383 lines
43 KiB
XML
383 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="F35E1206B4A496DCED2088651DBF9730" ID-CLB-Dataset="38982" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c41804b4-7a66-4a00-afc1-c7a31871329f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="257322" ID-ZooBank="22D15539-E49E-4D6C-BFCF-D4DBC72BA640" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1464331980959" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mathis, Wayne N. & Marinoni, Luciane" docDate="2016" docId="8366879DE9428543FF6FEB360F5FFCD1" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4116.1..pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4116 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Dimecoenia spinosa Loew" docType="treatment" docVersion="17" lastPageNumber="87" masterDocId="7F5FFFE5E9118515FFF8E95A0E0AFFE9" masterDocTitle="Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="84" updateTime="1698630767650" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="9DBDCD102C05781F051C76D78BEEE1C3">Revision of Ephydrini Zetterstedt (Diptera: Ephydridae) from the Americas south of the United States</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FFA99BAF4215453863FE5DF4EEDA8FAE">Mathis, Wayne N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6C1376588EA5A61A0307C04EA02F8A3A">Marinoni, Luciane</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B1E354E1F6A509BE5E84626A91703B22">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="FD942DDE9092743CD6603814F54B12FC">
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<mods:date id="A0295BA15D607A9115655DC7F272FFC0">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1C4F75A40D925AAE75F903464003F63A">4116</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CFED928ACFB56E31A9393D1C08C6310E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4116.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="8366879DE9428543FF6FEB360F5FFCD1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6074142" ID-GBIF-Taxon="120731752" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6074142" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8366879DE9428543FF6FEB360F5FFCD1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8366879DE9428543FF6FEB360F5FFCD1" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9428546FF6FEB360C1FFD6F" box="[151,533,620,646]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9428546FF6FEB360C1FFD6F" blockId="83.[151,533,620,679]" box="[151,533,620,646]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<heading id="503881E7E9428546FF6FEB360C1FFD6F" bold="true" box="[151,533,620,646]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9428546FF6FEB360C1FFD6F" bold="true" box="[151,533,620,646]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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26.
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9428546FF3BEB360C1FFD6F" ID-CoL="6CTY8" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" box="[195,533,620,646]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9428546FF3BEB360FBDFD6F" bold="true" box="[195,439,620,646]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Dimecoenia spinosa</emphasis>
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(Loew)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="43D56500E9428546FF6FEBD40F90FD4E" box="[151,410,654,679]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9428546FF6FEBD40F90FD4E" blockId="83.[151,533,620,679]" box="[151,410,654,679]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<figureCitation id="93F42A0EE9428546FF6FEBD40F33FD4E" box="[151,313,654,679]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 115 – 118" captionStart-1="FIGURES 119 – 121" captionStartId-0="84.[151,264,1878,1901]" captionStartId-1="85.[151,264,772,795]" captionTargetBox-0="[157,1424,490,1847]" captionTargetBox-1="[167,1422,196,745]" captionTargetId-0="figure@84.[157,1429,481,1858]" captionTargetId-1="figure@85.[163,1425,193,751]" captionTargetPageId-0="84" captionTargetPageId-1="85" captionText-0="FIGURES 115 – 118. Dimecoenia spinosa (Loew). (115) head, lateral view; (116) same, anterior view; (117) mesonotum, dorsal view; (118) hindleg of male, lateral view (from Mathis and Simpson 1981)." captionText-1="FIGURES 119 – 121. Structures of male and female terminalia of Dimecoenia spinosa (Loew). (119) male terminalia, lateral view; (120) ventral margin of epandrium and surstyli, posterior view; (121) female ventral receptacle, lateral view (from Mathis and Simpson 1981)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/399444/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/399445/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Figs. 115–121</figureCitation>
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, Map 26
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E9428546FF6FEB8D0CB9FC6F" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="0B70368BE9428546FF6FEB8D0FD0FD05" blockId="83.[151,1436,726,902]" box="[151,474,726,749]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="2BDF11A5E9428546FF6FEB8D0FD0FD05" box="[151,474,726,749]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9428546FF6FEB8D0FDCFD05" authority="Loew 1864: 99" authorityName="Loew" authorityPageNumber="99" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,470,726,749]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Coenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9428546FF6FEB8D0F3EFD04" box="[151,308,727,749]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Coenia spinosa</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9428546FEC2EB8D0FDCFD05" author="Loew" box="[314,470,726,748]" page="99" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" year="1864">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9428546FEC2EB8D0FBAFD05" author="Loew" box="[314,432,726,748]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Loew, H. (1864) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centuria quinta. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, 8, 47 - 104. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1002 / mmnd. 18640080105" type="journal article" year="1864">Loew 1864</bibRefCitation>
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: 99
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9428546FF6FEBAC0CB9FC6F" blockId="83.[151,1436,726,902]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="2BDF11A5E9428546FF6FEBAC0CB9FC6F" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9428546FF6FEBAC0F39FCE2" box="[151,307,758,779]" class="Insecta" family="Lycidae" genus="Caenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9428546FF6FEBAC0F39FCE2" box="[151,307,758,779]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Caenia spinosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[unjustified emendation].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9428546FDA8EBAF0D4CFCE2" author="Osten" box="[592,838,757,779]" page="204" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" year="1878">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9428546FDA8EBAF0D1DFCE2" author="Osten" box="[592,791,757,779]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Osten Sacken, C. R. (1878) Catalogue of the described Diptera of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 16 (2 [= publication 270]), i - xlviii + 1 - 276." type="journal article" year="1878">Osten Sacken 1878</bibRefCitation>
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: 204
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</treatmentCitation>
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[Nearctic catalog].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9428546FBE6EBAF0AD0FCE2" author="Aldrich" box="[1054,1242,757,779]" page="631" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" year="1905">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9428546FBE6EBAF0AA0FCE2" author="Aldrich" box="[1054,1194,757,779]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Aldrich, J. M. (1905) A catalogue of North American Diptera (or two-winged flies). Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 46 (1444), 1 - 680." type="journal article" year="1905">Aldrich 1905</bibRefCitation>
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: 631
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</treatmentCitation>
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[Nearctic catalog].
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<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9428546FF6FEA4F0F61FCC3" ID-CoL="6CTY8" box="[151,363,789,810]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
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<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9428546FF6FEA4F0F61FCC3" box="[151,363,789,810]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Dimecoenia spinosa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
.—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9428546FE71EA4E0C5FFCC3" author="Cresson" box="[393,597,788,810]" page="152" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" year="1916">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9428546FE71EA4E0C2BFCC3" author="Cresson" box="[393,545,788,810]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Cresson, E. T, Jr. (1916) Descriptions of new genera and species of the dipterous family Ephydridae. - III. Entomological News, 27 (4), 147 - 152." type="journal article" year="1916">Cresson 1916</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 152
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9428546FD8BEA4E0DE7FCC3" author="Sturtevant" box="[627,1005,788,810]" page="166" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" year="1954">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9428546FD8BEA4E0DBDFCC3" author="Sturtevant" box="[627,951,788,810]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Sturtevant, A. H. & Wheeler, M. R. (1954) Synopses of Nearctic Ephydridae (Diptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 79, 151 - 257." type="journal article" year="1954">Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 166
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
[review].—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9428546FB93EA4E0B96FCC3" author="Wirth" box="[1131,1436,788,810]" page="472" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" year="1956">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9428546FB93EA4E0B6FFCC3" author="Wirth" box="[1131,1381,788,810]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Wirth, W. W. & Stone, A. (1956) Chapter 14. Aquatic Diptera. In: Usinger, R. L. (Ed.), Aquatic Insects of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 372 - 482." type="book chapter" year="1956">Wirth and Stone 1956</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 472
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
[review].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9428546FECFEA680FEEFCA1" author="Wirth" box="[311,484,818,840]" page="755" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" year="1965">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9428546FECFEA680FB9FCA1" author="Wirth" box="[311,435,818,840]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Wirth, W. W. (1965) Ephydridae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America North of Mexico. Handbook 276. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 734 - 759." type="journal article" year="1965">Wirth 1965</bibRefCitation>
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: 755
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</treatmentCitation>
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[Nearctic catalog].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9428546FD47EA680D8FFCA1" author="Steyskal" box="[703,901,818,840]" page="465" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" year="1970">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9428546FD47EA680D5EFCA1" author="Steyskal" box="[703,852,818,840]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Steyskal, G. C. (1970) The species of the genus Dimecoenia (Diptera: Ephydridae) in America north of Panama, with the description of a new species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 63 (2), 462 - 465. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 63.2.462" type="journal article" year="1970">Steyskal 1970</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 465
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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[review, Figs. of ♂ and ♀ terminalia].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9428546FAD0EA680F75FC8E" author="Mathis" page="30" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" year="1981">
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<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9428546FAD0EA680F51FC8E" author="Mathis" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Mathis, W. N. & Simpson, K. W. (1981) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), V: The genera Cirrula Cresson and Dimecoenia Cresson in North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 329, 1 - 51 + i - iv." type="journal article" year="1981">Mathis and Simpson 1981</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 30
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
-42 [revision, Figs. of adult and immatures, natural history].—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9428546FC0BEA0B0B58FC8E" author="Mathis" box="[1011,1362,849,871]" page="240" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" year="1995">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9428546FC0BEA0B0B29FC8E" author="Mathis" box="[1011,1315,849,871]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Mathis, W. N. & Zatwarnicki, T. (1995) A world catalog of the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae). Memoirs on Entomology, International, 4, i - vi + 1 - 423." type="journal article" year="1995">Mathis and Zatwarnicki 1995</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 240
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
[world catalog].—
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<treatmentCitation id="8A6E109AE9428546FECEEA2A0FD6FC6F" author="Mathis" box="[310,476,880,902]" page="65" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" year="1997">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9428546FECEEA2A0FB1FC6F" author="Mathis" box="[310,443,880,902]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" refString="Mathis, W. N. (1997) The shore flies of the Belizean Cays (Diptera: Ephydridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 592, i - vi + 1 - 77. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.592" type="journal article" year="1997">Mathis 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 65
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
–66 [review,
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<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9428546FD9BEA2A0CA3FC6F" box="[611,681,880,902]" name="Belize" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Belize</collectingCountry>
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||
].
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E9428546FF6FEAE80C87F99E" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9428546FF6FEAE80B1BFB4B" blockId="83.[151,1437,946,2015]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9428546FF6FEAE80F1BFC22" bold="true" box="[151,273,946,971]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This species is very similar to
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||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9428546FD8EEAEE0D86FC22" authority="Steyskal" authorityName="Steyskal" box="[630,908,946,971]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscifemur">
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||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9428546FD8EEAEE0D1BFC22" box="[630,785,947,971]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">D. fuscifemur</emphasis>
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||
(Steyskal)
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</taxonomicName>
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||
, both having a less well developed interfoveal hump, but may be distinguished by the following combination of characters: legs stramineous to yellow, at most with dorsum of femora grayish; fronto-orbital setae nearly parallel with each other, both oriented obliquely posterolaterad; posteroventral portion of basal flagellomere and palpus also pale, mostly concolorous with legs; crossvein dm-cu distinctly arched, concave basally; face between antennal bases with broad, bronzish band; conformation of male and female terminalia distinctive. Moderately large to large shore flies, body length
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||
<quantity id="CC379B6EE9428546FAA5ED3D0EF4FB4B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.25" metricValueMax="6.1" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" unit="mm" value="5.25" valueMax="6.1" valueMin="4.4">4.40– 6.10 mm</quantity>
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||
; mostly dull, olivaceous brown to grayish brown, dorsum with some subshiny to shiny areas.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9428546FF3FEDF40C87F99E" blockId="83.[151,1437,946,2015]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9428546FF3FEDF40F0EFB2E" box="[199,260,1198,1223]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Head</emphasis>
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||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="93F42A0EE9428546FEEBEDF40FB2FB2E" box="[275,440,1198,1223]" captionStart="FIGURES 115 – 118" captionStartId="84.[151,264,1878,1901]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,490,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[157,1429,481,1858]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURES 115 – 118. Dimecoenia spinosa (Loew). (115) head, lateral view; (116) same, anterior view; (117) mesonotum, dorsal view; (118) hindleg of male, lateral view (from Mathis and Simpson 1981)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399444/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Figs. 115–116</figureCitation>
|
||
): Head ratio 0.56–0.58; frontal ratio 0.44–0.47; mesofrons with metallic blue to greenish blue luster; parafrons not distinctly contrasted with mesofrons, subshiny; ocellar triangle more or less concolorous with parafrons; ocelli in equilateral triangle; medial ocellus marking posterior margin of slight depression, not as well developed as in specimens of
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9428546FDB9EC410CC4FADA" box="[577,718,1307,1331]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9428546FDB9EC410CCDFADA" box="[577,711,1307,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Ephydra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austrina">C. austrina</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
antenna mostly dark but with pale, yellowish orange areas, particularly toward posteroventral surface of basal flagellomere; arista longer than combined length of 1st 3 antennal segments, subpectinate above toward base, apical 1/3 style-like. Facial ratio 0.82–0.87; dorsal slope of interfoveal hump little evident, gradually projected; dorsum and antennal groove subshiny to shiny, mostly unicolorous and concolorous with shiny mesofrons; lower portion of face gradually becoming paler, nearly silvery in color; facial setae except along margins uniformly sized and space, marginal setae slightly larger, those extended from interfoveal hump widely separated in middle, numbering only 3–4 on each side; genal seta large, prominent, much larger than any facial seta. Eye ratio 1.23–1.26; gena-to-eye ratio 0.19–0.23. Gena moderately short; mostly bare and concolorous with face anteriorly, becoming darker and setose posteriorly; palpus noticeably pale yellow, sometimes slightly microtomentose, grayish.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E9428541FF3FEFD80D7BFEF4" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9428546FF3FEFD80B31F89A" blockId="83.[151,1437,946,2015]" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9428546FF3FEFD80F12F972" box="[199,280,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Thorax</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="93F42A0EE9428546FEDFEFD80F83F972" box="[295,393,1666,1691]" captionStart="FIGURES 115 – 118" captionStartId="84.[151,264,1878,1901]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,490,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[157,1429,481,1858]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURES 115 – 118. Dimecoenia spinosa (Loew). (115) head, lateral view; (116) same, anterior view; (117) mesonotum, dorsal view; (118) hindleg of male, lateral view (from Mathis and Simpson 1981)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399444/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 117</figureCitation>
|
||
): Generally dull, microtomentose, mostly olivaceous brown to grayish brown; mesonotum at most subshiny and slightly darker than pleural areas, with vittate pattern of dark and pale vittae, although difference between dark and pale areas slight; posterior portion of mesonotum and scutellum darker, frequently subshiny, dark brown; acrostichal setae mostly unseriated; dorsocentral setae 5 pairs. Legs wholly tawny, legs of male and female similar (
|
||
<figureCitation id="93F42A0EE9428546FE3BEE480C2FF8C2" box="[451,549,1810,1835]" captionStart="FIGURES 115 – 118" captionStartId="84.[151,264,1878,1901]" captionTargetBox="[157,1424,490,1847]" captionTargetId="figure@84.[157,1429,481,1858]" captionTargetPageId="84" captionText="FIGURES 115 – 118. Dimecoenia spinosa (Loew). (115) head, lateral view; (116) same, anterior view; (117) mesonotum, dorsal view; (118) hindleg of male, lateral view (from Mathis and Simpson 1981)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399444/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Fig. 118</figureCitation>
|
||
) lacking enlarged hindfemur and explanate tarsomeres bearing tufts of long hairs. Wing length averaging
|
||
<quantity id="CC379B6EE9428546FE1DEE6C0C81F8A7" box="[485,651,1846,1871]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.045" metricValueMax="4.14" metricValueMin="3.95" pageId="83" pageNumber="84" unit="mm" value="4.045" valueMax="4.14" valueMin="3.95">3.95–4.14 mm</quantity>
|
||
; wing length-to-width ratio 0.42–0.47; costal vein ratio 0.23–0.26; M vein ratio 0.75–0.81; costal margin spinose; sometimes with slight infuscation along crossveins and veins.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9428541FF3FEE240D7BFEF4" blockId="83.[151,1437,946,2015]" lastBlockId="84.[151,1437,151,429]" lastPageId="84" lastPageNumber="85" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9428546FF3FEE240F30F87E" box="[199,314,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Abdomen:</emphasis>
|
||
Generally subshiny; anterior portion of each tergite darker, browner, posterior portion paler, grayish green; male tergite 5 as long as wide, longer than tergite 4; structures of male terminalia as follows (
|
||
<figureCitation id="93F42A0EE9428546FADBEEF80ECCF836" captionStart="FIGURES 119 – 121" captionStartId="85.[151,264,772,795]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,196,745]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[163,1425,193,751]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURES 119 – 121. Structures of male and female terminalia of Dimecoenia spinosa (Loew). (119) male terminalia, lateral view; (120) ventral margin of epandrium and surstyli, posterior view; (121) female ventral receptacle, lateral view (from Mathis and Simpson 1981)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399445/files/figure.png" pageId="83" pageNumber="84">Figs. 119– 120</figureCitation>
|
||
): epandrium more or less oval in posterior view, anteroventral margin evenly rounded; surstyli with large medial flange and posterolateral, slender process; gonite much longer than wide, 4 times, anteroventral margin broadly and shallowly U-shaped; phallapodeme with posteromedial, broad flange; aedeagus a simple tube, mostly parallel sided; female ventral receptacle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="93F42A0EE9458541FD69E9850CF0FF11" box="[657,762,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURES 119 – 121" captionStartId="85.[151,264,772,795]" captionTargetBox="[167,1422,196,745]" captionTargetId="figure@85.[163,1425,193,751]" captionTargetPageId="85" captionText="FIGURES 119 – 121. Structures of male and female terminalia of Dimecoenia spinosa (Loew). (119) male terminalia, lateral view; (120) ventral margin of epandrium and surstyli, posterior view; (121) female ventral receptacle, lateral view (from Mathis and Simpson 1981)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399445/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Fig. 121</figureCitation>
|
||
) with operculum much smaller than extended process, trapezoidal in conformation, extended process broadly C-shaped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E9458543FF3FE87D0B43FF3D" lastPageId="86" lastPageNumber="87" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9458541FF3FE87D0B97FE61" blockId="84.[151,1437,151,429]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9458541FF3FE87D0F73FEA9" bold="true" box="[199,377,295,320]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E9458541FF3FE87D0F08FEA9" box="[199,258,295,320]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
material.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E9458541FE7CE8720FFEFEA9" box="[388,500,296,320]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="lectotype">Lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
female of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9458541FD80E8720D20FEA9" box="[632,810,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Coenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9458541FD80E8720D20FEA9" box="[632,810,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Coenia spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(designated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9458541FC10E87D0B10FEA9" author="Mathis" box="[1000,1306,295,320]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" refString="Mathis, W. N. & Simpson, K. W. (1981) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), V: The genera Cirrula Cresson and Dimecoenia Cresson in North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 329, 1 - 51 + i - iv." type="journal article" year="1981">Mathis and Simpson 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is labeled “Mass[achusetts]./123/Loew Coll./
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9458541FDE6E8160C7CFE8C" box="[542,630,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Coenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">spinosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, m./
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E9458541FD5CE8160CD4FE8D" box="[676,734,332,356]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
11182 [red].” The
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E9458541FC4FE8160A17FE8C" box="[951,1053,332,357]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and one female
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E9458541FB23E8160B78FE8C" box="[1243,1394,332,357]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are mounted on the same pin; the bottom specimen is the
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E9458541FD17E8350D50FE61" box="[751,858,367,392]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. Both specimens are deposited in the
|
||
<collectionCode id="6DDEAE4EE9458541FB03E82A0B32FE61" box="[1275,1336,368,392]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">MCZ</collectionCode>
|
||
(11182).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9458541FF3FE8CE0D63FE45" blockId="84.[151,1437,151,429]" box="[199,873,404,429]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9458541FF3FE8CE0F6FFE44" bold="true" box="[199,357,404,429]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<typeStatus id="D4748829E9458541FF3FE8CE0F08FE44" box="[199,258,404,429]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9458541FE94E8CE0C0FFE45" box="[364,517,404,429]" name="United States of America" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Massachusetts. (42°'N, 70°W).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5FB06603E9458541FF6FEE0C0DDDF865" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399444/files/figure.png" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" targetBox="[157,1424,490,1847]" targetPageId="84">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9458541FF6FEE0C0DDDF865" blockId="84.[151,1436,1878,1932]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9458541FF6FEE0C0F64F885" bold="true" box="[151,366,1878,1901]" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">FIGURES 115–118.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9458541FE80EE020CA8F884" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" box="[376,674,1879,1901]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="84" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9458541FE80EE020C40F884" box="[376,586,1880,1901]" italics="true" pageId="84" pageNumber="85">Dimecoenia spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Loew)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (115) head, lateral view; (116) same, anterior view; (117) mesonotum, dorsal view; (118) hindleg of male, lateral view (from Mathis and Simpson 1981).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="5FB06603E9448540FF6FEA5E0FA5FCB1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399445/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" targetBox="[167,1422,196,745]" targetPageId="85">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9448540FF6FEA5E0FA5FCB1" blockId="85.[151,1436,772,856]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9448540FF6FEA5E0F67FCF3" bold="true" box="[151,365,772,795]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">FIGURES 119–121.</emphasis>
|
||
Structures of male and female terminalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9448540FCC7EA5C0A6FFCF2" authority="Loew" authorityName="Loew" box="[831,1125,773,795]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9448540FCC7EA5C0A05FCF2" box="[831,1039,774,795]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Dimecoenia spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
(Loew)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (119) male terminalia, lateral view; (120) ventral margin of epandrium and surstyli, posterior view; (121) female ventral receptacle, lateral view (from Mathis and Simpson 1981).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9448540FF6FEE1B0CEDF8BE" blockId="85.[151,743,1857,1879]" box="[151,743,1857,1879]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9448540FF6FEE1B0EFDF8BF" bold="true" box="[151,247,1857,1878]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">MAP 26.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution map for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9448540FE2BEE180CEDF8BE" authority="Loew." authorityName="Loew." box="[467,743,1858,1879]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9448540FE2BEE180CABF8BE" box="[467,673,1858,1879]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Dimecoenia spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
Loew.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9448540FF3FEE240D11F852" blockId="85.[151,1436,1918,1979]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9448540FF3FEE240C43F87E" bold="true" box="[199,585,1918,1943]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Additional specimens examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9448540FDA8EE250DA3F87F" box="[592,937,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9448540FDA8EE250CA5F87F" box="[592,687,1919,1942]" name="Belize" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">BELIZE</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Stann Creek District:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Twin Cays (West Pond;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE9448540FB3BEE240B16F87E" box="[1219,1308,1918,1943]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" precision="925" value="-16.816668">16°49'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE9448540FAD1EE240B85F87E" box="[1321,1423,1918,1943]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" precision="925" value="-88.1">88°06'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE9448540FF6FEEF90F03F852" box="[151,265,1955,1979]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" value="1987-11">Nov 1987</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE9448540FEECEEF90F8FF852" box="[276,389,1955,1979]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" value="1988-03">Mar 1988</date>
|
||
, W. N. and D. Mathis (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E9448540FD7FEEF90CA7F852" box="[647,685,1955,1979]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="generic">4♂</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="6DDEAE4EE9448540FD41EEF90D05F852" box="[697,783,1955,1979]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF3FE9C20B43FF3D" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF3FE9C20C0FFF59" box="[199,517,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FF3FE9C20F3FFF46" box="[199,309,152,175]" name="Mexico" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">MEXICO</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Baja California:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
San Quintin (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE9478543FD4EE9C20D1BFF59" box="[694,785,152,176]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" precision="925" value="-30.483334">30°29'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE9478543FCDBE9CD0D9CFF59" box="[803,918,151,176]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" precision="925" value="-115.95">115°57'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE9478543FC48E9C20A49FF59" box="[944,1091,151,176]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" value="1922-07-18">18 Jul 1922</date>
|
||
, G. D. Hanna (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E9478543FAFBE9C20B22FF59" box="[1283,1320,152,176]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="6DDEAE4EE9478543FAC3E9C20B9BFF59" box="[1339,1425,152,176]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF6FE9E70F34FF3D" box="[151,318,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Quintana Roo:</emphasis>
|
||
Espiritu Santo Bay, Cozumel (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE9478543FD61E9E60CFEFF3C" box="[665,756,188,213]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" precision="925" value="-20.416666">20°25'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE9478543FCF8E9E60D6CFF3C" box="[768,870,188,213]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" precision="925" value="-86.916664">86°55'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE9478543FC82E9E60DF6FF3C" box="[890,1020,188,213]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" value="1960-04-05">5 Apr 1960</date>
|
||
, J. F. G. Clarke (1♀;
|
||
<collectionCode id="6DDEAE4EE9478543FB1FE9E60B37FF3D" box="[1255,1341,188,212]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">USNM</collectionCode>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E9478543FF3FE9BA0F82FE61" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF3FE9BA0D5AFEF5" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
WEST INDIES.
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FE7BE9BA0C60FF1E" box="[387,618,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FE7BE9BA0C6DFF1E" box="[387,615,224,247]" name="Cayman Islands" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">CAYMAN ISLANDS</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Grand
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FD44E9BA0D16FF11" box="[700,796,224,248]" name="Cayman Islands" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cayman</collectingCountry>
|
||
, North Sound, Booby Cay (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE9478543FBA9E9BA0AA6FF11" box="[1105,1196,224,248]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" precision="925" value="-19.333334">19°20'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE9478543FB4FE9BA0B11FF11" box="[1207,1307,224,248]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" precision="925" value="-81.3">81°18'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; light trap),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE9478543FF6FE85E0F2BFEF5" box="[151,289,260,285]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" value="1938-05-06">6 May 1938</date>
|
||
, C. B. Lewis, G. H. Thompson (
|
||
<specimenCount id="1DC9FD02E9478543FD72E85E0CA4FEF5" box="[650,686,260,284]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="generic">1♂</specimenCount>
|
||
, 2♀; BMNH).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF3FE8720F82FE61" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF3FE8720FC2FEA9" box="[199,456,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FF3FE8720F34FED6" box="[199,318,296,319]" name="Jamaica" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">JAMAICA</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Clarendon:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Portland Cottage (
|
||
<quantity id="CC379B6EE9478543FD66E8720CDCFEA9" box="[670,726,295,320]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" unit="km" value="1.0">1 km</quantity>
|
||
S;
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE9478543FD03E87D0D64FEA9" box="[763,878,295,320]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" precision="92" value="17.763332">17°45.8'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE9478543FC83E87D0DFCFEA9" box="[891,1014,295,320]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" precision="92" value="-77.21">77°12.6'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE9478543FBF2E8720AA8FEA9" box="[1034,1186,295,320]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" value="1996-05-13">13 May 1996</date>
|
||
, D. and W. N. Mathis, H. Williams (1♀; USNM).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FE2AE8170C63FE8C" box="[466,617,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">St. Elizabeth:</emphasis>
|
||
Salt Pond, Parottee Beach (1758.1'N,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="6EFB504CE9478543FBDEE8160AABFE8C" box="[1062,1185,332,357]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" precision="92" value="-77.83667">77°50.2'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
),
|
||
<date id="7F71104BE9478543FB4FE8160B41FE8D" box="[1207,1355,332,356]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" value="2000-04-19">19 Apr 2000</date>
|
||
, W. N. Mathis (3♀; USNM).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="43D56500E9478543FF3FE8CE0F5FFCD1" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF3FE8CE0DCEFDF1" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF3FE8CE0F53FE44" bold="true" box="[199,345,404,429]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
(Map 26):
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FE0DE8CF0C54FE45" box="[501,606,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Nearctic:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FD97E8CE0CC9FE44" box="[623,707,404,429]" name="Canada" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(New Brunswick, Nova
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FBFAE8CE0A46FE44" box="[1026,1100,404,429]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Scotia</collectingCountry>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FB92E8CE0B03FE45" box="[1130,1289,404,429]" name="United States of America" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
(California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FDD2E8ED0C8DFE39" box="[554,647,439,464]" name="Georgia" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Georgia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FEA6E8870FAFFE1C" box="[350,421,477,501]" name="Jersey" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Jersey</collectingCountry>
|
||
, New York, North Carolina, Rhode
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FCB9E8860D82FE1C" box="[833,904,476,501]" name="Iceland" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Texas, Virginia).
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FBA1E8860AECFE1C" box="[1113,1254,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Neotropical:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FB17E8860B33FE1C" box="[1263,1337,476,501]" name="Belize" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Belize</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FABEE8860B96FE1C" box="[1350,1436,476,501]" name="Mexico" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Baja California, Quintana Roo), West Indies (Grand
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FD15EB5A0D47FDF1" box="[749,845,512,536]" name="Cayman Islands" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Cayman</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="73D8761BE9478543FCA1E8A50DB3FDF1" box="[857,953,511,536]" name="Jamaica" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B70368BE9478543FF3FEB7E0F5FFCD1" blockId="86.[151,1437,151,824]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FF3FEB7E0F83FDD4" bold="true" box="[199,393,548,573]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
Adults are encountered commonly in salt marshes where they sometimes “skate” on the water's surface.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9478543FEA9EB1D0C9BFD89" author="Mathis" box="[337,657,583,608]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refString="Mathis, W. N. & Simpson, K. W. (1981) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), V: The genera Cirrula Cresson and Dimecoenia Cresson in North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 329, 1 - 51 + i - iv." type="journal article" year="1981">Mathis and Simpson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the immature stages that were collected and reared from submerged detritus and mud. They discovered that larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9478543FCA1EB370DD9FD6D" box="[857,979,621,644]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" genus="Dimecoenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="39BBEA99E9478543FCA1EB370DD9FD6D" box="[857,979,621,644]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">D. spinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are unlike most of the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CCCF4D08E9478543FADDEB360B92FD6C" box="[1317,1432,620,645]" class="Insecta" family="Ephydridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ephydrini">Ephydrini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, lacking well-developed, paired prolegs except for a large, subcylindrical proleg on segment 12. They also suggested that the third-instar larva, which has sharply pointed posterior spiracles, may tap air stored in the stems and roots of aquatic plants for respiratory purposes when they are in submerged mud at some distance from the air/ water interface. See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F5E4B7AE9478543FE82EBA60CA5FCFD" author="Mathis" box="[378,687,764,789]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" refString="Mathis, W. N. & Simpson, K. W. (1981) Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), V: The genera Cirrula Cresson and Dimecoenia Cresson in North America. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 329, 1 - 51 + i - iv." type="journal article" year="1981">Mathis and Simpson (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for further details concerning the natural history and description of immature stages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |