285 lines
35 KiB
XML
285 lines
35 KiB
XML
<document id="3A2D6F6EDFD65AE43A8278BCD9FB672B" ID-CLB-Dataset="298660" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.12168227" ID-GBIF-Dataset="178ed053-7081-4927-96dd-277fa0d92e5e" ID-ISSN="0870-3876" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168227" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1718800477084" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Heemstra, P. C." docDate="1991" docId="03EC35277174FFCBFD69FAAEFCB6FB76" docLanguage="en" docName="BolMusMunFunchal.43.226.5-71.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal 43 (226)" docTitle="Cephalopholis BLOCH & SCHNEIDER 1801" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="10" masterDocId="FFD54D5F7170FFCDFFA6FFE7FFCCFFEA" masterDocTitle="A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="5" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1718813564701" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="D72BE694C7BD87418161D2A04EA21AC2" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5B224CD5064E654AF1717D649B26A4C7">
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<mods:title id="1903F227A61F620199D3A3EA50CA0A24">A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="D343B41D94DB0C9B2F622ADB43C08D7E" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="16EBF1672984AE33EDBF543633B535D3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B6F14687E510A2009B8565068F662511">Heemstra, P. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2867A225BE2BF3E3B37E352D6C504048">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="EA9597E189286CC4CDC35CB32483FE8C">
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<mods:title id="430718956FD8937A58A696619C10AC53">Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="8CFB302D7D0B40603649AC034A9C7E45">
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<mods:date id="F07182F610FA761A2AA83FA1A5B1BABF">1991</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="7A6ED6D2787E3928208A6F1E14588E63" type="pubDate">
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<mods:number id="F519095B99CBC9918137A83F8BA15B8A">1991-08-10</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="7336A72E774CA34666ADD3BEFE5B0A0E" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7F5DF0ED9B4D8DBDEDEFA290DCDD4F9E">43</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="BBB561C35591BCC14F3C43BFDC10F625" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="E30CBA671203A5748A426C983D0A9AE2">226</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="88982B00F608B3F0649A67F8D8E83E51" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="A7BA755660377F0E312BD50246C941F8">5</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="1188C83BDC7D71485738D88C8C001EAF">71</mods:end>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:classification id="0A0CA4119CDD1EB2D831C806E8F13311">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F35D4FDF8D68A97B239BBFAC7F29870B" type="CLB-Dataset">298660</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B918455DA81BA78360A22948BFA446D2" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.12168227</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CADB81D043A9F4E7F51CF3D0CA5504AD" type="GBIF-Dataset">178ed053-7081-4927-96dd-277fa0d92e5e</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D8BCD8CAB67CC09A7A1D1FAA2A56864F" type="ISSN">0870-3876</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="30EC3CFDCD66E9617E6B4E61A46BFFC2" type="Zenodo-Dep">12168227</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03EC35277174FFCBFD69FAAEFCB6FB76" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168029" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233229797" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168029" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC35277174FFCBFD69FAAEFCB6FB76" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC35277174FFCBFD69FAAEFCB6FB76" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7174FFC9FD69FAAEFA87FAB6" box="[719,1355,1351,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317174FFC9FD69FAAEFA87FAB6" blockId="4.[719,1355,1351,1376]" box="[719,1355,1351,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27174FFC9FC8EFAACFA87FAB6" ID-CoL="3KG8" authority="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, 1801" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" box="[808,1355,1351,1376]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FC8EFAACFC22FAB7" bold="true" box="[808,1006,1355,1373]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">CEPHALOPHOLIS</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07174FFC9FC5FFAAFFA87FAB6" author="BLOCH. M. E & J. G. SCHNEIDER" bookContentInfo="1 x + 584 pp. 110 pls. Berlin" box="[1017,1355,1351,1376]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refId="ref27124" refString="BLOCH. M. E. & J. G. SCHNEIDER 1801. Systema Ichthyologiae, Iconibus CX Illustratum. 1 x + 584 pp. 110 pls. Berlin." title="Systema Ichthyologiae, Iconibus CX Illustratum" type="book" year="1801">BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, 1801</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7174FFC9FD8DFA6CFA21F9BA" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317174FFC9FD8DFA6CFC58FA54" blockId="4.[554,1520,1417,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27174FFC9FD8DFA6CFBDFFA71" authority="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, 1801: 311" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityPageNumber="311" authorityYear="1801" box="[555,1043,1418,1443]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FD8DFA6CFD76FA49" box="[555,698,1419,1443]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07174FFC9FD63FA6CFBDFFA71" author="BLOCH. M. E & J. G. SCHNEIDER" bookContentInfo="1 x + 584 pp. 110 pls. Berlin" box="[709,1043,1418,1440]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refId="ref27124" refString="BLOCH. M. E. & J. G. SCHNEIDER 1801. Systema Ichthyologiae, Iconibus CX Illustratum. 1 x + 584 pp. 110 pls. Berlin." title="Systema Ichthyologiae, Iconibus CX Illustratum" type="book" year="1801">BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, 1801: 311</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(type-species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27174FFC9FB12FA6DFD3AFA53" authority="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, 1801" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="argus">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FB12FA6DFA4FFA48" box="[1204,1411,1418,1442]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Cephalopholis argus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07174FFC9FA28FA6CFD3AFA53" author="BLOCH. M. E & J. G. SCHNEIDER" bookContentInfo="1 x + 584 pp. 110 pls. Berlin" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refId="ref27124" refString="BLOCH. M. E. & J. G. SCHNEIDER 1801. Systema Ichthyologiae, Iconibus CX Illustratum. 1 x + 584 pp. 110 pls. Berlin." title="Systema Ichthyologiae, Iconibus CX Illustratum" type="book" year="1801">BLOCH & SCHNEIDER, 1801</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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by monotypy).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317174FFC9FD8CFA23FC19FA1C" blockId="4.[554,1520,1417,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27174FFC9FD8CFA23FC9BFA3E" authority="GILL, 1865: 105" authorityName="GILL" authorityPageNumber="105" authorityYear="1865" box="[554,855,1475,1496]" genus="Enneacentrus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FD8CFA23FD7FFA3F" box="[554,691,1476,1493]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Enneacentrus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07174FFC9FD1CFA24FC9BFA3E" author="GILL, T." box="[698,855,1475,1496]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Acad. nat Sci. Philad." pageId="4" pageNumber="9" pagination="104 - 106" part="1865" refId="ref29229" refString="1865. On a new genus of Serraninae. Proc. Acad. nat Sci. Philad. (1865), 17: 104 - 106." title="On a new genus of Serraninae" type="journal article" year="1865">GILL, 1865: 105</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(type-species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27174FFC9FC48FA24FAB2FA3F" authority="VALENCIENNES, 1828" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[1006,1406,1474,1496]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ouatalibi">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FC48FA24FB69FA3E" box="[1006,1189,1474,1492]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Serranus ouatalibi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07174FFC9FB0AFA25FAB2FA3F" author="VALENCIENNES, A." box="[1196,1406,1474,1496]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refId="ref32623" refString="VALENCIENNES, A.: 1828. See Cuvier & Valenciennes." title="See Cuvier & Valenciennes" type="book" year="1828">VALENCIENNES, 1828</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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[=
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27174FFC9FA01FA24FD1EFA1D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fulva">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FDECFA38FD1EFA1D" box="[586,722,1503,1527]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FA01FA24FA3CFA31" box="[1447,1520,1475,1499]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
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fulva
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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] by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317174FFC9FD8CFA1BFA21F9BA" blockId="4.[554,1520,1417,1616]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27174FFC9FD8CFA1BFCE7F9E7" authority="GILL, 1865" authorityName="GILL" authorityYear="1865" box="[554,811,1531,1555]" family="Serranidae" genus="Petrometopon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FD8CFA1BFD79F9F9" box="[554,693,1532,1555]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Petrometopon</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07174FFC9FD18FA1CFCE7F9E7" author="GILL, T." box="[702,811,1531,1553]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Acad. nat Sci. Philad." pageId="4" pageNumber="9" pagination="104 - 106" part="1865" refId="ref29229" refString="1865. On a new genus of Serraninae. Proc. Acad. nat Sci. Philad. (1865), 17: 104 - 106." title="On a new genus of Serraninae" type="journal article" year="1865">GILL, 1865</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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' 105 (type-species, "
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27174FFC9FBA4FA1CFB25F9E6" authority="POEY" authorityName="POEY" box="[1026,1257,1531,1554]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FBA4FA1CFB9AF9E6" box="[1026,1110,1531,1548]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Serranus</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FBFAFA1AFB60F9F8" box="[1116,1196,1533,1554]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">guttatus</emphasis>
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POEY
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</taxonomicName>
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" [an unpublished species description presumably taken from a POEY manuscript and apparently based on
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27174FFC9FA2FF9FFFDB6F9A3" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guttatus">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FA2FF9FFFDB6F9A3" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Perca guttatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FD2BF9DAFD7EF9A3" box="[653,690,1597,1609]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">non</emphasis>
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LINNAEUS):
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07174FFC9FCE6F9DFFC08F9A3" author="BLOCH, M. E." bookContentInfo="6: 1 - 126, 36 pls, Berlin" box="[832,964,1591,1612]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" refId="ref27088" refString="1792. Natuigeschuhte der Auslandilschen Fische, 6: 1 - 126, 36 pls, Berlin." title="Natuigeschuhte der Auslandilschen Fische" type="book chapter" year="1792">BLOCH, 1792</bibRefCitation>
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=
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27174FFC9FC4DF9D1FB13F9A2" baseAuthorityName="Lacepede" baseAuthorityYear="1802" box="[1003,1247,1590,1614]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cruentata">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FC4DF9D1FB13F9A2" box="[1003,1247,1590,1614]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Cephalopholis cruentata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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] by original designation).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7174FFC8FDECF99EFA26FBBA" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317174FFC9FDECF99EFBEFF79B" blockId="4.[524,1553,1655,2436]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">
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<emphasis id="B93158237174FFC9FDECF99EFD0EF979" bold="true" box="[586,706,1657,1683]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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: Body oblong, robust, not strongly compressed, the depth contained 2.0-3.2 times in SL, the body width contained 1.9-2.6 times in the depth; head length 2.2-3.1 in SL; dorsal head profile convex or concave, the interorbital area flat to slightly convex, preorbital depth less than eye diameter, contained 8- 13 times in head length; preopercle rounded, finely serrate, but without enlarged serrae at the "corner" and no antrorse spines on lower edge; ventral edge of interopercle may be finely serrate posteriorly, but there is no broad indentation; upper edge of operculum distinctly convex; anterior and posterior nostrils subequal. Dorsal fin with 9 spines and 13 - 17 rays, the fin membranes distinctly incised between the spines; no dorsal fin spines or rays elongated; anal fin with 3 spines and 7- 10 rays; caudal fin rounded or convex posteriorly, with 8 + 7 branched rays and 6-9 + 6-9 procurrent rays; soft dorsal and anal fins rounded; pectoral fins symmetrically rounded, the middle rays longest. Midlateral body scales ctenoid. Jaws with small canines at the front; teeth present on palatines; maxilla of adults with a distinct bony knob on the ventroposterior corner; supramaxilla well developed.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317174FFC9FDEDF79FF9CAF6FC" blockId="4.[524,1553,1655,2436]" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Supraneural bones 2, the posterior one straight or curved posteriorly, much smaller than the first one and situated just anterior to or above tip of second neural spine; dorsal fin with the last 4-7 pterygiophores trisegmental; anal fin with 3 -5 trisegmental pterygiophores; rear edge of first dorsal fin pterygiophore slightly to deeply excavated for tip of third neural spine; epipleural ribs on first 9 or 10 vertebrae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317174FFC8FDEAF6C4FA26FBBA" blockId="4.[524,1553,1655,2436]" lastBlockId="5.[481,1514,1080,1110]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Cranium distinctly narrowed at interorbital region, the least interorbital width subequal to the vomer width and half or less than half of the width at lateral ethmoids; frontals separated anteriorly by the supraethmoid; no median crest on frontals; medial and lateral processes of epiotics subequal; parasphenoid straight or nearly so.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7175FFC8FC8AFB99FAEDFB1C" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317175FFC8FC8AFB99FB6DFB7B" blockId="5.[812,1185,1150,1169]" box="[812,1185,1150,1169]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
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<heading id="D0B2335D7175FFC8FC8AFB99FB6DFB7B" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[812,1185,1150,1169]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FC8AFB99FB6DFB7B" bold="true" box="[812,1185,1150,1169]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317175FFC8FD86FB27FAEDFB1C" blockId="5.[481,1514,1216,1276]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">The genus is represented in all three major oceans, including both sides of the Atlantic, but it has not yet been found in the Mediterranean Sea.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7175FFCBFC0EFAC1FCB6FB76" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317175FFC8FC0EFAC1FBE9FAD3" blockId="5.[936,1061,1318,1337]" box="[936,1061,1318,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
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<heading id="D0B2335D7175FFC8FC0EFAC1FBE9FAD3" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[936,1061,1318,1337]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="12" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FC0EFAC1FBE9FAD3" bold="true" box="[936,1061,1318,1337]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">REMARKS</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA84317175FFC8FD87FA8FFD23F8F0" blockId="5.[481,1519,1383,2433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07175FFC8FD87FA8FFC66FA69" author="JORDAN, D. S. & B. W. EVERMANN" box="[545,938,1383,1411]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. U. S. Fish Comm" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 574" part="1903" refId="ref29883" refString="1905. The shore fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. (1903) 23, pt. 1: xxvii + 1 - 574." title="The shore fishes of the Hawaiian Islands" type="journal article" year="1905">JORDAN and EVERMANN (1905)</bibRefCitation>
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resurrected the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FB6AFA80FAB9FA69" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" box="[1228,1397,1383,1411]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FB6AFA80FAB9FA69" box="[1228,1397,1383,1411]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the synonymy of
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FD24FA6EFCD8FA4E" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[642,788,1417,1444]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FD24FA6EFCD8FA4E" box="[642,788,1417,1444]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Epinephelus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(= "
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FCF2FA6DFC74FA74" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[852,952,1418,1438]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FCF2FA6DFC74FA74" box="[852,952,1418,1438]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Serranus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
") where it had lain dormant since its original description by BLOCH and SCHNEIDER in 1801.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FB9EFA4DFB2CFA2D" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" box="[1080,1248,1450,1479]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FB9EFA4DFB2CFA2D" box="[1080,1248,1450,1479]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
was widely used as a valid genus until
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FD16FA2BFD0FFA0B" bold="true" box="[688,707,1484,1505]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">C</emphasis>
|
|
.L.
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07175FFC8FD4FFA2AFC45FA03" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[745,905,1484,1513]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="5" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 241" part="146" refId="ref31738" refString="SMITH, C. L.: 1971. A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 146: 1 - 241." title="A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera" type="journal article" year="1971">SMITH (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
demoted it to subgeneric status, but in subsequent publications (
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07175FFC8FD2CFA09FCD3F9EE" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[650,799,1518,1546]" editor="W. Fischer" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" refId="ref31776" refString="1978. Serranidae. In W. Fischer, (ed.) FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Western Central Atlantic. UN / FAO, Rome." title="Serranidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Western Central Atlantic. UN / FAO, Rome" year="1978">SMITH, 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07175FFC8FC89FA09FCABF9E9" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[815,871,1518,1539]" editor="W. Fischer & G. Bianchi & W. B. Scott" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" refId="ref31807" refString="1981. Serranidae. In W. Fischer, G. Bianchi & W. B. Scott (eds), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Eastern Central Atlantic Vol. 4. UN / FAO & Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Ottawa, Canada." title="Serranidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Eastern Central Atlantic Vol. 4. UN / FAO & Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Ottawa, Canada." year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) he again recognized
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FBD3FA09FAD1F9E3" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" box="[1141,1309,1518,1545]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FBD3FA09FAD1F9E3" box="[1141,1309,1518,1545]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as a valid genus. Recognition of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FD02F9E8FC80F9C1" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" box="[676,844,1551,1579]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FD02F9E8FC80F9C1" box="[676,844,1551,1579]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
as either a genus or subgenus is a moot point, and (as pointed out by
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07175FFC8FD05F9D6FC1CF9AD" author="SMITH-VANIZ, W. F. & G. D. JOHNSON & J. E. RANDALL" box="[675,976,1585,1611]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref31891" refString="SMITH-VANIZ, W. F., G. D. JOHNSON & J. E. RANDALL: 1988. Redescription of Gracila albomarginata (Fowler and Bean) and Cephalophalis polleni (Bleeker) with comments on the generic limits of selected Indo-Pacific Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae: Epinephelinae). Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Phila., 140 (2): 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
|
SMITH-VANIZ
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FCE8F9D1FC4DF9AD" box="[846,897,1585,1607]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">et al</emphasis>
|
|
., 1988
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) the monophyly of this genus has yet to be demonstrated. Nevertheless,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FCC5F9B4FBC7F985" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" box="[867,1035,1619,1647]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FCC5F9B4FBC7F985" box="[867,1035,1619,1647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a convenient taxon that is readily separable from other genera of groupers. Species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FBC4F993FAC7F97B" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" box="[1122,1291,1652,1681]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FBC4F993FAC7F97B" box="[1122,1291,1652,1681]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have only 9 dorsal fin spines. whereas species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FCC7F970FC1FF959" authorityName="Bloch & Schneider" authorityYear="1801" box="[865,979,1687,1715]" family="Serranidae" genus="Alphestes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FCC7F970FC1FF959" box="[865,979,1687,1715]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Alphestes</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FC42F970FB4CF959" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1861" box="[996,1152,1687,1715]" family="Serranidae" genus="Dermatolepis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FC42F970FB4CF959" box="[996,1152,1687,1715]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Dermatolepis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FB37F970FAE3F958" authorityName="GILL" authorityYear="1863" box="[1169,1327,1687,1714]" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FB37F970FAE3F958" box="[1169,1327,1687,1714]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Mycteroperca</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FAE2F97FFAB7F947" authorityName="Randall, Johnson & Lowe" authorityYear="1989" box="[1348,1403,1688,1709]" family="Serranidae" genus="Triso" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FAE2F97FFAB7F947" box="[1348,1403,1688,1709]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Triso</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FA19F97EFD9FF93E" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FA19F97EFD9FF93E" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Epinephelus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have 11 dorsal fin spines (except for 3 species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FB62F95EFA9BF93E" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[1220,1367,1721,1748]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FB62F95EFA9BF93E" box="[1220,1367,1721,1748]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Epinephelus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
which have 10 dorsal spines and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FD45F93BFB93F91C" authority="(GILBERT, 1892)" baseAuthorityName="GILBERT" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[739,1119,1755,1783]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthistius">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FD45F93BFD3AF91A" box="[739,758,1756,1776]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">E</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FCA0F93CFC5EF91A" box="[774,914,1755,1776]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">acanthistius</emphasis>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07175FFC8FC02F93CFB9AF91A" author="GILBERT, C. H." box="[932,1110,1755,1783]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" refId="ref29121" refString="GILBERT, C. H.: 1892. Descriptions of Apodal fishes from the tropical Pacific. Proc. U. S. natn. Mus., 14: 347 - - 352." type="journal volume" year="1892">GILBERT, 1892</bibRefCitation>
|
|
)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
of the eastern Pacific which has only 9 dorsal spines).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BFA84317175FFC8FD84F8F8FC8DF82E" blockId="5.[481,1519,1383,2433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
|
|
Another useful generic character separating
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FBE4F8F9FB25F8D0" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" box="[1090,1257,1822,1850]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FBE4F8F9FB25F8D0" box="[1090,1257,1822,1850]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FA84F8F9FA79F8D0" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[1314,1461,1822,1850]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FA84F8F9FA79F8D0" box="[1314,1461,1822,1850]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Epinephelus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
may be the presence of 3 -6 trisegmental pterygiophores in the dorsal fin of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FAF2F8A6FD97F86A" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FAF2F8A6FE31F893" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
|
species
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(radiographs of 21 species examined). Whereas, all of the
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FA85F885FA79F895" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[1315,1461,1890,1919]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FA85F885FA79F895" box="[1315,1461,1890,1919]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Epinephelus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
that were x-rayed (48 spp) lack trisegmental pterygiophores (the middle piece being fused with the proximal element).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BFA84317175FFC8FD85F82CFD05F744" blockId="5.[481,1519,1383,2433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
|
|
Although only a few larvae of each genus are known,
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07175FFC8FB0DF82DFAFAF80D" author="LEIS, J. M." box="[1195,1334,1994,2023]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" pagination="525 - 552" refId="ref30110" refString="LEIS, J. M.: 1986. Larval development in four species of Indo-Pacific coral trout Plectropomus (Pisces: Serranidae: Epinephelinae) with an analysis of the relationships of the genus. Bull. mar. Sci., 38 (3): 525 - 552." type="journal article" year="1986">LEIS (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
has found that preflexion larvae of at least 6 species of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FC41F80BFB41F7E2" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" box="[999,1165,2028,2056]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FC41F80BFB41F7E2" box="[999,1165,2028,2056]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
have a ventral series of 15- 23 small melanophores on the tail. In postflexion larvae, the ventral melanophores are reduced to 1 -4 and shift to a mid-lateral position on the peduncle. By contrast,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FE42F7B4FDBAF79A" authorityName="Bloch" authorityYear="1793" box="[484,630,2131,2160]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FE42F7B4FDBAF79A" box="[484,630,2131,2160]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Epinephelus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
preflexion larvae of at least 7 species have a single large ventral melanophore on the tail, and this shifts to the mid-lateral position on the peduncle in postflexion larvae.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BFA84317175FFC8FD83F75DFDA9F6D7" blockId="5.[481,1519,1383,2433]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
|
|
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07175FFC8FD83F75DFC97F73C" author="SMITH-VANIZ, W. F. & G. D. JOHNSON & J. E. RANDALL" box="[549,859,2233,2262]" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" pagination="1 - 23" refId="ref31891" refString="SMITH-VANIZ, W. F., G. D. JOHNSON & J. E. RANDALL: 1988. Redescription of Gracila albomarginata (Fowler and Bean) and Cephalophalis polleni (Bleeker) with comments on the generic limits of selected Indo-Pacific Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae: Epinephelinae). Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Phila., 140 (2): 1 - 23." type="journal article" year="1988">
|
|
SMITH-VANIZ
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FD76F758FCCEF73C" box="[720,770,2233,2262]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
(1988)
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
compared
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FC44F75EFB45F73E" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" box="[994,1161,2233,2260]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FC44F75EFB45F73E" box="[994,1161,2233,2260]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
with the two other epinepheline genera with 9 dorsal fin spines (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FC1DF73CFBDDF718" authorityName="Randall" authorityYear="1964" box="[955,1041,2267,2290]" family="Serranidae" genus="Gracila" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FC1DF73CFBDDF718" box="[955,1041,2267,2290]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Gracila</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FBF7F73DFB23F71C" authorityName="Fowler" authorityYear="1904" box="[1105,1263,2266,2294]" family="Serranidae" genus="Aethaloperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FBF7F73DFB23F71C" box="[1105,1263,2266,2294]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Aethaloperca</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which occur in the Indo-Pacific region). This matter will also be discussed by HEEMSTRA and RANDALL (in press).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8BFA84317175FFCBFD83F6A4FCB6FB76" blockId="5.[481,1519,1383,2433]" lastBlockId="6.[511,1538,1082,1180]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
|
|
The genus
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FD0DF6A5FC98F6B4" authorityName="BLOCH & SCHNEIDER" authorityYear="1801" box="[683,852,2370,2398]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FD0DF6A5FC98F6B4" box="[683,852,2370,2398]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Cephalopholis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
comprises 22 species: two in the western Atlantic, two in the eastern Atlantic (
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FCBEF683FC80F66A" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1859" box="[792,844,2404,2432]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalopholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigri">
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FCBEF683FC80F66A" box="[792,844,2404,2432]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">nigri</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27175FFC8FCFFF683FC11F66B" baseAuthorityName="Valenciennes" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[857,989,2403,2433]" family="Serranidae" genus="Cephalapholis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taeniops">
|
|
&
|
|
<emphasis id="B93158237175FFC8FCDFF684FC11F66B" box="[889,989,2403,2433]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">taeniops</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
), one in the eastern Pacific and 17 in the Indo-Pacific region. Only the eastern Atlantic species are treated in the present paper; the other species are discussed by RANDALL and HEEMSTRA (in press) and HEEM STRA and RANDALL (in press).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |