222 lines
28 KiB
XML
222 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="515D7615BA19B264A07896DC3CEFF75C" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFFCBF62589613D2CF960F4A0" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Balionycteris seimundi Kloss 1921" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="73" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="73" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:title id="569E9DBEC569272B86DBD5E4D0A06205">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="1055AEEDE79FAC07E2EEDAF068A53BB6">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="395FB133390BB4AD546C9F71EFABE6FC">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="1E42C33A3ECD2420E895DFB76984C904">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="7441EC2AEDDF6E18DEEDCD1A1935D838" type="pubDate">2019-10-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="A3308FAB5D1B687E354A0DBD262FA86D">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:placeTerm id="5A2C4E64CD323B7A4BA755017B0BFB0A">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="FE9527305B5F23C4D4D14F5A42CD1659">
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<mods:title id="1521C42779C9D8A464DC5F298365D366">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFFCBF62589613D2CF960F4A0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448857" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379341" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448857" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFFCBF62589613D2CF960F4A0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFFCBF62589613D2CF960F4A0" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF62589613D2CFF13F6F9" box="[127,182,2352,2402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF62589613D2CFF13F6F9" blockId="15.[125,1333,2352,2446]" box="[127,182,2352,2402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCBF62589613D2CFF13F6F9" box="[127,182,2352,2402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FFCBF62589613D2CFF13F6F9" box="[127,182,2352,2402]" captionStart="Plate 2: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="13.[140,170,3324,3349]" captionTargetBox="[14,2760,18,3662]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="15. Brooks's Dayak Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus brooksi), 16. Common Dayak Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus spadiceus), 17. Philippine Large-headed Fruit Bat (Dyacopterus rickarti), 18. Blanford’s Fruit Bat (Sphaerias blanfordi), 19. Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (Balionycteris maculata), 20. Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (Balionycteris seemundi), 21. Bornean Pygmy Fruit Bat (Aethalops aequalis), 22. Common Pygmy Fruit Bat (Aethalops alecto), 23. Common Swift Fruit Bat (Thoopterus nigrescens), 24. Suhaniah’s Swift Fruit Bat (Thoopterus suhaniahae), 25. Mindanao Pygmy Fruit Bat (Alionycteris paucidentata), 26. Fischer’s Pygmy Fruit Bat (Haplonycteris fischeri), 27. Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat (Otopteropus cartilagonodus), 28. Salim Ali’s Fruit Bat (Latidens salimaliz), 29. Sundaic Black-capped Fruit Bat (Chironax melanocephalus), 30. Sulawesi Black-capped Fruit Bat (Chironax tumulus), 31. Lucas’s Short-nosed Fruit Bat (Penthetor lucasu)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448837" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448837/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">20.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF62589DB3D2CFCCBF6F9" box="[197,878,2352,2402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF62589DB3D2CFCCBF6F9" blockId="15.[125,1333,2352,2446]" box="[197,878,2352,2402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCBF62589DB3D2CFCCBF6F9" box="[197,878,2352,2402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCBF62589DB3D2CFCCBF6F9" ID-CoL="7RDXP" authorityName="Kloss" authorityYear="1921" box="[197,878,2352,2402]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seimundi">Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF6258AB13D2CFA91F6F9" box="[943,1332,2352,2402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF6258AB13D2CFA91F6F9" blockId="15.[125,1333,2352,2446]" box="[943,1332,2352,2402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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||
<heading id="D0F38180FFCBF6258AB13D2CFA91F6F9" box="[943,1332,2352,2402]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF6258AB13D2CFA91F6F9" ID-CoL="7RDXP" authorityName="Kloss" authorityYear="1921" box="[943,1332,2352,2402]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seimundi">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF6258AB13D2CFA91F6F9" box="[943,1332,2352,2402]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Balionycteris seimundi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF62589633D6FFB58F613" box="[125,1277,2419,2440]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF62589633D6FFB58F613" blockId="15.[125,1333,2352,2446]" box="[125,1277,2419,2440]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<heading id="D0F38180FFCBF62589633D6FFB58F613" box="[125,1277,2419,2440]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF62589633D6FFF6CF613" bold="true" box="[125,201,2419,2440]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCBF62589CC3D6FFE1DF613" ID-CoL="7RDXP" authorityName="Kloss" authorityYear="1921" box="[210,440,2419,2440]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seimundi">Cynoptéere de Seimund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF62588D03D6FFD8DF613" bold="true" box="[462,552,2419,2440]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCBF6258B2C3D6FFC2CF613" ID-CoL="7RDXP" authorityName="Kloss" authorityYear="1921" box="[562,905,2419,2440]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seimundi">Malaya-Fleckenkurznasenflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF6258A813D6FFC5FF613" bold="true" box="[927,1018,2419,2440]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FFCBF6258D1A3D6FFB58F613" ID-CoL="7RDXP" authorityName="Kloss" authorityYear="1921" box="[1028,1277,2419,2440]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seimundi">Balionicterio de Seimund</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF6258BFD3DAAFC2EF664" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF6258BFD3DAAFC2EF664" blockId="15.[739,1332,2486,2914]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF6258BFD3DAAFCDAF64C" bold="true" box="[739,895,2486,2519]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF6258A913DAAFC23F664" ID-CoL="7RDXP" authority="Kloss, 1921" authorityName="Kloss" authorityYear="1921" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="maculata" subSpecies="seimundi">Balionycteris maculata seimundi Kloss, 1921</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF6258A833DC2FB22F5D5" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF6258A833DC2FB22F5D5" blockId="15.[739,1332,2486,2914]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FFCBF6258A833DC2FB26F5D5" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391442" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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“junction of the Tahan and Teku Rivers at the foot of Gunong Tahan,
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFCBF6258BFA3E29FCEAF5D5" box="[740,847,2613,2638]" country="Malaysia" name="Pahang" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Pahang</collectingRegion>
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,” Peninsular
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFCBF6258D123E29FB26F5D5" box="[1036,1155,2613,2638]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF6258BFA3E48FC39F443" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF6258BFA3E48FC39F443" blockId="15.[739,1332,2486,2914]" lastBlockId="15.[125,1330,2920,3466]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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Important (12%) genetic distance between the Bornean form (formerly the nominate subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF6258D5D3EBFFB47F55F" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1091,1250,2723,2756]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculata">B. maculata</taxonomicName>
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) and the Peninsular Malaysian specimens (formerly assigned to B. m.
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF6258D283EE9FB0CF489" authorityName="Kloss" authorityYear="1921" box="[1078,1193,2805,2834]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seimundi">seimundi</taxonomicName>
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) indicate recognition at species level of
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF6258DA93F05FA8EF4A1" authorityName="Kloss" authorityYear="1921" box="[1207,1323,2841,2874]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seimundi">seimundi</taxonomicName>
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. Specimens from Sumatra and islands of the south-western Riau Archipelago also differ morphometrically from those of Kalimantan and were assigned to B. sesmundi. All literature on
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF6258ABA3F93FBE6F42B" authorityName="Matschie" authorityYear="1899" box="[932,1091,2959,2992]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Balionycteris</taxonomicName>
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from Peninsular
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFCBF62589633FABFF57F443" box="[125,242,2999,3032]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
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should be referred to as
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF6258B483FABFD4AF443" authorityName="Kloss" authorityYear="1921" box="[598,751,2999,3032]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="seimundi">B. seimundi</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF62589633FFBFD08F3BD" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FFCBF62589633FFBFD08F3BD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803620" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803620/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" startId="15.[125,297,3047,3072]" targetBox="[124,715,2496,2911]" targetPageId="15">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF62589633FFBFD08F3BD" blockId="15.[125,1330,2920,3466]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF62589633FFBFE89F39B" bold="true" box="[125,300,3047,3072]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Malay Peninsula from S
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFCBF6258B983FFBFCA0F39B" box="[646,773,3047,3072]" name="Thailand" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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and Sumatra, including SW Riau Archipelago (Bintan, Durian, and Galang Is).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF62589633831F953FAAD" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF62589633831F953FAAD" blockId="15.[125,1330,2920,3466]" lastBlockId="15.[1400,2611,279,2880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF62589633831FEDBF3D5" bold="true" box="[125,382,3117,3150]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF6258B5C3831FD7FF3D5" box="[578,730,3117,3150]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" metricValueMax="6.6" metricValueMin="5.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="61.0" valueMax="66.0" valueMin="56.0">56-66 mm</quantity>
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(tailless), ear
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF6258AA53831FBF6F3D5" box="[955,1107,3117,3150]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.05" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="10.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="10.0">10-11 mm</quantity>
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, hindfoot 6-3 7-
|
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF62589893844FF4FF3EE" box="[151,234,3160,3189]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
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, forearm mean 40-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF62588E33844FDEBF3EE" box="[509,590,3160,3189]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
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||
(adult males) and 41-
|
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF6258A923844FC7BF3EE" box="[908,990,3160,3189]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
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||
(adult females); weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF62589633860FF7DF306" box="[125,216,3196,3229]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="g" value="11.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="9.0">9-14 g</quantity>
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(male mean 11-
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, female mean 11-
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF6258BFF3860FCABF306" box="[737,782,3196,3229]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="g" value="9.0">9 g</quantity>
|
||
). Head of the Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bat is rounded, with short muzzle, sparse haired, and dark brown skin; nostrils are shortly tubular and divergent; philtrum is divided by left and right grooves from base of corresponding nostril down to upper lip; and lower lip pads are large and fused. White spot of bare skin occurs in lacrimal. Eyes are large and bulging; iris is chocolate-brown to dark brown. Ears are short and rounded, and pinnae are dark brown, with slightly swollen white spot at bases and small tubercles on dorsal surfaces. Genal vibrissae form line of swollen follicles from mouth commissure backward. Head pelage is short, soft, velvety, blackish brown, continuing onto nape; dorsum has longer, wavier hairs and is dark brown. Uropatagium is broad on sides and narrow and hairy at center, and calcar short. Gland is present on throat of males. Chest and belly are light gray and softly haired; sides of neck are inconspicuously yellowish. Wing membranes attach to first toe and are dark grayish brown, almost black in some individuals, flecked with white; and characteristically, all wing digit joints are white and slightly swollen. Skull lacks basicranial deflection and is very small and lightly built. Laterally, rostrum is short, gently sloping into forehead; orbit is very large; zygomatic rootis slightly above upper alveolar line; zygoma is thin and arched posteriorly, and braincase is round. Dorsally, rostrum is broad; there is no postorbital foramen; postorbital processes are moderately developed and pointed, directed posterolaterally; paranasal recesses are inflated and posteriorly extended to base of left and right temporal lines, which are low and do not join to form a sagittal crest; there is almost no postorbital constriction; braincase almost rounded; nuchal crest is barely obvious; and zygomatic arches are moderately wide. Ventrally, palate is flat; tooth rows are lightly arched; post-dental palate is long and moderately converging, with straight caudal edge; palatine spine is inconspicuous and connected to sphenoid crest; and ectotympanic is small and wider anteriorly and internally edged by ribbon-like entotympanic. Mandible is thin, sloping into low coronoid with rounded tip; condyle is small and level with lower alveolar line; and angle is distinct and round. Upper dentition has two pairs of tiny incisors; C' is small and slightly decurved; P' is a spicule; next premolar (P°) is large and triangular; P* is low; molars are low, very small, and rectangular in occlusal outline; and M? is tiny and atavistic. Lower dentition has incisors that correspond to I, (I, absent), C,is very small, P| is peg-like, next premolar (P,) is large, posterior cheekteeth decrease in height and are rectangular, and M, minute. Diploid number is 2n = 24.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF6258C643121F6EFFA36" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF6258C643121F6EFFA36" blockId="15.[1400,2611,279,2880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF6258C643121FA4CFAC5" bold="true" box="[1402,1513,1341,1374]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Primary lowland rainforests, mangrove forests, and disturbed secondary forests up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF6258FF53178F8F8FA1E" box="[1771,1885,1380,1413]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="1500.0">1500 m</quantity>
|
||
. The Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bat most frequently uses understories but also can be found ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF62581283190F7DBFA36" box="[2102,2174,1420,1453]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="22.0">22 m</quantity>
|
||
aboveground.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF6258C6431A8F909F95A" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF6258C6431A8F909F95A" blockId="15.[1400,2611,279,2880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF6258C6431A8F926FA4E" bold="true" box="[1402,1667,1460,1493]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bat is a year-round, long-term resident frugivore that uses plants with widely different fruiting strategies from understory species with slow sequential ripening of a few fruits with extended (greater than two months) phenology to large trees with abundant, ephemeral (less than two weeks) crops. In Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFFCBF6258FBF3246F8BDF9E8" box="[1697,1816,1626,1651]" name="Malaysia" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, diet includes fruits of at least 14 genera in ten families. Fruits typically are small (0-5—
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF6258E323261F8CBF901" box="[1836,1902,1661,1690]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="g" value="4.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="4.0">4-5 g</quantity>
|
||
) and green or yellow-green. Small groups forage in forest understories.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF6258C6732D4F95DF84E" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF6258C6732D4F95DF84E" blockId="15.[1400,2611,279,2880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF6258C6732D4F9A5F972" bold="true" box="[1401,1536,1736,1769]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bat is seasonal polyestrous and polygynous. Gestation is c.135 days;litter size one. Females give birth twice a year, with most births in June-November. Young weigh
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF6258EB8330BF84CF8A3" box="[1958,2025,1815,1848]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="g" value="4.0" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="3.0">3-5 g</quantity>
|
||
at birth, with eyes closed and ears folded. Lactation lasts at least 40 days, occasionally up to 80 days. Young start to fly when they weigh
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF6258CC43379F9A3F81D" box="[1498,1542,1893,1926]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="g" value="8.0">8 g</quantity>
|
||
and have forearm length of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF6258EA83379F7B8F81D" box="[1974,2077,1893,1926]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="36.0">36 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Sex ratio in adults is female biased (1:2-1). Adult size and sexual maturity are reached after six months, with first litter of females at c.10 months old.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF6258C6633C0FA1BF689" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF6258C6633C0FA1BF689" blockId="15.[1400,2611,279,2880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF6258C6633C0F9CDF866" bold="true" box="[1400,1640,2012,2045]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Female Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bats leave day roosts at dawn and forage at feeding sites all night. Males frequently return to day roosts to defend them between feeding bouts. Day roosts are tents built by males as small cavities modified in existing vegetation or social-insect nests. Root masses of epiphytic ferns (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF6258C983C66F9B1F700" box="[1414,1556,2170,2203]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Aspleniaceae" genus="Asplenium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Asplenium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF6258F3B3C66F946F700" box="[1573,1763,2170,2203]" class="Polypodiopsida" family="Aspleniaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Polypodiales" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Aspleniaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and ginger (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF6258EAD3C66F7ECF700" box="[1971,2121,2170,2203]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" genus="Hedychium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Hedychium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF62581433C66F68CF700" authorityName="Martinov" authorityYear="1820" box="[2141,2345,2170,2203]" class="Liliopsida" family="Zingiberaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Zingiberales" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Zingiberaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are excavated to form a small, smooth semi-spherical cavity open from below; active ant nests (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF62580C73CB9FA79F771" authorityName="Lund" authorityYear="1831" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Crematogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Crematogaster</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and abandoned arboreal termite nests (Bulbitermes) are modified in similar ways.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF6258C673D04F7E2F64C" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF6258C673D04F7E2F64C" blockId="15.[1400,2611,279,2880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF6258C673D04F79CF6A2" bold="true" box="[1401,2105,2328,2361]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Malayan Spotted-winged Fruit Bat is resident throughout the year and forages within
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FFCBF625819F3D23F767F6FB" box="[2177,2242,2367,2400]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
of day roosts. Males roost alone or form harems with up to nine females and their dependent young. Males actively defend their tents from competing bachelor males. Females switch roost frequently and sequentially mate with different males.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF6258C643DC1F93EF55F" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF6258C643DC1F93EF55F" blockId="15.[1400,2611,279,2880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF6258C643DC1F97BF665" bold="true" box="[1402,1758,2525,2558]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFFCBF6258FF33DC1F887F665" box="[1773,1826,2525,2558]" country="Maldives" name="Uthuru" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Malayan Spottedwinged Fruit Bat was included in the Bornean Spotted-winged Fruit Bat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFFCBF62580633E19F584F5BD" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[2429,2593,2565,2598]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Balionycteris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maculata">B. maculata</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which was classified as Least Concern. It is widespread, abundant, and usually the most abundant fruit bat in the understory. It tolerates forest disturbance, but it depends on forest structure so it can be locally threatened by changes in land use (e.g. deforestation for agriculture).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FFCBF6258C673ECFF960F4A0" pageId="15" pageNumber="73" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFFCBF6258C673ECFF960F4A0" blockId="15.[1400,2611,279,2880]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFFCBF6258C673ECFF9B6F577" bold="true" box="[1401,1555,2771,2796]" pageId="15" pageNumber="73">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Baker & Thomas (2016), Giannini & Simmons (2007a), Hodgkison (2001), Hodgkison & Kunz (2006), Hodgkison et al. (2003, 2004b), Khan et al. (2008), Kingston et al. (2006), Olson et al. (2001), Pounsin et al. (2018), Yong et al. (1973).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |