206 lines
23 KiB
XML
206 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="3B1C097941C5F549C58797BAE2F02C29" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFD7F63E8C613F2BFDCCF88E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Chironax tumulus Bergmans & Rozendaal 1988" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="78" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="77" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="CF91091B200EFEE0E82F3F80CF086576">
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<mods:title id="81D921CC50AD72886CC3CB6233FCB2A6">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A5B3CD3CFD35A2E7696B40D4BB774300">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8CCFFDD90F91752AEBB9D32222799CEF">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="A328442F17316EAAF0A24D687AC544AD">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="2DAD24E2A69C9B4190AEDE61E3254216" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="35B86D66A0EAF77880EDE045E65B2BAC">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="2FF7750487D4D7F4A2AA17CB8AFF1BFC">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="3D69DC161F6E44F73CE4F39CE24996C7">
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<mods:title id="BBD2DBC1FD496FA008BBF942A78CEAE1">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="AE81D926D834140D402EB4A40A4DAD78">
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<mods:identifier id="878D409A184F39BB77C6D08CCAEABF41" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFD7F63E8C613F2BFDCCF88E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448889" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379323" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448889" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFD7F63E8C613F2BFDCCF88E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFD7F63E8C613F2BFDCCF88E" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398C613F2BFA1DF4FE" box="[1407,1464,2871,2917]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398C613F2BFA1DF4FE" blockId="19.[1404,2543,2871,2998]" box="[1407,1464,2871,2917]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD7F6398C613F2BFA1DF4FE" box="[1407,1464,2871,2917]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFD7F6398C613F2BFA1DF4FE" box="[1407,1464,2871,2917]" captionStart="Plate 2: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="13.[140,170,3324,3349]" captionTargetBox="[14,2760,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="15. Brooks's Dayak Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus brooksi), 16. Common Dayak Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus spadiceus), 17. Philippine Large-headed Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus rickarti), 18. Blanford’s Fruit Bat (Sphaerias blanfordi), 19. Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (Balionycteris maculata), 20. Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (Balionycteris seemundi), 21. Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat (Aethalops aequalis), 22. Common Pygmy Fruit Bat (Aethalops alecto), 23. Common Swift Fruit Bat (Thoopterus nigrescens), 24. Suhaniah’s Swift Fruit Bat (Thoopterus suhaniahae), 25. Mindanao Pygmy Fruit Bat (Alionycteris paucidentata), 26. Fischer’s Pygmy Fruit Bat (Haplonycteris fischeri), 27. Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat (Otopteropus cartilagonodus), 28. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat (Latidens salimaliz), 29. Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bat (Chironax melanocephalus), 30. Sulawesi Black-capped Fruit Bat (Chironax tumulus), 31. Lucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Penthetor lucasu)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448837/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">30.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398CD73F2BF7C5F4FE" box="[1481,2144,2871,2917]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398CD73F2BF7C5F4FE" blockId="19.[1404,2543,2871,2998]" box="[1481,2144,2871,2917]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD7F6398CD73F2BF7C5F4FE" box="[1481,2144,2871,2917]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD7F6398CD73F2BF7C5F4FE" ID-CoL="7S8PG" authorityName="Bergmans & Rozendaal" authorityYear="1988" box="[1481,2144,2871,2917]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tumulus">
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD7F6398CD73F2BF9D3F4FE" box="[1481,1654,2871,2917]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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Black-capped Fruit Bat
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F63981883F2BF64BF4FE" box="[2198,2542,2871,2917]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F63981883F2BF64BF4FE" blockId="19.[1404,2543,2871,2998]" box="[2198,2542,2871,2917]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFD7F63981883F2BF64BF4FE" box="[2198,2542,2871,2917]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F63981883F2BF64BF4FE" ID-CoL="7S8PG" authorityName="Bergmans & Rozendaal" authorityYear="1988" box="[2198,2542,2871,2917]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tumulus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F63981883F2BF64BF4FE" box="[2198,2542,2871,2917]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Chironax tumulus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398C603F6BF870F428" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398C603F6BF67CF417" blockId="19.[1404,2543,2871,2998]" box="[1406,2521,2935,2956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD7F6398C603F6BF67CF417" box="[1406,2521,2935,2956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398C603F6BFA6CF417" bold="true" box="[1406,1481,2935,2956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD7F6398CCC3F6BF91CF417" ID-CoL="7S8PG" authorityName="Bergmans & Rozendaal" authorityYear="1988" box="[1490,1721,2935,2956]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tumulus">
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Cynoptere de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD7F6398F7C3F6BF91CF417" box="[1634,1721,2935,2956]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398FD03F6BF88CF417" bold="true" box="[1742,1833,2935,2956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD7F6398E2D3F6BF72CF417" ID-CoL="7S8PG" authorityName="Bergmans & Rozendaal" authorityYear="1988" box="[1843,2185,2935,2956]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tumulus">Sulawesi-Schwarzkappenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F63981833F6BF75CF417" bold="true" box="[2205,2297,2935,2956]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD7F639801C3F6BF67CF417" ID-CoL="7S8PG" authorityName="Bergmans & Rozendaal" authorityYear="1988" box="[2306,2521,2935,2956]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tumulus">
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Chironax de
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD7F639809F3F6BF67CF417" box="[2433,2521,2935,2956]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398C633F82F870F428" blockId="19.[1404,2543,2871,2998]" box="[1405,2005,2974,2995]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD7F6398C633F82F870F428" box="[1405,2005,2974,2995]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398C633F82F9D0F428" bold="true" box="[1405,1653,2974,2995]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD7F6398F603F82F870F428" ID-CoL="7S8PG" authorityName="Bergmans & Rozendaal" authorityYear="1988" box="[1662,2005,2974,2995]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tumulus">Sulawesian Black-capped Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398EFC3FF9F661F3B1" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398EFC3FF9F661F3B1" blockId="19.[2017,2613,3045,3469]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398EFC3FF9F7DBF399" bold="true" box="[2018,2174,3045,3074]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F639818F3FF9F61AF3B1" ID-CoL="7S8PG" authority="Bergmans & Rozendaal, 1988" authorityName="Bergmans & Rozendaal" authorityYear="1988" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="melanocephalus" subSpecies="tumulus">Chironax melanocephalus tumulus Bergmans & Rozendaal, 1988</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F63980CD3815F6FCF3E2" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F63980CD3815F6FCF3E2" blockId="19.[2017,2613,3045,3469]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFD7F63980CD3815F6FCF3E2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391437" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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Sungei Moinakom, Dumoga-Bone National Park,
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD7F6398EFD3840F71DF3E2" box="[2019,2232,3164,3193]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">North Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD7F63981D63840F6F0F3E2" box="[2248,2389,3164,3193]" name="Indonesia" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398EF8389FF619F28D" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398EF8389FF619F28D" blockId="19.[2017,2613,3045,3469]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F6398EF8389FF744F33B" authorityName="Bergmans & Rozendaal" authorityYear="1988" box="[2022,2273,3203,3232]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tumulus">Chironax tumulus</taxonomicName>
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was described as a
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD7F6398EFD38BBF7F2F353" box="[2019,2135,3239,3272]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD7F639804938BBF7ACF374" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">C. melanocephalus</taxonomicName>
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but considered full species following W. Bergmans in 2011. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F6398EFC393DF67DF2A5" box="[2018,2520,3361,3390]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="multiple">
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||
<caption id="DF7B6664FFD7F6398EFC393DF67DF2A5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803638" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803638" box="[2018,2520,3361,3390]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803638/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" startId="19.[2018,2190,3361,3390]" targetBox="[1402,1994,3049,3464]" targetPageId="19">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F6398EFC393DF67DF2A5" blockId="19.[2017,2613,3045,3469]" box="[2018,2520,3361,3390]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398EFC393DF737F2A5" bold="true" box="[2018,2194,3361,3390]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Distribution.</emphasis>
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NE, CE & SE
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD7F6398043393DF671F2A5" box="[2397,2516,3361,3390]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD7F63E8EFC3958FB45FA12" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD7F63E8EFC3958FB45FA12" blockId="19.[2017,2613,3045,3469]" lastBlockId="20.[163,1373,279,1813]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD7F6398EFC3958F747F2FE" bold="true" box="[2018,2274,3396,3429]" pageId="19" pageNumber="77">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 55:
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD7F63980CB3958F597F2FE" box="[2517,2610,3396,3429]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
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(tailless), ear
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD7F63981843968F6BEF216" box="[2202,2331,3444,3469]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="9.0">9-10 mm</quantity>
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||
, hindfoot
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD7F63980B43968F589F216" box="[2474,2604,3444,3469]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="9.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="9.0">9-10 mm</quantity>
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||
, forearm
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E883C350BFE1FFEA3" box="[290,442,279,312]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.55" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="45.5" valueMax="48.0" valueMin="43.0">43-48 mm</quantity>
|
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; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E8B25350BFD0CFEA3" box="[571,681,279,312]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="g" value="14.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="12.0">12-17 g</quantity>
|
||
. Head has moderately elongated muzzle and is blackish and almost hairless; nostrils are shortly tubular and divergent; and philtrum is divided into two parallel grooves; and lowerlip pads are large. Eyes are large;iris is dark brown. Ears are short, rounded, and black. Head pelage is short, dense, and very dark, blackish brown; pelage is dark grayish brown on nape and dorsum. Uropatagium is undeveloped at center and densely covered dorsally with soft brown hairs, calcar is small, and foot claws are whitish. Throatis sparsely haired. Cheeks, sides of neck, and shoulders are strongly demarked against dark head and dorsum. Fur on shoulders, breast, and belly is light yellowish white; thin yellowish ruff occurs on some adult males. Flanks and post-genital areas are grayish. Underside of uropatagium is densely haired. Wing membranes are black from sides of body and attach on second toe; index claw is present. Skull is small and delicate, with no basicranial deflection; rostrum is relatively long, with fused premaxillae, gently sloping into forehead; orbit is large; zygomatic root is only slightly above upper alveolar line; zygoma is very thin and arched posteriorly; and braincase is globose. Dorsally, rostrum is relatively wide; paranasal recesses are slightly inflated reaching root of blunt, short, triangular postorbital processes; postorbital constriction is not obvious; braincase is oval without noticeable sagittal crest; and nuchal crest is inconspicuous. Ventrally, palate is flat, tooth rows gently diverge, teeth are spaced, post-dental palate is long and convergent, end of post-dental palate is flat, sphenoid crest is present, ectotympanic is small, wide anteriorly, and internally edged by adpressed and wide entotympanic. Mandible is thin, coronoid is long and sloping, condyle is level with lower alveolar line, and angle is indistinct. There are 9-10 arched interdental palatal ridges, with the more posterior ones divided at middle, followed by 1-2 irregular denticulate ridges and one arched denticulate ridge near end of post-dental palate. Upper dentition has two pairs of crowded,relatively short incisors; C' is thin, short, and slightly decurved; P! is a spicule; next premolar (P°) lacks additional anteroexternal cusp; and all posterior cheekteeth decrease in size and have rectangular outlines. Lower dentition has two pairs of small incisors, C, is weak and barely curved, Pp, has pointed crown, posterior cheekteeth are anteriorly almost as high as C, and decrease in size, and M,is minute.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89BA318CFC39FA2A" box="[164,924,1424,1457]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89BA318CFC39FA2A" blockId="20.[163,1373,279,1813]" box="[164,924,1424,1457]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89BA318CFEB1FA2A" bold="true" box="[164,276,1424,1457]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
[Lowland rainforest up to elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD0F63E8A5E318CFC3DFA2A" box="[832,920,1424,1457]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.6" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" unit="m" value="960.0">960 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89BA31ABFA8AFA43" box="[164,1327,1463,1496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89BA31ABFA8AFA43" blockId="20.[163,1373,279,1813]" box="[164,1327,1463,1496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89BA31ABFE0FFA43" bold="true" box="[164,426,1463,1496]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD0F63E88E631ABFDC9FA43" box="[504,620,1463,1496]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Black-capped Fruit Bat is presumably frugivorous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89BA31C2FAE2FA64" box="[164,1351,1502,1535]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89BA31C2FAE2FA64" blockId="20.[163,1373,279,1813]" box="[164,1351,1502,1535]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89BA31C2FE8EFA64" bold="true" box="[164,299,1502,1535]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pregnant
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD0F63E88DC31C2FD92FA64" box="[450,567,1502,1535]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Black-capped Fruit Bats were recorded in March-April.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89BD321AFDDBF9BC" box="[163,638,1542,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89BD321AFDDBF9BC" blockId="20.[163,1373,279,1813]" box="[163,638,1542,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89BD321AFE2AF9BC" bold="true" box="[163,399,1542,1575]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89BA3231FBF4F9D5" box="[164,1105,1581,1614]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89BA3231FBF4F9D5" blockId="20.[163,1373,279,1813]" box="[164,1105,1581,1614]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89BA3231FCC7F9D5" bold="true" box="[164,866,1581,1614]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89BB3249FAB2F95E" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89BB3249FAB2F95E" blockId="20.[163,1373,279,1813]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89BB3249FDAAF9ED" bold="true" box="[165,527,1621,1654]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD0F63E8B3F3249FDF0F9ED" box="[545,597,1621,1654]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
assessed on The IUCN Red List. The
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFD0F63E8D9C3249FB53F9ED" box="[1154,1270,1621,1654]" country="Indonesia" name="Sulawesi Utara" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Sulawesi</collectingRegion>
|
||
Blackcapped Fruit Bat was included under the Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD0F63E8DCF3260FEBDF95E" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1825" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Chironax" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="melanocephalus">C. melanocephalus</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which was classified as Least Concern. Populations are not fragmented.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD0F63E89BB32C8FDCCF88E" pageId="20" pageNumber="78" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD0F63E89BB32C8FDCCF88E" blockId="20.[163,1373,279,1813]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD0F63E89BB32C8FE9AF976" bold="true" box="[165,319,1748,1773]" pageId="20" pageNumber="78">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bergmans (2011), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Hutson, Kingston & Suyanto (2008), Maharadatunkamsi (2012), Wiantoro et al. (2017).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |