431 lines
58 KiB
XML
431 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document id="496E3079E7BECBC07CA7462D1D94F7E6" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="894cb6de-98f3-4f05-a0ff-8f527b440bb3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="236850" ID-ZooBank="E84A5062-2B55-46E1-896A-A1E1ED5236FB" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461054128255" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Matzke, Danilo & Kocarek, Petr" docDate="2015" docId="3968878CF3673E3B4AA9FEC5E609F9BD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03956p139.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3956 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Euborellia arcanum Matzke & Kocarek, 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="F8C0A5EE-6884-4D56-AE89-D2170D5EA83B" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="137" masterDocId="C551FFF4F3623E3D4A3EFF89E31DFFC9" masterDocTitle="Description and biology of Euborellia arcanum sp. nov., an alien earwig occupying greenhouses in Germany and Austria (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae)" masterLastPageNumber="139" masterPageNumber="131" pageNumber="136" updateTime="1698580609658" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="676598AA7F7CFAA0E3D35F6ECF1C9796">
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<mods:title id="25B3E222A308939370B8DFDA55BAF964">Description and biology of Euborellia arcanum sp. nov., an alien earwig occupying greenhouses in Germany and Austria (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="44EE7B35D804561F14FD7ED2F4400545">Matzke, Danilo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BE53CBB33989ADAEA72D1BFEE7B6BCEE">Kocarek, Petr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="0B7BA4B0781C49DFBB4E4E46DCC16E3D">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="49559C94088C5DDF1ACCAC78CA136E4B">
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<mods:date id="C7D21A23EAC9D9BF8C13FCB61054DE8B">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FDD613632E5D5EEE5774B5BB534841C0">3956</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="A352B3D7BB3F44B9E327193D1EE12E3E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3956.1.8</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="3968878CF3673E3B4AA9FEC5E609F9BD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5671917" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5671917" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F8C0A5EE-6884-4D56-AE89-D2170D5EA83B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3968878CF3673E3B4AA9FEC5E609F9BD" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
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<subSubSection id="F9DB6511F3673E384AA9FEC5E164FA52" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="B17E369AF3673E384AA9FEC5E16BFEAF" blockId="5.[151,630,331,358]" box="[151,630,331,358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
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<heading id="EA3681F6F3673E384AA9FEC5E16BFEAF" bold="true" box="[151,630,331,358]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384AA9FEC5E16BFEAF" bold="true" box="[151,630,331,358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
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Biology of
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<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3673E384B22FEC2E10CFEAC" ID-CoL="3BNXC" box="[284,529,331,357]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384B22FEC2E10CFEAC" bold="true" box="[284,529,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Euborellia arcanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="988657F3F3673E384827FEC5E16BFEAF" box="[537,630,332,358]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B17E369AF3673E384AA9FE1BE00DFDDE" blockId="5.[151,1437,402,1435]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384AA9FE1BE182FE62" bold="true" box="[151,671,402,427]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Occupying habitats, burrowing behaviour.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3673E384894FE1AE02CFE63" box="[682,817,403,426]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384894FE1AE02CFE63" box="[682,817,403,426]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">E. arcanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="988657F3F3673E384902FE1BE087FE62" box="[828,922,402,427]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384902FE1BE087FE62" bold="true" box="[828,922,402,427]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">sp. nov.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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lives in underground galleries in tubes and chambers of varying lengths and shapes; burrowed under stones and trunks; or in moist soil. The species is active at night, when it leaves the underground galleries and searches for food on the soil surface. Nymphs of instars 2‒5 show a similar pattern of burrowing behaviour as adults.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B17E369AF3673E384AF9FDABE177FC0E" blockId="5.[151,1437,402,1435]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384AF9FDABE140FDF2" bold="true" box="[199,605,546,571]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Mating, oviposition and hatching.</emphasis>
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Copulation outside the galleries has not been observed and appears to be confined to the underground galleries. Mating can occur immediately after moulting to the adult stage. Sperm from a copulation is stored in a receptaculum seminis, and the sperm of a single male can fertilize several clutches of eggs laid over time (see
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<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3673E384B92FD07E1A5FD6E" author="Gunther" box="[428,696,654,679]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refString="Gunther, K. & Herter, K. (1974) 11. Ordnung Dermaptera (Ohrwurmer). In: Helmcke, J. G., (Ed.), Handbuch der Zoologie 4 (2), 2 / 11. De Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 1 - 158." type="journal article" year="1974">Günther & Herter 1974</bibRefCitation>
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). Males of
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<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3673E384906FD06E0A7FD6F" box="[824,954,655,678]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384906FD06E0A7FD6F" box="[824,954,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">E. arcanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E3849FCFD07E701FD6E" bold="true" box="[962,1052,654,679]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="988657F3F3673E3849FCFD07E701FD6E" box="[962,1052,654,679]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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have anextraordinarily long virga with an extended tip, which is used in the
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<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3673E384848FD3BE002FD02" box="[630,799,690,715]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anisolabididae</taxonomicName>
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to remove rival sperm of the preceding copulation from the spermatheca (see
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<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3673E384BB0FD5FE15AFD26" author="Kamimura" box="[398,583,726,751]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refString="Kamimura, Y. (2014) Pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits in earwigs (Dermaptera). Entomological Science, 17, 139 - 166. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12058" type="journal article" year="2014">Kamimura 2014</bibRefCitation>
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and Discussion). Approximately 16 days after copulation, females build a breeding chamber and begin laying eggs. Females lay 35 to
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<specimenCount id="A7C7FD13F3673E384905FD73E04AFCDA" box="[827,855,762,787]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" type="egg">65</specimenCount>
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eggs in each batch. The eggs are regularly cleaned, and unfertilized or damaged eggs are eliminated (eaten) by the female. After hatching, females care for the nymphs for the next 8‒12 days. From the moult up to the 2nd nymphal stage, nymphs leaving the breeding chamber and start to live independently from the mother. After 43‒55 days, the female usually lays the next clutch of eggs. Exceptionally, as in one case, females may lay a 3rd clutch of eggs. In another case, a clutch contained 20‒
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<specimenCount id="A7C7FD13F3673E384F7EFC02E646FC6A" box="[1344,1371,907,931]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" type="egg">30</specimenCount>
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eggs, but no nymphs had hatched after 44 days.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B17E369AF3673E384AF9FC5BE059FB0A" blockId="5.[151,1437,402,1435]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384AF9FC5BE13AFC22" bold="true" box="[199,551,978,1003]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Postembryonic development.</emphasis>
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The nymphs of
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<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3673E3848C7FC5AE09DFC23" box="[761,896,979,1002]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E3848C7FC5AE09DFC23" box="[761,896,979,1002]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">E. arcanum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="988657F3F3673E3849B0FC5BE0F3FC22" box="[910,1006,978,1003]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" rank="species">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E3849B0FC5BE0F3FC22" bold="true" box="[910,1006,978,1003]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">sp. nov.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicNameLabel>
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undergo five developmental stages, wherein instars 1‒3 are relatively short compared instars 4 and 5 (
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<tableCitation id="FC430321F3673E384942FC7FE0C9FBC6" box="[892,980,1014,1039]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1480,1503]" captionTargetBox="[151,1378,1562,1794]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Duration of the individual nymphal stages and duration of development from hatching to the adult moult (in days)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E5BE6612F3673E384AA9FA41E3C5FA36" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" tableUuid="E5BE6612F3673E384AA9FA41E3C5FA36">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). In abreeding culture with temperatures of 23‒26°C, postembryonic development, from hatch to adult moult, lasted 98–293 days (
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<tableCitation id="FC430321F3673E384EB8FB93E7C3FBFA" box="[1158,1246,1050,1075]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,239,1480,1503]" captionTargetBox="[151,1378,1562,1794]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 2. Duration of the individual nymphal stages and duration of development from hatching to the adult moult (in days)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E5BE6612F3673E384AA9FA41E3C5FA36" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" tableUuid="E5BE6612F3673E384AA9FA41E3C5FA36">Table 2</tableCitation>
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). The nymphs of the individual developmental stages are morphologically almost indistinguishable but can be separated by the size and number of antennal segments (
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<tableCitation id="FC430321F3673E384802FBEBE195FBB2" box="[572,648,1122,1147]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,1520,1543]" captionText="TABLE 1. Measures and enumeration of Euborellia arcanum sp. nov. at individual nymphal stages." pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Tab. 1</tableCitation>
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). After becoming independent at the second developmental stage, nymphs build their own burrows and live individually inside the tubes. During development, nymphs are very agile and can also be observed outside the galleries during the day.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B17E369AF3673E384AF9FB47E164FA52" blockId="5.[151,1437,402,1435]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384AF9FB47E2B0FB2E" bold="true" box="[199,429,1230,1255]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Feeding behaviour.</emphasis>
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In breeding culture, nymphs and adults fed on dried
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<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3673E384E2AFB46E78DFB2F" box="[1044,1168,1231,1254]" class="Malacostraca" family="Gammaridae" genus="Gammarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Amphipoda" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384E2AFB46E78DFB2F" box="[1044,1168,1231,1254]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Gammarus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp., apples and banana pieces. It was observed that the food is not usually eaten immediately, but that the earwigs retracted a small piece of food into the tube and ate it there undisturbed. This behaviour is independent of trophic pressure from other nymphs because it was also observed in nymphs breeding in isolation. Cannibalism was rare, but the earwigs often fed on conspecific carcasses. In addition, cannibalism was observed at lower humidity (<65%) or under conditions of high population density in the container.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<caption id="E5BE6612F3673E384AA9FA41E3C5FA36" ID-Table-UUID="E5BE6612F3673E384AA9FA41E3C5FA36" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/E5BE6612F3673E384AA9FA41E3C5FA36" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" targetBox="[151,1378,1562,1794]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="5">
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<paragraph id="B17E369AF3673E384AA9FA41E3C5FA36" blockId="5.[151,1436,1480,1535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384AA9FA41E217FA16" bold="true" box="[151,266,1480,1503]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
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Duration of the individual nymphal stages and duration of development from hatching to the adult moult (in days).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="B17E369AF3673E384AA1F993E206F8CB" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
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<table id="C3C1C43AF367C1C24AA9F993E67FF8CB" box="[151,1378,1562,1794]" gridcols="8" gridrows="4" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
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<tr id="0FF134D8F367C1C24AA9F993E67FF9F9" box="[151,1378,1562,1584]" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
|
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<th id="4C205DA4F367C1C24AA9F993E28FF9F9" box="[151,402,1562,1584]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Origin</th>
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<th id="4C205DA4F367C1C24BD8F993E11BF9F9" box="[486,518,1562,1584]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">n</th>
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<th id="4C205DA4F367C1C248ADF993E1CEF9F9" box="[659,723,1562,1584]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">1</th>
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<th id="4C205DA4F367C1C2492FF993E04CF9F9" box="[785,849,1562,1584]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">2</th>
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||
<th id="4C205DA4F367C1C249BDF993E0DCF9F9" box="[899,961,1562,1584]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">3</th>
|
||
<th id="4C205DA4F367C1C24E3FF993E751F9F9" box="[1025,1100,1562,1584]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">4</th>
|
||
<th id="4C205DA4F367C1C24EB5F993E7CBF9F9" box="[1163,1238,1562,1584]" gridcol="6" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">5</th>
|
||
<th id="4C205DA4F367C1C24F37F993E67FF9F9" box="[1289,1378,1562,1584]" gridcol="7" gridrow="0" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Total</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0FF134D8F367C1C24AA9F9CDE67FF993" box="[151,1378,1604,1626]" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<th id="4C205DA4F367C1C24AA9F9CDE28FF993" box="[151,402,1604,1626]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Biosphere Potsdam</th>
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||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C24BD8F9CDE11BF993" box="[486,518,1604,1626]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">30</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C248ADF9CDE1CEF993" box="[659,723,1604,1626]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">17–21</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C2492FF9CDE04CF993" box="[785,849,1604,1626]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">7–13</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C249BDF9CDE0DCF993" box="[899,961,1604,1626]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">11–26</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C24E3FF9CDE751F993" box="[1025,1100,1604,1626]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">21–119</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C24EB5F9CDE7CBF993" box="[1163,1238,1604,1626]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">89–114</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C24F37F9CDE67FF993" box="[1289,1378,1604,1626]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">145–293</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0FF134D8F367C1C24AA9F9E4E67FF94A" box="[151,1378,1645,1667]" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<th id="4C205DA4F367C1C24AA9F9E4E28FF94A" box="[151,402,1645,1667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Gondwanaland, Leipzig</th>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C24BD8F9E4E11BF94A" box="[486,518,1645,1667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">30</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C248ADF9E4E1CEF94A" box="[659,723,1645,1667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">22–41</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C2492FF9E4E04CF94A" box="[785,849,1645,1667]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">10–14</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C249BDF9E4E0DCF94A" box="[899,961,1645,1667]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">6–22</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C24E3FF9E4E751F94A" box="[1025,1100,1645,1667]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">28–67</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C24EB5F9E4E7CBF94A" box="[1163,1238,1645,1667]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">32–74</td>
|
||
<td id="4C205DA4F367C1C24F37F9E4E67FF94A" box="[1289,1378,1645,1667]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">98–218</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="0FF134D8F367C1C24AA9F961E67FF8CB" box="[151,1378,1768,1794]" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" rowspan-1="1" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1">
|
||
<th id="4C205DA4F367C1C24AA9F961E28FF8CB" box="[151,402,1768,1794]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Discussion</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="F9DB6511F3673E3B4AA9F8A7E609F9BD" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="B17E369AF3673E3B4AA9F8A7E764FE3C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1838,2007]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="137" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3673E384AA9F8A7E25CF88E" ID-CoL="8MPCH" box="[151,321,1838,1863]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anisolabididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a widespread and cosmopolitan family, containing predominantly wingless earwigs with dark and non-contrasting coloration. One specific characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3673E38496DF8DBE0E0F8A2" ID-CoL="8MPCH" box="[851,1021,1874,1899]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anisolabididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the male genital armature bearing two genital lobes, with one lobe directed distally and the second directed basally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3673E384E70F8FFE607F846" author="Steinmann" box="[1102,1306,1910,1935]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refString="Steinmann, H. (1989 b) Dermaptera Catadermaptera 2. Tierreich 108. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 504 pp." type="book" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">Steinmann 1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3673E384F16F8FFE3CEF87A" author="Srivastava" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refString="Srivastava, G. K. (1999) On the higher classification of Anisolabididae (Insecta: Dermaptera) with a check-list of genera and species. Records of Zoological the Survey of India, 97, 73 - 100." type="journal article" year="1999">Srivastava 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Based on recent phylogenetic studies, the family appears to be monophyletic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3673E384E6EF812E7D6F87A" author="Haas" box="[1104,1227,1946,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refString="Haas, F. (1995) The phylogeny of Forficulina, a suborder of the Dermaptera. Systematic Entomology, 20, 85 - 98. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1995. tb 00085. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Haas 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3673E384EE8F813E68AF87A" author="Jarvis" box="[1238,1431,1946,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refString="Jarvis, K. J., Haas, F. & Whiting, M. F. (2005) Phylogeny of earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera) based on molecular and morphological evidence: reconsidering the classification of Dermaptera. Systematic Entomology, 30, 442 - 453. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2004.00276. x" type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C9D6760AF3673E384EE8F813E60AF87A" box="[1238,1303,1946,1971]" name="United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">Jarvis</collectingCountry>
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384F20F812E64BF87A" box="[1310,1366,1947,1971]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3673E384AA9F837E28DF81E" author="Tworzydlo" box="[151,400,1982,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refString="Tworzydlo, W., Bilinski, S. M., Kocarek, P. & Haas, F. (2010) Ovaries and germline cysts and their evolution in Dermaptera (Insecta). Arthropod Structure & Development, 39, 360 - 368. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1016 / j. asd. 2010.05.004" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Tworzydlo
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E384B28F836E253F81F" box="[278,334,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3673E384BA5F837E167F81E" author="Kocarek" box="[411,634,1982,2007]" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" refString="Kocarek, P., John, V. & Hulva, P. (2013) When the body hides the ancestry: phylogeny of morphologically modified epizoic earwigs based on molecular evidence. PLOS ONE, 8 (6), e 66900. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0066900" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Kocarek
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3673E38483EF836E125F81F" box="[512,568,1982,2006]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="136">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but these authors included only a few species from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3673E384ECCF837E681F81E" ID-CoL="8N7XP" box="[1266,1436,1982,2007]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="136" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolabidinae">Anisolabidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their studies.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4B5BFF1EE113FF79" ID-CoL="8MPCH" box="[357,526,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anisolabididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is subdivided into 13 subfamilies (
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B49F0FF10E711FF79" box="[974,1036,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">sensu</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4E22FF1EE7C7FF79" author="Srivastava" box="[1052,1242,151,176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Srivastava, G. K. (1999) On the higher classification of Anisolabididae (Insecta: Dermaptera) with a check-list of genera and species. Records of Zoological the Survey of India, 97, 73 - 100." type="journal article" year="1999">Srivastava 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and comprises approximately 400 species in 31 genera (Steinmann 1989;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B490BFF35E0F3FF1D" author="Srivastava" box="[821,1006,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Srivastava, G. K. (1999) On the higher classification of Anisolabididae (Insecta: Dermaptera) with a check-list of genera and species. Records of Zoological the Survey of India, 97, 73 - 100." type="journal article" year="1999">Srivastava 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4EBEFF35E630FF1C" ID-CoL="8N7XP" box="[1152,1325,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Anisolabidinae">Anisolabidinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, to which the described species belongs, comprises 277 species in 13 genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B499AFF56E769FF31" author="Anisyutkin" box="[932,1140,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Anisyutkin, L. N. (1998 a) K poznanyu uchovertok pods. Anisolabidinae (Dermaptera, Anisolabididae) yugo-vostchnoy Asii. Entomologicheskoye Obozrenie, 77, 799 - 816." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="a">Anisyutkin 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4E47FF56E795FF31" author="Anisyutkin" box="[1145,1160,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Anisyutkin, L. N. (1998 b) To the knowledge of earwigs of the subfamily Anisolabinae (Dermaptera, Anisolabididae) from SE Asia. Entomological Review, 78, 627 - 641." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4EA8FF69E7CCFF31" author="Anisyutkin" box="[1174,1233,224,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Anisyutkin, L. N. (2004) A new species of the genus Anisolabis Fieber from South China (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae). Zoosystematica Rossica, 12 (2003), 185 - 186." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4EE1FF56E685FF31" author="Srivastava" box="[1247,1432,223,248]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Srivastava, G, K. (1990) Studies on Oriental Dermaptera preserved in the California Academy of Science, San Francisco, U. S. A. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 87, 15 - 53." type="journal article" year="1990">Srivastava 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4AA9FE8DE3C3FED5" author="Srivastava" box="[151,222,260,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Srivastava, G. K. (1993 a) Notes on the species of Aborolabis Sriastava [sic.] (Insecta: Dermaptera) from the Indian subcontinent. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 90, 23 - 35." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">1993a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4AD1FE8DE237FED5" author="Srivastava" box="[239,298,260,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Srivastava, G. K. (1999) On the higher classification of Anisolabididae (Insecta: Dermaptera) with a check-list of genera and species. Records of Zoological the Survey of India, 97, 73 - 100." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4B02FE8DE298FED4" author="Srivastava" box="[316,389,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Srivastava, G. K. (2003 a) Dermaptera part II. Superfamily: Anisolaboidea. Fauna of India and adjacent countries. Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, 235 pp." type="book" year="2003" yearSuffix="a">2003a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4BB7FE8DE285FED4" author="Srivastava" box="[393,408,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Srivastava, G. K. (2003 b) Studies on Oriental Dermaptera preseved in the B. P. Museum, Hawaii, U. S. A. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 210, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4B97FE8DE174FED5" author="Nishikawa" box="[425,617,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Nishikawa, M. (2008) A new species of the genus Anisolabis from Japan and Korea, with notes on the nomenclatural problem on two subspecific names of Anisolabis maritima (Bonelli) (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae). Insecta Matsumurana, 64, 35 - 51." type="journal article" year="2008">Nishikawa 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4844FE8DE032FED4" author="Kocarek" box="[634,815,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Kocarek, P. (2011 a) Dermaptera of Iran with description of Euborellia angustata sp. nov. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 51, 381 - 390." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="a">Kocarek 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B490AFE8DE05EFED4" author="Kocarek" box="[820,835,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Kocarek, P. (2011 b) Euborellia ornata sp. nov. from Nepal (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 51, 391 - 395." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The species are difficult to distinguish based on external morphology because of the uniform habitus and relatively large variability (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4EB6FEAEE645FE89" author="Steinmann" box="[1160,1368,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Steinmann, H. (1989 b) Dermaptera Catadermaptera 2. Tierreich 108. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 504 pp." type="book" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">Steinmann 1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The generic classification is based exclusively on the shape of the male genitalia, particularly the shape and size of the parameres (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4B26FEE6E2CFFE41" author="Srivastava" box="[280,466,367,392]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Srivastava, G. K. (1999) On the higher classification of Anisolabididae (Insecta: Dermaptera) with a check-list of genera and species. Records of Zoological the Survey of India, 97, 73 - 100." type="journal article" year="1999">Srivastava 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4BDBFEF9E1F0FE41" ID-CoL="8MR2V" authority="Burr, 1910" authorityName="Burr" authorityYear="1910" box="[485,749,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4BDBFEF9E141FE41" box="[485,604,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Euborellia</emphasis>
|
||
(Burr, 1910)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a widespread cosmopolitan genus encompassing primarily small earwigs that are usually dark with non-contrasting coloration. This genus currently has 54 identified species, of which approximately 10 are Palearctic (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4849FE3EE05DFE19" author="Steinmann" box="[631,832,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Steinmann, H. (1989 a) World catalogue of Dermaptera. Series Entomologica (Dordrecht), 43, 1 - 934." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="a">Steinmann 1989a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B497BFE3EE049FE19" author="Steinmann" box="[837,852,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Steinmann, H. (1989 b) Dermaptera Catadermaptera 2. Tierreich 108. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 504 pp." type="book" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B495EFE3EE736FE19" author="Anisyutkin" box="[864,1067,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Anisyutkin, L. N. (1998 a) K poznanyu uchovertok pods. Anisolabidinae (Dermaptera, Anisolabididae) yugo-vostchnoy Asii. Entomologicheskoye Obozrenie, 77, 799 - 816." type="journal article" year="1998" yearSuffix="a">Anisyutkin 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4E09FE3EE7E0FE19" author="Srivastava" box="[1079,1277,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Srivastava, G. K. (1993 b) Notes on a collection of Dermaptera (Insecta) from Brazil. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, 90, 147 - 153." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">Srivastava 1993b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4F36FE31E65EFE19" author="Srivastava" box="[1288,1347,440,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Srivastava, G. K. (1999) On the higher classification of Anisolabididae (Insecta: Dermaptera) with a check-list of genera and species. Records of Zoological the Survey of India, 97, 73 - 100." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4F71FE3EE685FE19" author="Srivastava" box="[1359,1432,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Srivastava, G. K. (2003 b) Studies on Oriental Dermaptera preseved in the B. P. Museum, Hawaii, U. S. A. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 210, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="2003" yearSuffix="b">2003b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4AA9FE55E25EFE3D" author="Kocarek" box="[151,323,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Kocarek, P. (2011 a) Dermaptera of Iran with description of Euborellia angustata sp. nov. Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 51, 381 - 390." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="a">Kocarek 2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4B70FE55E242FE3C" author="Kocarek" box="[334,351,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Kocarek, P. (2011 b) Euborellia ornata sp. nov. from Nepal (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 51, 391 - 395." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4B4DFE55E01DFE3D" ID-CoL="3BNX9" authority="Lucas, 1847" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1847" box="[371,768,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4B4DFE55E143FE3D" box="[371,606,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Euborellia annulipes</emphasis>
|
||
(Lucas, 1847)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only cosmopolitan species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B17E369AF3643E3B4AF9FD89E156FD39" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Current knowledge of anisolabidine biology is based on only a few species studied in breeding culture, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4AA9FDADE123FDF5" ID-CoL="5V3KJ" authority="Bonelli, 1832" authorityName="Bonelli" authorityYear="1832" box="[151,574,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Anisolabis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maritima">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4AA9FDADE29DFDF5" box="[151,384,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Anisolabis maritima</emphasis>
|
||
(Bonelli, 1832)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4871FDADE068FDF4" ID-CoL="66RKL" authority="White, 1846" authorityName="White" authorityYear="1846" box="[591,885,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Anisolabis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="littorea">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4871FDADE1D8FDF5" box="[591,709,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">A. littorea</emphasis>
|
||
(White, 1846)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B49BBFDADE66EFDF5" ID-CoL="3BNXL" authority="Gerstaecker, 1883" authorityName="Gerstaecker" authorityYear="1883" box="[901,1395,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cincticollis">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B49BBFDADE79EFDF5" box="[901,1155,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Euborellia cincticollis</emphasis>
|
||
(Gerstaecker, 1883)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4FBAFDACE288FDA9" ID-CoL="3BNYJ" authority="Dohrn, 1863" authorityName="Dohrn" authorityYear="1863" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plebeja">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4FBAFDACE3F7FDA9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. plebeja</emphasis>
|
||
(Dohrn, 1863)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4B9DFDC0E1E9FDA9" authority="Fabricius, 1793" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[419,756,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4B9DFDC0E135FDA9" box="[419,552,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. annulata</emphasis>
|
||
(Fabricius, 1793)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B490DFDC0E77BFDA9" ID-CoL="3BNX9" authority="Lucas, 1847" authorityName="Lucas" authorityYear="1847" box="[819,1126,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B490DFDC0E0DCFDA9" box="[819,961,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. annulipes</emphasis>
|
||
(Lucas, 1847)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4E48FDCEE649FDA9" author="Klostermeyer" box="[1142,1364,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Klostermeyer, E. C. (1942) The life history and habits of the ring - legged earwig, Euborellia annulipes (Lucas, 1847) (Order Dermaptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 15, 13 - 18." type="journal article" year="1942">Klostermeyer 1942</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4F5FFDCEE3CFFD4C" author="Giles" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Giles, E. T. (1953) The biology of Anisolabis littorea (White). Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 80, 383 - 398." type="journal article" year="1953">Giles 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4AE3FDE4E275FD4C" author="Herter" box="[221,360,620,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Herter, K. (1960) Zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie des Meerstrand - Ohrwurmes Anisolabis maritima (Gene). Zoologische Beitrage, 5, 199 - 239." type="journal article" year="1960">Herter 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4B4AFDE5E180FD4D" author="Knabke" box="[372,669,620,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Knabke, J. J. & Grigarick, A. A. (1971) Biology of the African earwig, Euborellia cincticollis (Gerstaecker) in California and comparative notes on Euborellia annulipes (Lucas). Hilgardia, 41, 157 - 149. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3733 / hilg. v 41 n 07 p 157" type="journal volume" year="1971">Knabke & Grigarick 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4894FDE5E0D7FD4D" author="Baijal" box="[682,970,620,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Baijal, H. N. & Srivastava, G. K. (1974) Notes on the biology of Euborellia plebeja (Dohrn). Indian Journal of Entomology, 36, 23 - 27." type="journal article" year="1974">Baijal & Srivastava 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B49E8FDE5E7CDFD4C" author="Matzke" box="[982,1232,620,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Matzke, D. & Klass, K. - D. (2005) Reproductive biology and nymphal development in the basal earwig Tagalina papua (Insecta: Dermaptera: Pygidicranidae), with a comparison of brood care in Dermaptera and Embioptera. Entomologische Abhandlungen, 62 (2), 99 - 116." type="journal article" year="2005">Matzke & Klass 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4EE2FDE5E678FD4C" author="Nonci" box="[1244,1381,620,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Nonci, N. (2005) Biology and intrinsic growth rate of earwig (Euborellia annulata). Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science, 6, 69 - 74." type="journal article" year="2005">Nonci 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). All species studied, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4BFFFD18E159FD61" ID-CoL="3BNXC" box="[449,580,657,680]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4BFFFD18E159FD61" box="[449,580,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. arcanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4872FD06E1B3FD61" bold="true" box="[588,686,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="988657F3F3643E3B4872FD06E1B5FD61" box="[588,680,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
pass through five developmental stages and show similar patterns of biology. However, the feeding behaviour observed in this study, in which food is retracted into an underground tube, is specific to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4B54FD50E2F1FD39" ID-CoL="3BNXC" box="[362,492,729,752]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4B54FD50E2F1FD39" box="[362,492,729,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. arcanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="988657F3F3643E3B4BCCFD5EE156FD39" box="[498,587,727,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4BCCFD5EE156FD39" bold="true" box="[498,587,727,752]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B17E369AF3643E3B4AF9FD75E1B8FBFD" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4B0AFD74E2A5FCDD" ID-CoL="3BNXC" box="[308,440,765,788]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4B0AFD74E2A5FCDD" box="[308,440,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. arcanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="988657F3F3643E3B4BFFFD75E100FCDC" box="[449,541,764,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4BFFFD75E100FCDC" bold="true" box="[449,541,764,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
have an extraordinarily long virga, more than 2.5 times longer than the entire body and likely one of the longest among all earwigs (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B491DFC96E0C2FCF1" author="Kamimura" box="[803,991,799,824]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Kamimura, Y. (2014) Pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits in earwigs (Dermaptera). Entomological Science, 17, 139 - 166. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12058" type="journal article" year="2014">Kamimura 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Conspicuously elongated genitalia are found sporadically in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4BAAFCCDE158FC94" ID-CoL="8MPK4" box="[404,581,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Spongiphoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Spongiphoridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B48BCFCCDE031FC94" ID-CoL="8MPCH" box="[642,812,836,861]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Anisolabididae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and are used for the removal of rival sperm from the preceding copulation in the spermatheca (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4857FCEEE03BFC49" author="Kamimura" box="[617,806,871,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Kamimura, Y. (2014) Pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits in earwigs (Dermaptera). Entomological Science, 17, 139 - 166. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12058" type="journal article" year="2014">Kamimura 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The mechanism of sperm removal and the significance of such behaviour had been studied in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4860FC04E09CFC6C" ID-CoL="3BNYJ" authority="Dohrn, 1863" authorityName="Dohrn" authorityYear="1863" box="[606,897,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="plebeja">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4860FC04E1C9FC6D" box="[606,724,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. plebeja</emphasis>
|
||
(Dohrn, 1863)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4981FC05E67FFC6C" authority="Dohrn, 1864" authorityName="Dohrn" authorityYear="1864" box="[959,1378,908,933]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Mongolabis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brunneri">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4981FC05E7ACFC6D" box="[959,1201,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Mongolabis brunneri</emphasis>
|
||
(Dohrn, 1864)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The males of these species insert the virga into the spermatheca without ejaculating and then extract the rival sperm using a fringe-like projection on the virgal tip while simultaneously ejaculating semen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4EB6FC5DE65BFC25" author="Kamimura" box="[1160,1350,980,1005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Kamimura, Y. (2000) Possible removal of rival sperm by the elongated genitalia of the earwig, Euborellia plebeja. Zoological Science, 17, 667 - 672. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2108 / zsj. 17.667" type="journal article" year="2000">Kamimura 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4F6AFC5DE68CFC25" author="Kamimura" box="[1364,1425,980,1004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Kamimura, Y. (2014) Pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of sexually dimorphic traits in earwigs (Dermaptera). Entomological Science, 17, 139 - 166. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / ens. 12058" type="journal article" year="2014">2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Both species studied are highly promiscuous, and, due to multiple matings, their offspring show mixed paternity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4AA0FB95E247FBFC" author="Kamimura" box="[158,346,1052,1077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Kamimura, Y. (2005) Last male paternity of Euborellia plebeja, an earwig with elongated genitalia and sperm removal behavior. Journal of Ethology, 23, 35 - 41. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10164 - 004 - 0125 - 3" type="journal article" year="2005">Kamimura 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4BAAFB95E184FBFD" author="Lieshout" box="[404,665,1052,1077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Van Lieshout, E. & Elgar, M. A. (2011) Longer exaggerated male genitalia confer defensive sperm - competitive benefits in an earwig. Evolutionary Ecology, 25, 351 - 362. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10682 - 010 - 9422 - 1" type="journal article" year="2011">Lieshout & Elgar 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B17E369AF3643E3B4AF9FBC9E7D6FAF9" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
|
||
By commerce, earwigs are frequently imported into Europe via plants and goods, as documented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4F00FBB6E3FEFBB5" author="Weidner" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Weidner, H. (1974) Einschleppung von Ohrwurmern nach Deutschland (Dermaptera). Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde, 47, 145 - 148." type="journal article" year="1974">Weidner (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who studied the importation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4870FBECE1CFFBB5" ID-CoL="8MP8D" box="[590,722,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Dermaptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
into Hamburg. The spread between botanical gardens and other greenhouses is likely facilitated by the trade and exchange of seedlings and other plant material. Thigmotactic and sciophilous earwigs usually live in potting soil, and their eggs are laid in wet soil. In Europe, alien earwigs in human habitats have been documented in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C9D6760AF3643E3B4854FB59E1CEFB21" box="[618,723,1232,1256]" name="Germany" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C9D6760AF3643E3B48E0FB46E083FB21" box="[734,926,1231,1256]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C9D6760AF3643E3B4997FB46E741FB21" box="[937,1116,1231,1256]" name="Netherlands" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C9D6760AF3643E3B4E58FB46E7DFFB21" box="[1126,1218,1231,1256]" name="Sweden" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C9D6760AF3643E3B4EC2FB46E64BFB21" box="[1276,1366,1231,1256]" name="Ukraine" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Ukraine</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4F5AFB59E261FAC4" author="Harz" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Harz, K. & Kaltenbach, A. (1976) The Orthoptera of Europe III - Die Orthopteren Europas III. Series Entomologica, 12, 1 - 434. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 017 - 2513 - 2" type="journal article" year="1976">Harz & Kaltenbach 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4BB2FB7DE13BFAC5" author="Brindle" box="[396,550,1268,1293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Brindle, A. (1977) British earwigs (Dermaptera). Entomologist´s Gazette, 28, 29 - 37." type="journal article" year="1977">Brindle 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B480BFB7CE07DFAC4" author="Joost" box="[565,864,1268,1293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Joost, W. & Klausnitzer, B. (1986) Wiederentdeckung von Euborellia annulipes (Lucas, 1847) auf dem Neuen Mullberg Leipzig Mockern. Entomologische Nachrichte und Berichten, 30, 271 - 272." type="journal article" year="1986">Joost & Klausnitzer 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Wallaschek 1998,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4E78FB7DE7FEFAC5" author="Borisch" box="[1094,1251,1268,1293]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Borisch, D. (2002) En ny tvestjart Dermaptera for Sverige Euborellia annulipes. Entomologisk Tidskrift, 1234, 186." type="journal article" year="2002">Borisch 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4ECCFB7DE3C9FAF9" author="Heller" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Heller, K. - G. & Haas, F. (2013) Fauna Europaea: Insecta: Dermaptera. Fauna Europaea version 2.6. Available from: http: // www. faunaeur. org (accessed 15 February 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">Heller & Haas 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The most frequently observed synanthropic earwig is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B497FFA90E7DAFAF9" ID-CoL="3BNX9" authority="Kocarek et al. 2015" authorityName="Kocarek et al." authorityYear="2015" box="[833,1223,1303,1328]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B497FFA90E0D0FAF9" box="[833,973,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. annulipes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B49E5FA9EE7A2FAF9" author="Kocarek" box="[987,1215,1303,1328]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Kocarek, P., Dvorak, L. & Kirstova, M. (2015) Euborellia annulipes (Dermaptera: Anisolabididae), a new alien earwig in Central European greenhouses: potential pest or beneficial inhabitant? Applied Entomology and Zoology. [published online] http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 13355 - 015 - 0322 - 2" type="book" year="2015">
|
||
Kocarek
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4E7DFA90E766FAF9" box="[1091,1147,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2015
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B17E369AF3643E3B4AF9FAB5E609F9BD" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">
|
||
According to tropical greenhouse employees, the majority of the plants in our study were imported from Florida. This was particularly true of the Biosphere Potsdam where almost all the plants originated in Florida (J. Neumann, pers. comm.). We can therefore assume that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4923FA0CE0BFFA55" ID-CoL="3BNXC" box="[797,930,1413,1436]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arcanum">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4923FA0CE0BFFA55" box="[797,930,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. arcanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was introduced to Europe along with plant material from South Florida´s greenhouses or nurseries. Because the only native species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4E93FA21E639FA09" ID-CoL="8MR2V" box="[1197,1316,1448,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4E93FA21E639FA09" box="[1197,1316,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Euborellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Florida seem to be
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4B28FA44E15BFA2C" ID-CoL="3BNX5" authority="Borelli, 1906" authorityName="Borelli" authorityYear="1906" box="[278,582,1484,1509]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ambigua">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4B28FA44E285FA2D" box="[278,408,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. ambigua</emphasis>
|
||
(Borelli, 1906)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B486AFA45E1F7FA2D" author="Hebard" box="[596,746,1484,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Hebard, M. (1921) The janeirensis goup of the genus Euborellia, with the description of a new species (Dermaptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 47, 319 - 324." type="journal article" year="1921">Hebard 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B48C8FA45E0A1FA2D" author="Steinmann" box="[758,956,1484,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Steinmann, H. (1989 a) World catalogue of Dermaptera. Series Entomologica (Dordrecht), 43, 1 - 934." type="journal article" year="1989" yearSuffix="a">Steinmann 1989a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B49F9FA45E70CFA2C" author="Steinmann" box="[967,1041,1484,1509]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Steinmann, H. (1989 b) Dermaptera Catadermaptera 2. Tierreich 108. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 504 pp." type="book" year="1989" yearSuffix="b">1989b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the source population is probably also alien, and the region of origin remains undetermined. The most probable region of origin could be Neotropical, due to the distribution of the morphologically similar and likely related species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4E7FF99CE7CCF9E5" ID-CoL="3BNYG" box="[1089,1233,1557,1580]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4E7FF99CE7CCF9E5" box="[1089,1233,1557,1580]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. peregrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the past, two species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4B2BF9B1E291F999" ID-CoL="8MR2V" box="[277,396,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4B2BF9B1E291F999" box="[277,396,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">Euborellia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4BA3F9B0E1F7F999" ID-CoL="3BNY3" authority="Dohrn, 1864" authorityName="Dohrn" authorityYear="1864" box="[413,746,1591,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="janeirensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4BA3F9B0E127F986" box="[413,570,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. janeirensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Dohrn, 1864)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="76C14D19F3643E3B4916F9B0E0A5F986" ID-CoL="3BNYG" box="[808,952,1592,1616]" class="Insecta" family="Anisolabididae" genus="Euborellia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dermaptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="peregrina">
|
||
<emphasis id="83B5EA88F3643E3B4916F9B0E0A5F986" box="[808,952,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">E. peregrina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, were accidentally transported with plant material to Europe from South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="C9D6760AF3643E3B4BCAF9D5E14AF9BC" box="[500,599,1628,1653]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="137">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but these species did not become established (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="D5504B6BF3643E3B4E5AF9D5E61AF9BD" author="Weidner" box="[1124,1287,1628,1653]" pageId="6" pageNumber="137" refString="Weidner, H. (1974) Einschleppung von Ohrwurmern nach Deutschland (Dermaptera). Anzeiger fur Schadlingskunde, 47, 145 - 148." type="journal article" year="1974">Weidner 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |