313 lines
42 KiB
XML
313 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document id="E9B7628A52E6388DFD088A7D8063DC3C" ID-CLB-Dataset="58516" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6512484" ID-GBIF-Dataset="67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-77-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512484" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1651524980884" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson & Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2011" docId="03F507139930FF8C03C5FC83FB14FA2B" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_2_Bovidae_0444.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Ovis canadensis Shaw 1804" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="695" masterDocId="FFCC7F6B994BFFF00316FF82FFEDFF81" masterDocTitle="Bovidae" masterLastPageNumber="779" masterPageNumber="444" pageNumber="694" updateTime="1699330398010" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods id="82F39714EC3DD6CF154FBB57C634F06C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="938E747285DDE24BA242DE1635AC5433">
|
||
<mods:title id="2BD01D9D46B2303F0699BD8F5E8133AA">Bovidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name id="592B3F20ACBBFC7326E3CA1F4206F1B7" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="5545D6B4DF0A229A4E0D5C88C3ACE56C">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="628181BB3536A0E12355C6C40A29B399">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="C45D2BFD5BA80D94463907B41BAF6333">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name id="D08C093C54573D095750DBEE1BF4D23D" type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role id="2BBABD8133AC10336F2D3329F6E9604C">
|
||
<mods:roleTerm id="E33C792BE1C2478D46A0C6F7EF687AF4">Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart id="3B3A9735583941419E12ACC97D3A379C">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource id="B708FD2DCD3BBCC0C3C3427F222D4D88">text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem id="17B915D6FC841925731BC1F5622C9229" type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo id="CB27C06F4777071FA9721D49D69190F6">
|
||
<mods:dateIssued id="8BF9F817B5A0523B76DF82DB6914F753">2011</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther id="C16647D6F72738C2440B0D321F195464" type="pubDate">2011-08-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher id="83AF59246B0FC4988014B05682431BBC">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place id="08A80C15D350BAB72BE46B3D9F89F146">
|
||
<mods:placeTerm id="A1B29178D11B024642B42162CA3203EB">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo id="6308F0887BE3D75D917845ACCC78A3B8">
|
||
<mods:title id="024E3B0965F1B8F7297FAD22F3B84FA0">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 2 Hoofed Mammals</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part id="78A173E9299CC4AB3C83753572672E0C">
|
||
<mods:extent id="7ABFD5C52A7B1E22DAE8E67FE64142DC" unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start id="E7F2B7DD8E1B136CBEFAA24B6D58BC8D">444</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end id="E6CCC968900AEAA00A5A36549907619F">779</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification id="84F4BC4B3D53A8739CEB6771B9EA7E77">book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="5586C19F53B5AAB276F321347455B354" type="CLB-Dataset">58516</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="B7C66B927929A4BE6A42FDAB4900A91C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.6512484</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="262BA187408867863891C5C2C1CB02FC" type="GBIF-Dataset">67b52095-db4b-43f8-a661-4aced0511111</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="2C05548A7867E1921F6C20013EE2DA48" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-77-4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier id="66338B761173EF26BC52E09DF4A0B0FF" type="Zenodo-Dep">6512484</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment id="03F507139930FF8C03C5FC83FB14FA2B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6773096" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195659262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6773096" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F507139930FF8C03C5FC83FB14FA2B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F507139930FF8C03C5FC83FB14FA2B" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="695" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B03C5FC83FEC8FCAE" box="[211,293,769,815]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03C5FC83FEC8FCAE" blockId="123.[208,1334,769,938]" box="[211,293,769,815]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699930FF8B03C5FC83FEC8FCAE" box="[211,293,769,815]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<figureCitation id="1367AA809930FF8B03C5FC83FEC8FCAE" box="[211,293,769,815]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="118.[97,127,3389,3410]" captionTargetBox="[13,2761,12,3632]" captionTargetPageId="117" captionText="On following pages: 199. Kazakhstan Argali (Ovis collium); 200. Marco Polo Argali (Ovis poli); 201. Tibetan Argali (Ovis hodgsoni); 202. Altai Argali (Ovis ammon); 203. Gobi Argali (Ovis darwini); 204. Shansi Argali (Ovis jubata); 205. Snow Sheep (Owvis nivicola); 206. Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis); 207. Dall's Sheep (Ovis dalli)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512959" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512959/files/figure.png" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">206.</figureCitation>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B0220FC83FD82FCAE" box="[310,623,769,815]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B0220FC83FD82FCAE" blockId="123.[208,1334,769,938]" box="[310,623,769,815]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699930FF8B0220FC83FD82FCAE" box="[310,623,769,815]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9930FF8B0220FC83FD82FCAE" box="[310,623,769,815]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Bighorn Sheep</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B01A1FC83FC3FFCAE" box="[695,978,769,815]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B01A1FC83FC3FFCAE" blockId="123.[208,1334,769,938]" box="[695,978,769,815]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699930FF8B01A1FC83FC3FFCAE" box="[695,978,769,815]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B01A1FC83FC3FFCAE" ID-CoL="4B9VG" authority="Shaw, 1804" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" box="[695,978,769,815]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B01A1FC83FC3FFCAE" box="[695,978,769,815]" italics="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Ovis canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B03C4FCC3FD64FC25" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03C4FCC3FB8CFCD7" blockId="123.[208,1334,769,938]" box="[210,1121,833,854]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699930FF8B03C4FCC3FB8CFCD7" box="[210,1121,833,854]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B03C4FCC3FEF2FCD7" bold="true" box="[210,287,833,854]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9930FF8B023FFCC3FE18FCD7" box="[297,501,833,854]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Mouflon d’Amérique</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B011CFCC3FD88FCD7" bold="true" box="[522,613,833,854]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9930FF8B0179FCC3FD10FCD7" box="[623,765,833,854]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Dickhornschaf</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B0007FCC3FC81FCD7" bold="true" box="[785,876,833,854]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9930FF8B0063FCC3FC2EFCD7" box="[885,963,833,854]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Carnero</vernacularName>
|
||
de las Rocosas
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03C4FCEAFD64FC25" blockId="123.[208,1334,769,938]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<heading id="D0AB01699930FF8B03C4FCEAFD64FC25" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B03C4FCEAFE2AFCFC" bold="true" box="[210,455,872,893]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Other common names:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9930FF8B02C4FCEAFC4FFCFC" box="[466,930,872,893]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Mountain Sheep; Audubon Bighorn (auduboni)</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9930FF8B00A6FCEAFB0BFCFC" box="[944,1254,872,893]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B00A6FCEAFBE6FCFC" box="[944,1035,872,893]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
Bighorn (californiana)
|
||
</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9930FF8B07E2FCEAFE3FFC25" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Desert Bighorn Sheep (mexicana</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9930FF8B02F7FC0DFDCAFC25" box="[481,551,911,932]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">nelsoni</vernacularName>
|
||
,
|
||
<vernacularName id="055FC62B9930FF8B0120FC0DFD64FC25" box="[566,649,911,932]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">weemsi)</vernacularName>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B0021FC58FABFFC72" box="[823,1362,986,1011]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B0021FC58FABFFC72" blockId="123.[823,1412,986,1404]" box="[823,1362,986,1011]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B0021FC58FC3FFC72" bold="true" box="[823,978,986,1011]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B00F6FC58FAA0FC72" ID-CoL="4B9VG" authority="Shaw, 1804" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" box="[992,1357,986,1011]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">Ovis canadensis Shaw, 1804</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B064DFC58FBECFB9B" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B064DFC58FBECFB9B" blockId="123.[823,1412,986,1404]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B34BC589930FF8B064DFC58FBECFB9B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3785198401" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B064DFC58FC6CFB9B" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959930FF8B0084FB83FC13FB9B" box="[914,1022,1025,1050]" name="Canada" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B002EFBA2FDA0F9E9" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B002EFBA2FDA0F9E9" blockId="123.[823,1412,986,1404]" lastBlockId="123.[207,1411,1410,3449]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
Subspecies boundaries and number of taxa need clarification. Bighorn and Dall’s Sheep (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B00B5FBF1FBE8FB11" authority="Shaw, 1804" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" box="[931,1029,1139,1168]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dalli">O. dalli</taxonomicName>
|
||
) probably hybridized prior to glacial maxima and during late Pleistocene in ice-free refugia. “Audubon Bighorn” (auduboni), consisting of extirpated populations from the Badlands of North and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B0061FABEFBD4FAD4" box="[887,1081,1340,1365]" country="United States of America" name="South Dakota" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">South Dakota</collectingRegion>
|
||
, north-western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B060EFABEFCB4FAFD" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
, eastern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B00C8FAE1FB8AFAFD" box="[990,1127,1379,1404]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B07A8FAE1FAD0FAFD" box="[1214,1341,1379,1404]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
, is a synonym of the nominate subspecies
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B01FEFA00FC9FFA22" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" box="[744,882,1410,1443]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Populations of “
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B077CFA00FB19FA22" box="[1130,1268,1410,1443]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
Bighorn” (californiana) have been synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B002AFA28FC28FA4A" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" box="[828,965,1450,1483]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
or nelsoni and populations formerly assigned to californiana in the central and southern Sierra
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B0749FA53FB2BFA73" box="[1119,1222,1489,1522]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Nevada</collectingRegion>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B07E0FA53FA6CFA73" box="[1270,1409,1489,1522]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
have been assigned to sierrae. Formerly recognized subspecies cremnobates, occurring in extreme southern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B02EAF9A2FD65F9C0" box="[508,648,1568,1601]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
and northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B004AF9A2FBC2F9C0" box="[860,1071,1568,1601]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, is a synonym of nelson. Five subspecies recognized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B03C6F9F1FC3BF798" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="DF23E68D9930FF8B03C6F9F1FC3BF798" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6512767" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6512767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6512767/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" targetBox="[206,799,988,1404]" targetPageId="123">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03C6F9F1FDB2F911" blockId="123.[207,1411,1410,3449]" box="[208,607,1651,1680]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B03C6F9F1FDB2F911" bold="true" box="[208,607,1651,1680]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03C5F918FD1CF887" blockId="123.[207,1411,1410,3449]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B03C5F918FD1CF887" authority="Shaw, 1804" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1804" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Ouis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="canadensis" subSpecies="canadensis">O.c.canadensisShaw,1804—SWCanada(SBritishColumbia&SWAlberta),WUSA(Washington,Montana,Wyoming,NIdaho,NorthDakota,SouthDakota,NWNebraska,WColorado&NNewMexico).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03C5F892FB9FF8D4" blockId="123.[207,1411,1410,3449]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B03C5F892FB9FF8D4" authority="Merriam, 1901" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1901" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Ouis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Tracheophyta" species="canadensis" subSpecies="mexicana">O.c.mexicanaMerriam,1901—SWUSA(SWArizona&SWNewMexico),NWMexico(NWSonora).ReestablishedinCoahuilaandChihuahua,Mexico.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03C5F8E1FE9DF84A" blockId="123.[207,1411,1410,3449]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B03C5F8E1FE9DF84A" authority="Merriam, 1897" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1897" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Ouis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="canadensis" subSpecies="nelsoni">O.c.nelsoniMerriam,1897—NWUSA(Oregon,SWIdaho,Nevada,NECaliforniatotheGreatBasinDesertinUtah,SCalifornia&SArizona)andNWMexico(NBajaCalifornia).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03C5F85BFBC1F873" blockId="123.[207,1411,1410,3449]" box="[211,1068,2009,2034]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B03C5F85BFBC1F873" authority="Grinnell, 1912" authorityName="Grinnell" authorityYear="1912" box="[211,1068,2009,2034]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Ouis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="canadensis" subSpecies="sierrae">O.c.sierraeGrinnell,1912—California(C&SSierraNevada).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03C5F782FC3BF798" blockId="123.[207,1411,1410,3449]" box="[211,982,2048,2073]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B03C5F782FDA6F798" authority="Goldman, 1937" authorityName="Goldman" authorityYear="1937" box="[211,587,2048,2073]" class="Liliopsida" family="Commelinaceae" genus="Ouis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="subSpecies" species="canadensis" subSpecies="weemsi">O. c. weemsi Goldman, 1937</taxonomicName>
|
||
— S
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B0191F782FCB4F798" box="[647,857,2048,2073]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959930FF8B007FF782FC3FF798" box="[873,978,2048,2073]" name="Mexico" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B03D9F7A6FBD4F5C1" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03D9F7A6FBD4F5C1" blockId="123.[207,1411,1410,3449]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B03D9F7A6FE23F7C0" bold="true" box="[207,462,2084,2113]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head-body 109-169 cm (males) and 96-126 cm (females), tail 10.2-15.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B0253F7C9FE79F7E9" box="[325,404,2123,2152]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
(males) and 10.2-12.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B01F2F7C9FCDCF7E9" box="[740,817,2123,2152]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="cm" value="7.0">7 cm</quantity>
|
||
(females), shoulder height 81-112 cm (males) and 76-91 cm (females), hindfoot 35.5-48.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B00A1F7F0FC10F70E" box="[951,1021,2162,2191]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="cm" value="3.0">3 cm</quantity>
|
||
(males) and 27.9-43.
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B062EF7F0FA6DF70E" box="[1336,1408,2162,2191]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
(females); weight means
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B0125F718FD92F736" box="[563,639,2202,2231]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="7.9" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="kg" value="79.0">79 kg</quantity>
|
||
(up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B01F8F718FCA4F736" box="[750,841,2202,2231]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.45" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="kg" value="145.0">145 kg</quantity>
|
||
) for males and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B073AF718FB9AF736" box="[1068,1143,2202,2231]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.9" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="kg" value="59.0">59 kg</quantity>
|
||
(up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B07F0F718FAAFF736" box="[1254,1346,2202,2231]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.04" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="kg" value="104.0">104 kg</quantity>
|
||
) for females. Horn length means
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B017AF743FD52F75F" box="[620,703,2241,2270]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="cm" value="90.0">90 cm</quantity>
|
||
(up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B0027F743FC79F75F" box="[817,916,2241,2270]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.26" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="cm" value="126.0">126 cm</quantity>
|
||
) for males and 26-2 cm (females), horn circumference means 37-3 cm (up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B002DF76AFC7CF684" box="[827,913,2280,2309]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.4" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="cm" value="44.0">44 cm</quantity>
|
||
) for males and 12-8 cm (females). The longer, more massive curling horns of males clearly differentiate males and females; the mass of male skulls with horns minus lower jaw can exceed
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B07D9F6B1FAF2F6D5" box="[1231,1311,2355,2388]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="kg" value="20.0">20 kg</quantity>
|
||
. Males can be up to 70% larger than females. Body color is pale brown to dark chocolate, including the tail. There is a distinct white rump patch that extends to the side of the rump and above the base of the tail; the muzzle, usually the posterior of the legs, and the belly are white. The white of the hindlegs is continuous with the white rump patch. There usually is a blackish-brown mid-dorsal stripe extending to the tip of the tail. There is no neck ruff. The diploid chromosome numberis 54.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B03C6F5C8FE45F335" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03C6F5C8FE45F335" blockId="123.[207,1411,1410,3449]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B03C6F5C8FED3F5E6" bold="true" box="[208,318,2634,2663]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Steep, rugged terrain used for escape or security cover is a major habitat component, especially for ewes with lambs. Habitats include rough to gentle slopes in mountains and foothills,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B017EF51FFD4AF537" box="[616,679,2717,2742]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="talus">talus</taxonomicName>
|
||
cliffs, rock outcrops, mesa tops, and canyons and adjacent river benches. Bighorn Sheep are found at elevations from below sea level in Death Valley,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B02A0F56EFDAEF484" box="[438,579,2796,2821]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">California</collectingRegion>
|
||
, to above
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B01C2F56EFCD0F484" box="[724,829,2796,2821]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="m" value="3500.0">3500 m</quantity>
|
||
. Daily temperatures can vary from —40°C in northern regions and higher elevations to greater than 40°C in desert habitats. These habitats encompass a variety of plant communities, including grasslands, alpine and subalpine meadows, riparian zones, shrub-steppes, desert, clear-cut or burned tall vegetation, and deciduous and conifer forests. Bighorn Sheep usually avoid areas with tall vegetation that obstructs their vision. Northern populations require grazing areas devoid of deep snow, such as wind-blown sites. In desert areas, water availability is an important factor, but sheep can survive without standing water for long periods.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B0638F478FA6CF396" box="[1326,1409,3066,3095]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Boselaphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">Major</taxonomicName>
|
||
predators include Coyotes (Canis latrans), Gray Wolves (C. lupus), Pumas (Puma
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B0647F3A0FEFFF3E7" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="concolor">concolor</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and occasionally smaller carnivores and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). Puma predation by individuals that concentrate on sheep can depress population growth in some Instances.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B03C6F33DF77CFEFF" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B03C6F33DF77CFEFF" blockId="123.[207,1411,1410,3449]" lastBlockId="123.[1478,2686,270,3458]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B03C6F33DFE3EF35D" bold="true" box="[208,467,3263,3292]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Diets are highly variable due to the wide geographic landscape and habitat variability, seasonal availability of forage species, and potential age and gender forage preference differences. Forbs and grasses are the component of most sheep diets, but shrubs can dominate diets. In desert areas, shrubs can comprise more than 90% of summer diets. Water and seasonal precipitation have important effects on forage availability, quality, and palatability, especially in desert environments, and largely determine diet composition. Mineral licks are important sources of sodium, phosphorus, calcium, and probably trace minerals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B06DFFE06F5DCFAD7" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B06DFFE06F5DCFAD7" blockId="123.[1478,2686,270,3458]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B06DFFE06F9A2FE24" bold="true" box="[1481,1615,388,421]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Ewes are monestrous; males are serially polygynous. Dominance among rams is established by ritualized head and body displays and by physical interactions, including horn clashes and head butting. Dominant, larger bodied, longer-horned rams guard a single estrous ewe from other rams. Males are sexually mature by 1-5 years, but usually they are prevented from participating in the rut by older rams. However, subdominant rams can father offspring and several males can mate with the same female. Ewes usually first mate when 2-5 years old and first give birth when three years old. Males older than five years do most of the breeding. In northern populations, mating occurs in late November and early December. After a gestation period of 170-180 days, ewes give birth to a single offspring; twins are rare. Social rank in ewes is not correlated with reproductive success, but high-quality females, those in a high nutritional plane, have a consistently higher probability of reproduction. Lamb survival is greater in ewes aged 4-12 years than for ewes aged two or three years. In northern populations, parturition coincides with warmer temperatures and the growth of spring vegetation in late May and early June. In desert environments, the mating season is prolonged; births occur from January through June, probably due to unpredictable precipitation patterns, although there is usually a peak period in births. However, the peak birth period coincides with a predictable timing of the winter-spring forage growing season, indicating that most desert sheep births also coincide with the period of nutrient availability. Ewes give birth in rugged,steep terrain in seclusion. Lambs weigh 2:7.4-5 kg at birth. After one to three days, when the lamb is able to follow the mother, theyjoin a ewe herd. Lamb and yearling mortality is highly variable, 20-80% for lambs and 5-30% for yearlings, and can exceed 90% during disease outbreaks, exceptionally cold, wet weather, or droughts. Coyotes and Bobcats (Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5CCD869930FF8B0B8DFA8FF733FAAF" box="[2203,2270,1293,1326]" class="Agaricomycetes" family="Cortinariaceae" genus="Bovini" kingdom="Fungi" order="Agaricales" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="species" species="rufus">rufus</taxonomicName>
|
||
) are important predators of lambs. Lactating ewes are more vigilant about predators than non-lactating ewes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B06D1FAE2F983F90E" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B06D1FAE2F983F90E" blockId="123.[1478,2686,270,3458]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B06D1FAE2F95BFAFC" bold="true" box="[1479,1718,1376,1405]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
During warm weather, feeding activities are concentrated at dusk and dawn. During winter, feeding periods increase, probably influenced by the shortened daylight hours and the poorer nutritional quality and availability of forage plants, especially in deserts and northern areas with snow cover. In deserts, feeding activity is curtailed by high summer temperatures during the day. Females, because of their added nutritional demands during pregnancy and after lambing, can spend proportionately more time feeding than males. Smaller rams spend more time foraging than larger rams.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8B06DEF918F719F396" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8B06DEF918F719F396" blockId="123.[1478,2686,270,3458]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B06DEF918F778F936" bold="true" box="[1480,2197,1690,1719]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Northern Bighorn Sheep usually migrate seasonally between winter and summer home ranges, which can involve movements of 10-20 km. Female herds show high home range fidelity. Elevational migrations are evident in northern populations in relation to plant phenology and to avoid areas of snow accumulation. Desert population movements are related to seasonal water and forage availability. Males tend to make longer movements and have much larger home ranges than females, especially during the mating season. They can move 50-60 km and encompass several mountain ranges. In the pre-Columbian period, when human structures were not a hindrance, desert populations were not sedentary, and the sheep crossed lower-elevation intermountain regions to move between mountain ranges. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B0581F7AAF933F7C0" box="[1687,1758,2088,2113]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the mean home range size for males was
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B0A36F7AAF699F7C0" box="[2336,2420,2088,2113]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.1" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="km" value="61.0">61 km</quantity>
|
||
?; for females it was
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B06DFF7C5F9FAF7E9" box="[1481,1559,2119,2152]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="km" value="24.0">24 km</quantity>
|
||
®. In arid areas, large female home ranges were correlated with widely scattered water sources; during the rainy season, home ranges and movements can increase because of greater availability of watering sources. However, in western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B0ABEF71CF5F5F736" box="[2472,2584,2206,2231]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Arizona</collectingRegion>
|
||
, home ranges decreased with increasing precipitation indicating that forage quality was related to home range area. Bighorn Sheep aggregate in herds, which increases feeding efficiency and predator avoidance. Herd size, which can vary from two to over 100 individuals, is dependent on population size, habitat availability, season, and gender. During an extended period of the year, males form separate groups from females and occupy separate seasonal home ranges, but there can be spatial and temporal overlap. Female or maternal herds are composed of adult females, subadult females, lambs, and juvenile males. Young males leave female herds when they are old enough to dominate females, as 2-3year-olds. Subadult males tend to rejoin female herds in summer. Young females remain within their maternal herds throughout their life. Females select for areas with higher security cover (steep, rugged terrain) to maximize lamb survival, even though these areas can have lower forage quality; males select for higher forage quality or quantity to maximize body condition, at the risk of higher predation vulnerability. Mature males join ewe herds during the mating season, which increases herd size and probably stimulates sexual behavior and synchronizes estrous among females. Single males may be more evident during the mating period because of their movements in search of estrous ewes. Males form dominance hierarchies, with older, larger males dominant over younger, smaller males. Dominance is correlated with reproductive fitness. Older, physically and socially mature males do most of the mating, but in some populations, subadult rams can sire equal numbers of lambs. Although females can live up to 19 years and males up to 14 years, few females live beyond 15 years and males rarely live beyond twelve years in the wild.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9930FF8C06DEF39FFE99FBC6" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="695" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059930FF8C06DEF39FFE99FBC6" blockId="123.[1478,2686,270,3458]" lastBlockId="124.[95,1300,275,1454]" lastPageId="124" lastPageNumber="695" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179930FF8B06DEF39FF8C7F3BF" bold="true" box="[1480,1834,3101,3134]" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
CITES Appendix II (populations in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959930FF8B0A52F39FF65CF3BF" box="[2372,2481,3101,3134]" name="Mexico" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
). Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. By the early 1900s, many populations had been extirpated. Populations have been reestablished in all states where they had become extinct and even introduced in areas where they did not occur historically; introductions often have been from individuals that were not of the original genetic stock. There are an estimated 15,500 Bighorn Sheep in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959930FF8B0BB0F368F6FDF282" box="[2214,2320,3306,3331]" name="Canada" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B0A74F368F60BF282" box="[2402,2534,3306,3331]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.08458" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="in" value="42.7">42,700 in</quantity>
|
||
the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959930FF8B0927F368F59FF282" box="[2609,2674,3306,3331]" name="United States of America" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. There are about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B05D7F28BF8C7F2AB" box="[1729,1834,3337,3370]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7018" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="in" value="6700.0">6700 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959930FF8B042FF28BF84CF2AB" box="[1849,1953,3337,3370]" name="Mexico" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, of which 2500 occur in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B0A04F28BF60BF2AB" box="[2322,2534,3337,3370]" country="Mexico" name="Baja California" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Baja California</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09930FF8B0923F28BFA0FF2D3" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0668" pageId="123" pageNumber="694" unit="in" value="4200.0">4200 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B06F8F2B3F9BEF2D3" box="[1518,1619,3377,3410]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Sonora</collectingRegion>
|
||
; 2200 of the sheep in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B0486F2B3F819F2D3" box="[1936,2036,3377,3410]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Sonora</collectingRegion>
|
||
are free-ranging, and 2000 are in enclosures. They were extirpated in the Mexican states of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B0B5FF2E2F70AF2F8" box="[2121,2279,3424,3449]" country="Mexico" name="Chihuahua" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Chihuahua</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B0BE1F2E2F69AF2F8" box="[2295,2423,3424,3449]" country="Mexico" name="Coahuila de Zaragoza" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Coahuila</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79930FF8B0AD5F2E2F59DF2F8" box="[2499,2672,3424,3449]" country="Mexico" name="Nuevo Leon" pageId="123" pageNumber="694">Nuevo Leon</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and there are now active reintroduction programs in each of these states. In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79937FF8C079AFE91FAE1FEB5" box="[1164,1292,275,308]" country="Mexico" name="Coahuila de Zaragoza" pageId="124" pageNumber="695">Coahuila</collectingRegion>
|
||
, there are about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09937FF8C0254FEB8FE7BFEDA" box="[322,406,314,347]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.143" pageId="124" pageNumber="695" unit="in" value="450.0">450 in</quantity>
|
||
enclosures and 150 free-ranging; in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="499878E79937FF8C0080FEB8FBDEFEDA" box="[918,1075,314,347]" country="Mexico" name="Chihuahua" pageId="124" pageNumber="695">Chihuahua</collectingRegion>
|
||
there are about
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09937FF8C0374FEE0FF57FE02" box="[98,186,354,387]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="124" pageNumber="695" unit="in" value="200.0">200 in</quantity>
|
||
enclosures. Populations have been established on Tiburon Island, owned by the Seri Tribe, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959937FF8C0261FE0FFE48FE2B" box="[375,421,397,426]" name="Iceland" pageId="124" pageNumber="695">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
del Carmen, privately owned, in the Sea of Cortez. There are about 600 Bighorn Sheep on Tiburon Island and 400 on
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959937FF8C008AFE33FC27FE53" box="[924,970,433,466]" name="Iceland" pageId="124" pageNumber="695">Isla</collectingCountry>
|
||
del Carmen. Over 350 individuals have been removed from Tiburon Island over the last five years to augment populations in Sonora and reestablish extirpated populations in northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959937FF8C07B2FE7DFAE0FDA1" box="[1188,1293,511,544]" name="Mexico" pageId="124" pageNumber="695">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The conservation program in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959937FF8C011CFDA4FD9DFDC6" box="[522,624,550,583]" name="Mexico" pageId="124" pageNumber="695">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
has been the result of high prices paid by hunters. About
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959937FF8C03EBFDCCFEC5FDEE" box="[253,296,590,623]" name="United States of America" pageId="124" pageNumber="695">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 4-5 million has been generated from sheep hunts on Tiburon Island and an additional
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F34BF6959937FF8C027CFDFBFE78FD17" box="[362,405,633,662]" name="United States of America" pageId="124" pageNumber="695">US</collectingCountry>
|
||
$ 2-7 million from the sale of live animals. Conservation measures include establishing populations in their former habitats on private and public lands. Bighorn Sheep occur in habitats that are not uniformly distributed and that are increasingly being fragmented, making it impossible for groups to interact and interbreed. Other problems include habitat loss due to human disturbance, including oil, gas, and mineral exploration and exploitation; introduction and dispersal of exotic ungulates; and urban expansion. Exotic ungulates can compete for forage and space, and exotics and domestic livestock can transmit diseases. Bighorn Sheep are vulnerable to several diseases transmitted by domestic animals, especially domestic sheep and die-offs have occurred following the introduction of domestic sheep. Translocations have been more successful when domestic sheep are not closer than
|
||
<quantity id="4CA41BE09937FF8C072AFC7DFB6CFBA1" box="[1084,1153,1023,1056]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="124" pageNumber="695" unit="km" value="6.0">6 km</quantity>
|
||
of known Bighorn used areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C346E58E9937FF8C0374FBD4FB14FA2B" pageId="124" pageNumber="695" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE3B6059937FF8C0374FBD4FB14FA2B" blockId="124.[95,1300,275,1454]" pageId="124" pageNumber="695">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9286A179937FF8C0374FBD4FF16FBEE" bold="true" box="[98,251,1110,1135]" pageId="124" pageNumber="695">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Bailey & Klein (1997), Bleich et al. (1997), Buechner (1960), Bunch, Boyce et al. (1999), Bunch, Hoffmann & Nadler (1999), Coltman et al. (2001), Demarchi et al. (2000a, 2000b), Epps, Palsboll et al. (2005), Epps, Wehausen et al. (2008), Favre et al. (2008), Feder et al. (2008), Festa-Bianchet (2008), Festa-Bianchet & King (2007), Festa-Bianchet et al. (2006), Geist (1971), Hall (1981), Hamel et al. (2009), Hogg (1987), Krausman & Bowyer (2005), Krausman & Shackleton (2000), Krausman, Leopold, Seegmiller & Torres (1989), Krausman, Sandoval, & Etchberger (1999), Krausman, Valdez & Bissonette (1996), Loehr et al. (2006), Pelletier (2006), Pelletier & Festa-Bianchet (2004, 2006), Remington (1989), Rieucau & Martin (2008), Ruckstuhl & Festa-Bianchet (2001), Shackleton (1985), Shackleton et al. (1999), Singer et al. (2000), Tarango et al. (2002), Valdez (1997), Valdez & Krausman (1999), Wehausen (2005), Wehausen & Ramey Il (1993, 2000), Wehausen et al. (2000).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |