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<document id="0DAE55BEF222F29E62698E37506F8050" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5178369" ID-ISSN="1942-1354" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5178369" ID-ZooBank="074AC2A8-83D9-4B8A-9F1B-7860E1AFF172IM" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1628331193856" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Carneiro, Mielke, Olaf H. H. &amp; M, Mirna" docDate="2013" docId="0388242FFF9AA974D4E2385EFE18BE45" docLanguage="en" docName="InsectaMundi.0327.1-47.pdf" docOrigin="Insecta Mundi 2013 (327)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC.3:InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleId="6D85C66E4B52897F25DA165649BC06DC" docStyleName="InsectaMundi.2009-2020.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Synapte silius" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="15" masterDocId="FFB15C57FF95A965D4223B3DFFF9BF7E" masterDocTitle="Thorax and abdomen morphology of some Neotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="47" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="14" updateTime="1699044736228" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-3.0">
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<mods:title id="961AC5A704AE573D1AE6C5EAB062D7FC">Thorax and abdomen morphology of some Neotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="99C64602B43128AF68EF57E0F8EC5FCC">Mielke, Olaf H. H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9D761B9EB827422E15C4628BDE91A571">M, Mirna</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="0388242FFF9AA974D4E2385EFE18BE45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5189512" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5189512" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0388242FFF9AA974D4E2385EFE18BE45" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0388242FFF9AA974D4E2385EFE18BE45" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<subSubSection id="C33BC6B2FF9AA96AD4E2385EFECBBC85" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF9AA96AD4E2385EFD8BBC05" blockId="15.[192,626,867,891]" box="[192,626,867,891]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<heading id="D0D62255FF9AA96AD4E2385EFD8BBC05" bold="true" box="[192,626,867,891]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" reason="3">
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF9AA96AD4E2385EFD8BBC05" ID-CoL="53TX9" authority="(Latreille, [1824])" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[192,626,867,891]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Synapte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silius">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD4E2385EFD8BBC05" bold="true" box="[192,626,867,891]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD4E2385EFE87BC05" bold="true" box="[192,382,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Synapte silius</emphasis>
(Latreille, [1824])
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF9AA96AD4D2389EFECBBC85" blockId="15.[192,1441,931,1915]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD4D2389EFDDCBCC5" bold="true" box="[240,549,931,955]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Cervix and Prothorax.</emphasis>
The dorsal-ventral distance of the cervix is proportionally a little smaller than the one observed in the previous species (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD73A38FEFC9CBCA5" box="[792,869,963,987]" captionStart="Figures 1-4" captionStartId="29.[192,287,963,985]" captionTargetBox="[192,1440,208,1730]" captionTargetId="figure-15@29.[192,1440,192,1743]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figures 1-4. Lateral view of cervical sclerite and prothorax. 1) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 2) Urbanus teleus; 3) Pyrgus orcus; 4) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178371" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178371/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The presence of the cervical organ was not observed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C33BC6B2FF9AA974D4D23F3EFE18BE45" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF9AA96AD4D23F3EFCD3BBA5" blockId="15.[192,1441,931,1915]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
The dorsal plate of the cordiform pronotum presents sclerotization on the lateral-dorsal margin, continuing ventrally and gradually disappearing (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD7013F1EFC95BB45" box="[803,876,1059,1083]" captionStart="Figures 5-8" captionStartId="29.[192,287,1767,1789]" captionText="Figures 5-8. Dorsal view of prothorax. 5) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 6) Urbanus teleus; 7) Pyrgus orcus; 8) Synapte silius." pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
). The posterior margin of the extension has a median recess providing the structure with a bifid appearance. The apophysis has a short base and branches are slightly longer than in the other species. The posterior band of the parapatagia is well sclerotized, unlike the trochantin, which form a triangle-shaped structure located dorsally on the coxa (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD4EB3F9EFED8BBC5" box="[201,289,1187,1211]" captionStart="Figures 58- 65" captionStartId="40.[192,287,1836,1858]" captionTargetBox="[247,1388,192,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[247,1388,192,1811]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 58- 65. Lateral view of last tarsomere and pretarsum I (Fig. 58 to 61), and trochantin I (Fig. 62 to 65). 58, 62) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 59, 63) Urbanus teleus; 60, 64) Pyrgus orcus; 61, 65) Synapte silius. a: trochantin I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178394/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
). The small thin bars located on the posterior edges of the pronotal dorsal membrane are laterally dislocated to the lateral ends of the membrane.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF9AA96AD4D23FDEFC41BA25" blockId="15.[192,1441,931,1915]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD4D23FDEFE68BB85" bold="true" box="[240,401,1251,1275]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Mesothorax</emphasis>
. It is of intermediate size, having proportions similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF9AA96AD0A93FDEFAC4BB85" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1163,1341,1251,1275]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Urbanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teleus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD0A93FDEFAC4BB85" box="[1163,1341,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Urbanus teleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though without oblique sulci (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD5EC3E3EFDDCBA65" box="[462,549,1283,1307]" captionStart="Figures 13-16" captionStartId="31.[192,287,1779,1801]" captionTargetBox="[225,1420,201,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-16@31.[192,1440,192,1764]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="Figures 13-16. Dorsal view of mesothorax and metathorax. 13) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 14) Urbanus teleus; 15) Pyrgus orcus; 16) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178375" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178375/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 16</figureCitation>
). Among the notal wing processes, the most evident is the anterior, which is ventrally projected, forming a hook on the apex, with the end turned posteriorly. The other processes are similar to those in previously described Pyrginae (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD7703E7EFC52BA25" box="[850,939,1347,1371]" captionStart="Figures 9-12" captionStartId="30.[192,286,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[263,1395,192,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-17@30.[217,1427,192,1860]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 9-12. Ventral view of cervix and thorax. 9) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 10) Urbanus teleus; 11) Pyrgus orcus; 12) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178373/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF9AA96AD4D23E5EFB0FBAA5" blockId="15.[192,1441,931,1915]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
Ventrally, the subtegula II presents a shape similar to that of the
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD0303E5EFA59BA05" box="[1042,1440,1379,1403]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF9AA96AD0303E5EFA65BA05" authority="charybdis" authorityName="charybdis Westwood" authorityYear="1852" box="[1042,1436,1379,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrrhopyge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="charybdis" subSpecies="charybdis">Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
However, beside the basalare it is reduced to a small oval sclerite. The subalare sclerites are narrow on its median region, and their extensions are not very prominent. The tegula is similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF9AA96AD0C13E9EFA61BAC5" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1251,1432,1443,1467]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Urbanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teleus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD0C13E9EFA61BAC5" box="[1251,1432,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Urbanus teleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though presenting an irregular ventral orifice and a reduced membranous area (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD0B33EFEFB10BAA5" box="[1169,1257,1475,1499]" captionStart="Figures 21-24" captionStartId="33.[192,287,884,906]" captionTargetBox="[519,1040,214,838]" captionTargetId="figure-16@33.[509,1121,192,879]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="Figures 21-24. Lateral view of internal surface of tegula. 21) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 22) Urbanus teleus; 23) Pyrgus orcus; 24) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178380" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178380/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 24</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF9AA96AD4D23EDEFD47B9C5" blockId="15.[192,1441,931,1915]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
The anepisternum II presents, besides an anepisternal suture II as long as in
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF9AA96AD0BB3EDEFECFB965" authority="charybdis" authorityName="charybdis Westwood" authorityYear="1852" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrrhopyge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="charybdis" subSpecies="charybdis">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD0BB3EDEFECFB965" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF9AA96AD5523D39FDF4B965" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[368,525,1540,1563]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orcus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD5523D39FDF4B965" box="[368,525,1540,1563]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Pyrgus orcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, another inconspicuous dorsal-ventral line that crosses the posterior half of the sclerite (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD5763D1EFE5EB945" box="[340,423,1571,1595]" captionStart="Figures 17-20" captionStartId="32.[192,287,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[254,1357,205,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-17@32.[253,1383,192,1821]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figures 17-20. Lateral view of mesothorax. 17) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 18) Urbanus teleus; 19) Pyrgus orcus; 20) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178378/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
and
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD5FD3D1EFDF9B945" box="[479,512,1571,1595]" captionStart="Figures 50- 57" captionStartId="39.[192,287,1799,1821]" captionTargetBox="[246,1383,192,1774]" captionTargetId="figure-16@39.[246,1383,192,1774]" captionTargetPageId="39" captionText="Figures 50- 57. Lateral view of anepisternum II (Fig. 50 to 53) and coxopleural articulation II (Fig. 54 to 57). 50, 54) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 51, 55) Urbanus teleus; 52, 56) Pyrgus orcus; 53, 57) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178392" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178392/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">53</figureCitation>
). The coxal suture II ventrally separates the entire katepisternum II from the basisternum II. Likewise, the marginopleural suture reaches the precoxal suture II and separates a small sclerite ventral to the katepisternum II (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD68A3D5EFD06B905" box="[680,767,1635,1659]" captionStart="Figures 9-12" captionStartId="30.[192,286,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[263,1395,192,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-17@30.[217,1427,192,1860]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="Figures 9-12. Ventral view of cervix and thorax. 9) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 10) Urbanus teleus; 11) Pyrgus orcus; 12) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178373" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178373/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
). The ventral articulations of the coxa II are inserted on the median crest between the coxae, posteriorly on the discrimen II. Epimeron II is similar to the one in
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF9AA96AD4E23D9EFDBFB9C5" authority="charybdis" authorityName="charybdis Westwood" authorityYear="1852" box="[192,582,1699,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrrhopyge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="charybdis" subSpecies="charybdis">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD4E23D9EFDBFB9C5" box="[192,582,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD67A3D9EFD48B9C5" box="[600,689,1699,1723]" captionStart="Figures 17-20" captionStartId="32.[192,287,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[254,1357,205,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-17@32.[253,1383,192,1821]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figures 17-20. Lateral view of mesothorax. 17) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 18) Urbanus teleus; 19) Pyrgus orcus; 20) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178378/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF9AA96AD4D23DFEFEFFB845" blockId="15.[192,1441,931,1915]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD4D23DFEFE69B9A5" bold="true" box="[240,400,1731,1755]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Metathorax</emphasis>
. The marginopleural suture III, though incomplete, is longer than those in the Pyrginae observed herein, leaving just a small ventral portion still blended to the katepisternum III (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD13B3DDEFA88B985" box="[1305,1393,1763,1787]" captionStart="Figures 25-28" captionStartId="34.[192,287,1654,1676]" captionTargetBox="[210,1415,200,1620]" captionTargetId="figure-18@34.[209,1419,192,1635]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="Figures 25-28. Lateral view of metathorax. 25) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 26) Urbanus teleus; 27) Pyrgus orcus; 28) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178382" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178382/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 28</figureCitation>
). In the epimeron III, the same dorsal recess found in
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF9AA96AD73D3C3EFC2FB865" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[799,982,1795,1819]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Urbanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="14" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teleus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD73D3C3EFC2FB865" box="[799,982,1795,1819]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Urbanus teleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also visible in all the studied specimens.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF9AA975D4D23C7EFDB9BF85" blockId="15.[192,1441,931,1915]" lastBlockId="16.[192,1441,195,1915]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="15" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF9AA96AD4D23C7EFEC9B825" bold="true" box="[240,304,1859,1883]" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Legs</emphasis>
. The femur I is longer, surpassing twice the length of the tibia I (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF9AA96AD0163C7EFB72B825" box="[1076,1163,1859,1883]" captionStart="Figures 29-32" captionStartId="35.[192,287,1227,1249]" captionTargetBox="[211,1417,207,1212]" captionTargetId="figure-16@35.[211,1421,192,1212]" captionTargetPageId="35" captionText="Figures 29-32: Internal surface of prothoracic, mesothoracic and metathoracic legs (left to right). 29) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 30) Urbanus teleus*; 31) Pyrgus orcus; 32) Synapte silius*. *External surface illustrated." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178384" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178384/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="14">Fig. 32</figureCitation>
). The basicostal suture III is developed, oblique and contiguous to the pleural suture III. The meron II presents a differentiated triangular dorsal sclerite, as observed in the Pyrginae (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D7553BFEFC2BBFA5" box="[887,978,195,219]" captionStart="Figures 17-20" captionStartId="32.[192,287,1842,1864]" captionTargetBox="[254,1357,205,1821]" captionTargetId="figure-17@32.[253,1383,192,1821]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="Figures 17-20. Lateral view of mesothorax. 17) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 18) Urbanus teleus; 19) Pyrgus orcus; 20) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178378" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178378/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 20</figureCitation>
). The pre-tarsus is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF85A975D4E23BDEFE31BF85" authorityName="Westwood" authorityYear="1852" box="[192,456,227,251]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrrhopyge" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="charybdis">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D4E23BDEFE31BF85" box="[192,456,227,251]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Pyrrhopyge charybdis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D5FB3BDEFDCBBF85" box="[473,562,227,251]" captionStart="Figures 58- 65" captionStartId="40.[192,287,1836,1858]" captionTargetBox="[247,1388,192,1805]" captionTargetId="figure-17@40.[247,1388,192,1811]" captionTargetPageId="40" captionText="Figures 58- 65. Lateral view of last tarsomere and pretarsum I (Fig. 58 to 61), and trochantin I (Fig. 62 to 65). 58, 62) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 59, 63) Urbanus teleus; 60, 64) Pyrgus orcus; 61, 65) Synapte silius. a: trochantin I." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178394" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178394/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 61</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF85A975D4D23A3EFBEBBEC5" blockId="16.[192,1441,195,1915]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D4D23A3EFEBBBE65" bold="true" box="[240,322,259,283]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Wings</emphasis>
. Wingspan pattern similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF85A975D7293A39FC50BE65" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[779,937,260,283]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orcus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D7293A39FC50BE65" box="[779,937,260,283]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Pyrgus orcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, measuring approximately
<quantity id="4CD938DCFF85A975D0DB3A3EFAA9BE65" box="[1273,1360,259,283]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
. Venation is similar to that of
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF85A975D5D63A19FD6ABE45" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[500,659,292,315]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orcus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D5D63A19FD6ABE45" box="[500,659,292,315]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Pyrgus orcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D6873A1EFCF9BE45" box="[677,768,291,315]" captionStart="Figures 33-36" captionStartId="36.[192,286,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[235,1385,195,1835]" captionTargetId="figure-52@36.[219,1398,192,1843]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="Figures 33-36. Dorsal view of clarified mesothoracic and metathoracic wings of males (left) and females (right). 33) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 34) Urbanus teleus; 35) Pyrgus orcus; 36) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178386" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178386/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 36</figureCitation>
). The discal cell is of proportional size, the dcs vein is small, there is no sexual dimorphism along the insertion distance of the M
<quantity id="4CD938DCFF85A975D0153A6EFBA4BE25" box="[1079,1117,323,353]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" unit="in" value="1.0">
<subScript id="17A5977CFF85A975D0153A6EFBC6BE1F" attach="left" box="[1079,1087,339,353]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">1</subScript>
in
</quantity>
relation to R
<subScript id="17A5977CFF85A975D0D83A6EFAE1BE1F" attach="left" box="[1274,1304,339,353]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">4+5</subScript>
and the 3A veins are equally reduced, provided with extensions and sexually differentiated distances, similar to the previous species. The M
<subScript id="17A5977CFF85A975D5FF3AAEFE1CBEDF" attach="left" box="[477,485,403,417]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">2</subScript>
vein is closer to the M
<subScript id="17A5977CFF85A975D6CF3AAEFD0CBEDF" attach="left" box="[749,757,403,417]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">3</subScript>
than to M
<subScript id="17A5977CFF85A975D7523AAEFC81BEDF" attach="left" box="[880,888,403,417]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">1</subScript>
at the base, and the dcm, dci, and M
<subScript id="17A5977CFF85A975D1053AAEFAD6BEDF" attach="left" box="[1319,1327,403,417]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">2</subScript>
veins are not well delimited in both wings. Males do not present a costal crease.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF85A975D4D23AF9FE73BD65" blockId="16.[192,1441,195,1915]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
Long scales are located on the costal margin the hind wings (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D7FE3AFEFBCCBEA5" box="[988,1077,451,475]" captionStart="Figures 42- 49" captionStartId="38.[192,287,1836,1858]" captionTargetBox="[285,1335,192,1804]" captionTargetId="figure-17@38.[285,1335,192,1818]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="Figures 42- 49. Details of wing-coupling mechanism viewed on ventral mesothoracic wingbase (left) and dorsal metathoracic wingbase (right). 42, 43) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 44, 45) Urbanus teleus; 46, 47) Pyrgus orcus; 48, 49) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178390" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178390/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 49</figureCitation>
). The same humeral vein and slim M
<subScript id="17A5977CFF85A975D5313ACEFEE2BD7F" attach="left" box="[275,283,499,513]" fontSize="6" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">2</subScript>
, present in
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D5893AD9FDB6BE85" box="[427,591,484,507]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF85A975D5893AD9FDB3BE85" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[427,586,484,507]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orcus">Pyrgus orcus</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
are observed. There are no significant sexual differences in the extension of the m-cu.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF85A975D4D2391EFDADBC25" blockId="16.[192,1441,195,1915]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D4D2391EFE8ABD45" bold="true" box="[240,371,547,571]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Abdomen</emphasis>
. The tergal lobe is weakly sclerotized and distinguished in males because of its great development (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D54C397EFDDDBD25" box="[366,548,579,603]" captionStart="Figures 70-73" captionStartId="42.[192,287,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[352,1278,203,1839]" captionTargetId="figure-18@42.[340,1299,192,1839]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figures 70-73. Lateral view of male (Fig. 70, 72) and female (Fig. 71, 73) abdomens. 70, 71) Pyrgus orcus; 72, 73) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178400" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178400/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 72 and 73</figureCitation>
). The prespiracular bar is similar to those of the Pyrginae studied here, distinguishable from the first sternum by a clear suture. Conversely, the postspiracular bar is strongly projected towards the ventral area, even though it does not meet the second sternum either. The tergopleural bar is similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF85A975D5D7399EFD54BDC5" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[501,685,675,699]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Urbanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teleus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D5D7399EFD54BDC5" box="[501,685,675,699]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Urbanus teleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF85A975D6C93999FC73BDC5" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[747,906,676,699]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orcus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D6C93999FC73BDC5" box="[747,906,676,699]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Pyrgus orcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The first tergum is as developed as it is in
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF85A975D4E239F9FEA6BDA5" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[192,351,708,731]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orcus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D4E239F9FEA6BDA5" box="[192,351,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Pyrgus orcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
while the first sternum does not present any keel-shaped ventral prominences. The last pregenital segment does not present either membranous recesses or punctuation for bristle insertion. The last tergum is rectangular with an arched posterior edge in females, along with a small semicircular recess (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D53A381EFE3CBC45" box="[280,453,803,827]" captionStart="Figures 74-89" captionStartId="43.[192,286,882,904]" captionTargetBox="[200,1418,208,862]" captionTargetId="figure-60@43.[192,1440,192,870]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figures 74-89. Dorsal view from last tergum (two left columns) and ventral view from sternum (two right columns): 74 to 77) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 78 to 81) Urbanus teleus; 82 to 85) Pyrgus orcus; 86 to 89) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178402/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 86 and 87</figureCitation>
). The sterna are laterally reduced, with sinuous lateral edges in males and parallel edges in females (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D5B4387EFDBEBC25" box="[406,583,835,859]" captionStart="Figures 74-89" captionStartId="43.[192,286,882,904]" captionTargetBox="[200,1418,208,862]" captionTargetId="figure-60@43.[192,1440,192,870]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="Figures 74-89. Dorsal view from last tergum (two left columns) and ventral view from sternum (two right columns): 74 to 77) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 78 to 81) Urbanus teleus; 82 to 85) Pyrgus orcus; 86 to 89) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178402" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178402/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 88 and 89</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF85A975D4D2385EFCDFBB25" blockId="16.[192,1441,195,1915]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D4D2385EFE47BC05" bold="true" box="[240,446,867,891]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Male Genitalia</emphasis>
. The tegument is reduced to a small dorsal plate, flattened dorsal-ventrally and semi-oval in shape (in dorsal view). The uncus is U-shaped, presenting widely separated thin arms, whose basal area is covered by a thick cluster of bristles located on its anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D10A389EFA6BBCC5" box="[1320,1426,931,955]" captionStart="Figures 98-105" captionStartId="45.[192,287,1434,1456]" captionTargetBox="[200,1427,205,1404]" captionTargetId="figure-15@45.[192,1440,192,1417]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figures 98-105. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view of ninth and tenth tergum of male genitalia. 98) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 99) Urbanus teleus; 100) Pyrgus orcus; 101) Synapte silius. 102-105. Posterior view of fultura inferior. 102) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 103) Urbanus teleus; 104) Pyrgus orcus; 105) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178406/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 101</figureCitation>
). Ventrally, the membranous area has the shape of a long vase, where another pair of sinuous plates can be seen laterally that are adhered to the arms of the gnathos, which are slightly sclerotized. The gnathos is distinctly projected posteriorly, allowing its visualization in dorsal view, and is made up of a pair of tubular arms with a rounded apex. The fultura inferior is U-shaped, bigger than in
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF85A975D0893F19FAB1BB45" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1780" box="[1195,1352,1060,1083]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pyrgus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orcus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D0893F19FAB1BB45" box="[1195,1352,1060,1083]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Pyrgus orcus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, due to the more developed anterior projections (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D6903F7EFCE0BB25" box="[690,793,1091,1115]" captionStart="Figures 98-105" captionStartId="45.[192,287,1434,1456]" captionTargetBox="[200,1427,205,1404]" captionTargetId="figure-15@45.[192,1440,192,1417]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="Figures 98-105. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view of ninth and tenth tergum of male genitalia. 98) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 99) Urbanus teleus; 100) Pyrgus orcus; 101) Synapte silius. 102-105. Posterior view of fultura inferior. 102) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 103) Urbanus teleus; 104) Pyrgus orcus; 105) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178406" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178406/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 105</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF85A975D4D23F5EFCC7BA05" blockId="16.[192,1441,195,1915]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
The saccus is not dorsally projected, and is reduced to a small anterior dilatation, measuring ¼ the length of the ninth segment (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D6383FBEFD88BBE5" box="[538,625,1155,1179]" captionStart="Figures 90-97" captionStartId="44.[192,287,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[262,1366,194,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-17@44.[255,1378,192,1843]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figures 90-97. Lateral view of external surface of male genitalia (left), and internal surface of valvae (right). 90, 91) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 92, 93) Urbanus teleus; 94, 95) Pyrgus orcus; 96, 97) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178404/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
). The dorsal projections of the saccus are blended to the ventral ones of the tegumen. The valva is directly articulated to the saccus, without any specific articulation insertion, forming a single lobular arm, posteriorly rounded. The harpe has a sinuous dorsal margin, and the apical margin is provided with a cluster of bristles as in the other species (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D06B3FDEFB58BB85" box="[1097,1185,1251,1275]" captionStart="Figures 90-97" captionStartId="44.[192,287,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[262,1366,194,1834]" captionTargetId="figure-17@44.[255,1378,192,1843]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figures 90-97. Lateral view of external surface of male genitalia (left), and internal surface of valvae (right). 90, 91) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 92, 93) Urbanus teleus; 94, 95) Pyrgus orcus; 96, 97) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178404" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178404/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 97</figureCitation>
). The costa is almost imperceptible in lateral view at the base of the valva, being similar to a thin edge near the base of insertion of the valva. However, a partially superimposed tooth posteriorly to the costa is directed towards the margin of the harpe. The sacculus is represented by just a small shortened basal crease, reaching around one third of the height of the valva.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF85A975D4D23EBEFE35B965" blockId="16.[192,1441,195,1915]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
The aedoeagus is small in extension and wide in thickness (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D7EF3EBEFBCCBAE5" box="[973,1077,1411,1435]" captionStart="Figures 106-109" captionStartId="46.[192,287,707,729]" captionTargetBox="[200,1435,200,701]" captionTargetId="figure-18@46.[192,1440,192,705]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figures 106-109. Different views of the penis: left lateral, right lateral, ventral and dorsal views (top to bottom). 106) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 107) Urbanus teleus; 108) Pyrgus orcus; 109) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178408" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178408/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 109</figureCitation>
). Its truncated ends display a rectangular appearance, instead of the baton shape observed in the other species. Additionally, there is a membranous dorsal spot which is triangular and elongated on the dorsal and distal ends. The vesica is not reversed on the dissected individuals and a helicoidal cornuti full of small thorns all over its surface, can be seen internally.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF85A975D4D23D1EFDDBB9E5" blockId="16.[192,1441,195,1915]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D4D23D1EFE24B945" bold="true" box="[240,477,1571,1595]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Female Genitalia</emphasis>
. The whole genitalia in
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF85A975D72B3D1EFC4CB945" baseAuthorityName="Latreille" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[777,949,1571,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Synapte" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="silius">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D72B3D1EFC4CB945" box="[777,949,1571,1595]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Synapte silius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clearly does not follows the direction of body axis like in the other species observed herein. In this species, the genitalia is directed ventrally, assuming a 45° with body longitudinal axes, as evidenced by the position of anal papillae, in comparison to the last tergum (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D58F3DBEFDECB9E5" box="[429,533,1667,1691]" captionStart="Figures 110-113" captionStartId="47.[192,285,1521,1543]" captionTargetBox="[198,1436,197,1501]" captionTargetId="figure-15@47.[192,1440,192,1501]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="Figures 110-113. Lateral view of eighth, ninth and tenth segments which form the female genitalia 110) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 111) Urbanus teleus; 112) Pyrgus orcus; 113) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178410" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178410/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 113</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF85A975D4D23D9EFB8CB865" blockId="16.[192,1441,195,1915]" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
The sterigma is absent due to the lack of sclerotization of the postvaginal lamella. The antevaginal lamella, which is quite evident, is formed by two rectangular plates that are ventrally united by a membrane (
<figureCitation id="131A89BCFF85A975D5343DDEFE84B985" box="[278,381,1763,1787]" captionStart="Figures 114-117" captionStartId="48.[192,287,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[358,1251,203,1825]" captionTargetId="figure-18@48.[345,1294,192,1833]" captionTargetPageId="48" captionText="Figures 114-117. Ventral view of female genitalia. 114) Pyrrhopyge charybdis charybdis; 115) Urbanus teleus; 116) Pyrgus orcus; 117) Synapte silius." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5178412" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5178412/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Fig. 117</figureCitation>
). Posteriorly, in ventral view, a membranous area between the anal papillae is observed which is provided with sclerotized areas that are not seen in the other species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9E9539FF85A974D4D23C1EFE18BE45" blockId="16.[192,1441,195,1915]" lastBlockId="17.[192,1440,195,315]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="16" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">
The anal papillae are higher than wide, and present the same lack of sclerotization of the anterior portion, which is also present in
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF85A975D6673C7EFD03B825" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[581,762,1859,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Urbanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teleus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D6673C7EFD03B825" box="[581,762,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Urbanus teleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The anterior apophyses are inserted anteriorly, and are shorter than those in
<taxonomicName id="4C21EEBAFF85A975D5F13C5EFD75B805" baseAuthorityName="Hubner" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[467,652,1891,1915]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Urbanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="15" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teleus">
<emphasis id="B955492BFF85A975D5F13C5EFD75B805" box="[467,652,1891,1915]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="15">Urbanus teleus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, also presenting a triangular dilatation next to their insertion. Subsequent to the ostium bursa, there is a short cylinder which is slightly sclerotized, presenting striation on its lateral margins. Posteriorly, the rest of the duct of the bursa is entirely membranous like the body itself, and gradually dilating towards a globular apex. The spermatophore was not found in any of the specimens observed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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