271 lines
34 KiB
XML
271 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="1243A020B28311E8FFC0DB6BA19CCEF2" ID-CLB-Dataset="88683" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6448815" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bbbf94d9-a910-4cda-97df-7eca124163ed" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448815" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="admin" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="admin" IM.metadata_approvedBy="admin" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="admin" checkinTime="1635825784914" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="03AD87FAFF82F66D8CB2308EFE21F70D" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pteralopex taki Parnaby 2002" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="129" masterDocId="FF94FF82FFC4F62A891E341CFFA5FF9B" masterDocTitle="Pteropodidae" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="16" pageNumber="128" updateTime="1719592658732" updateUser="admin">
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<mods:titleInfo id="54A98CFBC91B65267C05C3D33B220503">
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<mods:title id="0888DAF3066A46297ABF6E84BB7596BB">Pteropodidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="151919DED5C63491F97BE3A6428E92DC">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="33B1E92739A8E7744D1A6B562DEF33F3">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="00D5D5E9109FD6E5CFF9905E56B6FB01">2019</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:title id="459CAD7FB29AA53F68EA777BABBD694D">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03AD87FAFF82F66D8CB2308EFE21F70D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6794976" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196379482" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6794976" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AD87FAFF82F66D8CB2308EFE21F70D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD87FAFF82F66D8CB2308EFE21F70D" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF82F66C8CB2308EFA59FB5F" box="[1452,1532,1170,1220]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<figureCitation id="133F2A69FF82F66C8CB2308EFA59FB5F" box="[1452,1532,1170,1220]" captionStart="Plate 7: Pteropodidae" captionStartId="67.[120,150,3371,3392]" captionTargetBox="[12,2746,16,3661]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="114. Fijian Long-tailed Fruit Bat (Notopteris macdonald), 115. New Caledonia Long-tailed Fruit Bat (Notopteris neocaledonicus), 116. White-winged Flying Fox (Desmalopex leucopterus), 117. Mindoro Pallid Flying Fox (Desmalopex microleucopterus), 118. Fijizan Monkey-faced Fruit Bat Marimar (: acrodonta), 119. Bougainville Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex anceps), 120. Guadalcanal Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pleralopex atrata), 121. Montane Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pleralopex pulchra), 122. New Georgia Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pleralopex taki), 123. Greater Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pleralopex flanneryi), 124. Black-bellied Blossom Bat (Melonycteris melanops), 125. Fardoulis’s Blossom Bat (Nesonycteris fardoulis), 126. Woodford’s Blossom Bat (Nesonycteris woodfordi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448873" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448873/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">122.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF82F66C8F13308EF6B7FB5F" box="[1549,2322,1170,1220]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF82F66C8F13308EF6B7FB5F" blockId="70.[1447,2649,1170,1342]" box="[1549,2322,1170,1220]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF82F66C8F13308EF6B7FB5F" box="[1549,2322,1170,1220]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF82F66C8F13308EF6B7FB5F" ID-CoL="78LC7" authority="Parnaby, 2002" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2002" box="[1549,2322,1170,1220]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteralopex" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taki">
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New
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF82F66C8F68308EF8B9FB5F" box="[1654,1820,1170,1220]" name="Georgia" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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Monkey-faced Fruit Bat
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF82F66C804B308EF5FCFB5F" box="[2389,2649,1170,1220]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF82F66C804B308EF5FCFB5F" blockId="70.[1447,2649,1170,1342]" box="[2389,2649,1170,1220]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF82F66C804B308EF5FCFB5F" box="[2389,2649,1170,1220]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF82F66C804B308EF5FCFB5F" ID-CoL="78LC7" authority="Parnaby, 2002" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2002" box="[2389,2649,1170,1220]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteralopex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taki">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF82F66C804B308EF5FCFB5F" box="[2389,2649,1170,1220]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Pteralopex taki</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF82F66C8CB730CAF6D2FAA1" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF82F66C8CB730CAFA50FA88" blockId="70.[1447,2649,1170,1342]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF82F66C8CB730CAFA50FA88" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF82F66C8CB730CAFA51FB70" bold="true" box="[1449,1524,1238,1259]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF82F66C8CE030CAF893FB70" ID-CoL="78LC7" authority="Parnaby, 2002" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2002" box="[1534,1846,1238,1259]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteralopex" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taki">Roussette de Nouvelle-Géorgie</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF82F66C8E5530CAF803FB70" bold="true" box="[1867,1958,1238,1259]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF82F66C8EB130CAF6A8FB70" ID-CoL="78LC7" authority="Parnaby, 2002" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2002" box="[1967,2317,1238,1259]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteralopex" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taki">New-Georgia-Affengesichtflughund</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF82F66C803D30CAF6DBFB70" bold="true" box="[2339,2430,1238,1259]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF82F66C809630CAFA50FA88" ID-CoL="78LC7" authority="Parnaby, 2002" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2002" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteralopex" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taki">
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Pteralopex de Nueva
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF82F66C8CB730E2FA50FA88" box="[1449,1525,1278,1299]" name="Georgia" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF82F66C8CB63139F6D2FAA1" blockId="70.[1447,2649,1170,1342]" box="[1448,2423,1317,1338]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<heading id="D0F38180FF82F66C8CB63139F6D2FAA1" box="[1448,2423,1317,1338]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF82F66C8CB63139F905FAA1" bold="true" box="[1448,1696,1317,1338]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF82F66C8FB43139F78CFAA1" ID-CoL="78LC7" authority="Parnaby, 2002" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2002" box="[1706,2089,1317,1338]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteralopex" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taki">New Georgian Monkey-faced Fruit Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="050746C2FF82F66C81263139F6D2FAA1" ID-CoL="78LC7" authority="Parnaby, 2002" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2002" box="[2104,2423,1317,1338]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteralopex" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taki">
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New
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF82F66C81733139F71CFAA1" box="[2157,2233,1317,1338]" name="Georgia" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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Monkey-faced Bat
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF82F66C81133174F5F9FA12" box="[2061,2652,1384,1417]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF82F66C81133174F5F9FA12" blockId="70.[2061,2656,1384,1811]" box="[2061,2652,1384,1417]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF82F66C81133174F70CFA12" bold="true" box="[2061,2217,1384,1417]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF82F66C81A53174F5F2FA12" ID-CoL="78LC7" authority="Parnaby, 2002" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2002" box="[2235,2647,1384,1417]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteralopex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taki">Pteralopex taki Parnaby, 2002</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF82F66C81103193F71CF9BC" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF82F66C81103193F71CF9BC" blockId="70.[2061,2656,1384,1811]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6C3CB1FF82F66C81103193F71CF9BC" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3828391446" latitude="-8.516666" longitude="157.86667" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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*Mi Javi,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE30502BFF82F66C818F3193F6A5FA2B" box="[2193,2304,1423,1456]" degrees="8" direction="south" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" precision="925" value="-8.516666">8° 31' S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE30502BFF82F66C80083193F60EFA2B" box="[2326,2475,1423,1456]" degrees="157" direction="east" minutes="52" orientation="longitude" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" precision="925" value="157.86667">157° 52' E</geoCoordinate>
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.
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north of Patutiva Village, Marovo Lagoon, New
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF82F66C811031FBF742F99B" box="[2062,2279,1511,1536]" name="Georgia Island" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Georgia Island</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF82F66C801E31FBF651F99B" box="[2304,2548,1511,1536]" name="Solomon Islands" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Solomon Islands</collectingCountry>
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. Elevation ~
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF82F66C8141321AF702F9BC" box="[2143,2215,1542,1575]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" unit="m" value="50.0">50 m</quantity>
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.”
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF82F66C8110322DF682F906" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF82F66C8110322DF682F906" blockId="70.[2061,2656,1384,1811]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF82F66C8110322DF76DF9D5" authorityName="Parnaby" authorityYear="2002" box="[2062,2248,1585,1614]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteralopex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="taki">Pteralopex taki</taxonomicName>
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is closely related to
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<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF82F66C80C0322DF5C5F9D5" authorityName="Flannery" authorityYear="1991" box="[2526,2656,1585,1614]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteralopex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pulchra">P. pulchra</taxonomicName>
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and genetically distinct in 4% of loci examined. Monotypic.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF82F66C811332B7F60DF977" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" type="multiple">
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<caption id="DF7B6664FF82F66C811332B7F60DF977" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6448879" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6448879" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6448879/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" startId="70.[2061,2233,1707,1732]" targetBox="[1446,2038,1391,1812]" targetPageId="70">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF82F66C811332B7F60DF977" blockId="70.[2061,2656,1384,1811]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF82F66C811332B7F71BF95F" bold="true" box="[2061,2238,1707,1732]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
Solomon Is (Kolombangara, New
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||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF82F66C814B32D7F762F977" box="[2133,2247,1739,1772]" name="Georgia" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Georgia</collectingCountry>
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, and Vangunu).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF82F66C811332EEF834F3E2" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF82F66C811332EEF834F3E2" blockId="70.[2061,2656,1384,1811]" lastBlockId="70.[1448,2656,1818,3469]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
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<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF82F66C811332EEF6B6F888" bold="true" box="[2061,2323,1778,1811]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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(tailless), ear
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF82F66C8F713306F8A1F8A0" box="[1647,1796,1818,1851]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.55" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="15.5" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="14.0">14-17 mm</quantity>
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, forearm
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<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF82F66C8E8B3306F7E8F8A0" box="[1941,2125,1818,1851]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.175" metricValueMax="1.23" metricValueMin="1.1199999999999999" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" unit="mm" value="117.5" valueMax="123.0" valueMin="112.0">112-123 mm</quantity>
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; weight
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. Head of the New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF82F66C8CB7335DF9BFF8F9" box="[1449,1562,1857,1890]" name="Georgia" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Monkey-faced Bat is round, with almost hairless stout muzzle; nostrils are short and divergent. Eyes are moderately large and slightly directed forward, with orange-brown irises. Ears are short, round with blunt tips, and not concealed in fur. General pelage is pale brown, grayish on head, moderately long, and soft; venter has longer and woollier pelage and is pale brown mixed with golden hairs, also on crown in some specimens. Forearm and tibia are sparsely haired. Uropatagium is very narrow, missing in center; and calcar is short. Wings are brown, with undersurfaces to a great extent depigmented, giving appearance of dark and white mottling, more intensely between body, forearm, and fifth digit but also on skin of hindlegs. Index claw is present; all claws are brown. Skull has strong basicranial deflection. Laterally, rostrum is relatively long; forehead is flat, orbit has complete ring formed by circular postorbital process annectant to thick arched zygoma; zygomatic root is above upper alveolar line, and braincase is domed. Dorsally, rostrum is relatively wide, nasals and interorbital region are narrow, postorbital foramina are tiny or missing, temporal lines join right behind orbits in obvious sharp sagittal crest, postorbital constriction is very narrow, braincase is oval, and nuchal crest is obvious. Ventrally, palate is relatively narrow, long, and flat; incisor row is arched; tooth rows are nearly parallel; postdental palate is relatively short; ectopterygoids are large; and ectotympanic is annular but wider anteriorly. Mandible is strong; symphysis is obvious; coronoid is raised and widely decurved; condyle is above sinuous lower alveolar line; and angle is rounded off, with obvious masseteric line. There are 14 palatal ridges; five are smooth, undivided anterior ridges; five more are raised, medially divided ridges; eleventh ridge is undivided;last three ridges are post-dental, close to palation; and middle and posterior ridges are denticulate. I* is larger than I' and with raised posterobasal ledges; C' is massive and long, with large secondary distal cusp and obvious lingual cingulum; P' is minute; posterior cheekteeth are squarish in occlusal outline, with strong anterior and posterior basal ledges and main labial cusp not very tall laterally and decreasing posteriorly; and M? is small. Lower dentition has minute bifid I, and very large tricuspidate L; left and right elements are almost in contact medially and have large distal basal shelf; C, is short, with large distal shelf and raised distal ledge; P, is comparatively large and tricuspidate; posterior cheekteeth are taller than canine anteriorly, decreasing in height posteriorly, with labial main ridge divided into two cusps and posterior ledge raised as a cusp in lateral view, and occlusal outline is rectangular to round posteriorly; and M,is small.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF82F66C8CB7389CF8A7F2A4" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF82F66C8CB7389CF8A7F2A4" blockId="70.[1448,2656,1818,3469]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF82F66C8CB7389CF9BDF33A" bold="true" box="[1449,1560,3200,3233]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Old growth lowland rainforests from sea level up to elevations of ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF82F66C80E6389CF5FDF33A" box="[2552,2648,3200,3233]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" unit="m" value="400.0">400 m</quantity>
|
||
. Large trees are vital for the New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF82F66C8E8D38B7F7A7F353" box="[1939,2050,3243,3272]" name="Georgia" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Monkey-faced Fruit Bat. Abandoned oldvillage sites with planted native and exotic fruiting trees are suitable, even preferred foraging habitat, but they are always close to primary forest. Logged and cyclone-damaged forests are avoided.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF82F66D8CB73959FABAFC91" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="70" pageNumber="128" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF82F66D8CB73959FABAFC91" blockId="70.[1448,2656,1818,3469]" lastBlockId="71.[112,1324,277,2203]" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF82F66C8CB73959F909F2FD" bold="true" box="[1449,1708,3397,3430]" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF82F66C8E253959F80FF2FD" box="[1851,1962,3397,3430]" name="Georgia" pageId="70" pageNumber="128">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Monkey-faced Fruit Bat is predominantly frugivorous, with some flowers in its diet. Fruits consumed are from trees and vines and are either white, pale green, or dark red and very soft to very tough in texture. Fruit from 18 plant species were identified in diets, and figs (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8A2F352BFC13FEC3" box="[817,950,311,344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Ficus spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8AD9352BFBF4FEC3" box="[967,1105,311,344]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Moraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are preferred. Some unripe fruits are eaten (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8B4B3543FD72FE1B" box="[597,727,351,384]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" genus="Canarium" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Canarium</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8BF83543FC36FE1B" box="[742,915,351,384]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Burseraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sapindales" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Burseraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8AFF3543FB80FE1B" box="[993,1061,351,384]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ceiba</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8D2A3543FB6EFE1B" box="[1076,1227,351,384]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Malvaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Flowers used include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D887A3593FDFEFE33" box="[356,603,399,424]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Cocos" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Cocos (Arecaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8B703593FD17FE33" box="[622,690,399,424]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Malvaceae" genus="Ceiba" kingdom="Plantae" order="Malvales" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ceiba</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8BDF3593FBF1FE33" box="[705,1108,399,424]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Barringtonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the exotic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D896735AEFE2EFE54" box="[121,395,434,463]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Caricaceae" genus="Carica" kingdom="Plantae" order="Brassicales" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carica (Caricaceae)</taxonomicName>
|
||
. New leaves of certain trees and vines are consumed. New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF83F66D8DC035AEFF3BFE6D" name="Georgia" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Monkey-faced Fruit Bats fill their cheeks with fruit, squeeze the juice, and discard dry fibrous pulp and large seeds; small-seeded fruit (seeds less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF83F66D8D2335E0FB2AFD86" box="[1085,1167,508,541]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
) are eaten whole. Individuals forage alone and silently; they take fruit on the wing and fly to feeding roosts inside forests. Mixed seeds from different plant species indicate that individuals visit more than one tree each night. Strong dentition suggests use of hard food items, confirmed by pieces of bark, rotten wood, and moss in feces; skilled nut cracking was observed in one temporarily captive individual. These food items are consumed in low proportions and might be important seasonally or during food scarcity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF83F66D896A370CFD61FC3C" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF83F66D896A370CFD61FC3C" blockId="71.[112,1324,277,2203]" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF83F66D896A370CFF5EFCAA" bold="true" box="[116,251,784,817]" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Lactating and pregnant New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF83F66D8BD8370CFC93FCAA" box="[710,822,784,817]" name="Georgia" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Monkey-faced Fruit Bats and immature males and females were recorded in February—-May and a non-reproductive female in June. This suggested seasonal monoestry with reproductive activity concentrated in wet season, with one young/year.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF83F66D896C37B2FD09FBF7" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF83F66D896C37B2FD09FBF7" blockId="71.[112,1324,277,2203]" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF83F66D896C37B2FEF9FC54" bold="true" box="[114,348,942,975]" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF83F66D88B237B2FDBEFC54" box="[428,539,942,975]" name="Georgia" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Monkey-faced Fruit Bats are nocturnal. They leave their roost on orjust after dusk at 18:30-19:00 h, each flying in a different direction. They roost in hollows in canopies or emergent trees. Hollows are located
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF83F66D8D5C37E1FB12FB85" box="[1090,1207,1021,1054]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" unit="m" value="18.0" valueMax="21.0" valueMin="15.0">15-21 m</quantity>
|
||
high in trees averaging
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF83F66D88513039FE34FBDD" box="[335,401,1061,1094]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" unit="m" value="26.0">26 m</quantity>
|
||
and typically halfway up and inside large strangler fig trees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8DC63039FAB9FBDD" box="[1240,1308,1061,1094]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Moraceae" genus="Ficus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ficus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) with central cavity and several entrances.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF83F66D896D3068FDCCF9F6" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF83F66D896D3068FDCCF9F6" blockId="71.[112,1324,277,2203]" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF83F66D896D3068FCE3FB0E" bold="true" box="[115,838,1140,1173]" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
The New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF83F66D8AF93068FBF3FB0E" box="[999,1110,1140,1173]" name="Georgia" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Monkey-faced Fruit Bat roosts in small groups; up to nine adults and dependent young have been reported. Roosts are shared with different individuals and also with other mammals (e.g. Admiralty Flying Foxes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8B0430F6FCEEFA90" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1894" box="[538,843,1258,1291]" class="Mammalia" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="admiralitatum">Pteropus admiralitatum</taxonomicName>
|
||
; Dwarf Flying Foxes,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8D9D30F6FA87FA90" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[1155,1314,1258,1291]" class="Dothideomycetes" family="Pteropodidae" genus="Pteropus" kingdom="Fungi" order="Chiroptera" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="woodfordi">P. woodfordi</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or Northern Common Cuscus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8B36310EFC82FAA8" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[552,807,1298,1331]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" genus="Phalanger" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">Phalanger orientalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C044D6FFF83F66D8A28310EFBADFAA8" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1888" box="[822,1032,1298,1331]" class="Mammalia" family="Phalangeridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diprotodontia" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Phalangeridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF83F66D8D79310EFB72FAA8" box="[1127,1239,1298,1331]" name="Georgia" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Monkey-faced Fruit Bats emit a very loud, high-pitched call, sometimes repeated several times, interspersed with soft chucking, and accompanied by wing flapping that is responded to immediately by other conspecific with identical call beginning before first call had finished, suggestive of duet calling. First callers where males, with females responding on one occasion. Chattering sounds are produced in day roosts. The New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF83F66D896D31E2FF46F984" box="[115,227,1534,1567]" name="Georgia" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
Monkey-faced Fruit Bat flies under the canopy. Home range length is greater than
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF83F66D89DF323AFEACF9DC" box="[193,265,1574,1607]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
. It was observed flying over sea between New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F313767CFF83F66D8AB8323AFBB3F9DC" box="[934,1046,1574,1607]" name="Georgia" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Vangunu, less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF83F66D89A13250FEA5F9F6" box="[191,256,1612,1645]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
apart, to feed in gardens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF83F66D896C3269FCAEF7D3" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF83F66D896C3269FCAEF7D3" blockId="71.[112,1324,277,2203]" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF83F66D896C3269FE69F90D" bold="true" box="[114,460,1653,1686]" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The New
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF83F66D8DC43269FF3EF926" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
Monkey-faced Fruit Bat has a limited extent of occurrence (less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CFC9B09FF83F66D8D663280FB7EF926" box="[1144,1243,1692,1725]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" unit="km" value="600.0">600 km</quantity>
|
||
?), its primary habitat of lowland forests is in rapid decline, and its overall population is estimated to be only ¢.400 individuals distributed on three islands very close to each other (connected during last glacial maximum), and individuals regularly move among the islands to forage. It is hunted for food but not intensely;it is vulnerable to experienced hunters who can locate roosts in conspicuous hollowed trees and by sounds occupants make during the day. Recent surveys confirmed presence of New
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49C0F80EFF83F66D8D2F3396FB04F830" box="[1073,1185,1930,1963]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Georgia</collectingRegion>
|
||
Monkeyfaced Fruit Bats on Kolombangara Island. It does not occur in any protected area. Main threats stem from its dependence on old growth lowland rainforest that is rapidly declining due to logging, land conversion to agriculture, and effect of cyclones. Large trees lost to logging operations are a key threat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31E6567FF83F66D896F3C44FE21F70D" pageId="71" pageNumber="129" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BBB36ECFF83F66D896F3C44FE21F70D" blockId="71.[112,1324,277,2203]" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">
|
||
<emphasis id="B970EAFEFF83F66D896F3C44FEAFF7EA" bold="true" box="[113,266,2136,2161]" pageId="71" pageNumber="129">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Fisher & Tasker (1997), Flannery (1995a), Helgen (2005), Ingleby & Colgan (2003), Lavery (2017e), Parnaby (2002b).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |