187 lines
23 KiB
XML
187 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document id="65272496A600181903195A3886A22C85" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFD5F6388C9F384CFCE5F577" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Haplonycteris fischeri Lawrence 1939" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="76" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="75" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4E46BDCC3F1242E6CCFC429CBFF3BABB">
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<mods:title id="BF643AB6EDB58EF15E679456978D6D1C">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="BACB0D8AE05D185A6A119A24546BDE03" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="6D517E32B8CCEEB06D207315BF72A6FC">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="20D0CB2826ACD4B596E34B515A3161DA">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="B936EC26385ED72F067648C6FBAC5190">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="2F7EB1BC95F711D5A9504AE71F724B40" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="7F20A22018F834DA2AE9B0BD027F94E8">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="DC855B71BEF6235717136DD028A1D32B">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="6255360516634E25AE7CFE405785F5A6">
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<mods:title id="D4F52CED5CCDB3E98BF83EE87B045262">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<mods:identifier id="AFFDBB0DF6692E47B747F72A489D6ACA" type="ISBN">978-84-16728-19-0</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFD5F6388C9F384CFCE5F577" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448877" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379346" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448877" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFD5F6388C9F384CFCE5F577" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFD5F6388C9F384CFCE5F577" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD5F63B8C9F384CFA1FF3E5" box="[1409,1466,3152,3198]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD5F63B8C9F384CFA1FF3E5" blockId="17.[1406,2456,3152,3278]" box="[1409,1466,3152,3198]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD5F63B8C9F384CFA1FF3E5" box="[1409,1466,3152,3198]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFD5F63B8C9F384CFA1FF3E5" box="[1409,1466,3152,3198]" captionStart="Plate 2: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="13.[140,170,3324,3349]" captionTargetBox="[14,2760,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="15. Brooks's Dayak Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus brooksi), 16. Common Dayak Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus spadiceus), 17. Philippine Large-headed Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus rickarti), 18. Blanford’s Fruit Bat (Sphaerias blanfordi), 19. Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (Balionycteris maculata), 20. Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (Balionycteris seemundi), 21. Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat (Aethalops aequalis), 22. Common Pygmy Fruit Bat (Aethalops alecto), 23. Common Swift Fruit Bat (Thoopterus nigrescens), 24. Suhaniah’s Swift Fruit Bat (Thoopterus suhaniahae), 25. Mindanao Pygmy Fruit Bat (Alionycteris paucidentata), 26. Fischer’s Pygmy Fruit Bat (Haplonycteris fischeri), 27. Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat (Otopteropus cartilagonodus), 28. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat (Latidens salimaliz), 29. Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bat (Chironax melanocephalus), 30. Sulawesi Black-capped Fruit Bat (Chironax tumulus), 31. Lucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Penthetor lucasu)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448837/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">26.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD5F63B8CD5384CF872F3E5" box="[1483,2007,3152,3198]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD5F63B8CD5384CF872F3E5" blockId="17.[1406,2456,3152,3278]" box="[1483,2007,3152,3198]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD5F63B8CD5384CF872F3E5" box="[1483,2007,3152,3198]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD5F63B8CD5384CF872F3E5" ID-CoL="6LCRF" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1939" box="[1483,2007,3152,3198]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Haplonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">Fischer’s Pygmy Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD5F63B8102384CF632F3E5" box="[2076,2455,3152,3198]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD5F63B8102384CF632F3E5" blockId="17.[1406,2456,3152,3278]" box="[2076,2455,3152,3198]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFD5F63B8102384CF632F3E5" box="[2076,2455,3152,3198]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD5F63B8102384CF632F3E5" ID-CoL="6LCRF" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1939" box="[2076,2455,3152,3198]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Haplonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD5F63B8102384CF632F3E5" box="[2076,2455,3152,3198]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">Haplonycteris fischeri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD5F63B8C9E388CF70EF357" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD5F63B8C9E388CF6C6F33E" blockId="17.[1406,2456,3152,3278]" box="[1408,2403,3216,3237]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFD5F63B8C9E388CF6C6F33E" box="[1408,2403,3216,3237]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD5F63B8C9E388CFA69F33E" bold="true" box="[1408,1484,3216,3237]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD5F63B8CCA388CF90FF33E" ID-CoL="6LCRF" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1939" box="[1492,1706,3216,3237]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Haplonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">Cynoptere de Fischer</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD5F63B8FA0388CF8BCF33E" bold="true" box="[1726,1817,3216,3237]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD5F63B8E3D388CF852F33E" ID-CoL="6LCRF" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1939" box="[1827,2039,3216,3237]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Haplonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">FischerKleinflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD5F63B8112388CF7C2F33E" bold="true" box="[2060,2151,3216,3237]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD5F63B816F388CF6C6F33E" ID-CoL="6LCRF" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1939" box="[2161,2403,3216,3237]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Haplonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">Haplonicterio de Fischer</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD5F63B8C6138ABF70EF357" blockId="17.[1406,2456,3152,3278]" box="[1407,2219,3255,3276]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFD5F63B8C6138ABF70EF357" box="[1407,2219,3255,3276]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD5F63B8C6138ABF9D2F357" bold="true" box="[1407,1655,3255,3276]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD5F63B8F9F38ABF823F357" ID-CoL="6LCRF" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1939" box="[1665,1926,3255,3276]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Haplonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">Philippine Pygmy Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD5F63B8E8B38ABF7A4F357" ID-CoL="6LCRF" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1939" box="[1941,2049,3255,3276]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Haplonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">Pygmy Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFD5F63B811138ABF70EF357" ID-CoL="6LCRF" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1939" box="[2063,2219,3255,3276]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Haplonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">Pygmy Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD5F63B8C6138E6F785F280" box="[1407,2080,3322,3355]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD5F63B8C6138E6F785F280" blockId="17.[1406,2615,3322,3481]" box="[1407,2080,3322,3355]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD5F63B8C6138E6F9BFF280" bold="true" box="[1407,1562,3322,3355]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD5F63B8F3638E6F7BEF280" ID-CoL="6LCRF" authority="Lawrence, 1939" authorityName="Lawrence" authorityYear="1939" box="[1576,2075,3322,3355]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Haplonycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fischeri">Haplonycteris fischeri Lawrence, 1939</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD5F63B813238E6FA49F2DA" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD5F63B813238E6FA49F2DA" blockId="17.[1406,2615,3322,3481]" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFD5F63B813238E6FA49F2DA" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391441" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">
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“Bignay, Mt. Halcon, Mindoro,”
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD5F63B80E938E6FA4DF2DA" name="Philippines" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD5F6388C9E3955FBB2FE61" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="17" pageNumber="75" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD5F6388C9E3955FBB2FE61" blockId="17.[1406,2615,3322,3481]" lastBlockId="18.[778,1371,275,703]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="17" pageNumber="75">Strong genetic structuring of H. fischeriindicates there are three old (4-6 million years) major geographical clades: Northern (Greater Luzon, Mindoro, and Negros-Panay), Sibuyan, and Southern (Greater Mindanao); these likely warrant distinction at the species level with morphological correlates (e.g. Sibuyan). Additional eight nested clades correspond with present-day islands. Monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD6F6388A143619FCFFFDD2" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFD6F6388A143619FCFFFDD2" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803632" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803632/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" startId="18.[778,950,517,546]" targetBox="[162,754,285,700]" targetPageId="18">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD6F6388A143619FCFFFDD2" blockId="18.[778,1371,275,703]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">
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||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD6F6388A143619FC1CFDB9" bold="true" box="[778,953,517,546]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Widespread in the
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFD6F6388DE13619FCF3FDD2" name="Philippines" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD6F6388A143648FD97F973" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD6F6388A143648FD97F973" blockId="18.[778,1371,275,703]" lastBlockId="18.[161,1370,709,2796]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD6F6388A143648FBA3FDEA" bold="true" box="[778,1030,596,625]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD6F6388DDD3648FAFCFDEA" box="[1219,1369,596,625]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.35" metricValueMax="7.8" metricValueMin="6.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="73.5" valueMax="78.0" valueMin="69.0">69-78 mm</quantity>
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{tallless), ear
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD6F6388D1A3667FB17FD03" box="[1028,1202,635,664]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="12.0">12-14 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD6F6388A1336BEFC0DFD24" box="[781,936,674,703]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="13.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="12.0">12-14 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD6F6388D5836BEFB40FD24" box="[1094,1253,674,703]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="5.2" metricValueMin="4.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="49.0" valueMax="52.0" valueMin="46.0">46-52 mm</quantity>
|
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; weight
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||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD6F63889B936D9FEB3FD7D" box="[167,278,709,742]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.85" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" unit="g" value="18.5" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="16.0">16-21 g</quantity>
|
||
. Head of Fischer’s Pygmy Fruit Bat is rounded; muzzle is short; nostrils are long tubular, with thickened rim; philtrum is divided and V-shaped, with each side ending on pad on upper lip; and lower lip has several pads. Eyes are large and bulging; iris is warm brown. Ears are short, rounded, and pale brown. Head pelageis soft, brown, and occasionally darker on cap; nape and dorsal pelage is long, soft, and reddish brown and extends to bases of forearms, the latter with band of pale hairs along its dorsal side. Uropatagium is narrow in center, and calcaris short. Sides of neck have tufts of long, orange glandular hairs on adult males. Chest and belly are light brown; flanks are brown. Wing membranes are dark to reddish brown from sides of body, index claw is present, and thumb is very long. Skull has no basicranial deflection, rostrum is short and deep, orbit is large, zygomatic root arises slightly above upper alveolar line, zygoma is thin and arched posteriorly, and braincase is domed. Dorsally, rostrum is wide at base and slightly tapering; paranasal recesses are inflated, surpassing root of posteriorly directed postorbital processes; postorbital foramina are absent; postorbital constriction is obvious; temporal lines join in low sagittal crest; braincaseis rounded, and nuchal crest is sharp. Ventrally, palate is flat, tooth rows divergeslightly, post-dental palate is long, palatine spine continues in sharp sphenoidal crest, and ectotympanic is small and wide anteriorly. Mandible is straight, coronoid is long and sloping, with squarish tip, condyle is level with lower alveolar line, and angle is round and distinct. There are 11-12 arched interdental palatal ridges, divided at middle, and 1-2 post-dental, denticulate, variously incomplete ridges. Dental formulais I 1/1, C1/1,P3/3, M1/1 (x2) = 24. I? is long and bent medially (I' absent); C' is small and almost straight; P' has small cusp; posterior cheekteeth are triangular anteriorly and decrease in height posteriorly; and M' is very low and small, with rectangular occlusal outline. I,is bifid, with inner lobe longer (I, absent); C, is small and very thin; P| is peg-like; posterior cheekteeth decrease in height posteriorly, and M,is very low, with rectangular occlusal outline.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD6F63889BD32E4FCE8F8AC" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD6F63889BD32E4FCE8F8AC" blockId="18.[161,1370,709,2796]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD6F63889BD32E4FEB7F88A" bold="true" box="[163,274,1784,1809]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
[Lowland to montane forests, second growth forests, agricultural areas, and mossy forests (rare) at elevations of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFD6F6388BBE330AFCECF8AC" box="[672,841,1814,1847]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="2.25" metricValueMin="0.15" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" unit="m" value="1200.0" valueMax="2250.0" valueMin="150.0">150-2250 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD6F63889BD3322FB3EF81D" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD6F63889BD3322FB3EF81D" blockId="18.[161,1370,709,2796]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD6F63889BD3322FE02F8C4" bold="true" box="[163,423,1854,1887]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Fischer’s Pygmy Fruit Bat is primarily frugivorous. On Panay, diet is composed exclusively of ten species of figs (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD6F6388A593379FC2FF81D" box="[839,906,1893,1926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
forsteni,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFD6F6388AE03379FB2BF81D" box="[1022,1166,1893,1926]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD6F63889BD3391FAF2F68A" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD6F63889BD3391FAF2F68A" blockId="18.[161,1370,709,2796]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD6F63889BD3391FE8FF835" bold="true" box="[163,298,1933,1966]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Fischer’s Pygmy Fruit Bat is seasonally monoestrous, with postpartum estrus and delayed embryonic development. Litter size is one. Births are synchronous, with most females giving birth in May-July, peaking in June. Postpartum estrus, mating, and conception occur within 1-3 weeks after parturition. Lactation lasts ¢.2-5 months to late October. Embryo experiences post-implantation developmental delay of ¢.8 months slowly growing until rapid development resumes over a period of ¢.3 months, achieving a crown-rump length of 25-30 mmjust prior to birth. Up to 10% of embryos are abnormal in some way like having embryonic layers disorganized. Males produce and store sperm in testes or epididymides throughout the year, and copulations occur year-round in some locations (e.g. Negros Island). Longevity is estimated at 8-10 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD6F63889BF3D04FDD9F6A2" box="[161,636,2328,2361]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD6F63889BF3D04FDD9F6A2" blockId="18.[161,1370,709,2796]" box="[161,636,2328,2361]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD6F63889BF3D04FE28F6A2" bold="true" box="[161,397,2328,2361]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD6F63889BD3D58FBEAF6FA" box="[163,1103,2372,2401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD6F63889BD3D58FBEAF6FA" blockId="18.[161,1370,709,2796]" box="[163,1103,2372,2401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD6F63889BD3D58FCC5F6FA" bold="true" box="[163,864,2372,2401]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD6F63889BD3D7BFBFFF5EF" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD6F63889BD3D7BFBFFF5EF" blockId="18.[161,1370,709,2796]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD6F63889BD3D7BFDA1F613" bold="true" box="[163,516,2407,2440]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Fischer's Pygmy Fruit Bat is widespread and common—more so at higher elevations where habitat quality is better, and conservation threats are minimal. Population is presumably large and stable. It is tolerant to moderate habitat degradation, but lowland populations might be affected by habitat destruction and drastic changes in land use. Genetically distinct populations are deeply fragmented into island groups that required taxonomic resolution and reassessment of their conservation status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFD6F63889BA3E98FCE5F577" pageId="18" pageNumber="76" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFD6F63889BA3E98FCE5F577" blockId="18.[161,1370,709,2796]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFD6F63889BA3E98FE98F506" bold="true" box="[164,317,2692,2717]" pageId="18" pageNumber="76">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Heaney et al. (2006), Heideman (1988, 1989a), Heideman & Heaney (1989), Lawrence (1939), Luft (2002), Ong, Rosell-Ambal, Tabaranza, Heaney, Duya, Gonzalez, Balete & Ramayla (2008), Peterson & Heaney (1993), Roberts (2006b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |