308 lines
38 KiB
XML
308 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="59A4340F2576E77376702BB8BB1763DE" ID-CLB-Dataset="298660" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.12168227" ID-GBIF-Dataset="178ed053-7081-4927-96dd-277fa0d92e5e" ID-ISSN="0870-3876" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168227" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="juliana" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1718800477084" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Heemstra, P. C." docDate="1991" docId="03EC3527716EFFECFCAEFBA3FC13FB2F" docLanguage="en" docName="BolMusMunFunchal.43.226.5-71.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal 43 (226)" docTitle="Epinephelus itajara" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="38" masterDocId="FFD54D5F7170FFCDFFA6FFE7FFCCFFEA" masterDocTitle="A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)" masterLastPageNumber="71" masterPageNumber="5" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1718813564701" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="6587F47DB370013E994D53D359658114" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="36C83703071701067D246D0C006F4D0C">
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<mods:title id="76708A0D8A22530286F55AF035329FE6">A Taxonomic Revision Of The Eastern Atlantic Groupers (Pisces: Serranidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="149AC50814411DEFD9F179E51D2459DA" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3D3CC0A5DB61035C02F9975804CBFEAE">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F4CCFC859956495AABBF1F9334A6F861">Heemstra, P. C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="18F7463A731B8543B275657D932A556B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="6CF24AF2E5D6C56BD32CBF177DDF5AC6">Bol. Mus. Mun. Funchal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="6DFED070E65720F39EA5F4998CB29271">
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<mods:date id="0DCA5C4B873DDD664E02BA277FD93DCF">1991</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F4162DA254A2F1D4F1230739EEC502FD">1991-08-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="3FF5BF8C85015B8A73B3DE05D4D8FFCF">43</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="E7F1F5721ECEA161D16DE3C04A516523">226</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03EC3527716EFFECFCAEFBA3FC13FB2F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168072" ID-GBIF-Taxon="233229875" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168072" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC3527716EFFECFCAEFBA3FC13FB2F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EC3527716EFFECFCAEFBA3FC13FB2F" lastPageId="33" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716EFFD3FCAEFBA3FACDFBB5" box="[776,1281,1092,1119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FCAEFBA3FACDFBB5" blockId="30.[776,1281,1092,1153]" box="[776,1281,1092,1119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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<heading id="D0B2335D716EFFD3FCAEFBA3FACDFBB5" bold="true" box="[776,1281,1092,1119]" centered="true" level="5" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716EFFD3FCAEFBA3FACDFBB5" ID-CoL="6FTP5" authority="(LICHTENSTEIN, 1822)" baseAuthorityName="LICHTENSTEIN" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[776,1281,1092,1119]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
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<emphasis id="B9315823716EFFD3FCAEFBA3FC20FBB4" bold="true" box="[776,1004,1092,1118]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">Epinephelus itajara</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716EFFD3FBA4FBA3FB3BFBB2" author="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. G." box="[1026,1271,1092,1119]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" pagination="267 - 288" refId="ref30162" refString="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. G.: 1822. Die Werke von Marcgrave und Piso uber die Naturgeschichte Brasiliens, erlautert aus den wieder aufgefundenen original Abbildungen. IV. Fische. Abhandl. K Akad. Wss. Berlin (1820 - 1821). pp. 267 - 288." type="book chapter" year="1822">LICHTENSTEIN, 1822</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716EFFD3FC38FB81FBA8FB93" box="[926,1124,1125,1153]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FC38FB81FBA8FB93" blockId="30.[776,1281,1092,1153]" box="[926,1124,1125,1153]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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<figureCitation id="137E98B4716EFFD3FC38FB81FBA8FB93" box="[926,1124,1125,1153]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="31.[526,559,1657,1681]" captionTargetBox="[526,1483,1158,1624]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Fig. 11 a - Epinephelus itajara, 7 cm. SL, Gulf of Mexico, from a photograph of LEWIS BULLOCK and GREGORY SMITH (ms.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168257/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">Figs. 11 a & 11 b</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716EFFD3FDBAFB4EFB93FA2B" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FDBAFB4EFA56FB2B" blockId="30.[540,1510,1192,1474]" box="[540,1434,1192,1217]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716EFFD3FDBAFB4EFC04FB51" authority="LICHTENSTEIN, 1822: 278" authorityName="LICHTENSTEIN" authorityPageNumber="278" authorityYear="1822" box="[540,968,1192,1217]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
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<emphasis id="B9315823716EFFD3FDBAFB4EFD71FB2B" box="[540,701,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">Serranus itajara</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716EFFD3FD6FFB4FFC04FB51" author="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. G." box="[713,968,1192,1214]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" pagination="267 - 288" refId="ref30162" refString="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. G.: 1822. Die Werke von Marcgrave und Piso uber die Naturgeschichte Brasiliens, erlautert aus den wieder aufgefundenen original Abbildungen. IV. Fische. Abhandl. K Akad. Wss. Berlin (1820 - 1821). pp. 267 - 288." type="book chapter" year="1822">LICHTENSTEIN, 1822: 278</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(type locality, Brazil; holotype not located).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FDB8FB22FD43FB12" blockId="30.[540,1510,1192,1474]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716EFFD3FD8EFB22FC24FB3C" authority="VALENCIENNES, 1828: 291" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityPageNumber="291" authorityYear="1828" box="[552,1000,1220,1242]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentzelii">
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<emphasis id="B9315823716EFFD3FD8EFB22FD2CFB3C" box="[552,736,1220,1238]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">Serranus Mentzelii</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716EFFD3FD4EFB22FC24FB3C" author="VALENCIENNES, A." box="[744,1000,1221,1242]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" refId="ref32623" refString="VALENCIENNES, A.: 1828. See Cuvier & Valenciennes." title="See Cuvier & Valenciennes" type="book" year="1828">VALENCIENNES, 1828: 291</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(type locality, Brazil; holotype lost [see Remarks, below]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FDB8FB1AFA29FAFC" blockId="30.[540,1510,1192,1474]" box="[542,1509,1276,1302]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716EFFD3FD8EFB1AFBDEFAE4" authority="MULLER & TROSCHEL, 1848: 621" authorityName="MULLER & TROSCHEL" authorityPageNumber="621" authorityYear="1848" box="[552,1042,1276,1299]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="galeus">
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<emphasis id="B9315823716EFFD3FD8EFB1AFD0FFAF9" box="[552,707,1276,1299]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">Serranus galeus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716EFFD3FD6CFB1AFBDEFAE4" author="MULLER, J. & F. H. TROSCHEL" box="[714,1042,1277,1298]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" refId="ref30594" refString="MULLER, J. & F. H. TROSCHEL; 1848. The vertebrate animals. In Schomburgk, Robert H., The history of Barbados London, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, xx + 772 pp., 7 pls." type="book" year="1848">MÜLLER & TROSCHEL, 1848: 621</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(type locality, Guyana; holotype not located).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FDB8FAFEFC6FFAA7" blockId="30.[540,1510,1192,1474]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716EFFD3FD8FFAFEFBD5FAC1" authority="BocouRT, 1868: 223" authorityName="BocouRT" authorityPageNumber="223" authorityYear="1868" box="[553,1049,1305,1328]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="quinquefasciatus">
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<emphasis id="B9315823716EFFD3FD8FFAFEFCFFFADA" box="[553,819,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">Serranus quinquefasciatus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716EFFD3FC99FAFDFBD5FAC1" author="BOCOURT, F. M." box="[831,1049,1305,1327]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool)" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" pagination="222 - 224" part="10" refId="ref27156" refString="BOCOURT, F. M.: 1868. Descriptions de quelques acanthopterygieus nouveaux appartenant aux genres Semm et Mesoprion recueillis dans l'Amerique Centrale. Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool)., ser. 5, vol. 10, pp. 222 - 224." title="Descriptions de quelques acanthopterygieus nouveaux appartenant aux genres Semm et Mesoprion recueillis dans l'Amerique Centrale" type="journal article" year="1868">BocouRT, 1868: 223</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(type locality, Pacific coast of Guatemala; holotype, MNHN 5211, 326 mm.).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FDB9FAB6FD0DFA67" blockId="30.[540,1510,1192,1474]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716EFFD3FD8FFAB6FC13FA89" authority="EHRENBAUM, 1914: 293" authorityName="EHRENBAUM" authorityPageNumber="293" authorityYear="1914" box="[553,991,1361,1384]" family="Serranidae" genus="Promicrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="esonue">
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<emphasis id="B9315823716EFFD3FD8FFAB6FD2BFA89" box="[553,743,1361,1384]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">Promicrops esonue</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716EFFD3FD56FAB5FC13FA89" author="EHRENBAUM, E." box="[752,991,1362,1383]" journalOrPublisher="Ficherbote" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" pagination="289 - 296" part="6" refId="ref28550" refString="EHRENBAUM, E.: 1914. Uber Fische von Westafrika, besonders von Kamerun. Ficherbote, 6: 289 - 296." title="Uber Fische von Westafrika, besonders von Kamerun" type="journal article" year="1914">EHRENBAUM, 1914: 293</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C0716EFFD3FC57FAB6FB89FA89" author="EHRENBAUM, E." bookContentInfo="38 fig., Hamburg" box="[1009,1093,1361,1379]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" pagination="1 - 85" refId="ref28574" refString="1915. Uber Kusten Fische von Westafrika,. besonders von Kamerun: 1 - 85, 38 fig., Hamburg." title="Uber Kusten Fische von Westafrika,. besonders von Kamerun" type="book" year="1915">1915: 54</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. (type locality, Cameroun; holotype not located).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FDB9FA6DFB93FA2B" blockId="30.[540,1510,1192,1474]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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?
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716EFFD3FD8FFA6DFBD1FA76" authority="Roux & COLLIGNON, 1954: 473" authorityName="Roux & COLLIGNON" authorityPageNumber="473" authorityYear="1954" box="[553,1053,1417,1441]" family="Serranidae" genus="Promicrops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ditobo">
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<emphasis id="B9315823716EFFD3FD8FFA6DFD11FA71" box="[553,733,1417,1441]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">Promıcrops ditobo</emphasis>
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Roux & COLLIGNON, 1954: 473
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</taxonomicName>
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(type locality V, Congo: Kouilou River estuary; syntypes, 200 & 186 ein., apparently not preserved).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716EFFD3FD9BFA0BFB19F718" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FD9BFA0BFC47F7EE" blockId="30.[511,1545,1515,2291]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="B9315823716EFFD3FD9BFA0BFD7AF9EF" bold="true" box="[573,694,1516,1541]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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: Dorsal fin XI, 15 - 16; anal fin III,8; pectoral fin rays 18- 19; lateral-line scales 61 -64; lateral scale series 89- 112; gill-takers 8- 10 + 13- 15 including 4-8 rudiments on each limb. Body robust, elongate, the greatest width more than half of body depth, which is distinctly less than head length (in fish 15 - 160 cm.); body depth contained 2.7-3.4 times in SL; head length 2.3-2.9 times in SL. Caudal fin rounded; dorsal fin spines short, 3rd to 11 th subequal and shorter than the first ray, the membranes distinctly indented between the spines; anal fin with 3 spines and 8 rays; pectoral fin rays 18- 19. Head extremely broad; interorbital flat, the width equals eye diameter in fish 10- 15 cm. SL, distinctly greater than eye diameter in fish 18-25 cm. SL, and 1.5 -3.4 times greater than eye diameter in fish 30- 160 cm. SL; eye diameter contained 5 -8 times in head length for fish 10-30 cm. SL and 8- 13 times in head length for fish 35 - 160 cm. SL. Preopercle rounded, finely serrate; nostrils round, subequal. Maxilla scaly, reaching well past eye; midlateral part of lower jaw with 3-5 rows of subequal teeth; no canines at front of jaws. Body scales strongly ctenoid; lateral-line scales with 4-6 radiating ridges. Gill-rakers short, the gill arches covered with small bony plates.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FDE6F7ECFCE1F744" blockId="30.[511,1545,1515,2291]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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<emphasis id="B9315823716EFFD3FDE6F7ECFD5AF7CA" bold="true" box="[576,662,2059,2080]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">Colour</emphasis>
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: Generally brownish yellow, grey or greenish; head, dorsal part of body and fins with small black spots, becoming smaller with growth. Fish less than about 1 metre often show 3 or 4 irregular, subvertical, faint dark bars on body and another covering rear half of caudal peduncle; large adults darker and more uniformly coloured than juveniles.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FDE6F752FB19F718" blockId="30.[511,1545,1515,2291]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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Maximum total length of
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716EFFD3FCDCF752FC08F73A" box="[890,964,2229,2256]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
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<emphasis id="B9315823716EFFD3FCDCF752FC08F73A" box="[890,964,2229,2256]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">itajara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is about 240 cm.; maximum weight at least 320 kg. The IGFA all-tackle record (as of 1990) is 308.44 kg.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA716EFFEDFCE5F6FAF9CAFB59" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFD3FCE5F6FAFB02F6DA" blockId="30.[835,1230,2333,2352]" box="[835,1230,2333,2352]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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||
<heading id="D0B2335D716EFFD3FCE5F6FAFB02F6DA" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[835,1230,2333,2352]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="12" pageId="30" pageNumber="35" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B9315823716EFFD3FCE5F6FAFB02F6DA" bold="true" box="[835,1230,2333,2352]" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFA8431716EFFEDFDE7F686F9CAFB59" blockId="30.[577,1545,2399,2429]" lastBlockId="32.[514,1544,1081,1210]" lastPageId="32" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="30" pageNumber="35">
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Tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans. In the western Atlantic, it ranges from Florida to southern Brazil, and is caught throughout the Gulf of Mexico and most of the Caribbean. In the eastern Atlantic,
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<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27150FFEDFA3DFBBBF9CBFB9C" box="[1435,1543,1116,1142]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
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<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFA3DFBBBFA60FB9A" box="[1435,1452,1116,1136]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">E</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFA1BFBBBF9CBFB9C" box="[1469,1543,1116,1142]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">itajara</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is reported (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27150FFEDFD1FFB9BFC6DFB7B" box="[697,929,1148,1175]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="esonue">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFD1FFB9BFC6DFB7B" box="[697,929,1148,1175]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">Epinephelus esonue</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07150FFEDFC7FFB9BFBB7FB7C" author="SERET, B." box="[985,1147,1147,1175]" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" refId="ref31716" refString="SERET, B.: 1981. Poissons de Mer de l'ouest Africain Tropical. ORSTOM, Paris. 416 pp." type="book" year="1981">SÉRET (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07150FFEDFB1FFB9CFA97FB72" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[1209,1371,1147,1176]" editor="W. Fischer & G. Bianchi & W. B. Scott" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" refId="ref31807" refString="1981. Serranidae. In W. Fischer, G. Bianchi & W. B. Scott (eds), FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Eastern Central Atlantic Vol. 4. UN / FAO & Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Ottawa, Canada." title="Serranidae" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes: Eastern Central Atlantic Vol. 4. UN / FAO & Dept. of Fish. and Oceans, Ottawa, Canada." year="1981">SMITH (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Sénégal to the Congo. In the eastern Pacific, it occurs from the Gulf of California to Peru.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF3AD4B9716FFFD2FDA8F99EFCF3F946" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168257" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168257" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168257/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="36" startId="31.[526,559,1657,1681]" targetBox="[526,1483,1158,1624]" targetPageId="31" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716FFFD2FDA8F99EFCF3F946" blockId="31.[526,1489,1655,1708]" pageId="31" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Fig. 11 a -
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716FFFD2FDD7F99FFCFEF97A" baseAuthorityName="LICHTENSTEIN" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[625,818,1656,1680]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9315823716FFFD2FDD7F99FFCFEF97A" box="[625,818,1656,1680]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="36">Epinephelus itajara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 7 cm. SL, Gulf of Mexico, from a photograph of LEWIS BULLOCK and GREGORY SMITH (ms.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3AD4B9716FFFD2FDB6F6C3FD58F6B8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12168259" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12168259" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12168259/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="36" startId="31.[528,560,2340,2363]" targetBox="[528,1482,1893,2313]" targetPageId="31" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA8431716FFFD2FDB6F6C3FD58F6B8" blockId="31.[528,1482,2337,2386]" pageId="31" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Fig. 11b -
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB2716FFFD2FDD2F6C4FCF8F6D1" baseAuthorityName="LICHTENSTEIN" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[628,820,2339,2363]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="31" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9315823716FFFD2FDD2F6C4FCF8F6D1" box="[628,820,2339,2363]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="36">Epinephelus itajara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 140 cm. SL, Caribbean (Virgin Islands), from a photograph J. E. RANDALL
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7150FFEDFC60FB04FC8EF6DD" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA84317150FFEDFC60FB04FB8EFB1C" blockId="32.[966,1090,1251,1270]" box="[966,1090,1251,1270]" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<heading id="D0B2335D7150FFEDFC60FB04FB8EFB1C" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[966,1090,1251,1270]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="12" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFC60FB04FB8EFB1C" bold="true" box="[966,1090,1251,1270]" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">REMARKS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA84317150FFEDFDE7FAC3FA7CFA96" blockId="32.[510,1543,1316,2359]" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">This giant grouper is often found in shallow water; juveniles are common in mangrove swamps and both juveniles and adults occur in bays and harbours. Large adults are also encountered offshore on wrecks and in areas of high relief.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA84317150FFEDFDE6FA6FFD21F98D" blockId="32.[510,1543,1316,2359]" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Although it is unlikely that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27150FFEDFC3FFA6EFBCBFA49" baseAuthorityName="LICHTENSTEIN" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[921,1031,1417,1443]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFC3FFA6EFC66FA77" box="[921,938,1417,1437]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFC18FA6EFBCBFA49" box="[958,1031,1417,1443]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">itajara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the eastern and western Atlantic and the eastern Pacific share a common gene pool, I am unable to find any significant differences in the published data or the specimens examined from these three areas. If there is any species of American grouper that occurs on both sides of the Central American Isthmus, it would be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27150FFEDFC31F9E8FBC4F9C0" baseAuthorityName="LICHTENSTEIN" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[919,1032,1551,1578]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFC31F9E8FC64F9C9" box="[919,936,1551,1571]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFC18F9E8FBC4F9C0" box="[958,1032,1551,1578]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">itajara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with its predilection for estuarine and mangrove habitats. It seems feasible that juveniles could traverse the Isthmus via the Panama Canal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA84317150FFEDFDE6F993FD64F946" blockId="32.[510,1543,1316,2359]" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07150FFEDFDE6F993FC69F965" author="JOHNSON, G. D. & P. KEENER" box="[576,933,1652,1680]" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" pagination="106 - 134" refId="ref29626" refString="JOHNSON, G. D. & P. KEENER: 1984. Aid to identification of American grouper larvae. Bull mar. Sci., 34 (1): 106 - 134." type="journal article" year="1984">JOHNSON and KEENER (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
illustrated the second dorsal and pelvic fin spines of the larvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA84317150FFEDFD99F95FFC8EF6DD" blockId="32.[510,1543,1316,2359]" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27150FFEDFD99F95FFBC1F927" authority="VALENCIENNES, 1828" authorityName="VALENCIENNES" authorityYear="1828" box="[575,1037,1719,1745]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentzelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFD99F95FFCC2F927" box="[575,782,1719,1741]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">Serranus Mentzelii</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07150FFEDFCB3F95FFBC1F927" author="VALENCIENNES, A." box="[789,1037,1720,1745]" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" refId="ref32623" refString="VALENCIENNES, A.: 1828. See Cuvier & Valenciennes." title="See Cuvier & Valenciennes" type="book" year="1828">VALENCIENNES, 1828</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was considered a synonym of "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27150FFEDFADDF95FFD8EF91F" authorityName="de l'Ocean" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="guaza">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFADDF95FFD8EF91F" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">Epinephelus guaza</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" by C.L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07150FFEDFD19F93DFCAEF91C" author="SMITH, C. L." box="[703,866,1754,1782]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist." pageId="32" pageNumber="37" pagination="1 - 241" part="146" refId="ref31738" refString="SMITH, C. L.: 1971. A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 146: 1 - 241." title="A revision of the American groupers: Epinephelus and allied genera" type="journal article" year="1971">SMITH (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07150FFEDFC01F93DFB27F91F" author="BAUCHOT" box="[935,1259,1753,1781]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="BAUCHOT" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Mus. natn. Hirt nat." page="31" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" pagination="3 3 - - 82" part="3" refId="ref26586" refString="BAUCHOT, M. - L., M. DESOUTTER & J. E. RANDALL: 1984. Catalogue critique des types de Poissons du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Suite) (Famille des Serranidae).) Bull. Mus. natn. Hirt nat., Paris 6 (3): 3 3 - - 82.." title="Catalogue critique des types de Poissons du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Suite) (Famille des Serranidae)" type="journal volume" year="1984">
|
||
BAUCHOT
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFB8EF939FB90F904" box="[1064,1116,1753,1774]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1984: 31)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and they listed three supposed "syntypes" collected in Brazil by DELALANDE. The two alcoholic "syntypes" (MNHN 137 & 7368) were recently examined and found to be specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27150FFEDFA0BF8F8FD82F8B1" authorityName="GILL" authorityYear="1863" family="Serranidae" genus="Mycteroperca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFA0BF8F8FD82F8B1" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">Mycteroperca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(the species not readily apparent) with 11 anal fin rays. In the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27150FFEDFD12F884FAF6F896" authority="(CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, 1828: 291)" baseAuthorityName="CUVIER and VALENCIENNES" baseAuthorityPageNumber="291" baseAuthorityYear="1828" box="[692,1338,1889,1918]" family="Serranidae" genus="Serranus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mentzelii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFD12F884FD0FF89D" box="[692,707,1891,1911]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">S</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFD72F885FCF3F89D" box="[724,831,1890,1911]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">Mentzelii</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07150FFEDFCF3F885FAFDF897" author="CUVIER, G. & A. VALENCIENNES" bookContentInfo="Paris, F. G. Levrault, Vol. 2: xxi + 490 pp., pls. 9 - 40" box="[853,1329,1890,1917]" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" refId="ref28146" refString="CUVIER, G. & A. VALENCIENNES: 1828. Histoire Naturelle des Poissans. Paris, F. G. Levrault, Vol. 2: xxi + 490 pp., pls. 9 - 40." title="Histoire Naturelle des Poissans" type="book" year="1828">CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, 1828: 291</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, VALENCIENNES gives an anal fin count of III,8; and he mentions only a single specimen "qui est long de deux pieds huit pouces" (2 feet, 8 inches long). Consequently, neither of these "syntypes" (MNHN 137 & 7368) nor the dry specimen (MNHN A. 5777, 256 mm. total length) also listed as a "syntype" by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07150FFEDFC1FF80DFB0AF7ED" author="BAUCHOT" box="[953,1222,2026,2055]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="BAUCHOT" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Mus. natn. Hirt nat." pageId="32" pageNumber="37" pagination="3 3 - - 82" part="3" refId="ref26586" refString="BAUCHOT, M. - L., M. DESOUTTER & J. E. RANDALL: 1984. Catalogue critique des types de Poissons du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Suite) (Famille des Serranidae).) Bull. Mus. natn. Hirt nat., Paris 6 (3): 3 3 - - 82.." title="Catalogue critique des types de Poissons du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (Suite) (Famille des Serranidae)" type="journal volume" year="1984">
|
||
BAUCHOT
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFB9EF809FBA5F815" box="[1080,1129,2026,2047]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1984)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
can be considered a type specimen, as they are much shorter than the only Specimen (holotype) mentioned in the original description; and they do not agree with the description of this species. The holotype is apparently lost. Dr M.L. BAUCHOT sent a photograph of the large charcoal drawing from the collection of Prince Maurice, which VALENCIENNES mentioned in the original description. Although this drawing is crude, it looks like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27150FFEDFDA6F750FC27F738" authority="(LICHTENSTEIN, 1822)" baseAuthorityName="LICHTENSTEIN" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[512,1003,2230,2258]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFDA6F750FD12F738" box="[512,734,2231,2258]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">Epinephelus itajara</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD4F9C07150FFEDFD49F751FC2FF726" author="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. G." box="[751,995,2230,2258]" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" pagination="267 - 288" refId="ref30162" refString="LICHTENSTEIN, M. H. G.: 1822. Die Werke von Marcgrave und Piso uber die Naturgeschichte Brasiliens, erlautert aus den wieder aufgefundenen original Abbildungen. IV. Fische. Abhandl. K Akad. Wss. Berlin (1820 - 1821). pp. 267 - 288." type="book chapter" year="1822">LICHTENSTEIN, 1822</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it shows the dark cross-bars on the base of the caudal fin and peduncle that are typical of large specimens of this species. The description of the colour pattern given by VALENCIENNES also fits
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27150FFEDFAE0F71BFA7AF6FC" baseAuthorityName="LICHTENSTEIN" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[1350,1462,2300,2326]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="itajara">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFAE0F71BFA9BF6FA" box="[1350,1367,2300,2320]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFACAF71BFA7AF6FC" box="[1388,1462,2300,2326]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">itajara</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
much better than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C45FFB27150FFEDFD30F6FAFCF7F6DD" baseAuthorityName="Lowe" baseAuthorityYear="1834" box="[662,827,2333,2359]" family="Serranidae" genus="Epinephelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="32" pageNumber="37" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marginatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFD30F6FAFD6BF6D8" box="[662,679,2333,2354]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">E</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237150FFEDFD1DF6FAFCF7F6DD" box="[699,827,2333,2359]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="37">marginatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35FD7BA7151FFECFCC6FBD3FC13FB2F" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFCC6FBD3FBB0FBAF" blockId="33.[864,1148,1076,1095]" box="[864,1148,1076,1095]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<heading id="D0B2335D7151FFECFCC6FBD3FBB0FBAF" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[864,1148,1076,1095]" centered="true" fontSize="7" level="12" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93158237151FFECFCC6FBD3FBB0FBAF" bold="true" box="[864,1148,1076,1095]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">MATERIAL EXAMINED</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFA84317151FFECFE4AFB93FC13FB2F" blockId="33.[492,1522,1139,1221]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7151FFECFE4AFB93FB2CFB60" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234354" box="[492,1248,1139,1164]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="Benin" location="BENIN" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="MNHN 1964-570" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="BENIN">
|
||
EASTERN ATLANTIC:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17151FFECFD53FB93FCB7FB6C" box="[757,891,1140,1158]" name="Benin" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">DAHOMEY</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49814AD37151FFECFC2FFB93FC15FB6C" box="[905,985,1140,1158]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">BENIN</collectingRegion>
|
||
):
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7151FFECFC56FB93FB6CFB6F" box="[1008,1184,1139,1157]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">MNHN 1964-570</specimenCode>
|
||
(367).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7151FFECFB4AFB94FC05FB43" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234311" collectionCode="FMNH" country="Honduras" location="HONDURAS" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="FMNH 95957" specimenCount="2">
|
||
WESTERN ATLANTIC:
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17151FFECFE4BFB77FD4CFB49" box="[493,640,1168,1187]" name="Honduras" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">HONDURAS</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7151FFECFD28FB76FCD0FB49" box="[654,796,1169,1187]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">FMNH 95957</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D434FB87151FFECFC8BFB76FCFBFB48" box="[813,823,1169,1186]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">2</specimenCount>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD29D47151FFECFCE3FB76FC75FB49" box="[837,953,1169,1187]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" metricValueMax="11.1" metricValueMin="8.7" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="99.0" valueMax="111.0" valueMin="87.0">87- 111 mm</quantity>
|
||
.).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7151FFECFC7CFB77FA65FB42" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234507" box="[986,1449,1167,1192]" collectionCode="MCZ" country="Brazil" location="Camamu" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="MCZ 10063" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F352C4A17151FFECFC7CFB77FBF5FB48" box="[986,1081,1168,1186]" name="Brazil" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
|
||
:
|
||
<location id="8E9AD2EA7151FFECFBE8FB77FB6BFB48" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC3527716EFFECFCAEFBA3FC13FB2F:8E9AD2EA7151FFECFBE8FB77FB6BFB48" box="[1102,1191,1168,1186]" country="Brazil" name="Camamu" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Camamu</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7151FFECFB13FB68FAFCFB48" box="[1205,1328,1167,1186]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">MCZ 10063</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD29D47151FFECFAE2FB77FA54FB48" box="[1348,1432,1168,1186]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.98" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="198.0">198 mm</quantity>
|
||
.);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7151FFECFA14FB76FD29FB2E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234305" collectionCode="MCZ" country="Brazil" location="Bahia" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" specimenCode="MCZ 10144" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Bahia">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49814AD37151FFECFA14FB76FA21FB49" box="[1458,1517,1169,1187]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Bahia</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<specimenCode id="DBE32C4A7151FFECFE48FB4AFDA7FB55" box="[494,619,1197,1215]" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">MCZ 10144</specimenCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CBD29D47151FFECFD26FB4AFD18FB55" box="[640,724,1197,1215]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.81" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" unit="mm" value="181.0">181 mm</quantity>
|
||
.);
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B2D8E6C7151FFECFD49FB4AFC13FB2F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4894234352" box="[751,991,1197,1221]" collectionCode="MZUSP" country="Brazil" location="Alegre" pageId="33" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="8E9AD2EA7151FFECFD49FB4AFCFFFB2E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EC3527716EFFECFCAEFBA3FC13FB2F:8E9AD2EA7151FFECFD49FB4AFCFFFB2E" box="[751,819,1197,1220]" name="Alegre" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">Alegre</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED541CF47151FFECFCE3FB4AFC56FB55" box="[837,922,1197,1215]" collectionName="MZUSP" pageId="33" pageNumber="38">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
(132).
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |