226 lines
26 KiB
XML
226 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="624B8D856BF8DA6E7F066A36E984ADF0">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="440BC3EEC62ADE66F11C06AE61DEE32D">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F849B9EA958B54C89175F62D63489140">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="92C320C558B80182D50E9895387E3646">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0F38180FF9CF6728CAE319CF9A5FA35" box="[1456,1536,1408,1454]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF9CF6728CAE319CF9A5FA35" box="[1456,1536,1408,1454]" captionStart="Plate 9: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="83.[119,148,3362,3387]" captionTargetBox="[11,2744,18,3661]" captionTargetPageId="82" captionText="144. Ornate Flying Fox (Pleropus ornatus), 145. Seram Flying Fox (Pteropus ocularis), 146. Great Flying Fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), 147. Wallacean Gray Flying Fox (Pleropus griseus), 148. Admiralty Flying Fox (Pteropus admiralitatum), 149. Philippine Gray Flying Fox (Pteropus speciosus), 150. Island Flying Fox (Pleropus hypomelanus), 151. Black-eared Flying Fox (Pteropus melanotus), 152. Black Flying Fox (Pleropus alecto), 153. Spectacled Flying Fox (Pteropus conspicillatus), 154. Geelvink Bay Flying Fox (Pteropus pohlei), 155. Marianas Flying Fox (Pteropus mariannus), 156. Palau Flying Fox (Pteropus pelewensis), 157. Pacific Flying Fox (Pteropus tonganus), 158. Kosrae Flying Fox (Pteropus ualanus), 159. Nicobar Flying Fox (Pteropus faunulus), 160. Ontong Java Flying Fox (Pteropus howensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448891" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448891/files/figure.png" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">157.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF6728F0F319CF825FA35" box="[1553,1920,1408,1454]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728F0F319CF825FA35" blockId="88.[1451,2418,1408,1535]" box="[1553,1920,1408,1454]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF9CF6728F0F319CF825FA35" box="[1553,1920,1408,1454]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9CF6728F0F319CF825FA35" ID-CoL="4Q347" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" box="[1553,1920,1408,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tonganus">Pacific Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF6728EDD319CF6AAFA35" box="[1987,2319,1408,1454]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728EDD319CF6AAFA35" blockId="88.[1451,2418,1408,1535]" box="[1987,2319,1408,1454]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF9CF6728EDD319CF6AAFA35" box="[1987,2319,1408,1454]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF6728EDD319CF6AAFA35" ID-CoL="4Q347" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" box="[1987,2319,1408,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tonganus">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728EDD319CF6AAFA35" box="[1987,2319,1408,1454]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Pteropus tonganus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF6728CB331DCF7BCFA66" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728CB331DCF6D4FA4E" blockId="88.[1451,2418,1408,1535]" box="[1453,2417,1472,1493]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF9CF6728CB331DCF6D4FA4E" box="[1453,2417,1472,1493]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728CB331DCFA5CFA4E" bold="true" box="[1453,1529,1472,1493]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9CF6728F1C31DCF942FA4E" ID-CoL="4Q347" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" box="[1538,1767,1472,1493]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tonganus">Roussette du Pacifique</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728FE331DCF8F2FA4E" bold="true" box="[1789,1879,1472,1493]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9CF6728E4331DCF85EFA4E" ID-CoL="4Q347" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" box="[1885,2043,1472,1493]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tonganus">Tonga-Flughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF672810F31DCF7C9FA4E" bold="true" box="[2065,2156,1472,1493]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9CF672816B31DCF6D4FA4E" ID-CoL="4Q347" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" box="[2165,2417,1472,1493]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tonganus">Zorro volador del Pacifico</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728CB231F4F7BCFA66" blockId="88.[1451,2418,1408,1535]" box="[1452,2073,1512,1533]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF9CF6728CB231F4F7BCFA66" box="[1452,2073,1512,1533]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728CB231F4F901FA66" bold="true" box="[1452,1700,1512,1533]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9CF6728FB031F4F8F9FA66" ID-CoL="4Q347" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" box="[1710,1884,1512,1533]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tonganus">Insular Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF9CF6728E7B31F4F7BCFA66" ID-CoL="4Q347" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" box="[1893,2073,1512,1533]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tonganus">Tongan Flying Fox</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF672810C3232F5B2F9E8" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF672810C3232F5B2F9E8" blockId="88.[2066,2661,1582,2005]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF672810C3232F708F9D0" bold="true" box="[2066,2221,1582,1611]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF67281D53232F72BF9E8" ID-CoL="4Q347" authority="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tonganus">Pteropus tonganus Quoy & Gaimard</taxonomicName>
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in
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<treatmentCitation id="0AA510FDFF9CF67281A1324AF5B7F9E8" box="[2239,2578,1622,1651]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Dumont d’Urville, 1830</treatmentCitation>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF672833D324AF657F902" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF672833D324AF657F902" blockId="88.[2066,2661,1582,2005]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF9CF672833D324AF657F902" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391350" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF9CF672833D324AF7D4F902" country="Tonga" name="Tongatapu" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Tongatapu</collectingRegion>
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Island,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9CF67281FC3264F64BF902" box="[2274,2542,1656,1689]" name="Tonga" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Kingdom of Tonga</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF672810C32B8F597F8AC" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF672810C32B8F597F8AC" blockId="88.[2066,2661,1582,2005]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF672810C32B8F6A5F95A" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" box="[2066,2304,1700,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tonganus">Pteropus tonganus</taxonomicName>
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is in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF672808132B8F656F95A" box="[2463,2547,1700,1729]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="griseus">griseus</taxonomicName>
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species group. Formerly, geddiei and basiliscus were considered valid species or related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF672830A32F2F735F8AC" authorityName="Gould" authorityYear="1850" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="conspicillatus">P. conspicillatus</taxonomicName>
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. Three subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF672810D3322F7A9F7EE" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FF9CF672810D3322F7A9F7EE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6803279" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6803279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6803279/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" startId="88.[2067,2222,1854,1887]" targetBox="[1451,2042,1590,2004]" targetPageId="88">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF672810D3322F606F8C4" blockId="88.[2066,2661,1582,2005]" box="[2067,2467,1854,1887]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF672810D3322F606F8C4" bold="true" box="[2067,2467,1854,1887]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF672810D3379F930F865" blockId="88.[2066,2661,1582,2005]" lastBlockId="88.[1454,2667,2013,3467]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF672810D3379F930F865" authority="Quoy & Gaimard, 1830" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="subSpecies" species="tonganus" subSpecies="tonganus">P.t.tonganusQuoy&Gaimard,1830—Fiji,WallisandFutunaIs,Samoa,AmericanSa-moa,Tonga,NiueI,andCookIs(MangaiaandRarotonga).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728CB03C10F649F7BE" blockId="88.[1454,2667,2013,3467]" box="[1454,2540,2060,2085]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF6728CB03C10F649F7BE" authority="Thomas, 1915" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[1454,2540,2060,2085]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="subSpecies" species="tonganus" subSpecies="basiliscus">P.t.basiliscusThomas,1915—KoilandKarkarIs,offNEcoastofNewGuinea.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728CB03C28F7A9F7EE" blockId="88.[1454,2667,2013,3467]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF6728CB03C28F8E6F7D6" authority="MacGillivray, 1860" authorityName="MacGillivray" authorityYear="1860" box="[1454,1859,2100,2125]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="subSpecies" species="tonganus" subSpecies="geddiei">P. t. geddiei MacGillivray, 1860</taxonomicName>
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-- Solomon Is (Malaita, Rennell, and Makira), Santa Cruz Is,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9CF6728CCA3C44F9E9F7EE" box="[1492,1612,2136,2165]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
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,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9CF6728F433C44F891F7EE" box="[1629,1844,2136,2165]" name="New Caledonia" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">New Caledonia</collectingCountry>
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, and Loyalty Is.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF6728CB03C66F6E9F664" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728CB03C66F6E9F664" blockId="88.[1454,2667,2013,3467]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728CB03C66F909F700" bold="true" box="[1454,1708,2170,2203]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
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Head-body
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(tailless), ear
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, hindfoot
|
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF672832A3C66F9BDF758" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.1" metricValueMin="3.9" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="61.0" valueMin="39.0">39- 61 mm</quantity>
|
||
, forearm 114-175-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF6728E303CBEF82CF758" box="[1838,1929,2210,2243]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
; weight
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF67281153CBEF707F758" box="[2059,2210,2210,2243]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.2" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="g" value="485.0" valueMax="550.0" valueMin="420.0">420-550 g</quantity>
|
||
. Greatest lengths of skulls are 56-4-74-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF6728F393CD5F9DBF771" box="[1575,1662,2249,2282]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Subspecies geddiei is the largest and basiliscus the smallest. Neck and shoulders have brown-yellow mantle. Throat has 1-2 ocher to reddish brown spots. Short fur on rest of body is blackish to seal-brown. Wing attachments are separated on back by narrow, dense, hairy strip (
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF6728EC53D5CF7DDF6FA" box="[2011,2168,2368,2401]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.75" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="mm" value="27.5" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="25.0">25-30 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Claws are dark brown, with light tips. Uropatagium is reduced to narrow membrane along inside of lower limbs. Skull has long and conical, tapering muzzle, with marked postorbital constriction and long postorbital processes. Braincase is oval, and occiput is elongated backward. Canines are broad, and P' is very small. Molars have cusps with high crests.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF6728CB13E19FA50F5D4" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728CB13E19FA50F5D4" blockId="88.[1454,2667,2013,3467]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728CB13E19F9BBF5BD" bold="true" box="[1455,1566,2565,2598]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Tropical moist forests in montane and lowland regions and mangroves at sea level.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF6728CB13E48F599F506" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728CB13E48F599F506" blockId="88.[1454,2667,2013,3467]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728CB13E48F91EF5EE" bold="true" box="[1455,1723,2644,2677]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diets of Pacific Flying Foxes contain nectar, pollen, flowers, and fruit from at least 18 plant genera. Introduced fruits in plantations are often eaten.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF6728CAE3EB4F5C1F411" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728CAE3EB4F5C1F411" blockId="88.[1454,2667,2013,3467]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728CAE3EB4F993F55E" bold="true" box="[1456,1590,2728,2757]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Pacific Flying Foxes usually gives birth to one young after gestation of ¢.6 months; twins occasionally occur. Breeding season varies depending on region and subspecies. On
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9CF6728F923EEEF8A7F488" box="[1676,1794,2802,2835]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9CF6728E533EEEF7A4F488" box="[1869,2049,2802,2835]" name="Cook Islands" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Cook islands</collectingCountry>
|
||
, young are born in August until beginning of September. Breeding seasonis at least March—June on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9CF67281C83F06F6B9F4A0" box="[2262,2332,2842,2875]" name="Niue" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Niue</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9CF672804D3F06F617F4A0" box="[2387,2482,2842,2875]" name="Samoa" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, births probably take place year-round. Offspring start to fly at c.3 months old and become sexually mature after two years. Postpartum estrus is assumed, given mating of nursing females.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF6728CB13F8CF62EF3B3" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728CB13F8CF62EF3B3" blockId="88.[1454,2667,2013,3467]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728CB13F8CF938F42A" bold="true" box="[1455,1693,2960,2993]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
The Pacific Flying Fox is nocturnal. It becomes active c.1 hour before sunset, moving repeatedly between trees with shortflights. After disturbance (e.g. storms and especially cyclones), it will search for food during the day. Coconut palms and deciduoustrees are preferred roosting sites during day and night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF6728CAF382EF5E9F35E" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6728CAF382EF5E9F35E" blockId="88.[1454,2667,2013,3467]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728CAF382EF7CEF3D4" bold="true" box="[1457,2155,3122,3151]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The Pacific Flying Fox roosts alone, in pairs, or in groups of up to ¢.100 individuals at heights of
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF67280143849F625F3ED" box="[2314,2432,3157,3190]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="m" value="22.5" valueMax="35.0" valueMin="10.0">10-35 m</quantity>
|
||
. During periods of low fruit availability, nominate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF9CF6728E9D3861F85DF305" authorityName="Quoy & Gaimard" authorityYear="1830" box="[1923,2040,3197,3230]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="tonganus">tonganus</taxonomicName>
|
||
defends spaces of 1-5-
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF9CF672802E3861F6CDF305" box="[2352,2408,3197,3230]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</quantity>
|
||
against conspecifics by pursuing, fighting, and vocalizing. Fruit is often transported to feeding roosts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9CF6738CAC38D0FABBFEC6" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="88" pageNumber="146" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9CF6738CAC38D0FABBFEC6" blockId="88.[1454,2667,2013,3467]" lastBlockId="89.[110,1317,277,545]" lastPageId="89" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9CF6728CAC38D0F8ABF376" bold="true" box="[1458,1806,3276,3309]" pageId="88" pageNumber="146">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix I. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Pacific Flying Fox has a large distribution and relatively large overall population. Nevertheless, nominate tonganusis threatened by hunting and habitat destruction in many areas. Tropical storms, often followed by an increase in hunting, are also threats to small populations. International trade has been banned since 1989, leading to decreased hunting pressure in Polynesia and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9DF6738A113509FC0EFEAD" box="[783,939,277,310]" name="Micronesia" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Micronesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but it is still offered in restaurants on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9DF67388093520FE2AFEC6" box="[279,399,316,349]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Laws protect the Pacific Flying Fox in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9DF6738AA83520FC45FEC6" box="[950,992,316,349]" name="Fiji" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF9DF6738D393520FABFFEC6" box="[1063,1306,316,349]" name="American Samoa" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">American Samoa</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF9DF673896E3577FEBEFDBA" pageId="89" pageNumber="147" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF9DF673896E3577FEBEFDBA" blockId="89.[110,1317,277,545]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF9DF673896E3577FEADFE1F" bold="true" box="[112,264,363,388]" pageId="89" pageNumber="147">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Bergmans (2001), Bonaccorso (1998), Brooke & Tschapka (2002), Felten (1964b, 1964c), Felten & Kock (1972), Flannery (1995a), Hamilton & Helgen (2008), Koopman (1979), MacGillivray (1860), Mickleburgh et al. (1992), Miller & Wilson (1997), Revilliod (1914), Sanborn (1931), Sanborn & Nicholson (1950), Scanlon et al. (2014), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b), Tsang (2015), Wodzicki & Felten (1981).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |