119 lines
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119 lines
14 KiB
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<document id="888147A66D9657CE0964588C6577EC1C" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.180627" ID-GBIF-Dataset="fd4c994a-2f84-4262-95c4-b46b4c99f679" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="180627" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459811568768" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Munari, Lorenzo" docDate="2008" docId="170D879932505F28FF25C941FD1CF8BA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01692p042.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1692" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Apetaenus (Apetaenus) litoralis Eaton" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="EB34FFE132595F21FFB2CA59FFD8FFAF" masterDocTitle="Studies on the Canacidae (Diptera), subfamily Apetaeninae. II. A review of the world subgenera of Apetaenus Eaton, with a special reference to the Australian and New Zealand species" masterLastPageNumber="42" masterPageNumber="26" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1698221043409" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DF464BF2852AA230738D6543A8D6A36F">
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<mods:title id="9F4B1E25E2E889CED7F8BBBDFA1DBF24">Studies on the Canacidae (Diptera), subfamily Apetaeninae. II. A review of the world subgenera of Apetaenus Eaton, with a special reference to the Australian and New Zealand species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="54F055D0A34D37C5D1575E1D09551E94">Munari, Lorenzo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="83C875576D7178A46DA8AC4085AD0C2D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="768797FE751B65E56A2E6EA7AA3A0EE1">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="7132576D774F2212055964D47A863ED5">
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<mods:date id="F06AF867983945A05A3601AD65A7BC0F">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="C870483916B60DF84DCDF8F7F47A10A3" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A6A652E57104140062AD25F47A64FAE7">1692</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="9737554D982F9A0A631696253077D651">26</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="3D516414C233E7918405D9FD46A0D0B7">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="190C3B15E62D82AC5D113420DF166B79" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.180627</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="063EDCBD60E246ECDD35A7F74F58CBA0" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="54D06D456FBE29E160DF8E15C0FB7FD1" type="Zenodo-Dep">180627</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="170D879932505F28FF25C941FD1CF8BA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6227826" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119353970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6227826" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:170D879932505F28FF25C941FD1CF8BA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/170D879932505F28FF25C941FD1CF8BA" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">
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<subSubSection id="D7BE650432505F28FF25C941FC38FC9D" box="[151,992,792,818]" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="9F1B368F32505F28FF25C941FC38FC9D" blockId="9.[151,992,792,818]" box="[151,992,792,818]" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">
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<heading id="C45381E332505F28FF25C941FC38FC9D" bold="true" box="[151,992,792,818]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FF25C941FC38FC9D" bold="true" box="[151,992,792,818]" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">
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Subdivision of
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<taxonomicName id="58A44D0C32505F28FEE2C941FCC7FC9D" ID-CoL="F9PB" authority="Eaton" authorityName="Eaton" box="[336,799,792,818]" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Apetaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litoralis" subGenus="Apetaenus">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FEE2C941FD15FC9D" bold="true" box="[336,717,792,818]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">Apetaenus (Apetaenus) litoralis</emphasis>
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Eaton
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</taxonomicName>
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into subspecies
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D7BE650432505F28FF25C93AFF0EFBB2" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" type="description">
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<paragraph id="9F1B368F32505F28FF25C93AFF0EFBB2" blockId="9.[151,1437,867,1813]" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">
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Eaton’s species is widely distributed in the subantarctic archipelagos, from
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<collectingCountry id="E7B3761F32505F28FBAEC93AFB35FCD2" box="[1052,1261,867,893]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">Macquarie Island</collectingCountry>
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, south of
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<collectingCountry id="E7B3761F32505F28FAD6C93AFF21FC0A" name="New Zealand" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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, to Marion Island, the westernmost island of the Kerguelen Biogeographical Province. After studying this species from various subantarctic sites, I have concluded that this species includes at least three distinct and easily recognizable geographical races, which are herein formally ranked at the subspecific level (see further).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="D7BE650432505F28FF77CE75FD1CF8BA" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="9F1B368F32505F28FF77CE75FD1CF8BA" blockId="9.[151,1437,867,1813]" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName id="58A44D0C32505F28FF77CE75FE7CFBEA" ID-CoL="F9PB" box="[197,420,1068,1093]" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Apetaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litoralis">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FF77CE75FE7CFBEA" box="[197,420,1068,1093]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">Apetaenus litoralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a flightless, micropterous fly strictly dependant on the nature of the soil microhabitats, like many other terricolous/lapidicolous arthropods, such as spiders and beetles. It is likely that some events of microspeciation can have taken place indeed in those organisms characterized by very scarce vagility, that is with a weak capability of dispersal, rather than in strongly flying insects which are influenced mainly by passive—e.g. storm winds—and active dispersal.
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<bibRefCitation id="FB354B7E32505F28FCDACE92FB9CFB4A" author="Womersley" box="[872,1092,1227,1253]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Womersley, H. (1937) Diptera. In: Reports of the British-Australian-New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition 1929 - 31, B, 4 (3), 59 - 79." type="journal article" year="1937">Womersley (1937)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded
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<taxonomicName id="58A44D0C32505F28FB0ECE95FF04FAA2" ID-CoL="F9PB" authority="Eaton" authorityName="Eaton" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Apetaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litoralis">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FB0ECE95FA44FB4A" box="[1212,1436,1228,1253]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">Apetaenus litoralis</emphasis>
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Eaton
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="E7B3761F32505F28FE9ACEAAFE22FAA2" box="[296,506,1267,1293]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">Macquarie Island</collectingCountry>
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, the easternmost place in the distribution of this species known, at that time, only from the islands of the Kerguelen Province. Much later,
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<bibRefCitation id="FB354B7E32505F28FCD7CF42FBDBFA9A" author="Hardy" box="[869,1027,1307,1333]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Hardy, D. E. (1962) Insects of Macquarie Island. Diptera: Coelopidae. Pacific Insects, 4 (4), 963 - 971." type="journal article" year="1962">Hardy (1962)</bibRefCitation>
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stated that the specimens recorded by Womersley in his paper of 1937 belonged indeed to a new species,
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<taxonomicName id="58A44D0C32505F28FC7FCF1DFB91FAF2" ID-CoL="9278N" box="[973,1097,1348,1373]" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Apetaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="watsoni">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FC7FCF1DFB91FAF2" box="[973,1097,1348,1373]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">A. watsoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, described by Hardy himself in the same paper of 1962. Indeed both of these authors were right. The former had recognized in the examined specimens the peculiar morphological and chaetotactical traits which noticeably typify Eaton’s species, while the latter noticed that the individuals inhabiting
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<collectingCountry id="E7B3761F32505F28FC9ACFE2FC2FFA7A" box="[808,1015,1467,1493]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">Macquarie Island</collectingCountry>
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exhibited some consistent features that allowed separating them from the typical
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<taxonomicName id="58A44D0C32505F28FD77CFBDFC3BFA52" ID-CoL="F9PB" authority="Eaton. After" authorityName="Eaton. After" box="[709,995,1507,1533]" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Apetaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litoralis">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FD77CFBDFC9EFA52" box="[709,838,1508,1533]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">A. litoralis</emphasis>
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Eaton. After
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</taxonomicName>
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dissecting the male postabdomen of specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="58A44D0C32505F28FE8ACC55FE6EF98A" ID-CoL="F9PB" box="[312,438,1548,1573]" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Apetaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="litoralis">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FE8ACC55FE6EF98A" box="[312,438,1548,1573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">A. litoralis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Marion, Crozet, Kerguelen, and
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<collectingCountry id="E7B3761F32505F28FCCBCC52FC2EF98A" box="[889,1014,1547,1573]" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">Macquarie</collectingCountry>
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islands, it was immediately clear to me that all of them belonged to the same species, although they were typified by such external characters that allowed subdividing them into three well differentiated subspecies, namely
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<taxonomicName id="58A44D0C32505F28FB91CC05FAE3F9DA" ID-CoL="F9PD" box="[1059,1339,1628,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Apetaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="litoralis" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="marionensis">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FB91CC05FAE3F9DA" box="[1059,1339,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">A. litoralis marionensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6E357E632505F28FAF7CC02FA4CF9DA" box="[1349,1428,1627,1653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" rank="subSpecies">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FAF7CC02FA4CF9DA" bold="true" box="[1349,1428,1627,1653]" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">n. ssp.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, described herein from Marion Island,
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<taxonomicName id="58A44D0C32505F28FDEACCDDFC51F932" ID-CoL="F9PB" authority="Eaton" authorityName="Eaton" box="[600,905,1667,1693]" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Apetaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="litoralis" subSpecies="litoralis">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FDEACCDDFCE3F932" box="[600,827,1668,1693]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">A. litoralis litoralis</emphasis>
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Eaton
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</taxonomicName>
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from the numerous other islands of the Kerguelen Biogeographical Province, and
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<taxonomicName id="58A44D0C32505F28FDDECCF5FC7FF96A" ID-CoL="9278N" authority="Hardy" authorityName="Hardy" box="[620,935,1707,1733]" class="Insecta" family="Canacidae" genus="Apetaenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="litoralis" status="stat. nov." subSpecies="watsoni">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FDDECCF5FC8BF96A" box="[620,851,1708,1733]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">A. litoralis watsoni</emphasis>
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Hardy
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="B6E357E632505F28FC01CCF2FBD2F96A" box="[947,1034,1707,1733]" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="ADD0EA9D32505F28FC01CCF2FBD2F96A" bold="true" box="[947,1034,1707,1733]" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">n. stat.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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from the easternmost
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<collectingCountry id="E7B3761F32505F28FAADCCF2FF3BF942" name="Australia" pageId="9" pageNumber="35">Macquarie Island</collectingCountry>
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. On the other hand, it should be also stressed that
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<bibRefCitation id="FB354B7E32505F28FC8ACC8AFC3DF942" author="Munari" box="[824,997,1747,1773]" pageId="9" pageNumber="39" refString="Munari, L. (2007) Studies on the Canacidae (Diptera), subfamily Apetaeninae. I. Apetaenus enderleini, nomen novum for Listriomastax litorea Enderlein, 1909, with remarks on the chaetotaxy, morphology, and habitats of the Apetaeninae from the Kerguelen Biogeographical Province. Zootaxa, 1542, 21 - 34." type="journal article" year="2007">Munari (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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had already anticipated some doubts about the presumed validity of Hardy’s species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |