" box="[151,389,572,597]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Andinoacara pulcher</emphasis>
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(Gill 1858)
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</taxonomicName>
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[coscorob, green coscorob, blue coscorob, small coscorob, coscie, blue acara]
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD7458FFDD8C402FD57" blockId="21.[151,1436,572,776]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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||
Clear or turbid, stagnant or free-flowing water (Kenny 1995). Widely distributed throughout streams in
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFCFFD745DFFD03C0A7FD75" box="[151,246,644,669]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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(Kenny 1995), including mid-north-coast streams (Phillip 1998). Native. Males and females guard prepared benthic nest (Mills & Vevers 1989). Omnivore (Winemiller 1992).
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||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFCFFD746A6FD20C41FFD57" box="[1006,1102,679,704]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="160.0">160 mm</quantity>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD7458FFD4BC2CCFCE0" blockId="21.[151,1436,572,776]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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Those cichlids commonly known as blue acaras were recently removed from
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD74163FD4BC4CEFD0D" box="[1067,1183,716,741]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Aequidens" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD74163FD4BC4CEFD0D" box="[1067,1183,716,741]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Aequidens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and placed in the new genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD74597FD68C120FCE0" box="[223,369,751,776]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Andinoacara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD74597FD68C120FCE0" box="[223,369,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Andinoacara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by Musilová
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD74744FD76C26DFCE0" box="[524,572,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">et al</emphasis>
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. (2009).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD745DFFCB0C3ABFCB8" blockId="21.[151,1436,823,992]" box="[151,1018,823,848]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD745DFFCB0C248FCB8" authority="Bennett 1831" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1831" box="[151,537,823,848]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Cichlasoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taenia">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD745DFFCB0C13BFCB8" box="[151,362,823,848]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Cichlasoma taenia</emphasis>
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(Bennett 1831)
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</taxonomicName>
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[brown coscorob, large coscorob, red-eye]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD7458FFCDBC227FC37" blockId="21.[151,1436,823,992]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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Clear or turbid water in swamps, free-flowing and sluggish streams (Kenny 1995). Widely distributed throughout
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFCFFD74451FCF8C129FC70" box="[281,376,895,920]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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(Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998), including streams in the middle of the north coast (Kenny 1995). Native. Brief spawning period coinciding with the dry season (Ponton & de Mérona 1998), both parents guard prepared benthic nest. Carnivore.
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<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFCFFD7475AFC4FC223FC37" box="[530,626,968,992]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="220.0">220 mm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD745DFFB88C36AFBC0" blockId="21.[151,1437,1039,1568]" box="[151,827,1039,1064]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD745DFFB88C1B3FBC0" authority="Gill 1858" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,482,1039,1064]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenata">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD745DFFB88C120FBC0" box="[151,369,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Crenicichla frenata</emphasis>
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Gill 1858
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</taxonomicName>
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[matawal, millet, pike cichlid]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD7458FFBB3C5CCFB7C" blockId="21.[151,1437,1039,1568]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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Clear to slightly turbid, preferably free-flowing, streams (Kenny 1995). Widely distributed in Trinidadian streams south of the Northern Range divide (Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998), but does not appear to overlap with
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD740CAFBDFC0A5FB7D" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD740CAFBDFC0A5FB7D" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. saxatilis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Native. Male guards nests on benthos or in vegetation such as hollow bamboo stems. Carnivore.
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<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFCFFD74071FBFBC5C9FB7C" box="[1337,1432,1148,1172]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="130.0">130 mm</quantity>
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.
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD7458FFB18C165F9C8" blockId="21.[151,1437,1039,1568]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
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Often referred to in the literature on
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFCFFD74724FB18C29AFB50" box="[620,715,1183,1208]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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fishes as
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD74676FB18C3A7FB50" box="[830,1014,1183,1208]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="alta">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD74676FB18C3A7FB50" box="[830,1014,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Crenicichla alta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a species not known from
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<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFCFFD7407DFB18C5C9FB50" box="[1333,1432,1183,1208]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
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. This is a result of the confusing taxonomic state of the so-called
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD746D9FB43C445FB35" box="[913,1044,1220,1245]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD746D9FB43C445FB35" box="[913,1044,1220,1245]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Crenicichla</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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"
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD74162FB43C482FB34" box="[1066,1235,1220,1245]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD74162FB43C4D6FB35" box="[1066,1159,1220,1245]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">saxatilis</taxonomicName>
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group
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</emphasis>
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" (
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<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD741BAFB42C54BFB34" box="[1266,1306,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, Kullander 1986; Ploeg 1991). One of the main characters given by Gill to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD746A0FB6FC408FAE8" box="[1000,1113,1256,1280]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD746A0FB6FC408FAE8" box="[1000,1113,1256,1280]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. frenata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the presence of a humeral spot bisected by the upper lateral line. However, we have found that this character varies broadly, with the humeral spot clearly bisected by the lateral line in some individuals, but not in others captured simultaneously. In a few cases we also noticed individual variation in this character,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD74674FAD2C306FA84" box="[828,855,1365,1388]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">i.e</emphasis>
|
||
., the same individual would have the humeral spot bisected by the lateral line on one side, but below the lateral line on the other side of the body. While Gill’s original description approximately fits the specimens we have observed, we find that the more vivid colouration (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD7403BFA1AC5DFFA5C" box="[1395,1422,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">i.e</emphasis>
|
||
., blotchy lateral band, silvery spotting on the sides of the body, strong sexual dimorphism with breeding females bearing a pink or reddish belly) in the southern slopes of the Northern Range may be a more reliable character for identification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD745DFF9C8C3C7F980" blockId="21.[151,1436,1615,2001]" box="[151,918,1615,1640]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD745DFF9C8C26CF980" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,573,1615,1640]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD745DFF9C8C12FF980" box="[151,382,1615,1640]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Crenicichla saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[matawal, millet, pike cichlid]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD7458FF9F3C45CF93C" blockId="21.[151,1436,1615,2001]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
Clear and turbid, free-flowing streams. Found in some western (Phillip 1998) and southern drainages of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFCFFD745DFF910C0ABF958" box="[151,250,1687,1712]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Native. Extended spawning during wet and dry seasons (Ponton & de Mérona 1998); parents guard a nest on benthos or in vegetation such as hollow bamboo stems. Carnivore.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFCFFD746E1F93BC458F93C" box="[937,1033,1724,1748]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" unit="mm" value="220.0">220 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFCFFD7458FF958C2EFF839" blockId="21.[151,1436,1615,2001]" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">
|
||
The identity of so-called
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD744B8F967C223F910" box="[496,626,1759,1784]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD744B8F967C223F910" box="[496,626,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFCFFD747F6F958C34CF910" box="[702,797,1759,1784]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
needs further study, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD74172F967C4EAF910" box="[1082,1211,1759,1784]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD74172F967C4EAF910" box="[1082,1211,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a widely spread species in South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFCFFD74412F883C1ECF8F5" box="[346,445,1796,1821]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and likely a species complex (
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD7466FF882C319F8F4" box="[807,840,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
., see Kullander 1986, Ploeg 1991). The situation in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFCFFD745DFF8A0C0A7F8A8" box="[151,246,1831,1856]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
is not clear because, unlike Gill’s (1858) description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD746C2F8AFC3ACF8A8" box="[906,1021,1832,1856]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD746C2F8AFC3ACF8A8" box="[906,1021,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. frenata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the description provided by Regan (1905) for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD7445CF8CAC1C2F88D" box="[276,403,1868,1893]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD7445CF8CAC1C2F88D" box="[276,403,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reads as though it might have been based on a mixture of specimens of the two forms. In general, specimens referred to as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD74754F8F7C2CCF860" box="[540,669,1903,1928]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saxatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD74754F8F7C2CCF860" box="[540,669,1903,1928]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. saxatilis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are much more sparsely coloured, especially in the absence of an obvious lateral band, and are usually found in western and southern stream drainages that do not overlap with those of the Northern Range where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFCFFD744ACF83EC204F838" box="[484,597,1976,2000]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Crenicichla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="21" pageNumber="22" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="frenata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFCFFD744ACF83EC204F838" box="[484,597,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="22">C. frenata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is found.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD445DFFF10C25BFF3D" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD445DFFF10C237FF58" authority="Peters 1852" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1852" box="[151,614,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFFFFD445DFFF10C197FF58" box="[151,454,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Oreochromis mossambicus</emphasis>
|
||
(Peters 1852)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD447D7FF10C40DFF58" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[671,1116,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niloticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFFFFD447D7FF10C3CBFF58" box="[671,922,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Oreochromis niloticus</emphasis>
|
||
(Linnaeus 1758)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[black tilapia,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFFFFD44040FF10C5CDFF58" box="[1288,1436,151,176]" name="Mozambique" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
tilapia, silver tilapia, Nile tilapia]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD4458FFF58C3D6FE38" blockId="22.[151,1436,151,464]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Several species of African tilapias are commonly used in aquaculture and some of them may easily hybridise, thus the identity of some of them may not be easily established. Tilapias commonly escape from aquaculture facilities, and an enormous tolerance for varied environmental conditions facilitates their establishment and dispersal. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFFFFD44461FECBC1DAFE8D" box="[297,395,332,357]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, they are found in reservoirs and brackish swamps draining the southwestern peninsula and west coasts (Kenny 1995; Phillip 1998); also found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFFFFD4466EFEE8C32BFE60" box="[806,890,367,392]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Phillip 1998). Introduced. Males build nests; parents mouth brood. Tilapia species are generalist feeders that can eat almost anything available, but often prefer a detritus and vegetable diet.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFFFFD44484FE30C230FE27" box="[460,609,439,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="500.0" valueMax="600.0" valueMin="400.0">400–600 mm</quantity>
|
||
depending on the species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD445DFFD98C1F3FDDF" blockId="22.[151,418,543,567]" box="[151,418,543,567]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
FAMILY
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD4444CFD98C1F3FDDF" box="[260,418,543,567]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mugilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mugiliformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">MUGILIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD445DFFDE0C360FD97" blockId="22.[151,1436,614,855]" box="[151,817,614,639]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD445DFFDE0C20EFD97" authority="Bancroft 1834" authorityName="Bancroft" authorityYear="1834" box="[151,607,614,639]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mugilidae" genus="Agonostomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mugiliformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFFFFD445DFFDE0C1F4FD97" box="[151,421,614,639]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Agonostomus monticola</emphasis>
|
||
(Bancroft 1834)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[mountain mullet]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD4458FFD0DC3A1FCBE" blockId="22.[151,1436,614,855]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Adults in clear, fast-flowing, freshwater streams (Kenny 1995); young occasionally in brackish waters. Coastal streams draining the Northern Range (Kenny 1995; Phillip 1998) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFFFFD44681FD29C44CFD2F" box="[969,1053,686,711]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Phillip 1998); populations from high-elevation streams draining the southern slopes of the Northern Range up to the 1950s have now been lost, perhaps due to habitat alteration (Kenny 1995). Native. Single, clearly-defined breeding period in the rainy season (Cruz 1987, Phillip 1993), with evidence of total spawning (Phillip 1993); catadromous (Cruz 1987), postlarvae have been found at sea (Anderson 1957). Omnivore (Phillip 1993).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFFFFD446C4FCB9C3BDFCBE" box="[908,1004,830,855]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="360.0">360 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD445DFFC01C121FC77" blockId="22.[151,1436,902,999]" box="[151,368,902,927]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD445DFFC01C08BFC77" box="[151,218,902,927]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mugilidae" genus="Mugil" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mugiliformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFFFFD445DFFC01C08BFC77" box="[151,218,902,927]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Mugil</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD445A9FC00C15AFC76" box="[225,267,903,926]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Atherinidae" genus="Atherinomorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Atheriniformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spp">spp</taxonomicName>
|
||
. [mullet]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD4458FFC2DC491FC0E" blockId="22.[151,1436,902,999]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
There are several species of sea mullet that can be identified using Harrison (2002). Generally catadromous; coastal, marine, estuarine and brackish waters. Herbivore/omnivore/detritivore.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFFFFD4415EFC48C4EDFC0E" box="[1046,1212,975,999]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="650.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="300.0">300–1000 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD445DFFBBCC1B8FBBB" blockId="22.[151,489,1083,1107]" box="[151,489,1083,1107]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
FAMILY
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD4444CFBBCC1B8FBBB" box="[260,489,1083,1107]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polycentridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">POLYCENTRIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD445DFFB05C4F8FB73" blockId="22.[151,1437,1154,1323]" box="[151,1193,1154,1179]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD445DFFB05C283FB73" authority="Muller & Troschel 1849" authorityName="Muller & Troschel" authorityYear="1849" box="[151,722,1154,1179]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Polycentridae" genus="Polycentrus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="schomburgkii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFFFFD445DFFB05C1EAFB73" box="[151,443,1154,1179]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Polycentrus schomburgkii</emphasis>
|
||
Müller & Troschel 1849
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[king coscorob, black coscorob, leaf fish]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD4458FFB21C3BDFAC2" blockId="22.[151,1437,1154,1323]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Clear to turbid, fresh or brackish water streams, swamps, and lagoons (Kenny 1995). Found in low-lying areas south of the Northern Range divide,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFFFFD44719FB4DC2E2FB0B" box="[593,691,1226,1251]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including the Pitch Lake (Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998). Native. Spawns all year (Ponton & de Mérona 1998); spawns on structures overhanging the water; male tends to the developing eggs (Barlow 1967). Carnivore (Mills & Vevers 1989).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFFFFD446C0FA94C3B9FAC2" box="[904,1000,1299,1323]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD445DFFAFDC1E3FA7A" blockId="22.[151,434,1402,1426]" box="[151,434,1402,1426]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
FAMILY
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD4444CFAFDC1E3FA7A" box="[260,434,1402,1426]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">ELEOTRIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD445DFFA45C2C5FA32" blockId="22.[151,1436,1473,1642]" box="[151,660,1473,1498]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD445DFFA45C27DFA32" authority="Bloch 1792" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1792" box="[151,556,1473,1498]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Dormitator" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFFFFD445DFFA45C1C1FA32" box="[151,400,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Dormitator maculatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Bloch 1792)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sleeper]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD4458FFA62C528F981" blockId="22.[151,1436,1473,1642]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Fresh and brackish waters (amphidromous) (Teixeira 1994, Teixeira Bonecker
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFFFFD44114FA61C4C1FA16" box="[1116,1168,1509,1534]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009), static or slowmoving waters,
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFFFFD4441CF98DC12DF9C9" box="[340,380,1546,1569]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
, marshes, ponds and mangroves; turbid, standing water, edges of swamps (Kenny 1995). Lower reaches of streams south of the Northern Range divide (Kenny 1995). Native. Peak spawning occurs in the wet season (Teixeira 1994); attached, sticky eggs are fanned. Omnivore (Nordie 1981, Teixeira 1994).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFFFFD4405CF9D6C524F981" box="[1300,1397,1617,1642]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="600.0">600 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD445DFF91EC3DCF95A" blockId="22.[151,1436,1689,1786]" box="[151,909,1689,1714]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD445DFF91EC259F95A" authority="Cope 1871" authorityName="Cope" authorityYear="1871" box="[151,520,1689,1714]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Eleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="amblyopsis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFFFFD445DFF91EC125F95A" box="[151,372,1689,1714]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Eleotris amblyopsis</emphasis>
|
||
(Cope 1871)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[large-scaled spiny-cheek sleeper]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD4458FF93AC38FF911" blockId="22.[151,1436,1689,1786]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Fresh and brackish water in the lower courses of streams and estuaries. Native. Amphidromous. Year-round spawning (Ponton & de Mérona 1998). Omnivore (Nordie 1981).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFFFFD44632F965C38BF911" box="[890,986,1762,1786]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD445DFF8AEC2B8F8AA" blockId="22.[151,1436,1833,2038]" box="[151,745,1833,1858]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFFFFD445DFF8AEC1A2F8AA" authority="Gmelin 1789" authorityName="Gmelin" authorityYear="1789" box="[151,499,1833,1858]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Eleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pisonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFFFFD445DFF8AEC114F8A9" box="[151,325,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Eleotris pisonis</emphasis>
|
||
(Gmelin 1789)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[spiny-cheek sleeper]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFFFFD4458FF8CAC296F81D" blockId="22.[151,1436,1833,2038]" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">
|
||
Fresh and brackish water (Teixeira 1994) in the lower courses of streams and estuaries; clear and turbid, freeflowing and standing waters (Kenny 1995). Stream mouths, penetrating to low elevations in streams throughout
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFFFFD445DFF812C0A7F846" box="[151,246,1941,1966]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Kenny 1995) and in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFFFFD444B1F812C21CF846" box="[505,589,1941,1966]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="22" pageNumber="23">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Phillip 1998). Native. Peak spawning in the wet season (Teixeira 1994); amphidromous reproduction: hatched larvae have a marine phase of a few weeks. Carnivore (Teixeira 1994; Pezold & Cage 2002), omnivore (Nordie 1981).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFFFFD4472BF85AC292F81D" box="[611,707,2013,2038]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="23" unit="mm" value="250.0">250 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD545DFFF10C385FF58" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,320]" box="[151,980,151,176]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD545DFFF10C26FFF58" authority="Lacepede 1800" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityYear="1800" box="[151,574,151,176]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Gobiomorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dormitor">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD545DFFF10C1DFFF58" box="[151,398,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Gobiomorus dormitor</emphasis>
|
||
Lacepède 1800
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[giant goby, sand guabine, guabine]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD5458FFF3BC337FED7" blockId="23.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Fresh and brackish water of streams and estuaries; occurs farther inland than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD54178FF3BC48EFF3C" box="[1072,1247,188,213]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Eleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pisonis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD54178FF3BC48EFF3C" box="[1072,1247,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Eleotris pisonis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Found in larger coastal streams draining Northern Range,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFEFFD54738FF58C281FF10" box="[624,720,223,248]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Kenny 1995, Phillip 1998), as well as small coastal streams in the northwestern peninsula and throughout
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFEFFD547CFFE83C28AFEF5" box="[647,731,260,285]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Phillip 1998). Native. Amphidromous reproduction: hatched larvae have a marine phase of a few weeks. Carnivore.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFEFFD54649FEA0C330FED7" box="[769,865,295,320]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="600.0">600 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD545DFFEF7C305FE6F" blockId="23.[151,1436,367,464]" box="[151,852,367,392]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD545DFFEF7C0A9FE6F" box="[151,248,368,391]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" genus="Eleotris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guavina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD545DFFEF7C0A9FE6F" box="[151,248,368,391]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Guavina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD545B6FEF6C214FE60" authority="(Valenciennes 1837)" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1837" baseAuthorityName="Valenciennes" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[254,581,367,392]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Eleotridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="subTribe" subTribe="Guavina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD545B6FEF6C108FE60" box="[254,345,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">guavina</emphasis>
|
||
(Valenciennes 1837)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[No known local name]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD5458FFE13C27CFE27" blockId="23.[151,1436,367,464]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Fresh and brackish water. Amphidromous reproduction: hatched larvae have a marine phase of a few weeks. Carnivore (Teixeira 1994).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFEFFD54481FE3FC278FE27" box="[457,553,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="230.0">230 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD545DFFD9EC1DAFDD9" blockId="23.[151,395,537,561]" box="[151,395,537,561]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
FAMILY
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD5444CFD9EC1DAFDD9" box="[260,395,537,561]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="64" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">GOBIIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD545DFFDE5C362FD92" blockId="23.[151,1437,609,886]" box="[151,819,609,634]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD545DFFDE5C264FD92" authority="Valenciennes 1837" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,565,609,634]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Awaous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD545DFFDE5C118FD92" box="[151,329,609,634]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Awaous banana</emphasis>
|
||
(Valenciennes 1837)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[river goby, sand fish]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD5458FFD02C2B2FCE2" blockId="23.[151,1437,609,886]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Free-flowing riffles and pools in clear streams, often on sandy substrates (Kenny 1995); also in turbid streams.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFEFFD545DFFD2EC0BAFD2A" box="[151,235,681,706]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Phillip 1998), and coastal streams of Nothern Range,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFEFFD5461AFD2EC3E0FD2A" box="[850,945,681,706]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Kenny 1995); occasionally in the southern slopes of the Northern Range (Kenny 1995). Native. Amphidromous reproduction: hatched larvae have a marine phase of a few weeks. Omnivore/carnivore.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFEFFD547CDFD75C28FFCE2" box="[645,734,754,778]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="300.0">300mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD5458FFC92C2FFFC9E" blockId="23.[151,1437,609,886]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The distribution and taxonomy of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD547ACFC91C36AFCC5" box="[740,827,790,813]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Awaous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD547ACFC91C36AFCC5" box="[740,827,790,813]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Awaous</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFEFFD54616FC92C380FCC6" box="[862,977,789,814]" name="Venezuela" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
|
||
were recently treated by Lasso-Alcala & Lasso (2008). This species was previously identified as
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD5465CFCBDC3FFFCB9" box="[788,942,826,849]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD5465CFCBDC3DCFCB9" box="[788,909,826,849]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Awaous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taiasica">A. taiasica</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD546FFFCBDC547FCBA" authority="(Lichtenstein 1822)" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1822" baseAuthorityName="Lichtenstein" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[951,1302,825,850]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Awaous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tajasica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD546FFFCBDC461FCB9" box="[951,1072,826,849]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">A. tajasica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFEFFD54177FCBEC49AFCBA" box="[1087,1227,825,850]" name="Liechtenstein" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Lichtenstein</collectingCountry>
|
||
1822)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Boeseman 1960, Kenny 1995, Phillip & Ramnarine 2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD545DFFC21C2B7FC56" blockId="23.[151,1436,933,1354]" box="[151,742,933,958]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD545DFFC21C275FC56" authority="Valenciennes 1837" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,548,933,958]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Awaous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flavus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD545DFFC21C169FC56" box="[151,312,933,958]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Awaous flavus</emphasis>
|
||
(Valenciennes 1837)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[goby, sand fish]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD5458FFC4DC477FB99" blockId="23.[151,1436,933,1354]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Occurs from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFEFFD54428FC4EC180FC0A" box="[352,465,969,994]" name="Colombia" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, all along the north coast of South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFEFFD54624FC4EC39EFC0A" box="[876,975,969,994]" name="United States of America" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, to the Amazon River Delta, in fresh to moderately saline waters of muddy estuarine beaches, main river channels, tidal mangrove and coastal streams, usually on substrates of mud or mud and sand (Lasso-Alcala & Lasso 2008). Native. Amphidromous. Spawning migrations suspected but not well documented in Orinoco River Delta (Lasso-Alcala & Lasso 2008). Omnivore/ carnivore. Smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD544ECFBDDC246FB9A" box="[420,535,1113,1138]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Awaous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="banana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD544ECFBDDC246FB9A" box="[420,535,1113,1138]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">A. banana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, often around
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFEFFD547F2FBDDC358FB99" box="[698,777,1114,1138]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="44.0">44 mm</quantity>
|
||
SL, but reaching
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFEFFD54698FBDDC473FB99" box="[976,1058,1114,1137]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="77.0">77 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD5458FFBFAC13EFAA2" blockId="23.[151,1436,933,1354]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
The distribution and taxonomy of the species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD547AAFBF9C368FB7D" box="[738,825,1150,1173]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Awaous" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD547AAFBF9C368FB7D" box="[738,825,1150,1173]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Awaous</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were recently treated by Lasso-Alcala & Lasso (2008) who reported that this species is mostly estuarine or marine but can be found in fresh water and has been reported from the Orinoco River Delta. It was misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD54641FB42C3C3FB36" box="[777,914,1221,1246]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Gobionellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD54641FB42C3C3FB36" box="[777,914,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Gobionellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD546A4FB42C428FB36" box="[1004,1145,1221,1246]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Ctenogobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD546A4FB42C428FB36" box="[1004,1145,1221,1246]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ctenogobius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp., by Cervigón (1982), Ponte
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD545A9FB6DC14DFAEA" box="[225,284,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1999) and Lasso
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD544B0FB6DC262FAEA" box="[504,563,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2002), or as or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD547B5FB6EC4BFFAEA" authority="Taphorn et al. 1997" authorityName="Taphorn et al." authorityYear="1997" box="[765,1262,1257,1282]" family="Gobiidae" genus="Chonophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="badius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD547B5FB6EC3BBFAEA" box="[765,1002,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Chonophorus badius</emphasis>
|
||
(Taphorn
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD5412CFB6DC4F1FAEA" box="[1124,1184,1257,1282]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1997)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Commercially important to subsistence fisheries (Lasso-Alcala & Lasso 2008) and as an ornamental in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFEFFD54182FA8AC55FFACE" box="[1226,1294,1293,1318]" name="Brazil" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Watson & Horsthemke 1995).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD545DFFAFEC377FA7A" blockId="23.[151,1437,1401,1498]" box="[151,806,1401,1426]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD545DFFAFEC2D5FA7A" authority="Valenciennes 1837" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1837" box="[151,644,1401,1426]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Bathygobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="soporator">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD545DFFAFEC1C9FA79" box="[151,408,1401,1426]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Bathygobius soporator</emphasis>
|
||
(Valenciennes 1837)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[frillfin goby]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD5458FFA1AC2D5FA31" blockId="23.[151,1437,1401,1498]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Demersal; in marine (Baldwin & Smith 2003), estuarine, and occasionally fresh water. Benthic spawner. Carnivore (Correa & Uieda 2007).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFEFFD54768FA46C2D1FA31" box="[544,640,1473,1498]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD545DFF98EC304F9CA" blockId="23.[151,1436,1545,1678]" box="[151,853,1545,1570]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD545DFF98EC1F4F9CA" box="[151,421,1545,1570]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Ctenogobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="boleosoma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD545DFF98EC1F4F9CA" box="[151,421,1545,1570]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ctenogobius boleosoma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFFEFFD544FBF98EC251F9CA" box="[435,512,1545,1570]" name="Jordan" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
& Gilbert 1882) [darter goby]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD5458FF9AAC1F4F965" blockId="23.[151,1436,1545,1678]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Amphidromous; marine (Baldwin & Smith 2003), estuarine (Rozas
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD54680F9A9C3A8F9AE" box="[968,1017,1581,1606]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012), fresh water; coastal habitats, reefs (Baldwin & Smith 2003), lagoons. Benthic spawner. Carnivore (Correa & Uieda 2007)/detritivore (Carle & Hastings 1982).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFEFFD54407F9F2C1F0F965" box="[335,417,1653,1678]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD545DFF93AC2B1F93E" blockId="23.[151,1253,1725,1786]" box="[151,736,1725,1750]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD545DFF93AC251F93E" authority="Gill 1858" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,512,1725,1750]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Ctenogobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD545DFF93AC1DEF93E" box="[151,399,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ctenogobius fasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
Gill 1858
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[blotchcheek goby]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD5458FF966C4B4F911" blockId="23.[151,1253,1725,1786]" box="[199,1253,1761,1786]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Estuaries and lower reaches of streams. Native. Amphidromous. Carnivore/omnivore.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFEFFD541C7F966C4B0F911" box="[1167,1249,1761,1786]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="75.0">75 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD545DFF8AEC382F8AA" blockId="23.[151,1436,1833,1930]" box="[151,979,1833,1858]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD545DFF8AEC350F8AA" authority="Gilbert & Randall 1971" authorityName="Gilbert & Randall" authorityYear="1971" box="[151,769,1833,1858]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Ctenogobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pseudofasciatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD545DFF8AEC18FF8AA" box="[151,478,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Ctenogobius pseudofasciatus</emphasis>
|
||
(Gilbert & Randall 1971)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[slashcheek goby]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD5458FF8CAC4FCF861" blockId="23.[151,1436,1833,1930]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
Estuaries and lower reaches of streams. Native (Pezold 2004). Amphidromous (McDowall 1977); eggs deposited on underside of submerged objects, guarded by male. Carnivore/omnivore.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFFEFFD5411EF8F5C4F8F861" box="[1110,1193,1906,1930]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" unit="mm" value="70.0">70 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD545DFF83EC2C0F83A" blockId="23.[151,1436,1977,2038]" box="[151,657,1977,2002]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFFEFFD545DFF83EC25DF83A" authority="Girard 1858" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1858" box="[151,524,1977,2002]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Evorthodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="23" pageNumber="24" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lyricus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFFEFFD545DFF83EC13AF83A" box="[151,363,1977,2002]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Evorthodus lyricus</emphasis>
|
||
(Girard 1858)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[lyre goby]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFFEFFD5458FF85AC5CDF81E" blockId="23.[151,1436,1977,2038]" box="[199,1436,2013,2038]" pageId="23" pageNumber="24">Muddy-bottomed backwaters of estuaries (Wyanski & Targett 1985) and freshwater streams. Native.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF1FFDA45DFFF10C2C7FEF4" blockId="24.[151,1436,151,285]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Amphidromous; pronounced sexual dimorphism (Foster & Fuiman 1987); seasonal breeding (Wyanski & Targett 1985); males excavate a covered, cave-like burrow; eggs attached to underside of cover items and guarded by males (Foster & Fuiman 1987). Omnivore (Harrington & Harrington 1961, Wyanski & Targett 1985), carnivore/ detritivore (Foster & Fuiman 1987).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF1FFDA4779FE83C2C0FEF4" box="[561,657,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="150.0">150 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF1FFDA45DFFECBC2A6FE8D" blockId="24.[151,1436,332,464]" box="[151,759,332,357]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF1FFDA45DFFECBC21FFE8C" authority="Pallas 1770" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1770" box="[151,590,332,357]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Lophogobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cyprinoides">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA45DFFECBC1E2FE8D" box="[151,435,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Lophogobius cyprinoides</emphasis>
|
||
(Pallas 1770)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[crested goby]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF1FFDA458FFEE8C41CFE27" blockId="24.[151,1436,332,464]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Tidal creeks and mangroves to lower reaches of freshwater streams. Native. Protogynous hermaphrodite (Cole 1990, Bouchereau
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA4421FE12C1C8FE45" box="[361,409,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012); amphidromous or fully marine reproduction; main reproductive period May to July (Bouchereau
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA4465FE3EC10FFE38" box="[301,350,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012). Omnivore (Darcy 1981, Bouchereau
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA4613FE3EC3DAFE38" box="[859,907,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2012).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF1FFDA46A1FE3FC418FE27" box="[1001,1097,440,464]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF1FFDA45DFFE78C3F9FDF0" blockId="24.[151,1436,511,752]" box="[151,936,511,536]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF1FFDA45DFFE78C1AEFDF0" authority="Bloch 1786" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1786" box="[151,511,511,536]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Sicydium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plumieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA45DFFE78C132FDF0" box="[151,355,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Sicydium plumieri</emphasis>
|
||
(Bloch 1786)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sijaro, sand shark (local name only)]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF1FFDA458FFDA3C2D1FD4F" blockId="24.[151,1436,511,752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Slow to fast-moving chutes, riffles, and pools in clear, coastal streams with rocks (Lyons 2005); penetrates far inland by climbing waterfalls using mouth and pelvic sucker (Winemiller
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA46A7FDCEC473FD88" box="[1007,1058,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2008).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF1FFDA41CEFDC0C48BFD88" box="[1158,1242,583,608]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
and north coast,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF1FFDA45DFFDEBC0ABFD6D" box="[151,250,620,645]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Native. Amphidromous reproduction: hatched larvae have a marine phase of a few weeks. Herbivore, mainly algivorous (Watson 2000).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF1FFDA4754FD17C22DFD4F" box="[540,636,656,680]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="140.0">140 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF1FFDA458FFD32C362FD18" blockId="24.[151,1436,511,752]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Kenny (1995) believed that there is only one species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA4677FD33C419FD24" box="[831,1096,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF1FFDA4677FD33C3F8FD25" box="[831,937,692,717]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Sicydium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sicydium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF1FFDA46FDFD32C419FD24" box="[949,1096,693,716]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Sicydium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatum">S. punctatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF1FFDA4132FD33C48CFD25" box="[1146,1245,692,717]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
; we have chosen to leave
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF1FFDA45BDFD5FC121FD18" box="[245,368,727,752]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Sicydium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="plumieri">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA45BDFD5FC121FD18" box="[245,368,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">S. plumieri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the list pending further investigation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF1FFDA45DFFC98C322FCD0" blockId="24.[151,1436,799,1077]" box="[151,883,799,824]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF1FFDA45DFFC98C247FCD0" authority="Perugia 1896" authorityName="Perugia" authorityYear="1896" box="[151,534,799,824]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Gobiidae" genus="Sicydium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="punctatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA45DFFC98C12BFCD0" box="[151,378,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Sicydium punctatum</emphasis>
|
||
Perugia 1896
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[sand shark (local name only)]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF1FFDA458FFCC3C1B9FBDC" blockId="24.[151,1436,799,1077]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Slow to fast-moving chutes, riffles, and pools in clear coastal streams with rocks (Lyons 2005). Found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF1FFDA45DFFCE0C0BAFC68" box="[151,235,871,896]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Tobago</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Phillip 1998), and throughout
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF1FFDA4739FCE0C282FC68" box="[625,723,871,896]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, except for west coast streams (Kenny 1995); in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF1FFDA407DFCE0C5C6FC68" box="[1333,1431,871,896]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, penetrating far upstream in the clear, fast-flowing coastal streams of the Northern Range, but restricted to near the mouths of other streams (Kenny 1995). Native. Amphidromous reproduction: spawning occurs year-round in caves excavated below rocks (Bell 1994, Bell
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA4739FC52C2F7FC05" box="[625,678,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995); males tend to the eggs (Bell 2009); hatched larvae drift downstream immediately (Bell 2009); marine phase is of a few weeks (Bell 1994, Bell
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA41C5FC7EC490FBF8" box="[1165,1217,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995). Herbivore, incidental carnivore.
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF1FFDA44CCFB9BC1B5FBDC" box="[388,484,1052,1076]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="100.0">100 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF1FFDA45DFFB04C1A5FB73" blockId="24.[151,500,1155,1179]" box="[151,500,1155,1179]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
FAMILY
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF1FFDA444CFB04C1A5FB73" box="[260,500,1155,1179]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Osphronemidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">OSPHRONEMIDAE</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF1FFDA45DFFB4DC36DFB0B" blockId="24.[151,1436,1226,1431]" box="[151,828,1226,1251]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C2E56FCFFF1FFDA45DFFB4DC21FFB0B" authority="Pallas 1770" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1770" box="[151,590,1226,1251]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Osphronemidae" genus="Trichopodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trichopterus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA45DFFB4DC1E2FB0B" box="[151,435,1226,1251]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Trichopodus trichopterus</emphasis>
|
||
(Pallas 1770)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[three-spot gourami]
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B912D7FFFF1FFDA458FFB69C31CFA7F" blockId="24.[151,1436,1226,1431]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
Shallow, sluggish or standing fresh water in lowland marshes, swamps and canals, also in seasonally-flooded forests; prefers habitats with a lot of aquatic vegetation. Restricted to south Oropuche drainage,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF1FFDA4075FA95C5CDFAC3" box="[1341,1436,1298,1323]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Mohammed
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA447BFAB0C138FAA7" box="[307,361,1334,1359]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2010). Aquarium species introduced to the south Oropuche River system in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3396DEFFFF1FFDA404CFAB1C536FAA7" box="[1284,1383,1334,1359]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Air breather (Burggren 1979). Male gathers floating eggs and guards them in surface bubble nest (Cole
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA4059FADBC515FA9B" box="[1297,1348,1370,1395]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999). Carnivore (Degani 1990).
|
||
<quantity id="4CD6809AFFF1FFDA44F6FAF9C202FA7E" box="[446,595,1406,1431]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" unit="mm" value="175.0" valueMax="200.0" valueMin="150.0">150–200 mm</quantity>
|
||
(Axelrod
|
||
<emphasis id="B95AF16DFFF1FFDA478EFAF8C2A6FA7F" box="[710,759,1406,1431]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1985).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |