177 lines
19 KiB
XML
177 lines
19 KiB
XML
<document id="1794C527CF260DB0F7B894576BBF217A" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139946FFFD03D9FE29FAD0F33A" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Bubalus mindorensis Heude 1888" docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="584" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="584" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="4CE44022C1BC65F2154DE26833FE265D" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="A036C75A7D59B4789B63516951526ECC">
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<mods:title id="1817CA59D8991DA196FD96A5707EA2DC">Bovidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="683CAD4D6A1167F30E58F17AAD24CC3F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="42AB19B8A2B12AFD6F357A54EA7B8AD2">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="B1E5748A8823B374B385B6A54965392E">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="55EA8D57592B97699FB2C1B46B32B688" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="608CFB9467A1843048AC6FD060686E3F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="97C1293ED2C563555113FEEBB6585596">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1B501F812FBBD6162986F37477401938">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="171C777884E5389AB865045EDB38AEC5">2011</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther id="46C8C358DFCEF6443556132D8AAE8908" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher id="AF90901FCC1658D1AADA87EFD77B56BE">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place id="2971A54E43D89F1D8DF1FCDC6C2AEBF4">
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<mods:placeTerm id="2184004E8A86C2C7AC8BC6D9CC9BEA20">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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<mods:titleInfo id="C0133D57AAC4FCABB8462A8C6E99C94C">
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<mods:title id="A30515266BCDAD16C4AE678192703C48">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="05AB214AD4489E12E042CED63C62A2DA">
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<mods:classification id="FD435E3559C7887A17058AA64F88F9F2">book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="56C6F7F295216CE92F07957BD94611A0" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03F507139946FFFD03D9FE29FAD0F33A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6581179" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659235" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6581179" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139946FFFD03D9FE29FAD0F33A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139946FFFD03D9FE29FAD0F33A" lastPageNumber="584" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD03D9FE29FF02FE54" box="[207,239,427,469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD03D9FE29FF02FE54" blockId="13.[204,886,427,547]" box="[207,239,427,469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<heading id="D0AB01699946FFFD03D9FE29FF02FE54" box="[207,239,427,469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<figureCitation id="1367AA809946FFFD03D9FE29FF02FE54" box="[207,239,427,469]" captionStart="Plate 22: Bovidae" captionStartId="2.[99,129,3427,3452]" captionTargetBox="[13,2749,13,3634]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Gaur (Bos gaurus), 2. Banteng (Bos javanicus), 3. Kouprey (Bos sauveli)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512919" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512919/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">8.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD03E9FE29FE51FE54" box="[255,444,427,469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD03E9FE29FE51FE54" blockId="13.[204,886,427,547]" box="[255,444,427,469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<heading id="D0AB01699946FFFD03E9FE29FE51FE54" box="[255,444,427,469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9946FFFD03E9FE29FE51FE54" box="[255,444,427,469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Tamaraw</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD0117FE29FC98FE54" box="[513,885,427,469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD0117FE29FC98FE54" blockId="13.[204,886,427,547]" box="[513,885,427,469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<heading id="D0AB01699946FFFD0117FE29FC98FE54" box="[513,885,427,469]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869946FFFD0117FE29FC98FE54" ID-CoL="NKLR" authority="Heude, 1888" authorityName="Heude" authorityYear="1888" box="[513,885,427,469]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mindorensis">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD0117FE29FC98FE54" box="[513,885,427,469]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Bubalus mindorensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD03D8FE65FD5CFDA2" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD03D8FE65FCBDFE7D" blockId="13.[204,886,427,547]" box="[206,848,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<heading id="D0AB01699946FFFD03D8FE65FCBDFE7D" box="[206,848,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD03D8FE65FEF6FE7D" bold="true" box="[206,283,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9946FFFD0235FE65FE9BFE7D" box="[291,374,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Tamarau</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD029DFE65FE0BFE7D" bold="true" box="[395,486,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9946FFFD02E7FE65FD69FE7D" box="[497,644,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Mindoro-BUffel</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD018CFE65FD18FE7D" bold="true" box="[666,757,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9946FFFD01EAFE65FCBDFE7D" box="[764,848,487,508]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Tamarao</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD03DBFD8CFD5CFDA2" blockId="13.[204,886,427,547]" box="[205,689,526,547]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<heading id="D0AB01699946FFFD03DBFD8CFD5CFDA2" box="[205,689,526,547]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD03DBFD8CFE29FDA2" bold="true" box="[205,452,526,547]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055FC62B9946FFFD02D8FD8CFD5CFDA2" box="[462,689,526,547]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Mindoro Dwarf Buffalo</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD0022FDD8FC93FD1B" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD0022FDD8FC93FD1B" blockId="13.[819,1406,602,1020]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD0022FDD8FC22FDF2" bold="true" box="[820,975,602,627]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869946FFFD00FFFDD8FC94FD1B" ID-CoL="NKLR" authority="Heude, 1888" authorityName="Heude" authorityYear="1888" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bubalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mindorensis">Bubalus mindorensis Heude, 1888</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD009AFDFBFBD4FD41" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD009AFDFBFBD4FD41" blockId="13.[819,1406,602,1020]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589946FFFD009AFDFBFBD4FD41" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198461" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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Mindoro Island,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959946FFFD0797FDFBFACDFD1B" box="[1153,1312,633,666]" name="Philippines" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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, exact location unknown.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD0022FD45FB70FD69" box="[820,1181,711,744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD0022FD45FB70FD69" blockId="13.[819,1406,602,1020]" box="[820,1181,711,744]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">This species is monotypic.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD0025FD6CFAD8FC8E" box="[819,1333,750,783]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="distribution">
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<caption id="DF23E68D9946FFFD0025FD6CFAD8FC8E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512505" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512505" box="[819,1333,750,783]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512505/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" targetBox="[203,795,601,1015]" targetPageId="13">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD0025FD6CFAD8FC8E" blockId="13.[819,1406,602,1020]" box="[819,1333,750,783]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD0025FD6CFC0EFC8E" bold="true" box="[819,995,750,783]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Mindoro I,
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<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959946FFFD0787FD6CFADCFC8E" box="[1169,1329,750,783]" name="Philippines" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD0025FC94FC78FBC8" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD0025FC94FC78FBC8" blockId="13.[819,1406,602,1020]" lastBlockId="13.[198,1406,1034,3259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD0025FC94FBD4FCB6" bold="true" box="[819,1081,790,823]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09946FFFD061DFC94FA96FCB6" box="[1291,1403,790,823]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" unit="cm" value="220.0">220 cm</quantity>
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(one individual), tail
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09946FFFD0792FCC0FB09FCDE" box="[1156,1252,834,863]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
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, shoulder height
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09946FFFD0088FCE7FBE8FC07" box="[926,1029,869,902]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" unit="cm" value="100.0">100 cm</quantity>
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; weight 200-300 kg. Coat is generally grayish-black but can be dark brown with pale markings on the fetlocks, lower neck, and head. A distinct dorsal line is also evident on some adults. Their horns, which are black in color and triangular in cross section, are short (30-51 cm in length).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD03DDFBD2FC06FB3E" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD03DDFBD2FC06FB3E" blockId="13.[198,1406,1034,3259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD03DDFBD2FED7FBF0" bold="true" box="[203,314,1104,1137]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Habitat.</emphasis>
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Tamaraw inhabit open grassland or forest glades, thick bamboo-jungle, marshy river valleys, and upland forests. Formerly, they were found across the whole of Mindoro from sea level to at least
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<quantity id="4CA41BE09946FFFD01BFFB1CFCE3FB3E" box="[681,782,1182,1215]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" unit="m" value="2000.0">2000 m</quantity>
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above sea level.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD03DCFB44FAEBFAB4" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD03DCFB44FAEBFAB4" blockId="13.[198,1406,1034,3259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD03DCFB44FE24FB66" bold="true" box="[202,457,1222,1255]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Captive Tamaraw are reported to consume about 5-5 kg (dry weight) of forage per day. Their diet and feeding behaviorislittle studied, but it is thought that they probably prefer forest edges with dense cover and open areas for grazing.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD03DCFABEFC4AFA53" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="breeding">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD03DCFABEFC4AFA53" blockId="13.[198,1406,1034,3259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD03DCFABEFEBDFADC" bold="true" box="[202,336,1340,1373]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Tamaraw usually produce a single offspring, after a gestation period of 317 days. Cows usually calve every other year. In the wild births are reported throughout Mindoro’s rainy season (June-November), and this may extend until January (with newly born or very young Tamaraw being observed).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD03DEFA5FFC51F9F1" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="activity">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD03DEFA5FFC51F9F1" blockId="13.[198,1406,1034,3259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD03DEFA5FFE5FFA7B" bold="true" box="[200,434,1501,1530]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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Tamaraw are recorded grazing in open areas during the day; the annual population estimates are conducted using daytime surveys in open grass areas. In the MountIglit area, it is thought they use these areasless frequently in the day and more at night, because of increased hunting pressure.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD03DFF9F4FB04F802" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD03DFF9F4FB04F802" blockId="13.[198,1406,1034,3259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD03DFF9F4FC6EF916" bold="true" box="[201,899,1654,1687]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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Adult bulls were thought to be solitary for the majority of the time and adult cows are either solitary or accompanied by up to three subadults. The largest groups reported were of 10-11 animals. More recent reports are of smaller groups or solitary animals. The life span of the Tamaraw is reported to be about 20-25 years, although it is not clear whether these figures refer to captive or wild animals. Aggressive behavior between Tamaraw was observed in Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park. It mainly consisted of chases, with no actual fights.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD03DFF80BFB39F39E" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD03DFF80BFB39F39E" blockId="13.[198,1406,1034,3259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
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<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD03DFF80BFDC6F82B" bold="true" box="[201,555,1929,1962]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
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CITES Appendix I. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Tamaraw receive total protection under Philippine law. Tamaraw are confined to just three locations on Mindoro Island. Two of these are within protected areas (Mount Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary and Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park), and one is just outside the national park. Two additional locations, mostly outside protected areas, are possible habitats for Tamaraw. They have been reported there in the past and suitable habitatstill remains, but no recent surveys have been conducted. All populations are thought to be very small, with fewer than 300 individuals in all three populations combined. Two Tamaraw, a female and her male offspring, remain in a 280ha enclosed facility known as the “gene pool” captive breeding center. The decline in Tamaraw numbers likely is related partially to the increased use of high-powered rifles and automatic weapons for hunting; these are in addition to the more traditional spears and pit-traps. Human encroachment into Tamaraw habitat, and habitat destruction, degradation, and fragmentation are also threats; for example, there are cattle ranching and farming activities within Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park and Mount Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary. A large area in the south-western part of Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park is already permanently occupied by people and a large area in the eastern part of the Park has been planted with sugar and cereal crops. Logging and shifting cultivation are thought to pose threats to the Tamaraw in the Mount Calavite Wildlife Sanctuary. The Tamaraw Conservation Program (TCP) was set up to prevent the extinction of the Tamaraw and develop its potential as an economic resource in 1979. The TCP, through its Community Assistance Program (CAP), has forged a Tamaraw conservation network with communities adjacent to Tamaraw habitat. Several strategies and approaches have been instituted by the TCP to disseminate information and build local public support for Tamaraw and habitat conservation. However, protected areas established in Mindoro in the past have generally not achieved their objective of reducing threats to the Tamaraw. The present protection force is concentrated in Mounts Iglit-Baco National Park (
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<collectingRegion id="499878E79946FFFD0181F42DFC59F451" box="[663,948,2991,3024]" country="Philippines" name="Mindoro Occidental" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Occidental Mindoro</collectingRegion>
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side) and Aruyan-Malati. Efforts are underway to enhance the accuracy of the annual surveys of population size, and to develop a plan to enhance the effectiveness of future conservation actions.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9946FFFD03D1F3AFFAD0F33A" pageId="13" pageNumber="584" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059946FFFD03D1F3AFFAD0F33A" blockId="13.[198,1406,1034,3259]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179946FFFD03D1F3AFFE8DF3C7" bold="true" box="[199,352,3117,3142]" pageId="13" pageNumber="584">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alcasid (1977), Boyles (2007), Callo (1996), Cox & Woodford (1990), Custodio et al. (1996), Grzimek (1990), Hedges, Duckworth, de Leon et al. (2008), Kuehn (1976, 1986), Lawas & de Leon (1996), de Leon (2004), de Leon et al. (1996), Mason (1974), Momongan & Walde (1993), Namikawa et al. 1995), National Research Council (1983), Rabor (1961, 1986), Sclater (1888), Steere (1889, 1890), Talbot & Talbot (1966).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |