248 lines
32 KiB
XML
248 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document id="A7609E561DC33503E104D5FD6EBF0047" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFF8F6178CAF3881FD83F210" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Nyctimene albiventer" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="119" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="118" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
|
||
<mods:mods id="53D7B782959EDBD46297F5BB83E8A181" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="8E21172CB36395E7BFBD48B72B438209">
|
||
<mods:title id="7045A93E4CF8CA57A45918301F8BEF10">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="31D9FC9F1D987D3EE3A9F34860273805" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="C0BC14DFF4E6C6EC48C464BCD858D275">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="D5F39752490D73E05602798E57DEB2CD">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="2FDBE2F2DED46AA4CCA3E5C08D2FFDB5">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="DCF557E3E6E44BC4FC175D6FE18340F3" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="CD073076E3A63F7A86C869F80F5795E7">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="3068D2FDE7780BC880539BF00C296B2C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="879A70D73F1D5D1B877D7C1A668D35EC">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="A79A1C7968A5A2B2C46206A589E4F6E0">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="617F3D734B3CFF5D81A2CD55714D5220" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="EE506E93008E965D6D841673339CF432">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="BA305FC024B6EB696E696F987A6F21F9">2019</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="AC4C4A318DEC24275BF434AA66A99C7C" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="9316E2FE815BB8A1DCBB7CB69CFA749D">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="EECA7D49F6E087851E82B76B3527063E">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="EE4D3A7C418F522F1D39075D0F44156B">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="14CFBC4A7F495BD4B34A0E6AA218F381">
|
||
<mods:title id="A8CFC97885BE464FBBEC72D8AE50A578">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="BF67BBA69F9C4E5B268FDD0262463FB0">
|
||
<mods:extent id="70FF598C50D9B84BF88E8EB462750F00" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="86C7F66C85439581E0BCFE96DAE9B1DE">16</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="BA9E4CB300D70A2F2E7F132A3642F7CF">162</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="754A8EF6A57EE238B487B2525712388E">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="D11A97E0263693275D595B6738B2D794" type="CLB-Dataset">88683</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="895EF6A80BC7C09AFE3A6B39ACDAD3DF" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="694DD32B8384F79B432E7AA683949733" type="GBIF-Dataset">bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="BF4A49C94CBF9CBD651F0184CB54B335" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5396EC913DEBF7FCB9600919FF49DE06" type="Zenodo-Dep">6448815</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03AD87FAFFF8F6178CAF3881FD83F210" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794782" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379464" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794782" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFF8F6178CAF3881FD83F210" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFF8F6178CAF3881FD83F210" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="119" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF8F6168CAF3881F9A4F350" box="[1457,1537,3229,3275]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF8F6168CAF3881F9A4F350" blockId="60.[1452,2653,3229,3354]" box="[1457,1537,3229,3275]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FFF8F6168CAF3881F9A4F350" box="[1457,1537,3229,3275]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFF8F6168CAF3881F9A4F350" box="[1457,1537,3229,3275]" captionStart="Plate 6: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="57.[107,137,3293,3318]" captionTargetBox="[11,2749,17,3661]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="95. African Straw-colored Fruit Bat (Eidolon helvum), 96. Madagascan Straw-colored Fruit Bat (Eidolon dupreanum), 98. Steadfast Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Paranyctimene tenax), 99. Broad-striped Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene aello), 100. Round-eared Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene cyclotis), 101. Mountain Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene certans), 102. Happy Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene wrighiae), 103. Lesser Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene varius), 104. Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene albiventer), 105. Dragon Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene draconilla), 106. Demonic Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene masalai), 107. Malaita Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene malaitensis), 108. Umboi Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene vizcaccia), 109. Island Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene major), 110. Philippine Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene rabori), 111. Pallas’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene cephalotes), 112. Keast’s Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene keasti), 113. Queensland Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (Nyctimene robinsont)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448867" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448867/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">104.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF8F6168F0C3881F73BF350" box="[1554,2206,3229,3275]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF8F6168F0C3881F73BF350" blockId="60.[1452,2653,3229,3354]" box="[1554,2206,3229,3275]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FFF8F6168F0C3881F73BF350" box="[1554,2206,3229,3275]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF8F6168F0C3881F73BF350" ID-CoL="485L9" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1554,2206,3229,3275]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF8F61681FA3881F5F0F350" box="[2276,2645,3229,3275]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF8F61681FA3881F5F0F350" blockId="60.[1452,2653,3229,3354]" box="[2276,2645,3229,3275]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FFF8F61681FA3881F5F0F350" box="[2276,2645,3229,3275]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF8F61681FA3881F5F0F350" ID-CoL="485L9" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[2276,2645,3229,3275]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF8F61681FA3881F5F0F350" box="[2276,2645,3229,3275]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">Nyctimene albiventer</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF8F6168CB038C2F80FF281" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF8F6168CB038C2F5F9F368" blockId="60.[1452,2653,3229,3354]" box="[1454,2652,3294,3315]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FFF8F6168CB038C2F5F9F368" box="[1454,2652,3294,3315]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF8F6168CB038C2FA5CF368" bold="true" box="[1454,1529,3294,3315]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF8F6168F1D38C2F8A7F368" ID-CoL="485L9" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1539,1794,3294,3315]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">Nyctimene a ventre blanc</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF8F6168E0938C2F8D7F368" bold="true" box="[1815,1906,3294,3315]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF8F6168E6438C2F767F368" ID-CoL="485L9" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1914,2242,3294,3315]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">Gemeiner Rohrennasenflughund</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF8F61681C938C2F696F368" bold="true" box="[2263,2355,3294,3315]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF8F616802238C2F5F9F368" ID-CoL="485L9" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[2364,2652,3294,3315]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">Nyctimeno de vientre blanco</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF8F6168CB33919F80FF281" blockId="60.[1452,2653,3229,3354]" box="[1453,1962,3333,3354]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<heading id="D0F38180FFF8F6168CB33919F80FF281" box="[1453,1962,3333,3354]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF8F6168CB33919F901F281" bold="true" box="[1453,1700,3333,3354]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="050746C2FFF8F6168FB03919F80FF281" ID-CoL="485L9" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1710,1962,3333,3354]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">Common Tube-nosed Bat</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF8F6168CB33957F6B4F2F3" box="[1453,2321,3403,3432]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF8F6168CB33957F6B4F2F3" blockId="60.[1452,2660,3403,3473]" box="[1453,2321,3403,3432]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF8F6168CB33957F9EDF2F3" bold="true" box="[1453,1608,3403,3432]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF8F6168F453957F6A8F2F3" ID-CoL="ec5e535a-c684-4f4b-a8de-2d71090b547d" authority="J. E. Gray, 1863" authorityName="J. E. Gray" authorityYear="1863" box="[1627,2317,3403,3432]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer" subGenus="Uronycteris">Cynopterus (Uronycteris) albiventer J. E. Gray, 1863</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF8F616803F3957F895F20B" pageId="60" pageNumber="118" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF8F616803F3957F895F20B" blockId="60.[1452,2660,3403,3473]" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFF8F616803F3957F895F20B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391317" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">
|
||
“Morty [= Morotai] Island,”
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF8F6168F15396BF92AF20B" box="[1547,1679,3447,3472]" name="Indonesia" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF8F6168FBE396BF889F20B" box="[1696,1836,3447,3472]" name="Indonesia" pageId="60" pageNumber="118">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF9F6178BFE3504FB49FB7C" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F6178BFE3504FB49FB7C" blockId="61.[735,1329,280,703]" lastBlockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178BFE3504FC52FEAE" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[736,1015,280,309]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">Nyctimene albiventer</taxonomicName>
|
||
1s in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178DAA3504FA94FEAE" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[1204,1329,280,309]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">albiventer</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group. Taxonomic relationship of species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178AC4357EFBF2FE18" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[986,1111,354,387]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">albiventer</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is unresolved and currently under revision. Limited published genetic data suggest that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178A0535C4FC3DFE62" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[795,920,472,505]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">albiventer</taxonomicName>
|
||
group is not monophyletic.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178BC13618FC17FDBA" box="[735,946,516,545]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="keasti">Nyctimene keasti</taxonomicName>
|
||
and N. viscaccia have been considered subspecies or synonyms of N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178A103653FC2EFDEB" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[782,907,591,624]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">albiventer</taxonomicName>
|
||
but are now considered distinct species. Taxon papuanus is included under N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178A7836BAFC46FD24" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[870,995,678,703]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">albiventer</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a subspecies, butthis name certainly represents a distinct species (possibly even multiple species throughout New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF9F617881A36F0FECEFC96" box="[260,363,748,781]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF9F61788A136F0FCA1FC96" box="[447,772,748,781]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Bismarck Archipelago</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Comparison between papuanus and albrventer by K. M. Helgen and colleagues in 2009 suggested that they were distinct species, although there is continued revision, and this change is not used here. True N. albiventeris most likely endemic to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF9F6178B9D377EFCAFFC18" box="[643,778,866,899]" name="Indonesia" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178A06377EFC3EFC18" box="[792,923,866,899]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Nyctimene</taxonomicName>
|
||
albiventerand N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178D94377EFB5FFC18" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1914" box="[1162,1274,866,899]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="vizcaccia">vizcaccia</taxonomicName>
|
||
are apparently found in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF9F61788833796FD73FC30" box="[413,726,906,939]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Bismarck Archipelago</collectingCountry>
|
||
as currently defined. Placement of N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178DE33796FF6AFC49" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1922" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draconilla">draconilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
and N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F617885237ADFE15FC49" authorityName="Smith & Hood" authorityYear="1983" box="[332,432,945,978]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="masalai">masalai</taxonomicName>
|
||
is uncertain because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178BEF37ADFCD7FC49" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1922" box="[753,882,945,978]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draconilla">draconilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
was listed as a distinct species without clarifying its diagnostic characteristics and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178A5137C5FC16FC61" authorityName="Smith & Hood" authorityYear="1983" box="[847,947,985,1018]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="masalai">masalai</taxonomicName>
|
||
was included in N. albiventerand is morphologically very similar to N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178BC1301CFCFFFBBA" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[735,858,1024,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">albiventer</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178D1D301CFBCBFBBA" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[1027,1134,1024,1057]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">minutus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered a synonym of nominate subspecies because holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178A883034FBA4FBD2" authorityName="G. S. Miller" authorityYear="1906" box="[918,1025,1064,1097]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Cynopterus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="minutus">minutus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and only representative labeled from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFF9F617886A3053FE4CFBEB" box="[372,489,1103,1136]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
ofits kind seems to represent a geographically mislabeled N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F61789BD306BFE85FB03" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[163,288,1143,1176]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albiventer">albiventer</taxonomicName>
|
||
rather than N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F61788E1306BFDF5FB03" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1910" box="[511,592,1143,1176]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varius">varius</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF9F6178BB7306BFC8AFB03" box="[681,815,1143,1176]" name="Indonesia" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Moluccas</collectingCountry>
|
||
, according to Helgen in K. P. Aplin and K. N. Armstrong in 2016. Subspecific and specific status of most of these populations is unresolved and requires additional research. Two subspecies recognized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF9F617896630F1FE16FA48" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" type="multiple">
|
||
<caption id="DF7B6664FFF9F617896630F1FE16FA48" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6795004" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6795004" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6795004/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" startId="61.[120,274,1261,1294]" targetBox="[120,710,287,700]" targetPageId="61">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F617896630F1FDACFA95" blockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" box="[120,521,1261,1294]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF9F617896630F1FDACFA95" bold="true" box="[120,521,1261,1294]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F61789663105FCECFAC6" blockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F61789663105FCECFAC6" authority=". E. Gray, 1863" authorityName=". E. Gray" authorityYear="1863" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="albiventer" subSpecies="albwenterj">N.a.albwenterJ.E.Gray,1863—NMoluccas(Morotai,Halmahera,Bacan,andObi)andRajaAmpatIs(Waigeo,Batanta,andSalawati).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F6178966317FFE16FA48" blockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178966317FFDE8FA1F" authority="K. Andersen, 1910" authorityName="K. Andersen" authorityYear="1910" box="[120,589,1379,1412]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="albiventer" subSpecies="papuanus">N. a. papuanus K. Andersen, 1910</taxonomicName>
|
||
— lowland New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF9F6178A30317FFC31FA1F" box="[814,916,1379,1412]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
and N Aru Is. Populations on Kai Is, Admiralty Is, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF9F6178BDB3197FC5BFA37" box="[709,1022,1419,1452]" name="Papua New Guinea" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Bismarck Archipelago</collectingCountry>
|
||
are not currently assigned to either taxon.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF9F617896931C6FEE0F771" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F617896931C6FEE0F771" blockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF9F617896931C6FED7FA60" bold="true" box="[119,370,1498,1531]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 743-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF9F6178B6E31C6FD41FA60" box="[624,740,1498,1531]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="115.0">115 mm</quantity>
|
||
,tail 18-25-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF9F6178A9531C6FC7AFA60" box="[907,991,1498,1531]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ear 11-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF9F6178D4F31C6FB76FA60" box="[1105,1235,1498,1531]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="5.0">5-16 mm</quantity>
|
||
, hindfoot 11-22-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF9F6178809321DFECAF9B9" box="[279,367,1537,1570]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF9F61788E0321DFD33F9B9" box="[510,662,1537,1570]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" metricValueMax="6.7" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="61.0" valueMax="67.0" valueMin="55.0">55-67 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight 27-5-55-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF9F6178A96321DFC12F9B9" box="[904,951,1537,1570]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" unit="g" value="5.0">5 g</quantity>
|
||
. Females tend to be paler than males. Rostrum of the Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat is short, with long tubular divergent nostrils that curve outward at rims. Ears are long, with pointed tips; eyes are large, with amber irises. Dorsal pelage is dark to light brown, with varying hues of gray, yellow, or orange (hairs are dark brown except for whitish bases); ventral pelage and flanks are golden to whitish or white, with gold variably on chest. There is also distinct and wavy narrow (
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFF9F61788E932F2FDC9F894" box="[503,620,1774,1807]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" unit="mm" value="3.0" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="2.0">2-4 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide) dark brown dorsal stripe, extending from rump to between shoulder blades and fading or absent above shoulder blades. Wings, nostrils, and ears are variably covered in bright yellow spots. Wings are greenish black to black, with variable amounts of yellow and dark spotting; second digit of wing has a claw, and wing attaches at second digit of foot. Tail is very short, black, and wrinkled, and narrow uropatagium connects at base and stretches to calcar at ankles. Claws are black. Skull and mandible are robust; distal parts of premaxillae project forward below nasal opening. Single lower incisor is completely deciduous, falling out before adulthood; lower molars are broad and rounded in dorsal view; C, replaces incisors and is long and powerful; P, is elongated and longer than P and P; inner and outer cusps of P? and P, are not to weakly fused; M,is slightly shorter than P_; M,is short; and canines are apparently more robust than in the Dragon Tube-nosed Fruit Bat (N.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F61789AF3CD1FE9CF771" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1922" box="[177,313,2253,2282]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Nyctimene" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="draconilla">draconilla</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF9F61789693CECFE5EF6FB" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F61789693CECFE5EF6FB" blockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF9F61789693CECFF43F68A" bold="true" box="[119,230,2288,2321]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primary lowland rainforests, hill forests,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFF9F6178A453CECFB30F68A" box="[859,1173,2288,2321]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myrtaceae" genus="Melaleuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Myrtales" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Melaleuca (Myrtaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
savannas, monsoon forests, secondary forests, rural gardens, sago palm plantations, and various another types of plantation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF9F61789693D7BFD49F5BE" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F61789693D7BFD49F5BE" blockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF9F61789693D7BFEDFF613" bold="true" box="[119,378,2407,2440]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bats are primarily frugivorous based on stomach contents and general tooth morphology. Stomachs have primarily contained pulped vegetable matter, but one contained beetles and ants and another had remains of moths. This suggests that insect prey is occasionally eaten, but whether this is accidental or purposeful has yet to be clarified.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF9F61789693E30FB21F570" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F61789693E30FB21F570" blockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF9F61789693E30FF58F5D6" bold="true" box="[119,253,2604,2637]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Reproductively active Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bats have been recorded in every month in New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFF9F61788E63E48FDC5F5EE" box="[504,608,2644,2677]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but there is evidence of seasonal reproduction at various localities. Litters have one young. Females can have two litters/year, with 5-6 months of gestation and lactation for each young. After birth, their mothers carry young while they forage, and young are left at roosts when they are larger.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF9F617896B3EEDFAABF44C" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F617896B3EEDFAABF44C" blockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF9F617896B3EEDFEC6F489" bold="true" box="[117,355,2801,2834]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat is nocturnal, spending the day roosting and foraging throughout the night. It was only captured around dawn in one study. When ambient temperatures cool,it can enter torpor to conserve energy by lowering body temperature and metabolic rate. After four hours at 25°C, body temperatures lowered to 27-8-29-6°C, and metabolic rate was one-third of that of a homeothermic individual. It usually roosts among dry leaves in understories and mid-canopies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF9F61789693FC2FD26F3BD" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F61789693FC2FD26F3BD" blockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF9F61789693FC2FCE9F464" bold="true" box="[119,844,3038,3071]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bats roost alone or in mother-young pairs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF9F61789693831FA8CF35F" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F61789693831FA8CF35F" blockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF9F61789693831FE77F3D5" bold="true" box="[119,466,3117,3150]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. As currently defined, the Common Tube-nosed Fruit Bat represents a species complex that has a widespread distribution. It is common throughoutits distribution and has no major threats, but if it is split into multiple species, populations of each might be threatened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFF9F617896938CFFD83F210" pageId="61" pageNumber="119" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFF9F617896938CFFD83F210" blockId="61.[117,1328,713,3467]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFF9F617896938CFFEB5F377" bold="true" box="[119,272,3283,3308]" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aplin & Armstrong (2016c¢), Bartholomew et al. (1970), Bergmans (2001), Bonaccorso (1998), Colgan &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFF9F61789FD38E6FE85F288" box="[227,288,3322,3347]" country="Tanzania" name="Pwani" pageId="61" pageNumber="119">Costa</collectingRegion>
|
||
(2002), Donnellan et al. (1995), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Helgen (2007a), Helgen, Opiang & Thomas (2009), Hutson, Helgen, Schlitter & Suyanto (2008), Irwin (2017), Kitchener, Packer & Suyanto (1995), Macaranas et al. (2003), McNab & Bonaccorso (2001), Newbound et al. (2008), Pattiselanno (2013), Vestjens & Hall (1977).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |