treatments-xml/data/03/D0/FB/03D0FB0AFFB72E5909E0F8B9FA8C7D02.xml

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<mods:title id="0FF46D227D185C3784E5379E11C93C57">Taxonomic review of Hadromerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) from British Columbia, Canada, and adjacent waters, with the description of nine new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2AA5547F79635020E9E3C92B5F308D3D">Austin, William C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="61C305312D5E78535DBC994F7007EF9B">Ott, Bruce S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F7F6A37E6721EE09789D8FBB17120129">Romagosa, Paula</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0F502F6F1880E5E2877128EEFB2AABF2">G, Neil</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03D0FB0AFFB72E5909E0F8B9FA8C7D02" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6132584" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127668511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6132584" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D0FB0AFFB72E5909E0F8B9FA8C7D02" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D0FB0AFFB72E5909E0F8B9FA8C7D02" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFB72E2C09E0F8B9FDB87D6C" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB72E2C09E0F8B9FD077D4D" blockId="62.[151,644,1840,1899]" box="[151,644,1840,1866]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<heading id="D08EFD70FFB72E2C09E0F8B9FD077D4D" bold="true" box="[151,644,1840,1866]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB72E2C09E0F8B9FD077D4D" bold="true" box="[151,644,1840,1866]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFB72E2C09E0F8B9FE077D4D" box="[151,388,1840,1866]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB72E2C09E0F8B9FE077D4D" bold="true" box="[151,388,1840,1866]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Tethya californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFB72E2C08C7F8B9FD077D4D" author="Laubenfels" box="[432,644,1840,1866]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de. (1932) The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81, Article 4, 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1932">Laubenfels, 1932</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB72E2C09E0F8DBFDB87D6C" blockId="62.[151,644,1840,1899]" box="[151,571,1874,1899]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<figureCitation id="13425699FFB72E2C09E0F8DBFF727D6C" box="[151,241,1874,1899]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Figs. 24</figureCitation>
A–M, 25A–L, 26A–G, 27–29
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFB72E2C09E0F813FD827DE9" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB72E2C09E0F813FDCD7DC8" blockId="62.[151,979,1946,2030]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFB72E2C09E0F813FEC97DB7" box="[151,330,1946,1968]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantium">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB72E2C09E0F813FEC97DB7" box="[151,330,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Tethya aurantium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFB72E2C0838F812FE7B7DB7" box="[335,504,1946,1968]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="aurantium" variety="californiana">
var. 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB72E2C080CF813FE7B7DB7" box="[379,504,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFB72E2C0B6AF813FD537DB7" author="Laubenfels" box="[541,720,1946,1968]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de. (1932) The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81, Article 4, 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1932">Laubenfels, 1932</bibRefCitation>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFB72E2C0BADF813FC0F7DB7" box="[730,908,1946,1968]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantium">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB72E2C0BADF813FC0F7DB7" box="[730,908,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Tethya aurantium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in part Non 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFB72E2C09BEF833FDC87DC8" authority="Sara &amp; Corriero, 1993" authorityName="Sara &amp; Corriero" authorityYear="1993" box="[201,587,1977,1999]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB72E2C09BEF833FEDC7DC8" box="[201,351,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">T. californiana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFB72E2C0812F830FDC87DC8" author="Sara" box="[357,587,1977,1999]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Sara, M. &amp; Corriero, G. (1993) Redescription of Tethya californiana de Laubenfels as a valid species for Tethya aurantia var. californiana (Porifera, Demospongiae). Ophelia, 37 (3), 203 - 211. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1993.10429918" type="journal article" year="1993">Sarà &amp; Corriero, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB72E2C09E0F851FD827DE9" blockId="62.[151,979,1946,2030]" box="[151,513,2008,2030]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFB72E2C09E0F851FD827DE9" authority="Heim &amp; Nickel, 2010" authorityName="Heim &amp; Nickel" authorityYear="2010" box="[151,513,2008,2030]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leysae">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB72E2C09E0F851FE9C7DE9" box="[151,287,2008,2030]" italics="true" pageId="62" pageNumber="63">Tethya leysae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFB72E2C0852F851FD827DE9" author="Heim" box="[293,513,2008,2030]" pageId="62" pageNumber="63" refString="Heim, I. &amp; Nickel, M. (2010) Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy. Zootaxa, 2422, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">Heim &amp; Nickel, 2010</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09E0FF13FDA97AD0" blockId="63.[151,1437,151,1524]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB62E2D09E0FF13FE017AB4" bold="true" box="[151,386,154,179]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Material examined.</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFB62E2D08FDFF12FE697AB4" box="[394,490,155,179]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
: 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0881FF12FDC47AB4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[502,583,155,179]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">USNM</collectionCode>
No. 21495, Pescadero Point, CA, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0AADFF13FBD67AB4" box="[986,1109,151,179]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="36.56">36o 33.6′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0D15FF12FB6C7AB4" box="[1122,1263,151,179]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-121.95167">121o 57.1′W</geoCoordinate>
) intertidal, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0C03FF13FF7F7AD0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1926-07-25">Jul. 25, 1926</date>
, coll. M.W. de Laubenfels.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09B0FF6CFE8F79BB" blockId="63.[151,1437,151,1524]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
Other material: 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D08F5FF6FFE587AFA" box="[386,475,230,253]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">RMMU</collectionCode>
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0890FF6FFDB77AF9" box="[487,564,230,254]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2078-01">I-2078</date>
, San Jose Creek, CA, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0A38FF6CFC587AFA" box="[847,987,226,254]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="36.52667">36o 31.6′ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0A9CFF6FFBFD7AF9" box="[1003,1150,226,254]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-121.92667">121o 55.6′W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0DE1FF6FFB457AFA" box="[1174,1222,230,254]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="9.0">9 m</quantity>
depth, coll. H.M. Reiswig; 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0876FE85FED17B23" box="[257,338,268,292]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, CA (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0A7BFE82FCF27B23" box="[780,881,264,292]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="36.633335">36o 38′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0A0BFE85FC767B23" box="[892,1013,264,292]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-121.933334">121o 56′W</geoCoordinate>
), no depth given, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0DCAFE85FAE37B23" box="[1213,1376,268,292]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1988-08-14">Aug. 14, 1988</date>
, coll. unknown; 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D087AFEBBFEDD7B4D" box="[269,350,306,330]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">CASIZ</collectionCode>
0 53441, Gerstie Cove, Salt Point State Park, CA, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0AE3FEBBFC747B4C" box="[916,1015,302,331]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="38.166668">38o 10′N</geoCoordinate>
, 123o.18′W), 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0DFCFEBBFB6D7B4D" box="[1163,1262,306,330]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="11.0" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="10.0">10–12 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0C48FEBAFF517B76" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1984-05-31">May 31, 1984</date>
, coll. S. Ward, B. Van Syoc, D. Catinia; KML 1131, PBS 128, Hecate Strait 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0D23FED0FB1D7B76" box="[1108,1182,344,369]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="km" value="30.0">30 km</quantity>
east of Sandspit, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0C00FED1FF667B90" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="53.325">53o 19.5′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0986FEF6FE037B90" box="[241,384,379,407]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-131.25166">131o 15.1′W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D08E2FEF6FE4C7B91" box="[405,463,383,407]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0B53FEF6FD1C7B90" box="[548,671,382,407]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1960-08">Aug. 1960</date>
, coll. unknown; KML 1092, PBS 62-26, Houston Stewart Channel, 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D09E0FE2BFF3C7BBD" box="[151,191,418,442]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D09A4FE2BFED37BBC" box="[211,336,418,443]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="52.133335">52º 08.0′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D082AFE2BFE6D7BBC" box="[349,494,418,443]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-131.165">131º 09.9′W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0B74FE2BFDBE7BBD" box="[515,573,418,442]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="27.0">27 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0BE4FE2BFCB97BBC" box="[659,826,418,443]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1962-08-15">Aug. 15, 1962</date>
, coll. unknown, 
<specimenCount id="9D7F8195FFB62E2D0A8FFE2BFB177BBC" box="[1016,1172,418,443]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
; KML 1093, KML sta. 83/76, Self Pt., Barkley Sd., 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0893FE4FFD8F7BD9" box="[484,524,454,478]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0B56FE4FFD1C7BD9" box="[545,671,453,478]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="48.835">48º 50.1′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0BDAFE4CFCBD7BD9" box="[685,830,453,478]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-125.16">125º 09.6′W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0A23FE4FFC027BDA" box="[852,897,454,478]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="4.0">4 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0AAEFE4FFBFB7BD9" box="[985,1144,453,478]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1976-06-24">Jun. 24, 1976</date>
, coll. W.C. Austin; KML 1094, KML sta. 144/76, N of Batley Island, Barkley Sd., 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0A61FE60FCBD7806" box="[790,830,489,513]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0A26FE60FC487805" box="[849,971,489,514]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="48.875">48º 52.5′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0AA0FE60FBE67805" box="[983,1125,489,514]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-125.361664">125º 21.7′W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0D0EFE60FB327806" box="[1145,1201,489,513]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="24.0">24 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0C74FE60FA1B7805" box="[1283,1432,489,514]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1976-08-08">Aug. 8, 1976</date>
, coll. W.C. Austin; KML 1095, KML sta. 169/76, Flamingo Inlet, 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0A06FD84FC1A7822" box="[881,921,525,549]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0ADCFD85FBA57822" box="[939,1062,524,549]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="52.22167">52º 13.3′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0D46FD84FB437822" box="[1073,1216,524,549]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-131.35333">131º 21.2′W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0DA5FD85FA887823" box="[1234,1291,524,549]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
depth; KML 1097, KML sta. 35/79, Vananda Cove, 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0B2CFDBAFD00784C" box="[603,643,563,587]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0BEEFDBAFC96784C" box="[665,789,559,587]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="49.761665">49o 45.7′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0A54FDBAFC37784C" box="[803,948,559,587]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-124.54667">124o 32.8′W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0ABEFDBBFBAD784D" box="[969,1070,562,587]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="16.0" valueMax="17.0" valueMin="15.0">15–17 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0DF1FDBAFA9F784C" box="[1158,1308,563,587]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1979-05-02">May 2, 1979</date>
, coll. W.C. Austin, 
<specimenCount id="9D7F8195FFB62E2D0987FDDEFE0F7868" box="[240,396,598,623]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">20 specimens</specimenCount>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D08EFFDDEFE6A7868" box="[408,489,599,623]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">RBCM</collectionCode>
976-01083-001, Tasu Sound, 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0A48FDDEFCE47868" box="[831,871,599,623]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, east facing side of small bay on south side of the “Gap”, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0983FDF5FEE47892" box="[244,359,633,661]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="52.738335">52o44.3′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0805FDF4FD837892" box="[370,512,633,661]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-132.09">132o 05.4′W</geoCoordinate>
), less than 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0B0DFDF5FD307893" box="[634,691,636,661]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0A72FDF4FC2B7892" box="[773,936,636,661]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1975-08-14">Aug. 14, 1975</date>
, coll. P. Lambert; 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0D06FDF4FB417892" box="[1137,1218,637,661]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">RBCM</collectionCode>
975-00776-002 off Cape Scott, 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0856FD2AFECA78BC" box="[289,329,675,699]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D082AFD2BFE4378BC" box="[349,448,671,699]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="50.783333">50o 47′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D08BBFD2AFDC578BC" box="[460,582,671,699]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-128.5">128o 30′W</geoCoordinate>
), no depth given, date before 1981, coll. unknown; 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0DE7FD2AFB6278BC" box="[1168,1249,675,699]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">RBCM</collectionCode>
980-00333-005, Hall Bank, 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0861FD40FECC78E5" box="[278,335,713,738]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
N of entrance to Forward Inlet, 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0BC1FD40FD5D78E6" box="[694,734,713,737]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0B86FD40FCE978E5" box="[753,874,710,738]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="50.495">50o 29.7′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0A02FD40FB8078E5" box="[885,1027,710,738]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-128.025">128o 01.5′W</geoCoordinate>
), less than 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0D0AFD40FB2478E6" box="[1149,1191,713,737]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0D8DFD43FA1B78E5" box="[1274,1432,713,738]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1960-06-29">June 29, 1960</date>
, coll. P. Lambert, 
<specimenCount id="9D7F8195FFB62E2D082FFD66FE59790F" box="[344,474,751,776]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
; 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0890FD66FDBB7900" box="[487,568,751,775]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">RBCM</collectionCode>
980-00348-003, McBride Bay SW of Tahsis Narrows, 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0DDFFD66FB537900" box="[1192,1232,751,775]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0D93FD66FADC790F" box="[1252,1375,748,776]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="49.851665">49o 51.1′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0C1DFD66FF6F792C" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-126.715">126o 42.9′W</geoCoordinate>
), less than 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0802FC9AFE30792D" box="[373,435,787,811]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="18.0">18 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0B78FC9BFD1D792C" box="[527,670,786,811]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1980-07-08">Jul. 8, 1980</date>
, coll. P. Lambert; 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0A0CFC9AFC4F792C" box="[891,972,787,811]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/gayt-20cg" name="Royal British Columbia Museum" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">RBCM</collectionCode>
976-01073-001, Otter Cove, Discovery Passage, 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0989FCB0FEA57956" box="[254,294,825,849]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D084DFCB0FE367955" box="[314,437,822,850]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="50.328335">50o 19.7′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D08B6FCB0FDCC7955" box="[449,591,822,850]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-126.44">126o 26.4′W</geoCoordinate>
), less than 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0BBAFCB0FC857956" box="[717,774,825,849]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="38.0">38 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0A2DFCB0FC727955" box="[858,1009,825,850]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1976-08-02">Aug. 2, 1976</date>
, coll. P. Lambert; KML 1303, Wizard Islet, Barkley Sd., 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0819FCD4FE157972" box="[366,406,861,885]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D08DBFCD4FDAA7972" box="[428,553,860,885]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="48.856667">48º 51.4′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0B40FCD5FD4B7972" box="[567,712,860,885]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-125.16167">125º 09.7′W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0BA9FCD4FC9A7973" box="[734,793,861,885]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="12.0">12 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0A06FCD4FB907972" box="[881,1043,861,885]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2012-04-12">Apr. 12, 2012</date>
, coll. S. Gray &amp; S. Friesen; KML 1302, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, (
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0B9CFCF6FCF5799F" box="[747,886,895,920]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="9" value="36.620667">36º 37.24′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0AF4FC09FB97799F" box="[899,1044,895,920]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-121.901665">121º 54.1′W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0D5EFC09FBD47990" box="[1065,1111,896,920]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
depth, 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0DDAFC09FAC0799F" box="[1197,1347,895,920]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="2012-03-05">Mar. 5, 2012</date>
, coll. J. Watanabe.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09B0FC4FFBF67E4D" blockId="63.[151,1437,151,1524]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
Field images: Chrow I., Barkley Sd., 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0B0FFC4EFD2379D8" box="[632,672,967,991]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (approx. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0A62FC4EFC1179D8" box="[789,914,966,991]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="48.906666">48º 54.4′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0AE8FC4FFBB279D8" box="[927,1073,966,991]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-125.471664">125º 28.3′W</geoCoordinate>
), 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0D30FC4FFB0679D8" box="[1095,1157,966,991]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
; 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFB62E2D0DE4FC41FAA979D8" box="[1171,1322,966,991]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" value="1976-03-04">Mar. 4, 1976</date>
, photo N. McDaniel; Discovery Pass, 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D08A3FC62FE7F7E04" box="[468,508,1003,1027]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (approx. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0B18FC63FD567E04" box="[623,725,1002,1027]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="50.166668">50º 10′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0B95FC63FCDD7E04" box="[738,862,1002,1027]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-125.35">125º 21′W</geoCoordinate>
), 4 photos N. McDaniel; Ballenas I., 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0C7EFC62FAB27E04" box="[1289,1329,1003,1027]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (approx. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D09E0FB87FF787E21" box="[151,251,1037,1062]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="49.35">49º 21′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D087FFB87FE017E21" box="[264,386,1037,1062]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-124.15">124º 09′W</geoCoordinate>
), photo N. McDaniel; NE Texada I., 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D0A55FB87FCC97E21" box="[802,842,1038,1062]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (approx. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0ACCFB87FBA27E21" box="[955,1057,1037,1062]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="49.75">49º 45′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0D5BFB87FB247E21" box="[1068,1191,1037,1062]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="925" value="-124.55">124º 33′W</geoCoordinate>
), photo N. McDaniel; Flattop I., Strait of 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFB62E2D081AFBB8FE497E4D" box="[365,458,1073,1098]" name="Georgia" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Georgia</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectionCode id="ED68D2D9FFB62E2D08A2FBBBFE7E7E4D" box="[469,509,1074,1098]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">BC</collectionCode>
, (approx. 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0B1AFBBBFD647E4D" box="[621,743,1073,1098]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="40.15167">40º 09.1′N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE4D2CDBFFB62E2D0B85FBBBFC027E4D" box="[754,897,1073,1098]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" precision="92" value="-123.691666">123º 41.5′W</geoCoordinate>
), photo N. McDaniel.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFB62E5109B0FBDDFB5D7E7B" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09B0FBDDFB847EB3" blockId="63.[151,1437,151,1524]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB62E2D09B0FBDDFEDA7E6A" bold="true" box="[199,345,1108,1133]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB62E2D0816FBDFFDDF7E6A" box="[353,604,1109,1133]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Macroscopic features.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13425699FFB62E2D0B1AFBDDFD417E6A" box="[621,706,1108,1133]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13425699FFB62E2D0BA7FBDDFD6D7E6A" box="[720,750,1108,1133]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">25</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13425699FFB62E2D0B8BFBDDFC9F7E6A" box="[764,796,1108,1133]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I- 2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">26</figureCitation>
). 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFB62E2D0A46FBDCFC127E6A" box="[817,913,1109,1133]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
: USNM No. 21495; hemispherical, size 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0C14FBDDFA1F7E6B" box="[1379,1436,1108,1133]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="cm" value="5.0">5 cm</quantity>
diameter; surface (preserved) appears tattered, boundaries of tubercles not visible (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFB62E2D0D2EFBF1FB337E97" box="[1113,1200,1144,1169]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
B), but warty per de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFB62E2D09E0FB12FEEB7EB3" author="Laubenfels" box="[151,360,1179,1204]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de. (1932) The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81, Article 4, 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1932">Laubenfels (1932)</bibRefCitation>
; colour in life yellow, preserved drab (de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFB62E2D0A4CFB12FC797EB3" author="Laubenfels" box="[827,1018,1179,1204]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de. (1932) The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81, Article 4, 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1932">Laubenfels 1932</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09B0FB49FCA67F61" blockId="63.[151,1437,151,1524]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
No differences in macroscopic features noted among other specimens from California or BC; hemispherical; size ranges from 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFB62E2D0829FB6AFE5F7EFD" box="[350,476,1251,1275]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" unit="cm" value="6.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="3.0">3 to 10 cm</quantity>
diameter; tubercles with broad gutters between them 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB62E2D0D3EFB6DFB127EFC" box="[1097,1169,1252,1275]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">in situ</emphasis>
(e.g., 
<figureCitation id="13425699FFB62E2D0DABFB6BFAAE7EFC" box="[1244,1325,1250,1275]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
A) with a rough texture; gutters closed or nearly so and outer edges of tubercles in contact when sponge contracted (e.g., 
<figureCitation id="13425699FFB62E2D0C07FA8FFF357F45" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
B); with a smooth texture; consistency firm in all preserved specimens; no evidence of surface sloughing; colour alive yellow (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFB62E2D0847FAC4FE037F61" box="[304,384,1357,1382]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
A) to rust red orange; preserved drab.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09B0FAF8FCF37FF3" blockId="63.[151,1437,151,1524]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB62E2D09B0FAF8FE307F8E" box="[199,435,1393,1417]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Microscopic features</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13425699FFB62E2D08B3FAF9FD9B7F8E" box="[452,536,1392,1417]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13425699FFB62E2D0B51FAF9FDC77F8E" box="[550,580,1392,1417]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">25</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13425699FFB62E2D0B26FAF9FDEC7F8E" box="[593,623,1392,1417]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I- 2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">26</figureCitation>
, Tables 14, 15). There have been some differences in the definitions of terms for spicules in 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFB62E2D08F9FA1DFD837FAA" box="[398,512,1428,1453]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Tethyidae</taxonomicName>
. We provide our definitions of spicule 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFB62E2D0AB1FA1CFB827FAA" box="[966,1025,1429,1453]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">types</typeStatus>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFB62E2D0D41FA1DFBFD7FAA" box="[1078,1150,1428,1453]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFB62E2D0D41FA1DFBFD7FAA" box="[1078,1150,1428,1453]" italics="true" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. in this paper based largely on 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFB62E2D0878FA31FE107FD7" author="Sara" box="[271,403,1464,1488]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" refString="Sara, M. (2002) Family Tethyidae Gray, 1848. In: Hooper, John N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, NewYork, pp. 245 - 265." type="book chapter" year="2002">Sarà (2002)</bibRefCitation>
and Boury-Esnault &amp; Rützler (1997). Additional spicule 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFB62E2D0D6AFA31FBDB7FD7" box="[1053,1112,1464,1488]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">types</typeStatus>
in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFB62E2D0DD0FA3EFA967FD7" box="[1191,1301,1463,1488]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Tethyidae</taxonomicName>
that are not represented in our material are not included in this annotated list.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09E0F9AAFD077C3C" blockId="63.[151,1269,1570,2027]" box="[151,644,1570,1595]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">• main megascleres: in radiating bundles.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09E0F9CEFDB57C58" blockId="63.[151,1269,1570,2027]" box="[151,566,1606,1631]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">• auxiliary megasleres: interstitial.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09E0F9E2FE277D14" blockId="63.[151,1269,1570,2027]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">• anisostrongyles: distal end (foot) smaller diameter than proximal end (head). • strongyloxeas: fusiform, distal end (foot) a point; sides narrow toward rounded end (head). • styles: straight sides, distal end (foot) a point; diameter of rounded end (head) = to that of shaft. • megasters = large euasters R/C=megaster ray length divided by the centrum diameter. • spherasters R/C &lt;1.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09E0F896FCEB7D30" blockId="63.[151,1269,1570,2027]" box="[151,872,1822,1847]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">• oxyspherasters = spheroxyasters R/C 1–2; oxyasters R/C&gt;2</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09E0F8CAFDE17D5C" blockId="63.[151,1269,1570,2027]" box="[151,610,1858,1883]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">• micrasters = small euasters all spiny.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09E0F8EEFCAB7DC0" blockId="63.[151,1269,1570,2027]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">• acanthostrongylasters: spiny cylindrical rays with rounded ends. • acanthotylasters: spiny cylindrical rays with slight terminal knobs. • acanthoxyasters: spiny conical rays with pointed ends.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFB62E2D09E0F85AFB837DEC" blockId="63.[151,1269,1570,2027]" box="[151,1024,2002,2027]" pageId="63" pageNumber="64">• oxyspherasters: smooth rays with pointed ends (may be small megasters).</paragraph>
<caption id="DF061A94FFC92E5209E0F8B6FC0D7DE9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" targetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" targetPageId="64">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC92E5209E0F8B6FC0D7DE9" blockId="64.[151,1436,1855,2030]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC92E5209E0F8B6FEA37D52" bold="true" box="[151,288,1855,1877]" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">FIGURE 24.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC92E520851F8B6FE6F7D52" box="[294,492,1855,1877]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="64" pageNumber="65" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC92E520851F8B6FE6F7D52" box="[294,492,1855,1877]" italics="true" pageId="64" pageNumber="65">Tethya californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF061A94FFC82E5309E0F97EFCF97D8F" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" targetPageId="65">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC82E5309E0F97EFCF97D8F" blockId="65.[151,1436,1783,1928]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC82E5309E0F97EFEA37D0A" bold="true" box="[151,288,1783,1805]" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">FIGURE 25.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC82E530850F97EFE6D7D0A" box="[295,494,1783,1805]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="65" pageNumber="66" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC82E530850F97EFE6D7D0A" box="[295,494,1783,1805]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="66">Tethya californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF061A94FFCB2E5009E0F8CEFBCB7D9D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" targetPageId="66">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCB2E5009E0F8CEFBCB7D9D" blockId="66.[151,1436,1863,1946]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCB2E5009E0F8CEFEA27D5A" bold="true" box="[151,289,1863,1885]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">FIGURE 26.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCB2E50085EF8CEFE727D5A" box="[297,497,1863,1885]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCB2E50085EF8CEFE727D5A" box="[297,497,1863,1885]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Tethya californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I-2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCA2E5109B0FF11FA9E7B8F" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E5109B0FF11FEA47AB7" box="[199,295,152,176]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
: USNM No. 21495 (from Pescadero Pt.) in cross section (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510ABDFF1EFB9C7AB7" box="[970,1055,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
B); cortex with some vacuoles or canals but not highly vacuolated; outer margin not well defined; appears to be sloughing off material; megasters scarce. Cross sections of five additional specimens, two from central California and three from BC, all showed a dense cortex with some vacuoles or canals and a well defined outer margin (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510D4BFE8DFB167B1B" box="[1084,1173,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
B, 26A–D). Megasters abundant in three wave exposed coast specimens (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510BAEFEAEFCAD7B47" box="[729,814,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
B, 26A, C), but in moderate numbers in one protected coast specimen (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510825FEC5FE257B62" box="[338,422,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I- 2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
B). The specimen from Hopkins Marine Station, CASIZ 0 67731, (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510DE6FEC5FB607B62" box="[1169,1251,332,357]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I- 2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
D) has moderate numbers of megasters. It could have been taken from a protected or moderately wave exposed location.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCA2E5109B0FE1CFDD07BF2" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
Tracts of macroscleres can be seen to radiate to the surface in cross sections. In the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510DEEFE1CFB737BAA" box="[1177,1264,405,429]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
the number of megasclere bundles to tubercles could not be established, but in the remaining five specimens it appeared to be one bundle per tubercle (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510809FE55FE527BF2" box="[382,465,476,501]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
B, 26A–D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCA2E5109B0FE76FC03783A" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCA2E5109B0FE76FEAF781F" box="[199,300,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Spicules.</emphasis>
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510844FE76FE07781F" box="[307,388,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
C–M and 
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510881FE76FDC5781F" box="[502,582,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
C–L illustrate spicule morphology in the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510D6BFD89FBF0781F" box="[1052,1139,512,536]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
USNM 21495, Pescadero Pt., CA, and the Batley I., BC, KML 1094 specimens respectively.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCA2E5109B0FDCEFC4F7987" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
Megascleres include the main anisostrongyles (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510BACFDCEFCAE7867" box="[731,813,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
C, D, E), strongyloxeas and styles (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510DC9FDCEFA8D7867" box="[1214,1294,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
F, G). Tracts filled mainly with anisostrongyles (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510B54FDE5FDF57883" box="[547,630,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
C, D, E &amp; 
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510B99FDE5FCBC7882" box="[750,831,620,645]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
C, D, E) with 0 to 22% strongyloxeas (Tables 14, 15); interstitial megascleres primarily styles (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510B20FD06FD2678AF" box="[599,677,655,680]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
F, G). Interstitial anisostrongyles and strongyloxeas were present but their relative abundance and size ranges were not assessed. Microscleres include megasters and euasters. Megasters (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E5109E8FD5EFF7378F7" box="[159,240,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
H, I &amp; 
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E51084AFD5EFE0878F7" box="[317,395,727,752]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
H) predominantly in the cortex but also in the choanosome. Other microscleres are euasters of four 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E5109BBFD74FE887912" box="[204,267,765,789]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">types</typeStatus>
: acanthostrongylasters (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510B62FD75FDE47913" box="[533,615,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
J, 25J, K), incipient acanthotylasters (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510D7FFD75FBD97912" box="[1032,1114,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
Fig. 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFCA2E510D4BFD75FBD97912" box="[1084,1114,764,789]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1925-01">25</date>
</figureCitation>
I), oxyspherasters (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510C5AFD75FAFD7913" box="[1325,1406,764,789]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
M, 25L) and acanthoxyspherasters (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510B76FC96FDD0793F" box="[513,595,799,824]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
K). The acanthoxyspherasters and acanthostrongylasters were slightly more spiny in the Hopkins Marine Station specimen than in the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510A6EFCCCFCF1795A" box="[793,882,837,861]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
. They were significantly more spiny and robust in the Batley I. specimen (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E5108EAFCEEFE6C7987" box="[413,495,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
Fig. 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFCA2E5108A6FCEEFE6C7987" box="[465,495,871,896]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1925-01">25</date>
</figureCitation>
I, J, K) than in the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510BCBFCE1FC917987" box="[700,786,872,896]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510A56FCEEFCF17987" box="[801,882,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
J, K, L).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCA2E5109B0FC05FC197E33" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
Size ranges and means, relative abundance, and for megasters, the ratio of ray length to centrum diameter, are listed for southern California Channel Islands specimens (CASIZ 053441), for the Pescadero Pt (central CA) 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E5109E0FC5CFF6D79EA" box="[151,238,981,1005]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(USNM 21495), for nearby specimens from San Jose Creek (central CA) (RMMU-I-2078) and Hopkins Marine Station (central CA) (CASIZ 067731), (Table 14 columns A, B, C, D). The same parameters are listed for specimens from four localities in BC (Table 15 columns A, B, C, D).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCA2E5109B0FBC9FB5D7E7B" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
Megasters and their R/Cs are shown in 
<specimenCount id="9D7F8195FFCA2E510BFAFBC9FCA47E5F" box="[653,807,1087,1112]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="generic">10 specimens</specimenCount>
ranging from southern California to northern BC (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510C18FBB6FF357E7B" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="70.[151,250,992,1014]" captionTargetBox="[167,1410,193,978]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[167,1411,193,978]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 27. Tethya spp .. Comparison of megasters of specimens from southern California (A – C) central California (D – G), northern California, (H), and BC (I – L)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286400/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 27</figureCitation>
), and the range and mean of the R/Cs for these specimens are plotted against latitude (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510D0AFBEDFB527E7B" box="[1149,1233,1124,1149]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1092,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1078,1954]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 28. Relationship of cold temperate NE Pacific Tethya species megaster R / Cs (ratio of megaster spine length to centrum diameter) to latitude." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286401/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFCA2E5A09B0FB0EFB9E7BD7" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCA2E5109B0FB0EFD757F53" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCA2E5109B0FB0EFEB87EA7" bold="true" box="[199,315,1159,1184]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Remarks.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFCA2E510832FB01FDD77EA7" author="Sara" box="[325,596,1159,1184]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refString="Sara, M. &amp; Corriero, G. (1993) Redescription of Tethya californiana de Laubenfels as a valid species for Tethya aurantia var. californiana (Porifera, Demospongiae). Ophelia, 37 (3), 203 - 211. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1993.10429918" type="journal article" year="1993">Sarà &amp; Corriero (1993)</bibRefCitation>
redescribed 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCA2E510B9EFB0EFBC67EA7" box="[745,1093,1159,1184]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="aurantium" subSpecies="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCA2E510B9EFB0EFBC67EA7" box="[745,1093,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Tethya aurantium californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
de Laubenfels and raised the variety to species status. They stated that the gift of material from the California Academy of Sciences allowed them to redescribe 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCA2E510818FB58FD967EEF" box="[367,533,1231,1256]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCA2E510818FB58FD967EEF" box="[367,533,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This material was identified as Cal. 1 and Cal. 2 from Santa Cruz Island. They described in detail the structure of the cortex with an alveolar layer and lacunae (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510D6FFB7DFBEF7F0B" box="[1048,1132,1268,1293]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1092,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1078,1954]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 28. Relationship of cold temperate NE Pacific Tethya species megaster R / Cs (ratio of megaster spine length to centrum diameter) to latitude." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286401/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
). They did not indicate that any of the material they looked at lacked such a structure. They also borrowed the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510DE7FA90FB647F36" box="[1168,1255,1305,1329]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
labeled 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCA2E510C25FA9EFE8F7F53" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantium">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCA2E510C25FA9EFE8F7F53" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Tethya aurantium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCA2E510864FAB4FE4F7F52" box="[275,460,1340,1365]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="aurantium" variety="californiana">
var. 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCA2E510836FAB5FE4F7F52" box="[321,460,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the British Museum.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCA2E5109B0FAE8FECA7C57" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
We looked at Cal. 3 (CASIZ 053441) representing four specimens from the same site as Cal. 1 and Cal. 2. The cortex had an alveolar layer and lacunae as they described (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510A35FA0DFC1B7F9B" box="[834,920,1412,1437]" captionStart="FIGURE 29. T" captionStartId="71.[151,250,1430,1452]" captionTargetBox="[208,1381,205,1406]" captionTargetId="figure@71.[176,1410,193,1409]" captionTargetPageId="71" captionText="FIGURE 29. T. californiana of Sara &amp; Corierro, 1993 courtesy of Ophelia (journal); a = alveolar layer of smaller vacuoles, b = larger cortical vacuoles; c = largest choanosomal vacuoles. Scale bar 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286402/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 29</figureCitation>
). This is detailed in the description of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCA2E510C25FA0DFF597FC7" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="vacua">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCA2E510C25FA0DFF597FC7" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Tethya vacua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
below. We looked at a section of the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510BE4FA20FD697FC6" box="[659,746,1449,1473]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCA2E510A63FA20FC3F7FC7" box="[788,956,1447,1472]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCA2E510A63FA20FC3F7FC7" box="[788,956,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFCA2E510D46FA21FBE07FC7" box="[1073,1123,1448,1472]" name="United States of America" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">U.S.</collectingCountry>
National Museum (USNM 21495, Pescadero Pt. central CA) (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E510B6DFA45FDEF7FE3" box="[538,620,1484,1509]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
B) and were unable to identify a cortical structure such as they described. However, the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510841FA78FEE57C0E" box="[310,358,1521,1545]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">type</typeStatus>
was not in good condition. 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510BD0FA79FC8D7C0F" box="[679,782,1520,1544]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
represent the same species based on both their collection from the same precise locality on the same day and their agreement with the original description in morphology and spiculation.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCA2E5109B0F9D4FDB87D02" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1977]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
We looked at two other specimens collected four and seven km from the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510D64F9D4FBE97C72" box="[1043,1130,1629,1653]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(RMMU 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFCA2E510DA9F9D5FAA87C73" box="[1246,1323,1628,1652]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="2078-01">I-2078</date>
, San Jose Creek, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station). Like the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510A4FF908FC117C9E" box="[824,914,1665,1689]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
, they have a solid or only slightly vacuolated cortex (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCA2E51099AF92DFEC37CBA" box="[237,320,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I- 2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
C, D). We conclude that the cortical structure which Sarà &amp; Corriero described refers to specimens Cal. 1 and Cal. 2 but not to the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510B71F940FDE27CE6" box="[518,609,1737,1761]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
. They stated that “…the highly specialized multilayered inhalant system represents a hitherto unknown form”.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCA2E5509B0F886FDC27CC2" blockId="67.[151,1437,151,1977]" lastBlockId="71.[151,1437,1527,2021]" lastPageId="71" lastPageNumber="72" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
The R/C values for megasters provide additional evidence of two morphotypes, one (Cal. 1–3) from the Channel Islands in southern California and the other exemplified by the 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCA2E510AB9F8BCFBF57D4A" box="[974,1142,1844,1869]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCA2E510AB9F8BCFBF57D4A" box="[974,1142,1844,1869]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCA2E510D09F8BCFB567D4A" box="[1150,1237,1845,1869]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
of de Laubenfels from Pescadero Pt. (central California). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFCA2E510B2DF8D1FCE27D77" author="Sara" box="[602,865,1879,1904]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refString="Sara, M. &amp; Corriero, G. (1993) Redescription of Tethya californiana de Laubenfels as a valid species for Tethya aurantia var. californiana (Porifera, Demospongiae). Ophelia, 37 (3), 203 - 211. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1993.10429918" type="journal article" year="1993">Sarà &amp; Corriero (1993)</bibRefCitation>
reported an R/C of 0.8 to 1.2 for megasters (Table 16, column B). In their drawings the R/C ranges from 0.9–1.45, but in a sample measured in their photograph, R/Cs ranged from 0.7–1.0 with a mean of 0.81. R/Cs based on photographs are suspect as it is not possible to focus up and down. Other than the photographs, the R/Cs approximate what we found in the specimen (CASIZ 053441) from the Channel Islands (0.92), and are greater than that figured by de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFCE2E550A95F995FB307C33" author="Laubenfels" box="[994,1203,1564,1589]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de. (1932) The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81, Article 4, 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1932">Laubenfels (1932)</bibRefCitation>
(R/C 0.7, Table 16, column C) or measured by us in the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCE2E550B42F9C9FD0F7C5F" box="[565,652,1600,1624]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(mean 0.76) (and in other specimens from Central California [means 0.85, 0.68]). This again indicates that Sarà &amp; Corriero’s redescription of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCE2E550D73F9ECFB337C7A" box="[1028,1200,1636,1661]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCE2E550D73F9ECFB337C7A" box="[1028,1200,1636,1661]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was based, at least significantly, on Channel Island material, not on the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCE2E550B9FF901FCBC7CA7" box="[744,831,1672,1696]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
from Pescadero Pt. Whether or not R/C values are of genetic significance is discussed later.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF061A94FFCF2E5409E0FC69FDA67E13" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286400/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" targetBox="[167,1410,193,978]" targetPageId="70">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCF2E5409E0FC69FDA67E13" blockId="70.[151,1436,992,1044]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCF2E5409E0FC69FEA279F1" bold="true" box="[151,289,992,1014]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">FIGURE 27.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCF2E54085EFC69FEEA79F1" box="[297,361,992,1014]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCF2E54085EFC69FEEA79F1" box="[297,361,992,1014]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp.. Comparison of megasters of specimens from southern California (A–C) central California (D–G), northern California, (H), and BC (I–L).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF061A94FFCF2E5409E0F83EFE467DEB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286401/files/figure.png" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" targetBox="[151,1436,1092,1941]" targetPageId="70">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCF2E5409E0F83EFE467DEB" blockId="70.[151,1436,1975,2028]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCF2E5409E0F83EFE9F7DCA" bold="true" box="[151,284,1975,1997]" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">FIGURE 28</emphasis>
. Relationship of cold temperate NE Pacific 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCF2E540B80F83EFCB97DCA" box="[759,826,1975,1997]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="70" pageNumber="71" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCF2E540B80F83EFCB97DCA" box="[759,826,1975,1997]" italics="true" pageId="70" pageNumber="71">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species megaster R/Cs (ratio of megaster spine length to centrum diameter) to latitude.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF061A94FFCE2E5509E0FA1FFC277FCC" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286402/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" targetBox="[208,1381,205,1406]" targetPageId="71">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCE2E5509E0FA1FFC277FCC" blockId="71.[151,1436,1430,1483]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCE2E5509E0FA1FFEA17FAB" bold="true" box="[151,290,1430,1452]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">FIGURE 29.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCE2E55085CFA11FE407FAB" box="[299,451,1430,1453]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCE2E55085CFA11FE407FAB" box="[299,451,1430,1453]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of Sara &amp; Corierro, 1993 courtesy of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFCE2E550A2EFA1FFC287FAB" box="[857,939,1430,1452]" class="Polychaeta" family="Opheliidae" genus="Ophelia" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCE2E550A2EFA1FFC287FAB" box="[857,939,1430,1452]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Ophelia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(journal); a=alveolar layer of smaller vacuoles, b=larger cortical vacuoles; c=largest choanosomal vacuoles. Scale bar 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCE2E5509B0F946FF5E7D7F" blockId="71.[151,1437,1527,2021]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
Another difference between Cal. 3 and the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFCE2E550BC3F959FC887CEF" box="[692,779,1744,1768]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
includes larger auxiliary styles in Cal. 3. However, when the other specimens from central California are included, the difference is much less. In Cal. 3 acanthoxyasters appear to be absent and only one thin spineless oxyaster was found (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCE2E550AEAF89EFC727D37" box="[925,1009,1815,1840]" captionStart="FIGURE 30" captionStartId="76.[151,250,1716,1738]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1711]" captionTargetId="figure@76.[151,1436,181,1713]" captionTargetPageId="76" captionText="FIGURE 30. Tethya vacua n. sp. A, Holotype (CASIZ 053441), scale bar 1 cm; B, cross section of holotype, smaller vacuoles of outer cortex (above) and larger vacuoles of inner cortex below; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 500 µm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 50 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 50 µm; F, head of strongyloxea, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of strongyloxea, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster scale bar 40 µm; J, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286403/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
J). On the other hand oxyasters with a large centrum and broad rays (R/C 0.64) were present in small numbers (1–6) in central California specimens (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFCE2E550C18F8B5FF367D7F" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
M).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFCE2E5A09B0F80DFBD77AFF" blockId="71.[151,1437,1527,2021]" lastBlockId="72.[151,1436,151,1423]" lastPageId="72" lastPageNumber="73" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">
There is biogeographic information to support considering the two morphotypes as representing two separate species. Point Conception is considered to be a major biogeographic boundary separating cold temperate and warm temperate biotas (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFCE2E5508E2F844FDDF7DE3" author="Wares" box="[405,604,1996,2021]" pageId="71" pageNumber="72" refString="Wares, J. P., Gaines, S. D. &amp; Cunningham, C. L. (2001) A comparative study of asymmetric migration events across a marine biogeographic boundary. Evolution, 55 (2), 295 - 306. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1554 / 0014 - 3820 (2001) 055 [0295: acsoam] 2.0. co; 2" type="journal article" year="2001">
Wares 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFCE2E550896F844FD9A7DE2" box="[481,537,1996,2021]" italics="true" pageId="71" pageNumber="72">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
). The Channel Islands collecting sites for Cal. 1, 2 &amp; 3 lie south, while the Pescadero Pt., site for the USNM 21495 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC12E5A0B15FF11FD3F7AB7" box="[610,700,152,176]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
, lies north of Point Conception. It is not unexpected that a 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0C25FF1EFA1A7AB7" box="[1362,1433,151,176]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0C25FF1EFA1A7AB7" box="[1362,1433,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species in the south would be different from that in the north. Moreover, the cold temperate biota continues northward without a dramatic change for some 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFC12E5A0BDDFF69FC977AFF" box="[682,788,223,248]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="km" value="1800.0">1,800 km</quantity>
or more (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0ACDFF56FBC47AFF" author="Briggs" box="[954,1095,223,248]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Briggs, J. C. (1974) Marine Zoogeography. McGraw-Hill, New York, 475 pp." type="book" year="1974">Briggs 1974</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09B0FE8DFB9E7BD7" blockId="72.[151,1436,151,1423]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
Given that Cal. 1, 2 and 3 represent a separate species from the USNM 21495 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC12E5A0D5BFE8CFB057B1A" box="[1068,1158,261,285]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
, what is the status of this 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC12E5A09E0FEA1FF6D7B47" box="[151,238,296,320]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
as a variety of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A08E0FEA0FD407B47" authority="Pallas 1766" authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1766" box="[407,707,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantium">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A08E0FEA0FDA47B47" box="[407,551,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. aurantium</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0B42FEAEFD387B47" author="Pallas" box="[565,699,295,320]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Pallas, P. S. (1766) Elenchus zophytorum sistens generum adumbrationes generaliores et specierum cognitarum succinctas descriptiones cum selectis auctorum synonymis. P. van Cleef, The Hague, 451 pp." type="book" year="1766">Pallas 1766</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
? At least three characters separate the USNM 21495 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC12E5A0C61FEA1FAEE7B47" box="[1302,1389,296,320]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
and supplementary specimens (CASIZ 0 67731, RMMU-I-2078) from 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0AF9FEC4FB397B63" box="[910,1210,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0AF9FEC4FBEA7B63" box="[910,1129,333,356]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="aurantium" subSpecies="sensu">T. aurantium sensu</taxonomicName>
strictu
</emphasis>
: 1) anisostrongyles dominate rather than strongyloxeas; 2) the megasclere bundles broaden only slightly as they penetrate the cortex (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC12E5A09E8FE1DFF777BAA" box="[159,244,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
H) rather than sharply fanning out within the cortex (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0A1DFE1DFB287BAB" author="Sara" box="[874,1195,404,429]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Sara, M. (2002) Family Tethyidae Gray, 1848. In: Hooper, John N. A. &amp; Soest, R. W. M. van (Eds.), Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, NewYork, pp. 245 - 265." type="book chapter" year="2002" yearSuffix="p">
Sarà 2002, p. 248, 
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC12E5A0D38FE1DFB127BAB" box="[1103,1169,404,429]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,195,1753]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 1. Cliona californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 4 cm; B, contracted specimen, scale bar approx. 1 cm; C, expanded papilla and ostia, scale bar approx. 5 mm; D, tylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, polytylote tylostyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, heads of tylostyles, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286374/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
A
</bibRefCitation>
); and 3) the cortical megasters have mean R/Cs of 0.7 compared to 0.49 (Table 16, column C and E).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3631997FFC12E5909B0FE54FA8C7D02" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09B0FE54FDA979C5" blockId="72.[151,1436,151,1423]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
Does 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A087EFE54FE337BF2" box="[265,432,476,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A087EFE54FE337BF2" box="[265,432,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, based on our revised description, differ from other described species in the east Pacific and NW Pacific? 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A081FFE76FDF1781F" author="Heim" box="[360,626,511,536]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Heim, I. &amp; Nickel, M. (2010) Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy. Zootaxa, 2422, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">Heim &amp; Nickel (2010)</bibRefCitation>
listed the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC12E5A0B86FD89FCA2781F" box="[753,801,512,536]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">type</typeStatus>
locality, form, habitat and spicules for all 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0C6DFE76FAE2781F" box="[1306,1377,511,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0C6DFE76FAE2781F" box="[1306,1377,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. recorded from the eastern Pacific coasts of North, Central and South 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC12E5A0AE8FDABFB80783C" box="[927,1027,546,571]" name="United States of America" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">America</collectingCountry>
. Six species occurring in 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC12E5A0C56FDABFAF5783C" box="[1313,1398,546,571]" name="Mexico" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0CF0FDADFD897858" authority="Sara, Gomez &amp; Sara, 2001" authorityName="Sara, Gomez &amp; Sara" authorityYear="2001" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ensis">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0CF0FDADFF4C7859" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. ensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A09A0FDCFFD897858" author="Sara" box="[215,522,582,607]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Sara, M., Gomez, P. &amp; Sara, A. (2001) East Pacific Mexican Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae) with descriptions of five new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114 (3), 794 - 821." type="journal article" year="2001">Sarà, Gómez &amp; Sarà, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0B60FDCEFC5A7858" authority="Sara, Gomez &amp; Sara, 2001" authorityName="Sara, Gomez &amp; Sara" authorityYear="2001" box="[535,985,582,607]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="mexicana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0B60FDCEFD1C7859" box="[535,671,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. mexicana</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0BD0FDCFFC5A7858" author="Sara" box="[679,985,582,607]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Sara, M., Gomez, P. &amp; Sara, A. (2001) East Pacific Mexican Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae) with descriptions of five new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114 (3), 794 - 821." type="journal article" year="2001">Sarà, Gómez &amp; Sarà, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0A91FDCEFAF87858" authority="Sara, Gomez &amp; Sara, 2001" authorityName="Sara, Gomez &amp; Sara" authorityYear="2001" box="[998,1403,582,607]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ovum">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0A91FDCEFBBD7859" box="[998,1086,583,606]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. ovum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0D3FFDCFFAF87858" author="Sara" box="[1096,1403,582,607]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Sara, M., Gomez, P. &amp; Sara, A. (2001) East Pacific Mexican Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae) with descriptions of five new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114 (3), 794 - 821." type="journal article" year="2001">Sarà, Gómez &amp; Sarà, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0CF0FDCEFDC37885" authority="Sara, Gomez &amp; Sara, 2001" authorityName="Sara, Gomez &amp; Sara" authorityYear="2001" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="paroxeata">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0CF0FDCEFE8B7885" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. paroxeata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0878FDE3FDC37885" author="Sara" box="[271,576,618,642]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Sara, M., Gomez, P. &amp; Sara, A. (2001) East Pacific Mexican Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae) with descriptions of five new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114 (3), 794 - 821." type="journal article" year="2001">Sarà, Gómez &amp; Sarà, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0B3CFDE2FC657885" authority="Sara, Gomez &amp; Sara, 2001" authorityName="Sara, Gomez &amp; Sara" authorityYear="2001" box="[587,998,618,642]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="socius">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0B3CFDE2FD287885" box="[587,683,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. socius</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0BC3FDE3FC657885" author="Sara" box="[692,998,618,642]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Sara, M., Gomez, P. &amp; Sara, A. (2001) East Pacific Mexican Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae) with descriptions of five new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114 (3), 794 - 821." type="journal article" year="2001">Sarà, Gómez &amp; Sarà, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0D56FDE2FB447885" box="[1057,1223,617,642]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0D56FDE2FB447885" box="[1057,1223,617,642]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0D9AFDE3FE9A78A1" author="Sara" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Sara, M., Gomez, P. &amp; Sara, A. (2001) East Pacific Mexican Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae) with descriptions of five new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114 (3), 794 - 821." type="journal article" year="2001">Sarà, Gómez &amp; Sarà, 2001</bibRefCitation>
) have exclusively strongyloxeas in the fascicules. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0AFEFD07FBE778A1" box="[905,1124,653,678]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Sara, M., Gomez, P. &amp; Sara, A. (2001) East Pacific Mexican Tethya (Porifera: Demospongiae) with descriptions of five new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 114 (3), 794 - 821." type="journal article">
Sarà 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0ABDFD07FB8878A1" box="[970,1035,653,678]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
(2001)
</bibRefCitation>
regard the 
<specimenCount id="9D7F8195FFC12E5A0D8BFD04FA1F78A1" box="[1276,1436,653,678]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="generic">54 specimens</specimenCount>
representing 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A085AFD3BFE5A78CE" box="[301,473,688,713]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A085AFD3BFE5A78CE" box="[301,473,688,713]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Gulf of California as this species regardless of the fact that they have exclusively strongyloxeas rather than primarily, to exclusively, anisostrongyles. 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0D4CFD5DFB5D78EA" box="[1083,1246,724,749]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="taboga">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0D4CFD5DFB5D78EA" box="[1083,1246,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Tethya taboga</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0C6EFD5DFF537917" author="Laubenfels" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de. (1935) Some sponges of lower California (Mexico). American Museum Novitates 779, 1 - 14." type="journal article" year="1935">Laubenfels, 1935</bibRefCitation>
) from 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC12E5A0852FD71FEFD7908" box="[293,382,760,783]" name="Panama" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Panama</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC12E5A08CAFD7EFD917917" box="[445,530,759,784]" name="Mexico" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Mexico</collectingCountry>
has predominantly stronglyoxeas but also some anisostrongyles; 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0C63FD70FEB97933" authority="Thiele, 1905" authorityName="Thiele" authorityYear="1905" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="papillosa">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0C63FD70FA1F7917" box="[1300,1436,759,784]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. papillosa</emphasis>
(Thiele, 1905)
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC12E5A08F2FC92FE427933" box="[389,449,795,820]" name="Chile" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Chile</collectingCountry>
has only strongyloxeas; 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0B92FC95FBC67933" authority="Desqueyroux-Faundez" authorityName="Desqueyroux-Faundez" box="[741,1093,795,820]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="sarai">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0B92FC95FCBE7934" box="[741,829,796,819]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. sarai</emphasis>
Desqueyroux-Faúndez
</taxonomicName>
&amp; van Soest, 1997, from the Galapagos has predominantly strongyloxeas, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0BACFCB6FAAF7950" authority="Sara, Bavestrello &amp; Cacomao. 2000" authorityName="Sara, Bavestrello &amp; Cacomao." authorityYear="2000" box="[731,1324,830,855]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="strongylata">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0BACFCB6FCF87950" box="[731,891,830,855]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. strongylata</emphasis>
Sarà, Bavestrello &amp; Cacomao. 2000
</taxonomicName>
from the Galapagos has short, plump strongyles. Based on the above, the megasclere 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC12E5A0D7FFCEAFBBB797C" box="[1032,1080,867,891]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">type</typeStatus>
alone serves to differentiate 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0CF0FCEAFEA27999" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0CF0FCEAFEA27999" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from other species recorded from the eastern North and South Pacific. We did not assess the other characters listed by Heim &amp; Nickel.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09B0FC44FDAF7E48" blockId="72.[151,1436,151,1423]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
In the NW Pacific four species have been described from 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC12E5A0A2FFC44FC1879E3" box="[856,923,973,996]" name="Japan" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Japan</collectingCountry>
. According to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0D34FC45FB7479E2" author="Hoshino" box="[1091,1271,972,997]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Hoshino, T. (1981) Shallow-water demosponges of western Japan II. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, (B), 29 (2), 207 - 278." type="journal article" year="1981">Hoshino (1981)</bibRefCitation>
, three of these have exclusively “styles” (which we would term strongyloxeas based on their fusiform shape): 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0D93FC78FAF47E0F" box="[1252,1399,1009,1032]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantium">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0D93FC78FAF47E0F" box="[1252,1399,1009,1032]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. aurantium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0CF0FC78FE9B7E2B" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="diploderma">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0CF0FC78FE9B7E2B" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. diploderma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A082CFB9DFE587E2C" box="[347,475,1044,1067]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="japonica">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A082CFB9DFE587E2C" box="[347,475,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. japonica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A089BFB9AFD227E2B" box="[492,673,1043,1068]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="deformis">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A089BFB9AFD227E2B" box="[492,673,1043,1068]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Tethya deformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has styles or strongyloxea according to 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0DDAFB9AFACA7E2B" author="Thiele" box="[1197,1353,1043,1068]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Thiele, J. (1898) Studien uber pazifische Spongien. I Japanische Demospongien. Zoologica, Heft 24, 72 pp., 8 pls." type="book" year="1898">Thiele (1898)</bibRefCitation>
and as corroborated by Hajdu 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A08ECFBB1FE577E48" box="[411,468,1078,1103]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">et al.</emphasis>
(2013).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09B0FBD3FA8F7F4F" blockId="72.[151,1436,151,1423]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
With one exception, 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A08C3FBD2FDDE7E74" box="[436,605,1114,1139]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A08C3FBD2FDDE7E74" box="[436,605,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as redescribed differs from those species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0D29FBD3FB267E74" box="[1118,1189,1114,1139]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0D29FBD3FB267E74" box="[1118,1189,1114,1139]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
known from the east Pacific and from the NW Pacific. There is one other species to compare with 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0A83FBF6FB1A7E91" box="[1012,1177,1149,1174]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0A83FBF6FB1A7E91" box="[1012,1177,1149,1174]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the recently described 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A09E0FB2BFF787EBD" box="[151,251,1185,1210]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leysae">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A09E0FB2BFF787EBD" box="[151,251,1185,1210]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. leysae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0852FB28FDA87EBD" author="Heim" box="[293,555,1185,1210]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Heim, I. &amp; Nickel, M. (2010) Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy. Zootaxa, 2422, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">Heim &amp; Nickel (2010)</bibRefCitation>
from Ohiat I. (Barkley Sound, BC). This species was erected based on both morphological and genomic differences from 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0BEAFB4FFCC77EDA" box="[669,836,1220,1245]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0BEAFB4FFCC77EDA" box="[669,836,1220,1245]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as redescribed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC12E5A0D6FFB4CFAA77EDA" author="Sara" box="[1048,1316,1220,1245]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refString="Sara, M. &amp; Corriero, G. (1993) Redescription of Tethya californiana de Laubenfels as a valid species for Tethya aurantia var. californiana (Porifera, Demospongiae). Ophelia, 37 (3), 203 - 211. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1993.10429918" type="journal article" year="1993">Sarà &amp; Corriero (1993)</bibRefCitation>
. However, we have demonstrated that the description by Sarà &amp; Corriero was primarily based on specimens from southern California 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0867FA84FEB07F23" box="[272,307,1293,1316]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">not</emphasis>
on the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC12E5A08FDFA85FE397F23" box="[394,442,1292,1316]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">type</typeStatus>
specimens of de Laubenfels from central California. The morphological differences are sufficient to support considering the southern California specimens as representing a separate species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09B0FADBFE3A7F88" blockId="72.[151,1436,151,1423]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
When we compare morphological characters of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0B9BFADDFCD37F6C" box="[748,848,1362,1387]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leysae">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0B9BFADDFCD37F6C" box="[748,848,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. leysae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with our redescription of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0D0AFADDFAA57F6C" box="[1149,1318,1362,1387]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0D0AFADDFB097F6C" box="[1149,1162,1364,1387]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0DECFADBFAA57F6C" box="[1179,1318,1362,1387]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
they have the following similarities:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09E0FA36FD927FD0" blockId="72.[151,1079,1470,1639]" box="[151,529,1470,1495]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">• solid cortex with few lacunae</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09E0FA6AFDFB7C18" blockId="72.[151,1079,1470,1639]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">• lacking an alveolar (highly vacuolated) layer in the exocortex • at least anisostrongyles in the fascicles</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09E0F9A2FBB47C60" blockId="72.[151,1079,1470,1639]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">• rays of fascicules do not fan out but remain fairly compact • only a single fascicule (rather than two or three) at the surface of each tubercle</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09E0F91FFC6D7CA8" blockId="72.[151,1006,1686,1711]" box="[151,1006,1686,1711]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
They have the following differences (
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0B4BF91EFD1D7CA8" box="[572,670,1686,1711]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leysae">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0B4BF91EFD1D7CA8" box="[572,670,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. leysae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
compared to 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC12E5A0A40F91EFC5E7CA8" box="[823,989,1686,1711]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC12E5A0A40F91EFC5E7CA8" box="[823,989,1686,1711]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09E0F956FCC47CF0" blockId="72.[151,1370,1758,2035]" box="[151,839,1758,1783]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">• cortex packed with megasters vs. few to modest numbers</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09E0F88AFDAC7D64" blockId="72.[151,1370,1758,2035]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">• cortical megaster R/C mean value 0.41 (Table 16D) vs. 0.7 (Table 16B) • oxeas rather than styles form a third category of megasclere vs. oxeas absent • strongyloxeas present vs. absent</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09E0F8E6FDB07D81" blockId="72.[151,1370,1758,2035]" box="[151,563,1902,1927]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">• tylostrongyles absent vs. present</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09E0F81AFE397DC8" blockId="72.[151,1370,1758,2035]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
• acanthoxysphaerasters with abundant coarse spines (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC12E5A0A63F81BFCE67DAC" box="[788,869,1938,1963]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
K) vs. with few, spindly spines (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC12E5A0DB9F81BFA9C7DAC" box="[1230,1311,1938,1963]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
K, L) • acanthostrongylasters
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC12E5A09E0F852FBA17DF4" blockId="72.[151,1370,1758,2035]" box="[151,1058,2010,2035]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
• with nearly cylindrical branches (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC12E5A0B49F853FD127DF4" box="[574,657,2010,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
Fig. 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFC12E5A0B04F853FD127DF4" box="[627,657,2010,2035]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="1925-01">25</date>
</figureCitation>
I, J) vs. tapering branches (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC12E5A0AC9F853FB8C7DF4" box="[958,1039,2010,2035]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
J)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5809B0FF1EFDD17BF2" blockId="74.[151,1437,151,501]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E5809B0FF1EFD657AB7" bold="true" box="[199,742,151,176]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">We address below the apparent differences:</emphasis>
We compared the density of megasters in specimens from habitats exposed to, and protected from, oceanic waves and swells. The results are summarized in 
<tableCitation id="C6FB7FA7FFC32E580D89FF35FAE77AD3" box="[1278,1380,188,213]" captionStart="TABLE 17" captionStartId="74.[151,239,548,571]" captionText="TABLE 17. Comparison of megaster density in cortex of Tethya sp. with exposure to waves or swell." pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Table 17</tableCitation>
. The sample sizes are small, but for both California and BC, the megascleres are dense in exposed habitats but sparse in protected habitats. A possible exception is the sparse megasters in the 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC32E580ACCFE8CFBE07B1A" box="[955,1123,260,285]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E580ACCFE8CFBE07B1A" box="[955,1123,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC32E580D1CFE8CFB457B1A" box="[1131,1222,261,285]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
. Pescadero Pt., the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC32E5809E0FEA1FF6D7B47" box="[151,238,296,320]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
locality is a recurved “stubby finger” of land where the outer side of the finger is wave exposed but the inner side is protected and faces landward toward aptly named Stillwater Cove. This exposure difference is reflected in the white surf evident on the seaward side but absent on the landward side as seen on Google Earth. The problem is we do not know precisely where the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC32E580B87FE1CFCC47BAA" box="[752,839,405,429]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
was collected. Also, unlike the other specimens, the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC32E5809E0FE31FF6D7BD7" box="[151,238,440,464]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
had lost portions of the cortex, perhaps related to scouring in its intertidal habitat. The other specimens were all from shallow subtidal habitats.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF061A94FFC32E5809E0FDADFB53783C" box="[151,1232,548,571]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5809E0FDADFB53783C" blockId="74.[151,1232,548,571]" box="[151,1232,548,571]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E5809E0FDADFE94783C" bold="true" box="[151,279,548,571]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">TABLE 17.</emphasis>
Comparison of megaster density in cortex of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC32E580A77FDADFCC7783C" box="[768,836,548,571]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E580A77FDADFCC7783C" box="[768,836,548,571]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. with exposure to waves or swell.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E580B32FDDFFECD78B3" blockId="74.[159,1393,598,1330]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
Fully Semi Semi Protected Depth Megaster exposed exposed protected density British 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC32E58099DFD17FECD78B3" box="[234,334,670,692]" name="United States of America" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Columbia</collectingCountry>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5809E8FD41FA9978D9" blockId="74.[159,1393,598,1330]" box="[159,1306,712,734]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E5809E8FD41FE9E78D9" bold="true" box="[159,285,712,734]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Ohiat I, BC</emphasis>
per 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC32E58083EFD41FD9C78D9" author="Heim" box="[329,543,712,734]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Heim, I. &amp; Nickel, M. (2010) Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy. Zootaxa, 2422, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">
Heim &amp; Nickel 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFC32E58089BFD41FD9C78D9" box="[492,543,712,734]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" value="2010-10-10" valueMax="2010-10-25" valueMin="2010-10-10">2010</date>
</bibRefCitation>
X 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFC32E580D2EFD41FB2F78D9" box="[1113,1196,712,734]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.75" metricValueMax="2.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="17.5" valueMax="25.0" valueMin="10.0">10–25m</quantity>
High
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E580D90FD6FFAF278FB" blockId="74.[159,1393,598,1330]" box="[1255,1393,742,764]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
H&amp;N (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC32E580C5AFD6FFAEA78FB" box="[1325,1385,742,764]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="9.[151,250,1828,1850]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1788]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,193,1806]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849. A, Side view of upper surface showing erect tylostyles and protruding dictyoceratid fibre (right), scale bar 100 µm; B, Top view of upper surface showing sieve pores, scale bar 1 mm; C, Portion of dictyoceratid fibre with soft tissue removed, scale bar 1 mm; D, lamellated wall &amp; central pith of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm; E, spicule enclosed by wall of dictyoceratid fibre, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286376/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5809E8FC98FE4D79AC" blockId="74.[159,1393,598,1330]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
KML 1094, 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E58086DFC99FE2C7921" bold="true" box="[282,431,784,806]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Batley Island,</emphasis>
Barkley Sd., 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFC32E580B32FC98FBF17921" box="[581,1138,784,806]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" value="1924-10">
X 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFC32E580D2EFC99FBF17921" box="[1113,1138,784,806]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="24.0">24</quantity>
</date>
m High BC (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC32E580D98FCA7FABB7943" box="[1263,1336,814,836]" captionStart="FIGURE 25" captionStartId="65.[151,250,1783,1805]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1760]" captionTargetId="figure@65.[151,1436,193,1762]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="FIGURE 25. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. A, Chrow Islet, BC, expanded specimen, scale bar approx. 1.5 cm; B, KML 1094 Batley I., BC; cross section of cortex, scale bar 3 mm; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E, foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of style, scale bar 30 µm; G, foot of style, scale bar 30 µm; H, cortical megastars, scale bar 30 µm; I, incipient acanthotylaster, scale bar 5 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286398/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 25</figureCitation>
B) RBCM 980-00333-005 X &lt;
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFC32E580D1FFCD1FB0E7969" box="[1128,1165,856,878]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
High 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E5809E8FCFFFE1B798B" bold="true" box="[159,408,886,908]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Winter Hbr, Hall Bank</emphasis>
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFC32E5808E9FCFFFE52798B" box="[414,465,886,908]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
N of (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC32E580D98FCFFFABB798B" box="[1263,1336,886,908]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I- 2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
A) entrance to Forward Inlet, BC
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5809E8FC37FF427E15" blockId="74.[159,1393,598,1330]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
RBCM 980-00348-003 X &lt;
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFC32E580D1FFC37FB1879D3" box="[1128,1179,958,980]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="18.0">18 m</quantity>
Moderate 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E5809E8FC54FEAC79F4" bold="true" box="[159,303,989,1011]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">McBride Bay</emphasis>
SW of Tahsis Narrows, (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC32E580D98FC54FABA79F4" box="[1263,1337,989,1011]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I- 2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
B) BC
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5809E8FBACFE857E3C" blockId="74.[159,1393,598,1330]" box="[159,262,1061,1083]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">California</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5809E8FBC7FE907EA5" blockId="74.[159,1393,598,1330]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
RMMU-I- 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFC32E58087EFBC7FBE57E63" box="[265,1126,1102,1124]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" value="2078-10-09">
2078 X 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFC32E580D2EFBC7FBE57E63" box="[1113,1126,1102,1124]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="9.0">9</quantity>
</date>
m High 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E5809E8FBE4FE347E84" bold="true" box="[159,439,1133,1155]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos</emphasis>
, (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC32E580D98FBE4FABB7E84" box="[1263,1336,1133,1155]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I- 2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
C) Carmel CA
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5809E8FB3CFAD37F35" blockId="74.[159,1393,598,1330]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
CASIZ 0 67731 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E580836FB3CFE717ECC" bold="true" box="[321,498,1205,1227]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Hopkins Marine</emphasis>
X &lt;
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFC32E580D1AFB3CFB227ECC" box="[1133,1185,1205,1227]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="18.0">18 m</quantity>
Moderate 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E5809E8FB5DFF697EED" bold="true" box="[159,234,1236,1258]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Station</emphasis>
, Pacific Grove, CA (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC32E580D98FB5DFABB7EED" box="[1263,1336,1236,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I- 2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
D) 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC32E5809E8FB74FF717F14" box="[159,242,1277,1299]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="syntype">Syntype</typeStatus>
USNM 21495 X?* Low inter- Low 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E5809E8FA95FEB47F35" bold="true" box="[159,311,1308,1330]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Pescadero Pt.,</emphasis>
Carmel, CA tidal (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC32E580D98FA95FABA7F35" box="[1263,1337,1308,1330]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
B)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5809E0FADBFC227F6E" blockId="74.[151,929,1362,1385]" box="[151,929,1362,1385]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">[* degree of protection dependent on precise location which is unknown]</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5809B0FA1FFC2E7C80" blockId="74.[151,1437,1430,2034]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
Unless we are sampling sister species in both California and BC, the differences in megaster density likely reflect ecophenotypic plasticity. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC32E580B78FA32FC9A7FD4" author="Sara" box="[527,793,1467,1491]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Sara, M. &amp; Manara, E. (1991) Cortical structure and adaptation in the genus Tethya. In: Reimer, J. &amp; Keupp, H. (Eds.), Fossil and recent sponges. Springer Verlag, Berlin, pp. 306 - 312." type="book chapter" year="1991">Sarà &amp; Manara (1991)</bibRefCitation>
state that dense packing of megasters may protect the cortex in 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC32E580873FA56FE147FF1" box="[260,407,1503,1526]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantium">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E580873FA56FE147FF1" box="[260,407,1503,1526]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">T. aurantium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This might be associated with toughness of the sponge in localized high wave energy or strong swell environments comparable to, e.g., ecophenotypic changes in 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC32E580A83F98BFB6D7C1C" box="[1012,1262,1538,1563]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Halichondria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="panicea">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E580A83F98BFB6D7C1C" box="[1012,1262,1538,1563]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Halichondria panicea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
toughness and denser spicule packing in high wave environments (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC32E580BA0F9AFFCFA7C38" author="Palumbi" box="[727,889,1574,1599]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Palumbi, S. (1986) How body plans limit acclimation: responses of a demosponge to wave force. Ecology 671, 208 - 214. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1938520" type="journal article" year="1986">Palumbi 1986</bibRefCitation>
). The outer coast sponges came from the shallow subtidal where under high swell and wave conditions the velocity and acceleration of water flow and the associated drag and lift can become increasingly severe (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC32E580BEEF9E6FC227C80" author="Denny" box="[665,929,1646,1671]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Denny, M. &amp; Wethey, D. (2001) Physical processes that generate patterns in marine communities. In: Bertness, M. D., Gaines, S. D. &amp; Hay, M. E. (Eds.), Marine Community Ecology. Sinauer, Mass., 3 - 37." type="book chapter" year="2001">Denny &amp; Wethey 2001</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5809B0F91AFBBB7DC9" blockId="74.[151,1437,1430,2034]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
As defined above, R/C value is based on the megaster ray length divided by the diameter of the centrum. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC32E580C29F91BFED37CC8" author="Heim" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Heim, I. &amp; Nickel, M. (2010) Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy. Zootaxa, 2422, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">Heim &amp; Nickel (2010)</bibRefCitation>
defined it as the ratio of ray length to radius of the centrum, but stated (pers. comm.) that the term “radius” was a 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E580836F953FE587CF4" box="[321,475,1754,1779]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">lapsus calami</emphasis>
. The (R/C) value has been used as a systematic character in 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC32E580DF6F953FB4B7CF4" box="[1153,1224,1754,1779]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E580DF6F953FB4B7CF4" box="[1153,1224,1754,1779]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. However, the possibility of ecophenotypic differences cannot be necessarily excluded. Along the coast from southern California to northern British 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC32E58080DF8ABFE6B7D3C" box="[378,488,1826,1851]" name="United States of America" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Columbia</collectingCountry>
there is a decrease in R/C values (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC32E580AF9F8ABFC697D3C" box="[910,1002,1826,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 27" captionStartId="70.[151,250,992,1014]" captionTargetBox="[167,1410,193,978]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[167,1411,193,978]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 27. Tethya spp .. Comparison of megasters of specimens from southern California (A – C) central California (D – G), northern California, (H), and BC (I – L)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286400/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Figs 27</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC32E580A8EF8AAFB9A7D3C" box="[1017,1049,1827,1851]" captionStart="FIGURE 28" captionStartId="70.[151,250,1975,1997]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,1092,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@70.[151,1436,1078,1954]" captionTargetPageId="70" captionText="FIGURE 28. Relationship of cold temperate NE Pacific Tethya species megaster R / Cs (ratio of megaster spine length to centrum diameter) to latitude." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286401/files/figure.png" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">28</figureCitation>
). This is roughly correlated with decrease in temperature (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC32E580886F8CFFDF27D58" author="Strub" box="[497,625,1862,1887]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Strub, T. (2010) Globec NE Pacific archive. Available from: http: // coho. coas. oregonstate. edu (accessed 1 December 2010)" type="journal article" year="2010">Strub 2010</bibRefCitation>
) and increase in ambient silica (Austin 2012) with increasing latitude. Most interesting to us was the very low R/C value for a specimen from Discovery Pass, BC (R/C 0.312). Discovery Pass has extremely strong tidal currents (
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFC32E580B12F81BFD137DAE" box="[613,656,1938,1962]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="8.0">8 m</quantity>
sec -1) with near constant vertical mixing of the water such that silica at the surface is continuously in the range of at least 40 µM (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC32E580A49F83CFBA87DC9" author="Thomson" box="[830,1067,1973,1998]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refString="Thomson, R. E., Huggett, W. S. &amp; Kuwahara, L. S. C. (1980) Data record of current observations volume VIII. Discovery Passage, Johnstone Strait and Queen Charlotte Strait. Part 1 &amp; 2. Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, BC, 1071 pp." type="book" year="1980">
Thomson 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC32E580AC7F83FFC6A7DC9" box="[944,1001,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">et al.</emphasis>
1980
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC32E5909B0F850FAAC7AFF" blockId="74.[151,1437,1430,2034]" lastBlockId="75.[151,1437,151,1797]" lastPageId="75" lastPageNumber="76" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
Heim &amp; Nickel reported the presence of oxeas as both main and auxiliary megascleres along with anisostrongyles and strongyloxeas. They did not indicate which spicule 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC22E590AB4FF11FC707AB7" box="[963,1011,152,176]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
is dominant. We have been unable to confirm the presence of oxeas in any of the BC or California specimens. The size ranges and means of the main anisostrongyles and strongyloxeas are close to those of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590A59FF68FC567AFF" box="[814,981,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590A59FF68FC567AFF" box="[814,981,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC22E590AACFF69FBB17AFF" box="[987,1074,224,248]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
(Table 14, column B).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC22E5909B0FE8DFDEE7B63" blockId="75.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
Strongyloxeas did constitute 8–9% of primary megascleres in four BC specimens, but 0% in two central CA specimens including the 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E5908DCFEA0FDD27B47" box="[427,593,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E5908DCFEA0FDD27B47" box="[427,593,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC22E590B2FFEA1FD307B47" box="[600,691,296,320]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
. However, in a third central CA specimen, 22% of the megascleres were strongyloxeas (Table 14, column C).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC22E5909B0FEF9FBC77BD7" blockId="75.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
De 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC22E590985FEE6FE477B8F" author="Laubenfels" box="[242,452,367,392]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de. (1932) The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81, Article 4, 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1932">Laubenfels (1932)</bibRefCitation>
stated that tylostrongyles were the secondary spicules in 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590D10FEF8FA927B8F" box="[1127,1297,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590D10FEF8FA927B8F" box="[1127,1297,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but did not illustrate them. We did not find any tylostrongyles in the USNM 21495 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC22E590AB5FE1CFB9A7BAA" box="[962,1049,405,429]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
or in other specimens collected in central California so its absence in the BC specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590A67FE30FCF27BD7" box="[784,881,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leysae">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590A67FE30FCF27BD7" box="[784,881,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. leysae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not unexpected.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC22E5909B0FE55FC3A7882" blockId="75.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
If micraster spines and ray thickness are correlated with increase silica as megaster R/Cs may be, we suggest the following: with increased silica slightly spined oxyasters (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC22E590A39FE76FC1C781F" box="[846,927,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="64.[151,250,1855,1877]" captionTargetBox="[163,1406,193,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@64.[163,1407,193,1812]" captionTargetPageId="64" captionText="FIGURE 24. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Syntype: USNM No. 21495, Pescadero Point. CA; A, whole specimen showing external sloughing, scale bar 1 cm; B, cortex and outer choanosome, no alveolar layer of multiple lacunae; C, anisostrongyle, scale bar 1 mm; D, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; E. foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 100 µm; F, head of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; G, almost pointed foot of anisostrongyle, scale bar 30 µm; H, megaster, scale bar 50 µm; I, megaster, scale bar 30 µm; J, acanthostrongylaster, scale bar 10 µm; K, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; L, acanthoxysphaeraster, scale bar 5 µm; M, oxysphaeraster, scale bar 10 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286397/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
K, L) become heavily spined, bluntly pointed strongylasters (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC22E59083AFDADFE2B783A" box="[333,424,548,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I- 2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Fig. 26</figureCitation>
K), and spined, bluntly pointed strongylasters become thick, rounded ray spiny strongylasters (
<figureCitation id="13425699FFC22E590835FDCEFE177867" box="[322,404,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 26" captionStartId="66.[151,250,1863,1885]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetId="figure@66.[151,1436,195,1841]" captionTargetPageId="66" captionText="FIGURE 26. Tethya californiana de Laubenfels, 1932. Cross sections of cortex; A, Winter Hbr, Hall Bank, BC, scale bar 3 mm; B, McBride Bay, Tahsis Narrows, BC, scale bar 3 mm; C, RMMU I- 2078, San Jose Creek, Pt. Lobos, Carmel, CA, scale bar 0.5 mm; D, CASIZ 0 67731, Hopkins Marine Station, Pacific Grove, CA, scale bar 2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/286399/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
Fig. 
<date id="FFC76CDCFFC22E590801FDCEFE177867" box="[374,404,583,608]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" value="1926-01">26</date>
</figureCitation>
I, J). While experimental evidence is needed, the above scenario would explain the apparent differences in micrasters between central California and BC specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC22E5909B0FD06FC2E793F" blockId="75.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC22E5909B0FD06FE4978AF" author="Heim" box="[199,458,655,680]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Heim, I. &amp; Nickel, M. (2010) Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy. Zootaxa, 2422, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">Heim &amp; Nickel (2010)</bibRefCitation>
determined the nucleotide sequences for mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) in the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC22E59084EFD3DFE1878CA" box="[313,411,692,717]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC22E5908ADFD3CFDB878CA" box="[474,571,693,717]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
of 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590B1EFD3DFC8F78CA" box="[617,780,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590B1EFD3DFC8478CA" box="[617,775,692,717]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leysae">Tethya leysae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
They compared these with the sequences in CO1 of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590CF0FD3CFEA178F7" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590CF0FD3CFEA178F7" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Genbank 
<accessionNumber id="942AD7FFFFC22E5908EBFD5EFD9B78F7" box="[412,536,727,752]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/AY561978" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">AY561978</accessionNumber>
) obtained from Carmel-by-the-Sea less than three km from the collecting site for the 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E5909B7FD74FEE47912" box="[192,359,764,789]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E5909B7FD74FEE47912" box="[192,359,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC22E59081AFD75FE507912" box="[365,467,764,789]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The two species differed by four base pairs and two amino acid pairs. Heim &amp; Nickel characterized these as extensive nucleotide and amino acid exchanges.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC22E5909B0FCCCFCDE7E5F" blockId="75.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
Four base pairs out of an effective length of 658 nt (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC22E590A61FCCDFB8B795B" author="Heim" box="[790,1032,836,861]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Heim, I. &amp; Nickel, M. (2010) Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy. Zootaxa, 2422, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">Heim &amp; Nickel 2010</bibRefCitation>
) is only a divergence of 0.6%. This would be considered to represent intraspecies divergence for some sponges (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC22E590A82FCE1FB457987" author="Huang" box="[1013,1222,871,896]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Huang, D., Meier, R., Todd, P. A. &amp; Chou, L. M. (2008) Slow mitochondrial CO 1 sequence evolution at the base of the metazoan tree and its implications for DNA barcoding. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 66, 167 - 174." type="journal article" year="2008">
Huang 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590D3FFCE0FBF97987" box="[1096,1146,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
). The threshold for interpretation as representing two separate species rather than reflecting intraspecies variability is placed at 2.5% generally by CBoL (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC22E590808FC26FDD379CF" author="Hebert" box="[383,592,943,968]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L. &amp; de Waard, J. R. (2003) Biological identifications through barcoding. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Ser. B, 270, 313 - 321." type="journal article" year="2003">
Hebert 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E5908A2FC38FD8D79CF" box="[469,526,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al.</emphasis>
2003
</bibRefCitation>
) or e.g., 3.76% for sponges (
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC22E590AEEFC39FBE879CF" author="Huang" box="[921,1131,943,968]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Huang, D., Meier, R., Todd, P. A. &amp; Chou, L. M. (2008) Slow mitochondrial CO 1 sequence evolution at the base of the metazoan tree and its implications for DNA barcoding. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 66, 167 - 174." type="journal article" year="2008">
Huang 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590A9AFC38FBA379CF" box="[1005,1056,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">et al</emphasis>
. 2008
</bibRefCitation>
). While recent information (e.g., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC22E5909ADFC5DFE0F79EA" author="Worheide" box="[218,396,980,1005]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Worheide, G. (2006) Low variation in partial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO 1) mitochondrial sequences in the coralline demosponge Astrosclera willeyana across the Indo-Pacific. Marine Biology, 148, 907 - 912. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 005 - 0134 - y" type="journal article" year="2006">Wörheide 2006</bibRefCitation>
) that some sponges (or at least CO1) may evolve slowly relative to e.g., crustaceans, the nucleotide base pair divergences between 11 species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590A6BFC7EFCE77E17" box="[796,868,1015,1040]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590A6BFC7EFCE77E17" box="[796,868,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
listed by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC22E590AACFC7EFB617E17" author="Heim" box="[987,1250,1015,1040]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Heim, I. &amp; Nickel, M. (2010) Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy. Zootaxa, 2422, 1 - 21." type="journal article" year="2010">Heim &amp; Nickel (2010)</bibRefCitation>
were almost all double digits and ranged up to 81, which is equivalent to divergences up to 12% and all but aquarium species of unknown provenance had at least a 16 nt divergence = to 2.4%.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC22E5909B0FBEDFB837C72" blockId="75.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E5909B0FBEDFEDC7E7A" bold="true" box="[199,351,1124,1149]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Conclusions.</emphasis>
The specimens from the Channel Islands, southern California are different at the species level from 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E5909A2FB00FEFE7EA7" box="[213,381,1159,1184]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E5909A2FB00FEFE7EA7" box="[213,381,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Pescadero Pt., central California. 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590A4AFB00FC667EA7" box="[829,997,1159,1184]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590A4AFB00FC667EA7" box="[829,997,1159,1184]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(USNM 21495 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC22E590DEAFB01FB757EA7" box="[1181,1270,1160,1184]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
) is maintained as a species, not a variety based on differences with 
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590BADFB24FC787EC3" box="[730,1019,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590BADFB24FC2D7EC3" box="[730,942,1197,1220]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="subSpecies" species="aurantium" subSpecies="sensu">T. aurantium sensu</taxonomicName>
strictu
</emphasis>
. Given that 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590DF3FB24FAA97EC2" box="[1156,1322,1196,1221]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590DF3FB24FAA97EC2" box="[1156,1322,1196,1221]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
applies to the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC22E5909B4FB58FEA67EEE" box="[195,293,1233,1257]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
selected by de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFE837EDFFC22E5908ACFB46FD1F7EEF" author="Laubenfels" box="[475,668,1231,1256]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" refString="Laubenfels, M. W. de. (1932) The marine and fresh-water sponges of California. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 81, Article 4, 1 - 140." type="journal article" year="1932">Laubenfels 1932</bibRefCitation>
, the material described from southern California (Cal. 1, 2, and 3) requires a new name. With the exception of presence of oxea, none of the differences between 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590D90FB7CFAC87F0A" box="[1255,1355,1268,1293]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leysae">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590D90FB7CFAC87F0A" box="[1255,1355,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. leysae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590CF0FB7CFEA27F37" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590CF0FB7CFEA27F37" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(revised description) are compelling as necessarily reflecting genotypic characters at the species level. Given that we were unable to find oxeas in any BC material at our disposal, we question the presence of oxeas as a significant character in the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC22E5908BFFAE8FD807F7E" box="[456,515,1377,1401]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">types</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590B5EFAE8FD097F7F" box="[553,650,1375,1400]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leysae">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590B5EFAE8FD097F7F" box="[553,650,1375,1400]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. leysae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Three characters: R/C values, density of megasters in the cortex, and robustness of spination in acanathostrongylasters and acanthoxyspherasters likely reflect ecophenotypic variability associated with environmental conditions (silica availability and exposure to waves, swells and tidal currents). Given the paucity of morphological differences, a difference of 4 nt in CO1 between 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590D2CFA44FB387FE2" box="[1115,1211,1484,1509]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leysae">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590D2CFA44FB387FE2" box="[1115,1211,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. leysae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590D82FA44FA1F7FE2" box="[1269,1436,1484,1509]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590D82FA44FA1F7FE2" box="[1269,1436,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(based on a specimen from near the 
<typeStatus id="54C2F4BEFFC22E590B3EFA78FDFA7C0E" box="[585,633,1521,1545]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">type</typeStatus>
locality) is not sufficient to justify separate species status but could represent differences at opposite ends of the 
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long cline from southern California to northern BC. We propose that 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E59085EF9B0FE097C57" box="[297,394,1591,1616]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="leysae">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E59085EF9B0FE097C57" box="[297,394,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. leysae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
be considered a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590BADF9B0FC027C57" box="[730,897,1591,1616]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590BADF9B0FC027C57" box="[730,897,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590AE7F9B0FBB47C57" box="[912,1079,1591,1616]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="californiana">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590AE7F9B0FBB47C57" box="[912,1079,1591,1616]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">T. californiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not synonymous with any of the other 
<taxonomicName id="4C79319FFFC22E590877F9D5FEC47C72" box="[256,327,1628,1653]" class="Demospongiae" family="Tethyidae" genus="Tethya" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hadromerida" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E590877F9D5FEC47C72" box="[256,327,1628,1653]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Tethya</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species described from the eastern Pacific or the NW Pacific.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC22E5909B0F9F6FD457C9F" blockId="75.[151,1437,151,1797]" box="[199,710,1663,1688]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E5909B0F9F6FE2D7C9F" bold="true" box="[199,430,1663,1688]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Bathymetric range.</emphasis>
Intertidal to 
<quantity id="4C81E7F9FFC22E590B37F909FDFA7C9F" box="[576,633,1664,1688]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
depth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC22E5909B0F92DFD197CE7" blockId="75.[151,1437,151,1797]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E5909B0F92DFE767CBA" bold="true" box="[199,501,1700,1725]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
Northern British 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC22E590BB9F92DFCBC7CBA" box="[718,831,1700,1725]" name="United States of America" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Columbia</collectingCountry>
, southern British 
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC22E590D6EF92DFB047CBA" box="[1049,1159,1700,1725]" name="United States of America" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Columbia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC22E590DEAF92DFB747CBA" box="[1181,1271,1700,1725]" name="Canada" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Canada</collectingCountry>
), Washington, northern California, central California (
<collectingCountry id="F36E0A8CFFC22E590B27F941FD0D7CE7" box="[592,654,1736,1760]" name="United States of America" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">USA</collectingCountry>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC64A1CFFC22E5909B0F965FA8C7D02" blockId="75.[151,1437,151,1797]" box="[199,1295,1772,1797]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="B90D960EFFC22E5909B0F965FEA87D02" bold="true" box="[199,299,1772,1797]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Ecology.</emphasis>
Found from wave exposed to protected waters; contracts when mechanically stimulated.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>