233 lines
26 KiB
XML
233 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document id="74B88568DBAB52EA7210755AAB9C2C80" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F5071399DBFF610672FD16FB36FC72" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Philantomba bicolor" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="716" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="715" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="C1EDFB28F6B9E43ABB1D95D50EF14DD9" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E8FF42AE3932C51DE8631B67F83455CC">
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<mods:title id="C7AF345DD30C8C86CF290ACF61466B25">Bovidae</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="0054637F0EFA8D9DB472BF04BD1728C2" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="D406CD48A8F3678FC146814F45CF53BD">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="7BCBC8EE7834442B725E1B942CE7A7F4" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="94E4D38FA4EF2FFC9D0F520F3A21EFFB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="38051AB81D36DCB8B6922521653AB944">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="9BBCCFB47FD3D3A0404B48DCD3CADC8A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="A5C3F586770BBC3D2469617EE8A89A8A">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="285DB6D32AF85678DA1A7FB37EDF330C" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="0079797656A3F1508FFEF6C6038F637C">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="590303BE2DDF417962571CA08C1E17CE">
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<mods:placeTerm id="6E3CB2DB9A7754BE2DF3ED2BDA93D963">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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<mods:titleInfo id="830686A7F1B691853EBEC3F39918E3A0">
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<mods:title id="5EB98DCA1470F6833AEA9AD8D83FF273">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="444180D84D095BD645AAABF08AA9347B">
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<mods:classification id="23905A3122A295E705B350D2FD0CE21A">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03F5071399DBFF610672FD16FB36FC72" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773167" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659333" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773167" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F5071399DBFF610672FD16FB36FC72" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F5071399DBFF610672FD16FB36FC72" lastPageId="145" lastPageNumber="716" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF600672FD16FA5BFD3F" box="[1380,1462,660,702]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF600672FD16FA5BFD3F" blockId="144.[1378,2386,660,779]" box="[1380,1462,660,702]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DBFF600672FD16FA5BFD3F" box="[1380,1462,660,702]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA8099DBFF600672FD16FA5BFD3F" box="[1380,1462,660,702]" captionStart="Plate 51: Bovidae" captionStartId="142.[106,136,3389,3414]" captionTargetBox="[14,2769,14,3636]" captionTargetPageId="141" captionText="233. Western Blue Duiker (Philantomba congica), 234. Bioko Blue Duiker (Philantomba melanorhea), 235. Eastern Blue Duiker (Philantomba aequatorialis), 236. Mountain Blue Duiker (Philantomba lugens), 237. Simpson’s Blue Duiker (Philantomba simpsoni), 238. Malawi Blue Duiker (Philantomba hecki), 239. Zimbabwe Blue Duiker (Philantomba bicolor), 240. Cape Blue Duiker (Philantomba monticola), 241. Angolan Blue Duiker (Philantomba anchietae), 242. Zambian Blue Duiker (Philantomba defries)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512969" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512969/files/figure.png" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">239.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF6006D1FD16F845FD3F" box="[1479,1960,660,702]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF6006D1FD16F845FD3F" blockId="144.[1378,2386,660,779]" box="[1479,1960,660,702]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DBFF6006D1FD16F845FD3F" box="[1479,1960,660,702]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DBFF6006D1FD16F845FD3F" box="[1479,1960,660,702]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF6006D1FD16F971FD3F" box="[1479,1692,660,702]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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Blue Duiker
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF6004CCFD16F6BCFD3F" box="[2010,2385,660,702]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF6004CCFD16F6BCFD3F" blockId="144.[1378,2386,660,779]" box="[2010,2385,660,702]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DBFF6004CCFD16F6BCFD3F" box="[2010,2385,660,702]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DBFF6004CCFD16F6BCFD3F" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1863" box="[2010,2385,660,702]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF6004CCFD16F6BCFD3F" box="[2010,2385,660,702]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Philantomba bicolor</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF600675FD4CF8FCFC8B" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="vernacular_names">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF600675FD4CF6A0FD62" blockId="144.[1378,2386,660,779]" box="[1379,2381,718,739]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DBFF600675FD4CF6A0FD62" box="[1379,2381,718,739]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF600675FD4CFA5DFD62" bold="true" box="[1379,1456,718,739]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DBFF6006AFFD4CF968FD62" box="[1465,1669,718,739]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Céphalophe bicolore</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF60058FFD4CF918FD62" bold="true" box="[1689,1781,718,739]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DBFF6005E8FD4CF832FD62" box="[1790,2015,718,739]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Simbabwe-Blauducker</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF6004E4FD4CF7A3FD62" bold="true" box="[2034,2126,718,739]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DBFF600B41FD4CF77BFD62" box="[2135,2198,718,739]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Duiker</vernacularName>
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azul de
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF600BFDFD4CF6A0FD62" box="[2283,2381,718,739]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabue</collectingCountry>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF600675FD77F8FCFC8B" blockId="144.[1378,2386,660,779]" box="[1379,1809,757,778]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<heading id="D0AB016999DBFF600675FD77F8FCFC8B" box="[1379,1809,757,778]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF600675FD77F9B4FC8B" bold="true" box="[1379,1625,757,778]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B99DBFF600575FD77F8FCFC8B" box="[1635,1809,757,778]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Natal Blue Duiker</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF6004DFFCBEF5FCFCD8" box="[1993,2577,828,857]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF6004DFFCBEF5FCFCD8" blockId="144.[1993,2580,828,1250]" box="[1993,2577,828,857]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF6004DFFCBEF789FCD8" bold="true" box="[1993,2148,828,857]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DBFF600B62FCBEF5E1FCD8" authority="Gray, 1863" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1863" box="[2164,2572,828,857]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Cephalophus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">Cephalophus bicolor Gray, 1863</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF6004DCFCE6F7FCFC29" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF6004DCFCE6F7FCFC29" blockId="144.[1993,2580,828,1250]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC5899DBFF6004DCFCE6F7FCFC29" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198308" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Umgozy Forest, Ntunsini district, Kwa-Zulu.</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF6004DCFC2CF71CFC76" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF6004DCFC2CF71CFC76" blockId="144.[1993,2580,828,1250]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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Formerly classified as a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DBFF600AEBFC2CF7ABFC76" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1789" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">P. monticola</taxonomicName>
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. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF6004DFFC7EF68BFBEC" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D99DBFF6004DFFC7EF68BFBEC" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512833" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512833" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512833/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" targetBox="[1376,1970,834,1251]" targetPageId="144">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF6004DFFC7EF68BFBEC" blockId="144.[1993,2580,828,1250]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF6004DFFC7EF794FB9C" bold="true" box="[1993,2169,1020,1053]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Distribution.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF600B9FFC7EF6ADFB9C" box="[2185,2368,1020,1053]" name="Mozambique" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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and E
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF600AA5FC7EF813FBC4" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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S of Zambesi River to E
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF600A75FBA6F5FEFBC4" box="[2403,2579,1060,1093]" name="South Africa" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799DBFF6004C1FBCEF7B4FBEC" box="[2007,2137,1100,1133]" country="South Africa" name="Limpopo" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Limpopo</collectingRegion>
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&
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<collectingRegion id="499878E799DBFF600B92FBCEF6B4FBEC" box="[2180,2393,1100,1133]" country="South Africa" name="KwaZulu-Natal" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">KwaZulu-Natal</collectingRegion>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF6004DFFBF1F665F826" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF6004DFFBF1F665F826" blockId="144.[1993,2580,828,1250]" lastBlockId="144.[1376,2582,1257,3452]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF6004DFFBF1F728FB15" bold="true" box="[1993,2245,1139,1172]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 57-64 cm, tail 7-9 cm, shoulder height 32-37 cm; weight 4-7 kg (3.9-5.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099DBFF600BEDFB43F6D3FB63" box="[2299,2366,1217,1250]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" unit="kg" value="4.0">4 kg</quantity>
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) in males and 5-4 kg (3.8-6.
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099DBFF60053CFB6BF981FA8B" box="[1578,1644,1257,1290]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" unit="kg" value="5.0">5 kg</quantity>
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) in females. A very small duiker; females are slightly larger than males. Overall color is a dark bluish-gray or gray-brown, with the amount of gray in the pelage being highly variable. The
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF600464FABAF7ECFAD8" box="[1906,2049,1336,1369]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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Blue Duiker is darker than the neighboring
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF6006D8FAE1F9C3FA01" box="[1486,1582,1379,1408]" name="Malawi" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Malawi</collectingCountry>
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Blue Duiker (PF. hecki), but paler than the Mountain Blue Duiker (
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DBFF600AEAFAE1FA57FA26" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lugens">P. lugens</taxonomicName>
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). The sides are paler and brighter than the dorsal surface, usually with a distinct rufous tone. The rump and base ofthe tail are very dark. The legs are rusty brown (the front legs are paler than the hindlegs), and the fetlocks are dark, interrupted by pale reddish patches immediately above the hooves. The undersides are white. The upper surface of the tail is the same dark brown as the dorsum; the underside is white, and these hairs grow outward, creating a white fringe along the tail edge. The forehead and the bridge of the nose are dark brown, and the cheeks are pale gray with a rufous tinge. This pale coloration extends around the eyes, forming dull rufous superciliary streaks 1.1-5 cm wide The underside of the jaw is white and the throat is warm gray in color, often with an orange tinge. The ears are dark brown outside and white inside; distinct white spots are present at the bases of the ears. There is a short coronal tuft on the forehead. Horns are present in both sexes. Those of males are strongly ridged, with 4-6 annulations at their bases; typical length is 3-4—4-2 cm. Horns of females are shorter: 2:3.2-9 cm. Dental formulais10/3,C0/1,P 3/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF600675F837F69AF73B" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF600675F837F69AF73B" blockId="144.[1376,2582,1257,3452]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
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<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF600675F837FA3FF84F" bold="true" box="[1379,1490,1973,1998]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Habitat.</emphasis>
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In
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF60051AF837F92DF84F" box="[1548,1728,1973,1998]" name="South Africa" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF6005C2F837F88EF84F" box="[1748,1891,1973,1998]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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Blue Duikers inhabit lowland evergreen forests with Podocarpus vegetation, coastal forest, dune forest, and montane forest up to
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<quantity id="4CA41BE099DBFF600670F87EFA21F79C" box="[1382,1484,2044,2077]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" unit="m" value="1370.0">1370 m</quantity>
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. Areas with dense underbrush are used for cover and are an important habitat feature; stands of Dracaena
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DBFF6005CAF7A1F8A1F7C5" box="[1756,1868,2083,2116]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="fragrans">fragrans</taxonomicName>
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are frequently used for this purpose in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF600A6DF7A1F5E0F7C5" box="[2427,2573,2083,2116]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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. Population densities in appropriate habitats tend to be high. Estimates from the Chirinda Forest in eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF6005B2F7F8F8DEF712" box="[1700,1843,2170,2195]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
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are 120-220 ind/km?; typical densities in
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF600A86F7F8FA7AF73B" name="South Africa" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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are about 150 ind/km?, but may exceed 300 ind/km? in some regions.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF600675F742F8D0F424" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF600675F742F8D0F424" blockId="144.[1376,2582,1257,3452]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF600675F742F980F760" bold="true" box="[1379,1645,2240,2273]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Principally folivorous, opportunistically frugivorous. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF600A99F742FA75F689" name="South Africa" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
, leaves of dicotyledonous plants comprise, on average, 69-8% of diet; 23-3% of food consumed is fruit and seeds. In the forests of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF600B2AF691F723F6B1" box="[2108,2254,2323,2352]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where fruits are more abundant, the diet is approximately 75% fruit and 15% leaves; flowers and fungi each constitute 5% of the diet. Instead of browsing,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF6004F1F6DFF79BF6FF" box="[2023,2166,2397,2430]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
Blue Duikers feed principally on fallen leaves: freshly fallen leaves are preferred, although dry ones are also eaten. While foraging, a
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF60057CF62EF914F64C" box="[1642,1785,2476,2509]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
Blue Duiker may pick up a leaf and rotate it using its tongue; if the quality is not sufficient, the leaf will be spat out. Because most foods are out of reach, the duikers may follow groups of Blue Monkeys (Cercopithecus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DBFF600AB2F679F60DF59D" box="[2468,2528,2555,2588]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="mitis">mitis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) to capitalize on items dropped from the canopy; flocks of African olive-pigeons (Columba arquatrix) also augment the food supply by knocking fruits and leaves to the ground. Highly preferred food plants are Protorhus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DBFF6004ABF5F7F73FF513" authority="Combretum" authorityName="Combretum" box="[1981,2258,2677,2706]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Commelina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="longifolia">longifolia, Combretum</taxonomicName>
|
||
molle, and Syzygium cordatum. Other preferred species (determined experimentally in palatability trials in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF600672F54AF9FFF560" box="[1380,1554,2760,2785]" name="South Africa" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
) are Ziziphus mucronata, Ekebergia capensis, Croton sylvaticus, Albizia adianthifolia, and Carissa macrocarpa. These duikers have been observed feeding on the fallen blossoms of Strelitzia nicolai. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF60041BF48CF873F4AE" box="[1805,1950,2830,2863]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the fruits of Ficus spp. are an important food source. The
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DBFF60050FF4B7F945F4D7" box="[1561,1704,2869,2902]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
Blue Duiker will opportunistically feed on insects, especially ants. This species is able to obtain all needed moisture from food sources and is thus not dependent on drinking water.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF600672F429F8ECF2AF" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF600672F429F8ECF2AF" blockId="144.[1376,2582,1257,3452]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF600672F429FA07F44D" bold="true" box="[1380,1514,2987,3020]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Breeds year-round. The estrous cycle is approximately 20 days in length. Males court estrous females by closely follow or chasing them, and may become very aggressive towards other conspecifics. During courtship, the male licks the female’s anogenital region and performs ritualized leg-kicks (“laufschlag”) between her hindlegs whenever she stops. Copulation is very brief, but occurs frequently (up to five times within a 15-20 minute interval). Gestation has been measured at 205 days in captive animals (range 197-215, from 19 births). Females choose a secluded, sheltered area in which to give birth to the single offspring. Birth weight is approximately 450-600 g. Females reach sexual maturity at 8-12 months, males at 11-14 months. Longevity in captivity may exceed 15 years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DBFF610674F2B6FE34FE27" lastPageId="145" lastPageNumber="716" pageId="144" pageNumber="715" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DBFF610674F2B6FE34FE27" blockId="144.[1376,2582,1257,3452]" lastBlockId="145.[199,1401,270,1015]" lastPageId="145" lastPageNumber="716" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799DBFF600674F2B6F9B8F2D4" bold="true" box="[1378,1621,3380,3413]" pageId="144" pageNumber="715">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Diurnal, with the highest activity levels immediately after dawn and just prior to dusk. Between bouts of activity, it frequently retires to resting spots; 33-50% of daylight hours (05:00-19:00 h) may be spent resting. The
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DAFF610788FE8CFAC0FEAE" box="[1182,1325,270,303]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
Blue Duiker tends to be more active in higher quality habitats: although foraging time is reduced, the time spent patrolling territorial boundaries and defending resourcesis significantly higher.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF6103DEFE32FE34FD60" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF6103DEFE32FE34FD60" blockId="145.[199,1401,270,1015]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799DAFF6103DEFE32FC7CFE4C" bold="true" box="[200,913,432,461]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Small home ranges are occupied year-round; the boundaries may be dynamic between seasons, but the core area remains constant. The central area usually contains frequently used bed sites (3—4 on average), which are used for refuge, rest, and rumination. Average home ranges are 6500-7400 m?, and are shared by a family group of an adult male and female, plus their subadult offspring. Home ranges are exclusive territories; there is no overlap between neighboring occupied areas. Each territory is transected by a number of regularly used pathways.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF6103DEFD64FCD5FC24" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF6103DEFD64FCD5FC24" blockId="145.[199,1401,270,1015]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799DAFF6103DEFD64FDCAFC86" bold="true" box="[200,551,742,775]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II (under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DAFF6100A9FD64FB8FFC86" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[959,1122,742,775]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">P. monticola</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (combined with the other nine blue duiker species within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD8699DAFF610274FCB7FE12FCD7" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1789" box="[354,511,821,854]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Philantomba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="monticola">P. monticola</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex). The stronghold of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DAFF6100FDFCB7FB97FCD7" box="[1003,1146,821,854]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
Blue Duiker is in KwaZulu-Natal. It is uncommon or rare in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DAFF610033FCDFFC59FCFF" box="[805,948,861,894]" name="Zimbabwe" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Zimbabwe</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF69599DAFF6100E9FCDFFB55FCFF" box="[1023,1208,861,894]" name="Mozambique" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
|
||
, with populations continuing to decline due to poaching.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E99DAFF6103DFFC31FB36FC72" pageId="145" pageNumber="716" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B60599DAFF6103DFFC31FB36FC72" blockId="145.[199,1401,270,1015]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A1799DAFF6103DFFC31FE8FFC4D" bold="true" box="[201,354,947,972]" pageId="145" pageNumber="716">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bowland & Perrin (1994, 1995), East (1999), Faurie & Perrin (1993), Grubb & Groves (2001), IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2008as), Perrin et al. (1992), Weigl (2005), Wilson (2001).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |