215 lines
28 KiB
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215 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3054b650-b609-4439-aff3-e7b6623c6807" ID-PMC="PMC8222241" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1044-229" ID-Pensoft-UUID="0B5B533D7CBA50819E2AEC264FE6D977" ID-PubMed="34183879" ID-ZooBank="7EC23192F85D4D2AA31E2694A59CB014" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1044-229" checkinTime="1623875428746" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Liebherr, James K." docDate="2021" docId="6BF82F1F8040555EA395709A4683182F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1044: 229-268" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1044" docPubDate="2021-06-16" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674" docTitle="Paratachys perkinsi Liebherr 2021, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="625B85AF-A675-44A2-BA51-0B6B502695D4" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="0B5B533D7CBA50819E2AEC264FE6D977" lastPageNumber="229" masterDocId="0B5B533D7CBA50819E2AEC264FE6D977" masterDocTitle="Hawaiian Paratachys Casey (Coleoptera, Carabidae): small beetles of sodden summits, stony streams, and stygian voids" masterLastPageNumber="268" masterPageNumber="229" pageNumber="229" updateTime="1668150444214" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Hawaiian Paratachys Casey (Coleoptera, Carabidae): small beetles of sodden summits, stony streams, and stygian voids</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Liebherr, James K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9831-884X</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, John H. and Anna B. Comstock Hall, 129 Garden Ave., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 - 2601, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jkl5@cornell.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-06-16</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>1044</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>229</mods:start>
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<mods:end>268</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-1044-229</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">7EC23192F85D4D2AA31E2694A59CB014</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">0B5B533D7CBA50819E2AEC264FE6D977</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182754100" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:625B85AF-A675-44A2-BA51-0B6B502695D4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6BF82F1F8040555EA395709A4683182F" lastPageNumber="229" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="229" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/625B85AF-A675-44A2-BA51-0B6B502695D4" authority="Liebherr, 2021" authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paratachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paratachys perkinsi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perkinsi" status="sp. nov.">Paratachys perkinsi</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="229">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Paratachys spp., dorsal habitus view A P. arcanicola paralectotype female; Oahu: Honolulu (Bates collection, box 389) B P. perkinsi holotype female; Moloka'i, July 1894 (R. C. L. Perkins lot 170)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/553682" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Figures 6B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Distributional records for Paratachys spp.; P. perkinsi (type locality designated as Kawela Gulch at sea level (•) (see text); P. haleakalae (▪)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/553683" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">, 7</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="229" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">
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<taxonomicName authority="Liebherr, 2021" authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Tachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tachys arcanicola" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanicola" status="sp. nov.">Tachys arcanicola</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Britton, EB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" pagination="235 - 254" refId="B18" refString="Britton, EB, 1948. The carabid tribes Harpalini, Lebiini and Bembidiini in Hawaii (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 13: 235 - 254" title="The carabid tribes Harpalini, Lebiini and Bembidiini in Hawaii (Coleoptera)." volume="13" year="1948">Britton 1948</bibRefCitation>
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: 240 (misidentification).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="229" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Holotype</emphasis>
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female (NHMUK): platen mount / 170 on reverse // Hawaiian Is. / R.C.L. Perkins // Kaunakakai / sea level / vii-93 // atomarium (label upside down indicating misidentification) // HOLOTYPE ♀ /
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paratachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paratachys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paratachys</taxonomicName>
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/
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paratachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paratachys perkinsi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perkinsi">Paratachys perkinsi</taxonomicName>
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/ J. K. Liebherr 2020 (black-margined red label).
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<bibRefCitation author="Britton, EB" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" pagination="235 - 254" refId="B18" refString="Britton, EB, 1948. The carabid tribes Harpalini, Lebiini and Bembidiini in Hawaii (Coleoptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 13: 235 - 254" title="The carabid tribes Harpalini, Lebiini and Bembidiini in Hawaii (Coleoptera)." volume="13" year="1948">Britton (1948</bibRefCitation>
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: 240) lists a second specimen with these data; however, only the single specimen designated holotype above was observed by the author in 1998 (unpubl. data).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="229" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">
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Distinguished among all Hawaiian
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paratachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paratachys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Paratachys</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by the elongate sinuation of the pronotal lateral margins before the right hind angles; the subquadrate, elongate elytra; and the angulate humeral juncture of the basal and marginal elytral grooves (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Paratachys spp., dorsal habitus view A P. arcanicola paralectotype female; Oahu: Honolulu (Bates collection, box 389) B P. perkinsi holotype female; Moloka'i, July 1894 (R. C. L. Perkins lot 170)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/553682" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">6B</figureCitation>
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). The single known specimen has convex eyes with ten ommatidia crossed by a horizontal diameter of the eye, and 12 ommatidia crossed by a vertical diameter; the OR is 1.26. Elytral interneurs 1 and 2 are continuous on the disc, and interneur 3 is deepest in the basal 1/4 of elytral length and discontinuous on the disc. Standardized body length 2.3 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="229" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Head</emphasis>
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appearing narrow due to elongate mandibles, mandibular length from dorsal condyle to apex twice distance from condyle to lateroapical angle of labrum; ocular lobes little projected, neck broad, eyes convex but small (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Paratachys spp., dorsal habitus view A P. arcanicola paralectotype female; Oahu: Honolulu (Bates collection, box 389) B P. perkinsi holotype female; Moloka'i, July 1894 (R. C. L. Perkins lot 170)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/553682" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">6B</figureCitation>
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); frontal grooves bordering convergently convex frons that narrows from anterior supraorbital setae to clypeal margin, the grooves broad and planar laterad convex frons; clypeus convex; labrum transverse, broadly, slightly emarginate apically, six-setose; antennae submoniliform, antennomere 9 length 1.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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diameter; penultimate maxillary palpomere broadened apically, apical palpomere a narrow spindle (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Paratachys spp., dorsal habitus view A P. arcanicola paralectotype female; Oahu: Honolulu (Bates collection, box 389) B P. perkinsi holotype female; Moloka'i, July 1894 (R. C. L. Perkins lot 170)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/553682" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">6B</figureCitation>
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).
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Prothorax</emphasis>
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slightly transverse, MPW/PL = 1.41, base moderately constricted with lateral margins sinuate well before acute hind angles, MPW/BPW = 1.21; pronotal median base depressed relative to disc, the juncture of disc and base smooth, surface of median base slightly roughened due to minute lenticular longitudinal wrinkles; basal margin trisinuate, medially incurved, laterally slightly oblique, a thin marginal bead posterad laterobasal depressions; depressions deepest along a line running from hind angles parallel to median base-discal margin (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Paratachys spp., dorsal habitus view A P. arcanicola paralectotype female; Oahu: Honolulu (Bates collection, box 389) B P. perkinsi holotype female; Moloka'i, July 1894 (R. C. L. Perkins lot 170)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/553682" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">6B</figureCitation>
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); pronotal lateral margin beaded, the bead directly adjacent to pronotal disc at midlength; pronotal median impression finely incised, disc convex each side of impression; anterior transverse impression shallow medially, well defined laterally as a narrow groove that extends to moderately projected, tightly rounded front angle.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Elytra</emphasis>
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elongate, broad basally, EL/MEW = 1.57, HuW/MEW = 0.64, lateral margins evenly convex from humeri to subapical sinuation; basal groove evident from fourth interneur, juncture with lateral marginal depression subangulate; lateral marginal depression moderately reflexed, surface translucent, of equal breadth from seta Eo3 to subapical sinuation; disc flat between third interneurs each side; interneurs 1 and 2 deep on disc, slight irregularities along deepest portions, interneur 3 evident anterad and posterad dorsal seta Ed4, the setal impression obscuring interneur near seta.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Pterothorax</emphasis>
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elongate, mesepisternal depression smooth posterad juncture with mesosternum, depression deepest and broadest just dorsad mesocoxal cavity; metepisternum lateral length 2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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maximal width; metathoracic flight wings broad vestigial flaps that extend to position of elytral seta Eo3 (visible in holotype through translucent elytra).
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Abdomen</emphasis>
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with two setae each side of apical ventrite in female holotype.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Microsculpture</emphasis>
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evident on all somites; frons covered with evident transversely stretched isodiametric mesh, sculpticells more isodiametric in frontal grooves; pronotal disc with elongate transverse mesh, the surface slightly iridescent due to narrow elongate sculpticells, median base opaque in depressions, surface glossy along elevated ridges; elytra subiridescent due to a mix of transverse-mesh and stretched transverse-mesh microsculpture.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Pelage</emphasis>
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on head, pronotal disc and elytra comprising microsetae separated by distances twice setal length; short microsetae along ommatidial margins of eyes; anterior (ventral) surface of meso- and metathoracic legs bearing pelage of elongate microsetae, the setal bases situated more closely than microsetal lengths.
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<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Coloration</emphasis>
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ferruginous (Fig.
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Paratachys spp., dorsal habitus view A P. arcanicola paralectotype female; Oahu: Honolulu (Bates collection, box 389) B P. perkinsi holotype female; Moloka'i, July 1894 (R. C. L. Perkins lot 170)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/553682" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">6B</figureCitation>
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); vertex and frons brunneous, clypeus flavo-brunneous, labrum, mandibles and palpomeres flavous; antennae flavous; pronotal disc and elytra flavo-brunneous, elytral lateral marginal depression slightly paler, elytral epipleuron flavo-brunneous, contrasted to rufo-flavous thoracic and abdominal ventrites; legs flavous from trochanters outward; pro- and mesocoxae concolorous with outer leg segments.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="229" type="female reproductive tract">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Female reproductive tract.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">The single historically collected holotype specimen was not dissected.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="229" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">
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This species is named to honor its collector, R.C.L. Perkins, who as a new graduate of Oxford University was sent in 1891 to
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawai‘i">Hawai'i</normalizedToken>
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, by the British Association for the Advancement of Science to collect zoological specimens in support of the 'Fauna
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawaiiensis’">Hawaiiensis'</normalizedToken>
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project (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sharp, D" journalOrPublisher="The University Press, Cambridge" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38846121" refId="B87" refString="Sharp, D, 1913. Preface. In: Sharp D (Ed.) Fauna Hawaiiensis 1(6). The University Press, Cambridge, xi-xii. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38846121" title="Preface. In: Sharp D (Ed.) Fauna Hawaiiensis 1 (6). The University Press, Cambridge, xi-xii." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38846121" year="1913">Sharp 1913</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Manning, A" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Occasional Papers" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" pagination="1 - 46" refId="B72" refString="Manning, A, 1986. The Sandwich Islands Committee, Bishop Museum, and R.C.L. Perkins: cooperative zoological exploration and publication. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 26: 1 - 46" title="The Sandwich Islands Committee, Bishop Museum, and R. C. L. Perkins: cooperative zoological exploration and publication." volume="26" year="1986">Manning 1986</bibRefCitation>
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). Dr. Perkins stayed on after his initial Hawaiian surveys, during which the holotype of this species was collected, to serve in the Territory of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Hawaii’s">Hawaii's</normalizedToken>
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Agricultural Department and then as Director of the Experiment Station of the Hawaiian Sugar
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Planters’">Planters'</normalizedToken>
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Association (
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<bibRefCitation author="Scott, H" journalOrPublisher="Entomologist's Monthly Magazine" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" pagination="289 - 291" refId="B85" refString="Scott, H, Benson, RB, 1955. R. C. L. Perkins, D.Sc., F.R.S. (1866-1955). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 91: 289 - 291" title="R. C. L. Perkins, D. Sc., F. R. S. (1866 - 1955)." volume="91" year="1955">Scott and Benson 1955</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1956.0015" author="Scott, H" journalOrPublisher="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of The Royal Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" pagination="215 - 236" refId="B84" refString="Scott, H, 1956. Robert Cyril Layton Perkins 1866-1955. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of The Royal Society 2: 215 - 236, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1956.0015" title="Robert Cyril Layton Perkins 1866 - 1955." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.1956.0015" volume="2" year="1956">Scott 1956</bibRefCitation>
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). Throughout his scientific career, Perkins conducted systematic research on a wide variety of insect taxa (
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<bibRefCitation author="Evenhuis, NL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" refId="B38" refString="Evenhuis, NL, 2005. Bibliography of and new taxa proposed by R.C.L. Perkins (1866-1955). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No.83: 1-55." title="Bibliography of and new taxa proposed by R. C. L. Perkins (1866 - 1955). Bishop Museum Occasional Papers No. 83: 1 - 55." year="2005">Evenhuis 2005</bibRefCitation>
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) as well as the control of pestiferous insects and weeds using introduced natural enemies (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/055499a0" author="Perkins, RCL" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" pagination="499 - 500" refId="B76" refString="Perkins, RCL, 1897. The introduction of beneficial insects into the Hawaiian Islands. Science 55: 499 - 500, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/055499a0" title="The introduction of beneficial insects into the Hawaiian Islands." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/055499a0" volume="55" year="1897">Perkins 1897</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Perkins, RCL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" refId="B78" refString="Perkins, RCL, 1923. The control of injurious insects in the Hawaiian Islands by their natural enemies. Transactions & Proceedings for the Years 1922-6 4: 23-31. Torquay Natural History Society Torquay, UK." title="The control of injurious insects in the Hawaiian Islands by their natural enemies. Transactions & Proceedings for the Years 1922 - 6 4: 23 - 31. Torquay Natural History Society Torquay, UK." year="1923">1923</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Perkins, RCL" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" refId="B79" refString="Perkins, RCL, Swezey, OH, 1924. The introduction into Hawaii of insects that attack Lantana. Bulletin of the Experiment Station of the Hawaii Sugar Planters' Association, Entomological Series Bulletin No.16: 1-82. [+ 1 pl.]" title="The introduction into Hawaii of insects that attack Lantana. Bulletin of the Experiment Station of the Hawaii Sugar Planters' Association, Entomological Series Bulletin No. 16: 1 - 82. [+ 1 pl.]" year="1924">Perkins and Swezey 1924</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="229" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">
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The lone specimen representing this species is labelled as
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Perkins’">Perkins'</normalizedToken>
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lot 170, Kaunakakai, July 1893, sea level.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Perkins’">Perkins'</normalizedToken>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Moloka‘i">Moloka'i</normalizedToken>
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July collecting commenced on 9 July, however much of his time was spent high in the forests (
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<bibRefCitation author="Evenhuis, NL" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" refId="B39" refString="Evenhuis, NL, 2007. Barefoot on Lava: The Journals and Correspondence of Naturalist R.C.L. Perkins in Hawai'i, 1892-1901. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" title="Barefoot on Lava: The Journals and Correspondence of Naturalist R. C. L. Perkins in Hawai'i, 1892 - 1901." year="2007">Evenhuis 2007</bibRefCitation>
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). He walked to the coast on 17 July, arriving at Kaunakakai in the afternoon. He spent the next two days hunting shorebirds and coots, and on the 20th "Walked along the coast to Kaluaaha supposed to be about 16 miles E. ... I stayed some time at Kawela ... (
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<bibRefCitation author="Evenhuis, NL" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" refId="B39" refString="Evenhuis, NL, 2007. Barefoot on Lava: The Journals and Correspondence of Naturalist R.C.L. Perkins in Hawai'i, 1892-1901. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" title="Barefoot on Lava: The Journals and Correspondence of Naturalist R. C. L. Perkins in Hawai'i, 1892 - 1901." year="2007">Evenhuis 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 262)." After his midday stop at the base of Kawela Gulch he encountered a "heavy shower" and "finishing of the school term" at Kalua 'aha. The next day he walked back to Kaunakakai, and on the 21st came down with a sore throat, which progressed to what he self-diagnosed as "the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘grippe’">'grippe'</normalizedToken>
|
||
or influenza (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Evenhuis, NL" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" refId="B39" refString="Evenhuis, NL, 2007. Barefoot on Lava: The Journals and Correspondence of Naturalist R.C.L. Perkins in Hawai'i, 1892-1901. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu" title="Barefoot on Lava: The Journals and Correspondence of Naturalist R. C. L. Perkins in Hawai'i, 1892 - 1901." year="2007">Evenhuis 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 163)." He returned to the mountains on 24 July, closing the temporal window during which
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. perkinsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" rank="species" species="perkinsi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">P. perkinsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could have been collected. Thus, a best guess concerning the collecting locality of the lone
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paratachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paratachys perkinsi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="perkinsi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Paratachys perkinsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is in the streambed of Kawela Gulch near the coast on 20 July (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Distributional records for Paratachys spp.; P. perkinsi (type locality designated as Kawela Gulch at sea level (•) (see text); P. haleakalae (▪)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/553683" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">7</figureCitation>
|
||
). Such a situation would be similar to the streamside situations frequented by
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. terryli" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" rank="species" species="terryli">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">P. terryli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of Kauai, although at considerably lower elevation. Kawela Stream at higher elevations houses several flightless riparian species, including the nabid bug,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Polhemus" authorityYear="1999" class="Insecta" family="Nabidae" genus="Nabis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nabis gagneorum" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagneorum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Nabis gagneorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Polhemus, DA" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" pagination="868 - 874" refId="B80" refString="Polhemus, DA, 1999. A new species of riparian Nabidae from the Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 101: 868 - 874" title="A new species of riparian Nabidae from the Hawaiian Islands." volume="101" year="1999">Polhemus (1999)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and the very large-bodied, vestigially winged carabid beetle,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2000" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Blackburnia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Blackburnia polhemusi" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="polhemusi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Blackburnia polhemusi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Liebherr (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Liebherr, JK" journalOrPublisher="Atti Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" refId="B63" refString="Liebherr, JK, Zimmerman, EC, 2000. Hawaiian Carabidae (Coleoptera), part 1: introduction and tribe Platynini. Insects of Hawai'i 16. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, [v +] 494 pp." title="Hawaiian Carabidae (Coleoptera), part 1: introduction and tribe Platynini. Insects of Hawai'i 16. Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press, [v +] 494 pp." year="2000">Liebherr and Zimmerman 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The riparian habits of both of these species are unusual among their respective radiations, pointing to Kawela Gulch as a persistent and stable water source able to support populations of flightless insects.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/553683" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="229">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Distributional records for
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Liebherr" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Carabidae" genus="Paratachys" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paratachys" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">Paratachys</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp.;
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. perkinsi" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" rank="species" species="perkinsi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">P. perkinsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(type locality designated as Kawela Gulch at sea level (•) (see text);
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. haleakalae" pageId="0" pageNumber="229" rank="species" species="haleakalae">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="229">P. haleakalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(▪).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |