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<document id="B6356C3AF0DC0BB61BADCAD53BCBAFAE" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.187941" ID-GBIF-Dataset="075ae537-5ba7-4f84-a494-03dc91deaeed" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="187941" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461077613966" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Ota, Yuzo &amp; Hirose, Euichi" docDate="2009" docId="6216B3248C76FFA058B9FC3FFEC692D5" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02114p060.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2114" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Gnathia trimaculata Coetzee, Smit, Grutter &amp; Davis 2009" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="9E2FCB5C8C71FFA9582EFFD5FFDC922A" masterDocTitle="Description of Gnathia maculosa and a new record of Gnathia trimaculata (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae), ectoparasites of elasmobranchs from Okinawan coastal waters" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="50" pageNumber="57" updateTime="1698586747131" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="124A0C4732B15769DED78BDD87F489CA" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B6784E4A0A56102DA7F6613DB6EA6D94">
<mods:title id="43C0A3724152AF601B352363B238C596">Description of Gnathia maculosa and a new record of Gnathia trimaculata (Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae), ectoparasites of elasmobranchs from Okinawan coastal waters</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:role id="439915CE98743D0DB464D516307CCB77">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="BE0FFA3780DF7F0DFB4B6CDD72D6614A">Ota, Yuzo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="4D0B726AFDFB40FE25A14649C614E90E" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="4F50AFD76A9E75759DD02B17F20AC168">Hirose, Euichi</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="410394AA694D22B2BD97D2B8DFDA5A2D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="1C4ABCB4FF809A2146F45A5243C2C968" type="host">
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<mods:title id="3907DCEE321DCD6DDFB2117C3EBEDB9B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="BA996947DEB61FA5E26B47CE1BFE010C">
<mods:date id="33DDB565574EC0484327E04BB426DE58">2009</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="7ADB8F40C1F319E28A48268EECCBFC43" type="volume">
<mods:number id="3EA22BF80465B8E676C9C38108890C24">2114</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="1F2762AC92BE8E1F1C23522ADC12A428">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="CF0E1C924BDEDFBE71F564F4710D7EC7" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.187941</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="8DA8ACF65D3B506D7DED9FE52CA14D38" type="GBIF-Dataset">075ae537-5ba7-4f84-a494-03dc91deaeed</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7A9C247EB74694E354CD85F74927F18D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="2BD74465826175D7A34DA28B94630906" type="Zenodo-Dep">187941</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6216B3248C76FFA058B9FC3FFEC692D5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6214529" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119618002" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6214529" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6216B3248C76FFA058B9FC3FFEC692D5" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6216B3248C76FFA058B9FC3FFEC692D5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">
<subSubSection id="A2A551B98C76FFAE58B9FC3FFE919601" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="EA0002328C76FFAE58B9FC3FFCB9962E" blockId="7.[151,869,1002,1067]" box="[151,869,1002,1028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">
<heading id="B148B55E8C76FFAE58B9FC3FFCB9962E" bold="true" box="[151,869,1002,1028]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C76FFAE58B9FC3FFCB9962E" ID-CoL="6KND7" authority="Coetzee, Smit, Grutter &amp; Davis, 2009" authorityName="Coetzee, Smit, Grutter &amp; Davis" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,869,1002,1028]" class="Malacostraca" family="Gnathiidae" genus="Gnathia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculata">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE58B9FC3FFCB9962E" bold="true" box="[151,869,1002,1028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE58B9FC3FFE51962E" bold="true" box="[151,397,1002,1028]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Gnathia trimaculata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="8E2E7FC38C76FFAE59BAFC3FFCB9962E" author="Coetzee" box="[404,869,1002,1028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Coetzee, M. L., Smit, N. J., Grutter, A. S. &amp; Davis A. J. (2009) Gnathia trimaculata n. sp. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Gnathiidae), an ectoparasite found parasitising requiem sharks from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Systematic Parasitology, 72, 97 - 112." type="journal article" year="2009">Coetzee, Smit, Grutter &amp; Davis, 2009</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA0002328C76FFAE58B9FBC4FE919601" blockId="7.[151,869,1002,1067]" box="[151,333,1041,1067]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">
(
<figureCitation id="72841EB78C76FFAE58B1FBC4FF2E9601" box="[159,242,1041,1067]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,184,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1403,184,1882]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Gnathia trimaculata. A, Dorsal view of male (NSMT-Cr 20427; 5.9 mm). B; antenna 2 of male. C, dorsal view of female (NSMT-Cr 20427; 5.6 mm). D, pylopod of female. E, maxilliped of female. F, lateral view of praniza larva (NSMT-Cr 20427; 6.8 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187945/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="72841EB78C76FFAE58D1FBC4FED29601" box="[255,270,1041,1067]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,258,1218,1242]" captionTargetBox="[153,1422,302,1217]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,263,1223]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 5. Live specimens of praniza larvae after feeding. A, paratype of Gnathia maculosa sp. nov. (NSMT-Cr 20426). B and C, Gnathia trimaculata (NSMT-Cr 20427). Scale bars = 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187946/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">5</figureCitation>
B, C)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A2A551B98C76FFAE58B9FB8BFA8F97FE" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="EA0002328C76FFAE58B9FB8BFA8F97FE" blockId="7.[151,1437,1118,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE58B9FB8BFE4C9652" bold="true" box="[151,400,1118,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Material examined.</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="FCB9C9BB8C76FFAE59B7FB8BFE259652" box="[409,505,1118,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" type="male">5 males</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="FCB9C9BB8C76FFAE5A2BFB8BFDA19652" box="[517,637,1118,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" type="female">3 females</specimenCount>
, and 2 praniza larvae, from gill chambers of a blotched fantail ray
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C76FFAE58B9FB50FDB496B5" authority="Muller &amp; Henle, 1841" authorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" authorityYear="1841" box="[151,616,1157,1183]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Taeniura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meyeni">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE58B9FB50FE8696B4" box="[151,346,1157,1182]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Taeniura meyeni</emphasis>
Müller &amp; Henle, 1841
</taxonomicName>
, caught in gill net, Nakagusuku Bay (26º N, 127º E), Okinawa Island, Ryukyu Archipelago,
<collectingCountry id="92A842A28C76FFAE59B0FB79FE3996EC" box="[414,485,1196,1222]" name="Japan" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<date id="9E0124F28C76FFAE59DCFB79FD4896EC" box="[498,660,1196,1222]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" value="2007-05-25">25 May 2007</date>
, coll. Y. Ota (NSMT-Cr 20427). 1 praniza larva from gills of the silky shark
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C76FFAE590EFB06FCDD96C6" authority="Bibron, 1839" authorityName="Bibron" authorityYear="1839" box="[288,769,1234,1260]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Carcharhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="falciformis">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE590EFB06FD9596C6" box="[288,585,1235,1260]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Carcharhinus falciformis</emphasis>
(Bibron, 1839)
</taxonomicName>
caught in gill net, Nakagusuku Bay,
<date id="9E0124F28C76FFAE5C94FB07FA8096C6" box="[1210,1372,1234,1260]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" value="2006-06-22">22 June 2006</date>
, coll. Y. Ota (NSMT-Cr 20428).
<specimenCount id="FCB9C9BB8C76FFAE59FFFB2CFDF29739" box="[465,558,1273,1299]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" type="male">4 males</specimenCount>
,
<specimenCount id="FCB9C9BB8C76FFAE5A14FB2CFD729739" box="[570,686,1273,1299]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" type="female">2 females</specimenCount>
, and 1 unfed larva from the same locality and host as the above specimens, coll. Y. Ota (
<collectionCode id="8CAE9AF78C76FFAE5996FAF5FDC89710" box="[440,532,1312,1338]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">KMNH</collectionCode>
IvR 500, 415). 1 praniza larva from gill chamber of the whipray
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C76FFAE5D35FAF5FA409713" box="[1307,1436,1312,1337]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE5D35FAF5FA409713" box="[1307,1436,1312,1337]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Himantura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., caught in gill net, Nakagusuku Bay,
<date id="9E0124F28C76FFAE5AA5FA93FCED974A" box="[651,817,1350,1376]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" value="2007-05-14">14 May 2007</date>
, coll. Y. Ota (
<collectionCode id="8CAE9AF78C76FFAE5BF5FA93FBE5974A" box="[987,1081,1350,1376]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">KMNH</collectionCode>
IvR 500, 416).
<specimenCount id="FCB9C9BB8C76FFAE5CD0FA93FA8C974A" box="[1278,1360,1350,1376]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" type="male">1 male</specimenCount>
and
<specimenCount id="FCB9C9BB8C76FFAE5DA3FA93FF3697AD" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" type="female">1 female</specimenCount>
, from gills of the Javanese cownose ray
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C76FFAE5AEAFAB8FB1E97AD" authority="Muller &amp; Henle, 1841" authorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" authorityYear="1841" box="[708,1218,1389,1415]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Rhinoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanica">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE5AEAFAB8FC6897AC" box="[708,948,1389,1414]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Rhinoptera javanica</emphasis>
Müller &amp; Henle, 1841
</taxonomicName>
, caught in gill net, Nakagusuku Bay,
<date id="9E0124F28C76FFAE5956FA41FDFC9784" box="[376,544,1428,1454]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" value="2007-05-16">16 May 2007</date>
, coll. Y. Ota (
<collectionCode id="8CAE9AF78C76FFAE5AE2FA41FCC99784" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" box="[716,789,1428,1454]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">NMV</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="F5EC9FD18C76FFAE5B30FA41FCA09784" box="[798,892,1428,1454]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J46719" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" type="EnaNcbi">J46719</accessionNumber>
). 2 praniza larvae from gill chambers of the whipray
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C76FFAE58D0FA6EFEA397FE" box="[254,383,1467,1492]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Himantura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE58D0FA6EFEA397FE" box="[254,383,1467,1492]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Himantura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp., caught in gill net, Nakagusuku Bay,
<date id="9E0124F28C76FFAE5B4EFA6FFC2397FE" box="[864,1023,1466,1492]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" value="2007-05-14">14 May 2007</date>
, coll. Y. Ota (
<collectionCode id="8CAE9AF78C76FFAE5CB1FA6FFB3997FE" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" box="[1183,1253,1466,1492]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34978" name="Museum Victoria" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">NMV</collectionCode>
<accessionNumber id="F5EC9FD18C76FFAE5CC3FA6FFA9A97FE" box="[1261,1350,1466,1492]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/J46720" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" type="EnaNcbi">J46720</accessionNumber>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="A2A551B98C76FFA058E8FA35FEC692D5" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="EA0002328C76FFAE58E8FA35FD909462" blockId="7.[151,1437,1118,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE58E8FA35FEE397D0" bold="true" box="[198,319,1504,1530]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Remarks.</emphasis>
The size range of the males was
<quantity id="2D47AFD78C76FFAE5AFCFA34FCBC97D1" box="[722,864,1505,1531]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" metricValueMax="7.6" metricValueMin="5.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="6.4" valueMax="7.6" valueMin="5.2">5.2–7.6 mm</quantity>
(mean ± SD; 6.17 ±
<quantity id="2D47AFD78C76FFAE5C4EFA34FB1197D1" box="[1120,1229,1505,1531]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="0.68">0.68 mm</quantity>
, n = 11), the size range of the females was
<quantity id="2D47AFD78C76FFAE59E5F9DDFD869408" box="[459,602,1544,1570]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.35" metricValueMax="5.6" metricValueMin="5.1" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="5.35" valueMax="5.6" valueMin="5.1">5.1–5.6 mm</quantity>
(5.41 ±
<quantity id="2D47AFD78C76FFAE5AECF9DDFCF39408" box="[706,815,1544,1570]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.20 mm</quantity>
, n = 6) and the size range of the praniza larvae was
<quantity id="2D47AFD78C76FFAE58B9F9FBFEF89462" box="[151,292,1582,1608]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="6.2" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="7.8" valueMin="6.2">6.2–7.8 mm</quantity>
(7.03 ±
<quantity id="2D47AFD78C76FFAE59A9F9FBFE2E9462" box="[391,498,1582,1608]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="0.67">0.67 mm</quantity>
, n = 5).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA0002328C76FFAE58E8F980FA96951A" blockId="7.[151,1437,1118,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">
The male, female, and the larva of
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C76FFAE5A53F980FCAE9444" box="[637,882,1621,1646]" class="Malacostraca" family="Gnathiidae" genus="Gnathia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculata">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE5A53F980FCAE9444" box="[637,882,1621,1646]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Gnathia trimaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were described from the Great Barrier Reef,
<collectingCountry id="92A842A28C76FFAE58B9F9A9FEDA94BC" box="[151,262,1660,1686]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="8E2E7FC38C76FFAE5938F9A9FDD394BC" author="Coetzee" box="[278,527,1660,1686]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Coetzee, M. L., Smit, N. J., Grutter, A. S. &amp; Davis A. J. (2009) Gnathia trimaculata n. sp. (Crustacea: Isopoda: Gnathiidae), an ectoparasite found parasitising requiem sharks from Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Systematic Parasitology, 72, 97 - 112." type="journal article" year="2009">
Coetzee
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE59ACF9A9FE6494BF" box="[386,440,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
., 2009
</bibRefCitation>
).The specimens of
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C76FFAE5AD3F9A9FC7094BF" box="[765,940,1660,1685]" class="Malacostraca" family="Gnathiidae" genus="Gnathia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculata">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE5AD3F9A9FC7094BF" box="[765,940,1660,1685]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">G. trimaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Ryukyus were larger than the ones from the GBR, the males (
<figureCitation id="72841EB78C76FFAE59F8F977FDC39496" box="[470,543,1698,1724]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,184,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1403,184,1882]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Gnathia trimaculata. A, Dorsal view of male (NSMT-Cr 20427; 5.9 mm). B; antenna 2 of male. C, dorsal view of female (NSMT-Cr 20427; 5.6 mm). D, pylopod of female. E, maxilliped of female. F, lateral view of praniza larva (NSMT-Cr 20427; 6.8 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187945/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
A, B) from the Japanese fishes had higher number of setae (n = 21) on the external margin of peduncle 4 of antenna 2 than the GBR specimens.
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE5C2EF91CFB8094C8" box="[1024,1116,1737,1762]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Female</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="72841EB78C76FFAE5C40F91CFB6694C9" box="[1134,1210,1737,1763]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,184,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1403,184,1882]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Gnathia trimaculata. A, Dorsal view of male (NSMT-Cr 20427; 5.9 mm). B; antenna 2 of male. C, dorsal view of female (NSMT-Cr 20427; 5.6 mm). D, pylopod of female. E, maxilliped of female. F, lateral view of praniza larva (NSMT-Cr 20427; 6.8 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187945/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
C–E): Article 3 of pylopod is more distinct then that of GBR specimens. Palp article 4 of maxilliped is not narrow.
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE5CD4F925FA409523" box="[1274,1436,1776,1801]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Praniza larva</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="72841EB78C76FFAE58B1F8C3FF3A951A" box="[159,230,1814,1840]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,255,1904,1928]" captionTargetBox="[193,1395,184,1881]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[188,1403,184,1882]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Gnathia trimaculata. A, Dorsal view of male (NSMT-Cr 20427; 5.9 mm). B; antenna 2 of male. C, dorsal view of female (NSMT-Cr 20427; 5.6 mm). D, pylopod of female. E, maxilliped of female. F, lateral view of praniza larva (NSMT-Cr 20427; 6.8 mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187945/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
F): Some live specimens have no black spots. Brown lines present on lateral margins in alcohol.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="EA0002328C76FFA058E8F8E8FEC692D5" blockId="7.[151,1437,1118,2034]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,152,255]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE58E8F8E8FE8D957D" bold="true" box="[198,337,1853,1879]" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Discussion.</emphasis>
The distribution range of
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C76FFAE5AB5F8E8FC95957C" box="[667,841,1853,1878]" class="Malacostraca" family="Gnathiidae" genus="Gnathia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculata">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE5AB5F8E8FC95957C" box="[667,841,1853,1878]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">G. trimaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is fairly wide. Gnathiid larvae actively swim to attach the host fishes (
<bibRefCitation id="8E2E7FC38C76FFAE5988F8B1FD939554" author="Monod" box="[422,591,1892,1918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Monod, T. (1926) Les Gnathiidae. Memories de la Societe des Sciences Naturelles du Maroc, 13, 1 - 668." type="journal article" year="1926">Monod, 1926</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="8E2E7FC38C76FFAE5A72F8B1FCDA9554" author="Wagele" box="[604,774,1892,1918]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Wagele, J. W. (1988) Aspects of the life-cycle of the Antarctic fish parasite Gnathia calva Vanhoffen (Crustacea: Isopoda). Polar Biology 8, 287 - 291." type="journal article" year="1988">Wägele, 1988</bibRefCitation>
) and host fishes’ movement or migration is thought to increase the distribution range of the gnathiids (Tanaka, 2007). Therefore, some larval gnathiids potentially disperse widely. In particular, some large host fishes have high mobility. A tiger shark
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C76FFAE5CBFF864FAB095E0" box="[1169,1388,1969,1994]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Carcharhinidae" genus="Galeocerdo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuvier">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE5CBFF864FAB095E0" box="[1169,1388,1969,1994]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">Galeocerdo cuvier</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can move over
<quantity id="2D47AFD78C76FFAE5935F80DFEA895D8" box="[283,372,2008,2034]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
per day (see
<figureCitation id="72841EB78C76FFAE5A21F80DFD8895D8" box="[527,596,2008,2034]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,255,1916,1940]" captionTargetBox="[197,1399,194,1887]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[194,1399,194,1887]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Gnathia maculosa sp. nov. Praniza larva paratype, 5.5 mm (NSMT-Cr 20426). A, body, left eye and frontal border, dorsal view. B, body in lateral view. C, antenna 1. D, antenna 2. E, gnathopod. F, mandible in lateral view. G, maxillule. H, pair of paragnaths. I, maxilliped. J, pereopod 2. K, pleotelson. L, pleopod 2." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/187944/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">
Fig.
<quantity id="2D47AFD78C76FFAE5A6BF80DFD8895D8" box="[581,596,2008,2034]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" unit="in" value="3.0">3</quantity>
</figureCitation>
in
<bibRefCitation id="8E2E7FC38C76FFAE5A57F80DFCB295D8" author="Heithaus" box="[633,878,2008,2034]" pageId="7" pageNumber="60" refString="Heithaus, M. R., Wirsing A. J., Dill, L. M. &amp; Heithaus L. I. (2007) Long-term movements of tiger sharks satellite-tagged in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Marine Biology, 151, 1455 - 1461." type="journal article" year="2007">
Heithaus
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C76FFAE5AC7F80DFCC795DB" box="[745,795,2008,2033]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
., 2007
</bibRefCitation>
) and migrated over
<quantity id="2D47AFD78C76FFAE5C74F80DFB1E95D8" box="[1114,1218,2008,2034]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="57" unit="km" value="8000.0">8000 km</quantity>
in 99 days (
<bibRefCitation id="8E2E7FC38C78FFA058B1FF4DFE419298" author="Heithaus" box="[159,413,152,178]" pageId="9" pageNumber="60" refString="Heithaus, M. R., Wirsing A. J., Dill, L. M. &amp; Heithaus L. I. (2007) Long-term movements of tiger sharks satellite-tagged in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Marine Biology, 151, 1455 - 1461." type="journal article" year="2007">
Heithaus
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C78FFA0593CFF4DFE9A929B" box="[274,326,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="59">et al</emphasis>
., 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). Actually, twenty larvae of
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C78FFA05AC0FF4DFC45929B" box="[750,921,152,177]" class="Malacostraca" family="Gnathiidae" genus="Gnathia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculata">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C78FFA05AC0FF4DFC45929B" box="[750,921,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="59">G. trimaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
attached gills of a tiger shark (total length;
<quantity id="2D47AFD78C78FFA058B9FF6BFF2B92F2" box="[151,247,190,216]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="59" unit="cm" value="160.0">160 cm</quantity>
) (Ota, unpublished data). Thus,
<taxonomicName id="2DBF79B18C78FFA05AB7FF6AFC8E92F2" box="[665,850,191,216]" class="Malacostraca" family="Gnathiidae" genus="Gnathia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Isopoda" pageId="9" pageNumber="59" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trimaculata">
<emphasis id="D8CBDE208C78FFA05AB7FF6AFC8E92F2" box="[665,850,191,216]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="59">G. trimaculata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may extend their distributions by their host’s movement.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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