224 lines
27 KiB
XML
224 lines
27 KiB
XML
<document id="D16C3F154E9C118416EC849686BC92CF" ID-CLB-Dataset="83716" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6376899" ID-GBIF-Dataset="649319d4-ab3a-4291-ab8e-cae1442a76ec" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376899" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1647967603699" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="5923B2744648C82BE2B9CCC3F8109FDA" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Felidae_0054.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Felis margarita Loche 1858" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="166" masterDocId="A51ACA0C4660C803E273C83BFFCE9776" masterDocTitle="Felidae" masterLastPageNumber="168" masterPageNumber="54" pageNumber="166" updateTime="1699318466169" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="CE15C80CA3C611D388AF0C9B2F5EB430">Felidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CE2DA143F1CD82D4DDD980BA02201EE0">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="362A6C2413D723263BDA611E5DA51C4D">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1BA247A20B296166BB89EAA84EF6E18E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="8DF6A978DF5D14F58DF94672BC21F4BA">2009</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="B7D07AA4AF2B143C97317F28F1AE7C85" type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="1029F8FDF8A20800EF5A97605BB3107D">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="D4EA9E2A310D43AEA989E54EA2AAAA0B">
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<mods:placeTerm id="5E6236D11D11F34F3C0B8FC3970E8BFF">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="6F6EF7CB95DCF3D8F0EA136EFE40D4DA">
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<mods:title id="CF5F8841C0ABB931792ED51189E02AE9">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="D6198C1EE9F0EDDE116C67B3AE05C2B6">
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<treatment id="5923B2744648C82BE2B9CCC3F8109FDA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6772765" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196367005" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6772765" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5923B2744648C82BE2B9CCC3F8109FDA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5923B2744648C82BE2B9CCC3F8109FDA" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE2B9CCC3FECD9250" box="[202,259,1272,1318]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE2B9CCC3FECD9250" blockId="40.[200,975,1272,1361]" box="[202,259,1272,1318]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<heading id="8A7DB40E4648C82BE2B9CCC3FECD9250" box="[202,259,1272,1318]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<figureCitation id="49B11FE74648C82BE2B9CCC3FECD9250" box="[202,259,1272,1318]" captionStart="Plate 10: Felidae" captionStartId="39.[143,173,3452,3473]" captionTargetBox="[11,2789,12,3633]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="33. Jungle Cat (Felis chaus), 34. Black-footed Cat (Felis nigripes), 35. Sand Cat (Felis margarita), 36. Chinese Mountain Cat (Felis bieti), 37. Wildcat (Felis silvestris)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376994" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376994/files/figure.png" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">35.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE366CCC3FE1E9250" box="[277,464,1272,1318]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE366CCC3FE1E9250" blockId="40.[200,975,1272,1361]" box="[277,464,1272,1318]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<heading id="8A7DB40E4648C82BE366CCC3FE1E9250" box="[277,464,1272,1318]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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||
<vernacularName id="5F89734C4648C82BE366CCC3FE1E9250" box="[277,464,1272,1318]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Sand Cat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE3AFCCC3FD3B9250" box="[476,757,1272,1318]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE3AFCCC3FD3B9250" blockId="40.[200,975,1272,1361]" box="[476,757,1272,1318]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<heading id="8A7DB40E4648C82BE3AFCCC3FD3B9250" box="[476,757,1272,1318]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<taxonomicName id="168A78E14648C82BE3AFCCC3FD3B9250" ID-CoL="3DXVH" authority="Loche, 1858" authorityName="Loche" authorityYear="1858" box="[476,757,1272,1318]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margarita">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE3AFCCC3FD3B9250" box="[476,757,1272,1318]" italics="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Felis margarita</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE2B9CD03FC00923B" box="[202,974,1336,1357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE2B9CD03FC00923B" blockId="40.[200,975,1272,1361]" box="[202,974,1336,1357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<heading id="8A7DB40E4648C82BE2B9CD03FC00923B" box="[202,974,1336,1357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE2B9CD03FED9923B" bold="true" box="[202,279,1336,1357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="5F89734C4648C82BE353CD03FE73923B" box="[288,445,1336,1357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Chat des sables</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE3A1CD03FDE0923B" bold="true" box="[466,558,1336,1357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="5F89734C4648C82BE044CD03FD52923B" box="[567,668,1336,1357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Sandkatze</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE0C2CD03FCC2923B" bold="true" box="[689,780,1336,1357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="5F89734C4648C82BE166CD03FC8C923B" box="[789,834,1336,1357]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Gato</vernacularName>
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de las arenas
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE143CD42FAB692EC" box="[816,1400,1401,1434]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE143CD42FAB692EC" blockId="40.[816,1405,1401,1827]" box="[816,1400,1401,1434]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE143CD42FC0592EC" bold="true" box="[816,971,1401,1434]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="168A78E14648C82BE193CD42FABD92EC" ID-CoL="3DXVH" authority="Loche, 1858" authorityName="Loche" authorityYear="1858" box="[992,1395,1401,1434]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="margarita">Felis margarita Loche, 1858</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE142CD92FBC592B4" box="[817,1035,1449,1474]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE142CD92FBC592B4" blockId="40.[816,1405,1401,1827]" box="[817,1035,1449,1474]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<materialsCitation id="61E2093F4648C82BE142CD92FBC592B4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3819684321" box="[817,1035,1449,1474]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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Sahara,
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BE1D3CD92FBC692B4" box="[928,1032,1449,1474]" name="Algeria" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Algeria</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE142CDF3FB76929F" box="[817,1208,1480,1513]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE142CDF3FB76929F" blockId="40.[816,1405,1401,1827]" box="[817,1208,1480,1513]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Four subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE142CDCFFBDB918A" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="distribution">
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<caption id="85F553EA4648C82BE142CDCFFBDB918A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6376975" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6376975" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6376975/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" targetBox="[203,788,1415,1824]" targetPageId="40">
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE142CDCFFB719167" blockId="40.[816,1405,1401,1827]" box="[817,1215,1524,1553]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE142CDCFFB719167" bold="true" box="[817,1215,1524,1553]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE142CE24FAFE914E" blockId="40.[816,1405,1401,1827]" box="[817,1328,1567,1592]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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||
<taxonomicName id="168A78E14648C82BE142CE24FB67914E" authority="Loche, 1858" authorityName="Loche" authorityYear="1858" box="[817,1193,1567,1592]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="margarita" subSpecies="margarita">F.m. margarita Loche, 1858</taxonomicName>
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— Sahara.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE142CE7DFA9491F1" blockId="40.[816,1405,1401,1827]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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||
<taxonomicName id="168A78E14648C82BE142CE7DFCBC91F1" authority="Hemmer, Grubb & Groves, 1976" authorityName="Hemmer, Grubb & Groves" authorityYear="1976" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="margarita" subSpecies="harrisoni">F. m. harrisoni Hemmer, Grubb & Groves, 1976</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BE1E6CE51FC2B91F1" box="[917,997,1642,1671]" name="Egypt" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Egypt</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BE185CE51FB8D91F1" box="[1014,1091,1642,1671]" name="Israel" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Israel</collectingCountry>
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, Arabian Peninsula.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE142CEAAFA8391D8" blockId="40.[816,1405,1401,1827]" box="[817,1357,1681,1710]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<taxonomicName id="168A78E14648C82BE142CEAAFB7E91D8" authority="Hemmer, 1974" authorityName="Hemmer" authorityYear="1974" box="[817,1200,1681,1710]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="margarita" subSpecies="scheffeli">F. m. scheffeli Hemmer, 1974</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BE6A0CEAAFA8791D8" box="[1235,1353,1681,1710]" name="Pakistan" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE142CE8FFBDB918A" blockId="40.[816,1405,1401,1827]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<taxonomicName id="168A78E14648C82BE142CE8FFB6B91A3" authority="Ognev, 1926" authorityName="Ognev" authorityYear="1926" box="[817,1189,1716,1749]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="margarita" subSpecies="thinobia">F.m. thinobia Ognev, 1926</taxonomicName>
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— deserts E of the Caspian Sea.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE142CF39FE7A9A57" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="description">
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<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE142CF39FE7A9A57" blockId="40.[816,1405,1401,1827]" lastBlockId="40.[201,1406,1834,3478]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE142CF39FBE09055" bold="true" box="[817,1070,1794,1827]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 39-52 cm, tail 23.2-31 cm; weight 1-35.3-4 kg. Adult males larger than adult females. A small cat; size and build like the Wildcat but ears larger, broad, and set low on sides of head without apical tufts; head is flat and broad, flattening the Sand Cat’s profile, which may aid the cat in detecting movements of subterranean prey and protect inner ears from wind-blown sand. Eyes yellow amber, greenish to yellow-bluish. Nose pad black; vibrissae white and up to
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long. Limbs of medium length. Paws broader than in the Wildcat; palms and soles covered with dense mat of fine black hair (about
|
||
<quantity id="1672AE874648C82BE77BC020FAA49F4E" box="[1288,1386,2075,2104]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
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), completely concealing the pads, which may facilitate walking on soft sand, muffling sound, or protecting soles from hot ground. Claws are blunt, due to lack of sharpening surfaces and digging habits: claw impressions often visible in spoor. Pelage soft and dense, in winter with abundant soft woolly underfur, giving a solid appearance despite its small size; coloration is strikingly pallid; typical camouflage for sand-dwelling (eremial) species. Back is pale sandy isabelline, finely speckled with black over the shoulders and with silvery gray on the upper flanks; poorly differentiated spinal band. Crown of head is pale sandy marked with ill-defined striations; face broad due to well-developed beard; dark reddish-fulvous stripe runs from anterior edge of eyes backwards across cheeks. Backs of ears rufous tawny with extensive apical black spot. Chest and belly white; faint buffy wash on the lower throat; limbs are white internally; externally they are marked by at least two black elbow bars extending around the leg; thighs with black barring; flank pattern with 7-8 indistinct reddish-brown vertical stripes, broken up into spots with black in places. Tail 50% of body length, tipped with black and varying number of subterminal tail rings; baculum less than
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||
<quantity id="1672AE874648C82BE753C25FFAB89DF3" box="[1312,1398,2660,2693]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
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. Distinctive skull with large forward facing orbits; rostrum short and broad; wide zygomatic arches and prominent sagittal crest; exceptionally large inflated auditory bullae to increase hearing abilities in areas with little vegetation cover. Nominate
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<taxonomicName id="168A78E14648C82BE680C2E1FAB49D8D" box="[1267,1402,2778,2811]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="from">race from</taxonomicName>
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||
<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BE2BFC33AFEFF9C54" box="[204,305,2817,2850]" name="Algeria" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Algeria</collectingCountry>
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||
and
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<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BE309C33AFE069C54" box="[378,456,2817,2850]" name="Niger" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Niger</collectingCountry>
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||
tend to be brighter in color and have more distinct markings than other subspecies. Size small in both sexes, skull relatively narrow with relatively small bullae, small carnassials, 2-6 tail rings; harrison: has broader skull, relatively larger tympanic bullae and larger carnassials than nominate, also dorsal pelage is paler and the ear patch is relatively small and less dark, pelage pattern is quite sharply marked and paws are very white, 5-7 tail rings; thinobia slightly bigger than the other subspecies and stronger reduction of dark markings,tail rings 2-3 up to six in kittens; scheffeli males largerin size, females small; skull broad with very large bullae, but smaller carnassials than thinobia, color similar to thinobia, but also more strongly marked individuals, more than eight tail rings, at least in kittens. Different races become gradually larger from West to East, with the smallest one nominate in Africa. Probably the ancestral form most closely resembled the nominate; from this a radiation of more specialized forms arose, with thinobia and scheffeli acquiring a more intensely eremial pattern of skin and harrison: of skull.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE2BDC510F9A49602" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="biology_ecology">
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||
<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE2BDC510F9A49602" blockId="40.[201,1406,1834,3478]" lastBlockId="40.[1470,2680,298,2225]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
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<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE2BDC510FEF29A3E" bold="true" box="[206,316,3371,3400]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Undulating stabilized dune areas, dry river beds “wadi”, and steppe with sparse grass and shrub cover; also uses shifting sand dunes and may be found in rocky deserts “hammada”. Absent from heavier vegetated valleys within the desert, and rare in shifting sand dunes. Recorded up to
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. Mean annual rainfall in habitat is 20-300 mm.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE7CCC942F5FD9529" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE7CCC942F5FD9529" blockId="40.[1470,2680,298,2225]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE7CCC942F90896EC" bold="true" box="[1471,1734,377,410]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mainly on small desert rodents, including Spiny Mice, gerbils,jerboas, but also young of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="134ECD804648C82BE57BC99BF88096B7" box="[1800,1870,416,449]" country="South Africa" name="Western Cape" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Cape</collectingRegion>
|
||
Hare (Lepus capensis); it will also hunt larks and consume reptiles such as skinks, geckoes, and snakes (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="168A78E14648C82BEA40C9F7F770969F" box="[2099,2238,460,489]" class="Reptilia" family="Viperidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Viperidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="168A78E14648C82BEABDC9F7F6BC969F" box="[2254,2418,460,489]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Colubridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Also eats insects; capable of rapid digging to extract prey items. May cover kills with sand and return later to feed. Independent of drinking water, they can satisfy their moisture requirements from their prey, but drink readily if water is available. Scats are covered with sand.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE7CDCA51F85A95A3" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE7CDCA51F85A95A3" blockId="40.[1470,2680,298,2225]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE7CDCA51F96695F1" bold="true" box="[1470,1704,618,647]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Nocturnal, although during the winter may be active during the day. Ambient temperatures may range from 58°C to —25°C. In the Aravah Valley,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BE86FCAAAF5A795D8" box="[2588,2665,657,686]" name="Israel" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, were active throughout the night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE7B3CAE0F5F0938D" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE7B3CAE0F5F0938D" blockId="40.[1470,2680,298,2225]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE7B3CAE0F7B5958A" bold="true" box="[1472,2171,731,764]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
A male in the Aravah Valley,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BE86DCAE0F5A4958A" box="[2590,2666,731,764]" name="Israel" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, hunted and travelled on average 5-4 km/night during nine nights. Dens are in disused fox warrens, and in rodent (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="168A78E14648C82BE533CB15F818943D" box="[1856,2006,814,843]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Rhombomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rhombomys</taxonomicName>
|
||
) or hedgehog burrows enlarged by the cats. Several used burrows interchangeably. Race thinobia lives in shallow burrows in the sand, constructed among the roots of saltbushes or Caligonum plants. Nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="168A78E14648C82BEBB2CB46F5F594EC" box="[2497,2619,893,922]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="may">race may</taxonomicName>
|
||
use burrows excavated by the Fennec, which is ecologically similar. A den in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BEBB3CB9BF5C094B7" box="[2496,2574,928,961]" name="Niger" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Niger</collectingCountry>
|
||
of
|
||
<quantity id="1672AE874648C82BE831CB9BFA27949E" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" unit="cm" value="150.0">150 cm</quantity>
|
||
length went down in a straight line to
|
||
<quantity id="1672AE874648C82BEA68CBFCF7A0949E" box="[2075,2158,967,1000]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
|
||
deep and had a tunnel diameter of
|
||
<quantity id="1672AE874648C82BE7B0CBC8F9D99366" box="[1475,1559,1011,1040]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" unit="cm" value="15.0">15 cm</quantity>
|
||
. Home rangesize is likely to vary between regions according to resources available to the animals, and possibly competition from other sympatric carnivores such as Red Fox, and Wildcat, which consume similar prey. Ranges of males overlap; in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BE854CC7EF5BE9328" box="[2599,2672,1093,1118]" name="Israel" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
one male had a
|
||
<quantity id="1672AE874648C82BE4D8CC5FF93093F3" box="[1707,1790,1124,1157]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" unit="km" value="16.0">16 km</quantity>
|
||
? home range. Only density estimates are from telemetry study in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BE41CCCB0F97593DA" box="[1647,1723,1163,1196]" name="Israel" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where four adult cats roamed in a relatively small area. They are a solitary species. Males uttered a distinctive sharp call, like a small dog, from hilltops— possibly related to mating. In captivity both sexes vocalized upon first introduction.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE7B2CD3EF7349291" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE7B2CD3EF7349291" blockId="40.[1470,2680,298,2225]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE7B2CD3EF9899254" bold="true" box="[1473,1607,1285,1314]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating occurs from November-February. One female had an estrous cycle of 46 days. Gestation 59-67 days; young are born from January-April. Litter size 2-5, but usually three. Young grow rapidly, and may become independent as early as four months. Sexual maturity at 9-14 months. During the reproductive season, pairs share the same burrows. Captives may live up to 13 years. Most Sand Cats presently in captivity are harrison: or are hybrids between harrison: and sheffeli.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE7B1CDD6F966909E" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE7B1CDD6F966909E" blockId="40.[1470,2680,298,2225]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE7B1CDD6F8D29178" bold="true" box="[1474,1820,1517,1550]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II. Listed as Near Threatened on The [UCN Red List, and probably still widespread. Race scheffeli placed as Endangered by the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A99D43F24648C82BE847CE2FF5BD9143" box="[2612,2675,1556,1589]" name="United States of America" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
Endangered Species Act and The IUCN Red List. However, striking paucity of records from N Africa. Threats include expansion of human settlement, disturbance, and introduction of feral and domestic dogs and cats, or the Red Fox, resulting in direct competition, predation, and disease transmission. Difficult to census and thus often reported as rare. In low-quality habitat, such as shifting sand dunes, densities might be very low. May be killed in traps in oases targeting foxes and jackals. Some individuals are surprisingly tame when encountered. They are placid animals and tame easily. Kittens are probably vulnerable to Red Fox and eagle owl (Bubo bubo ascalaphus) predation. Adults fall victim to Golden Jackal, especially when Jackals hunt in pairs, and probably to domestic dogs; captive individuals are highly susceptible to disease of the respiratory tract.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="999050E94648C82BE7B0CFCEF8109FDA" pageId="40" pageNumber="166" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="D13503624648C82BE7B0CFCEF8109FDA" blockId="40.[1470,2680,298,2225]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="E3FEDF704648C82BE7B0CFCEF9939F78" bold="true" box="[1475,1629,2037,2062]" pageId="40" pageNumber="166">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Abbadi (1993), Boitani et al. (1999), De Smet (1989), Dragesco-Joffé (1993), Gasperetti et al. (1985), Goodman & Helmy (1986), Harrison & Bates (1991), Hemmer (1974a, 1974b, 1977), Hemmer et al. (1976), Heptner,V.G. & Sludskij (1992b), Heptner, W.G. (1970), Huang et al. (2002), Hufnagl (1972), Kingdon (1990), Kowalski & Rzebik-Kowalska (1991), Mellen (1989, 1993), Nowell & Jackson (1996), Sausman (1997), Schauenberg (1974), Sunquist & Sunquist (2002).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |