387 lines
47 KiB
XML
387 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document id="686A12F67551123C17A9CBA16F2FFCF7" ID-CLB-Dataset="39147" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4107.3.12" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f744e77b-97ce-4a47-8900-6ec7b7d9095f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="258234" ID-ZooBank="D3E1002C-923D-4110-A290-D7B4B7EFB2B1" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1462258668741" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Chamorro-Rengifo, Juliana & Braun, Holger" docDate="2016" docId="833FC67E2F0D907CFF5FFEF9D2FEC948" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4107.3.12.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4107 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Phlugis ocraceovittata" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="442" masterDocId="7F06BE062F0D9078FFC8FF9DD154C808" masterDocTitle="Phlugis ocraceovittata and its ultrasonic calling song (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Phlugidini)" masterLastPageNumber="443" masterPageNumber="439" pageNumber="439" updateTime="1698662212488" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="15EC2AC9061B151E56AAC791FB6DBE8E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:title id="BDEC9D2619B670962CB0DD767577E719">Phlugis ocraceovittata and its ultrasonic calling song (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Phlugidini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8610830D627995F347369FB74D5D0D6B">Chamorro-Rengifo, Juliana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="DDCAAF83C3C99F8EF5224A4BBB82C91C" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="0E67C7DE65B4DA2262BEE9220D5DE06E">Braun, Holger</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="CE3598160EDA0C7800FEEF6A53502D80">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="3C760C6FECEA1998A2768BC00F410B14">
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<mods:date id="6C3345CFBFF3061BF2951709624F31CC">2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="96B52C00669C6718E6A1A33B0E9AF266" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="859D5FE54AEE82255121DFD6E924B3C4">4107</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="A789D54039859C3B8242CABECC3E92E7" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4107.3.12</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="833FC67E2F0D907CFF5FFEF9D2FEC948" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6087706" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127623553" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6087706" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:833FC67E2F0D907CFF5FFEF9D2FEC948" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/833FC67E2F0D907CFF5FFEF9D2FEC948" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="442" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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<subSection id="62196E832F0D9078FF5FFEF9D025CA94" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" type="multiple">
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<subSubSection id="438C24E32F0D9078FF5FFEF9D255C9BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="0B2977682F0D9078FF5FFEF9D255C9BB" blockId="0.[151,975,356,435]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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<docTitle id="4E8C8E062F0D9078FF5FFEF9D255C9BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FF5FFEF9D255C9BB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0D9078FF5FFEF9D0B8C98D" ID-CoL="4GJFR" box="[151,492,356,389]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocraceovittata">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FF5FFEF9D0B8C98D" bold="true" box="[151,492,356,389]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Phlugis ocraceovittata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and its ultrasonic calling song (
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<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0D9078FF69FE0FD008C9BB" box="[161,348,402,435]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0D9078FEA4FE0FD36BC9BB" box="[364,575,402,435]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Tettigoniidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0D9078FD87FE0FD3ACC9BB" box="[591,760,402,435]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Phlugidini">Phlugidini</taxonomicName>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</docTitle>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="438C24E32F0D9078FF5FFE7AD025CA94" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" type="description">
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<paragraph id="0B2977682F0D9078FF5FFE7AD206C9F9" blockId="0.[151,1401,483,668]" box="[151,850,483,511]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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JULIANA CHAMORRO-RENGIFO1 & HOLGER BRAUN2,
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<docIssue id="4FF508872F0D9078FC82FE7ED206C9F9" box="[842,850,483,497]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">3</docIssue>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B2977682F0D9078FF5FFD97D0B7CA74" blockId="0.[151,1401,483,668]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FF5FFD97D0B7CA74" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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1Laboratório de Sistemática de Diptera, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul,
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<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0D9078FDCBFDB4D314CA37" box="[515,576,553,575]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Brasil</collectingCountry>
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. E-mail: julianachamorro@gmail.com 2División Entomología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/N°, 1900 La Plata,
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<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0D9078FAC7FDD4D425CA57" box="[1295,1393,585,607]" name="Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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. E-mail: braun@fcnym.unlp.edu.ar
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B2977682F0D9078FF5FFD19D025CA94" blockId="0.[151,1401,483,668]" box="[151,369,644,668]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FF5FFD19D025CA94" box="[151,369,644,668]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">3Corresponding author</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</subSection>
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<subSection id="62196E832F0D9078FF5FFD71D393CBE2" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" type="abstract">
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<paragraph id="0B2977682F0D9078FF5FFD71D050CB0E" blockId="0.[151,260,748,774]" box="[151,260,748,774]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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<heading id="5061C0042F0D9078FF5FFD71D050CB0E" bold="true" box="[151,260,748,774]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FF5FFD71D050CB0E" bold="true" box="[151,260,748,774]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Abstract</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B2977682F0D9078FF5FFCAFD0DBCBA2" blockId="0.[151,1436,818,938]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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Some observations on the small predatory katydid
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<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0D9078FD7FFCAFD54ECB42" authority="Piza 1960" authorityName="Piza" authorityYear="1960" box="[695,1050,818,842]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocraceovittata">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FD7FFCAFD2FDCB42" box="[695,937,818,842]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Phlugis ocraceovittata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F0D9078FC78FCAFD54ECB42" author="Piza" box="[944,1050,818,842]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" refString="Piza Jr., S. D. T. (1960) Duas novas especies de Listrocelidae do Brasil (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 9,33 - 35." type="book" year="1960">Piza 1960</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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from southern
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<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0D9078FB77FCAFD454CB42" box="[1215,1280,818,842]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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are presented. A male was calling both day and night, producing long uniformly structured sequences with maximum energy between 40 and 60 kHz. According to anecdotal and indirect evidence the species is not exclusively predacious and can live partly also on vegetable food.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B2977682F0D9078FF5FFC4ED393CBE2" blockId="0.[151,711,978,1002]" box="[151,711,978,1002]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FF5FFC4ED04ECBE2" bold="true" box="[151,282,979,1002]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Key words:</emphasis>
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<keyWord id="B0602C0F2F0D9078FEE8FC4FD0F3CBE2" box="[288,423,978,1002]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">bioacoustics</keyWord>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0D9078FE7AFC4FD0A2CBE2" box="[434,502,978,1002]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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<keyWord id="B0602C0F2F0D9078FE7AFC4FD0A2CBE2" box="[434,502,978,1002]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Brazil</keyWord>
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</collectingCountry>
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,
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<keyWord id="B0602C0F2F0D9078FDC8FC4FD393CBE2" box="[512,711,978,1002]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">predatory katydids</keyWord>
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</paragraph>
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</subSection>
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<subSection id="62196E832F0D9078FF5FFBA6D004CDB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" type="introduction">
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||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0D9078FF5FFBA6D062CC5D" blockId="0.[151,310,1083,1109]" box="[151,310,1083,1109]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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<heading id="5061C0042F0D9078FF5FFBA6D062CC5D" bold="true" box="[151,310,1083,1109]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FF5FFBA6D062CC5D" bold="true" box="[151,310,1083,1109]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Introduction</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="438C24E32F0D9078FF5FFB1FD004CDB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="0B2977682F0D9078FF5FFB1FD004CDB3" blockId="0.[151,1436,1154,1467]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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The neotropical genus
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<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0D9078FE5EFB1FD0BFCC92" box="[406,491,1154,1178]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FE5EFB1FD0BFCC92" box="[406,491,1154,1178]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Phlugis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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comprises almost forty species distributed from southern
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<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0D9078FBBCFB1FD59DCC93" box="[1140,1225,1154,1179]" name="Mexico" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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and the Caribbean to
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<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0D9078FF72FB38D055CCB6" box="[186,257,1189,1214]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0D9078FEDAFB3AD02ECCB7" box="[274,378,1191,1215]" name="Paraguay" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
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and northeastern
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<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0D9078FD9CFB38D393CCB6" box="[596,711,1189,1214]" name="Argentina" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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. They are small and slender light green katydids with spiny forelegs. In particular the ventral margins of the fore tibiae are equipped with usually five pairs of long opposing spines, enabling the legs to be used as a catching basket to grab small arthropods. So far of only three unidentified
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<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0D9078FF5FFA8FD1B9CD22" box="[151,237,1298,1322]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FF5FFA8FD1B9CD22" box="[151,237,1298,1322]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Phlugis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species the male’s calling song is known (see discussion). Here we describe the song of
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<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0D9078FA8EFA8FD06DCD46" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocraceovittata">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FA8EFA8FD06DCD46" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Phlugis ocraceovittata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, along with some observations on activity and predation. Individuals of this species were found at night on understory vegetation near the Base de Estudos do Pantanal, a field station of the Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul located in the Pantanal region of southwest
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<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0D9078FCACFAE0D2FCCD9E" box="[868,936,1405,1430]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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(municipality Corumbá), between
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<date id="7F2851A82F0D9078FAE7FAE3D018CDB3" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" value="2015-12-11" valueMax="2015-12-13" valueMin="2015-12-11">11 and 13 December 2015</date>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</subSection>
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<subSubSection id="438C24E32F0D9079FF5FF993D1A6C8BA" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="440" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" type="description">
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<subSection id="62196E832F0D9078FF5FF993D341CFDD" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" type="materials_methods">
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<paragraph id="0B2977682F0D9078FF5FF993D050CE20" blockId="0.[151,260,1550,1576]" box="[151,260,1550,1576]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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<heading id="5061C0042F0D9078FF5FF993D050CE20" bold="true" box="[151,260,1550,1576]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FF5FF993D050CE20" bold="true" box="[151,260,1550,1576]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Methods</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="0B2977682F0D9078FF5FF9C8D341CFDD" blockId="0.[151,1437,1620,2005]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">
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One of two collected males was accommodated for about a month in a cubic mesh screen cage with
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<quantity id="CC6EDA8D2F0D9078FAD0F9C8D40BCE64" box="[1304,1375,1621,1645]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
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edge length (BioQuip Products), furnished with a linden twig standing in a small container with water. The cage was situated close to a window and half of it received sunlight in the afternoon. The katydid was provided daily with fresh cucumber or apple pieces and sometimes small live insects. Its calling activity was monitored occasionally with a heterodyne ultrasound detector D200 (Pettersson Elektronik). Sound recordings were made (from
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<date id="7F2851A82F0D9078FAE1F979D1A2CF29" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">December 19 to 25</date>
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) with an ultrasound detector D
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<date id="7F2851A82F0D9078FD91F894D3F2CF29" box="[601,678,1801,1825]" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" value="1000-10">1000X</date>
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(Pettersson Elektronik), using sample frequencies of 100, 200 and 300 kHz. Temperature was measured with a small digital multi-function instrument Highgear AltiTech 3. Sound analysis was done with Avisoft-SASLab
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<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0D9078FDABF8CCD3DECF60" box="[611,650,1873,1896]" name="Palau" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">Pro</collectingCountry>
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(Avisoft Bioacoustics). The stridulatory file was photographed with a Micrometrix digital camera mounted on a Nikon SMZ1000 stereomicroscope, using the focus stacking software Combine Z5. Recordings and larger photographs are available on
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<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0D9078FCB6F805D2A3CFB9" box="[894,1015,1944,1969]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="439" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Orthoptera</taxonomicName>
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Species File Online (Eades
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<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0D9078FAFEF804D43ACFB9" box="[1334,1390,1945,1969]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="439">et al.</emphasis>
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), in the following abbreviated as OSF.
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</paragraph>
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</subSection>
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<subSection id="62196E832F0C9079FF5FFF05D1A6C8BA" box="[151,242,152,178]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0C9079FF5FFF05D1A6C8BA" blockId="1.[151,242,152,178]" box="[151,242,152,178]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<heading id="5061C0042F0C9079FF5FFF05D1A6C8BA" bold="true" box="[151,242,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0C9079FF5FFF05D1A6C8BA" bold="true" box="[151,242,152,178]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">Results</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="438C24E32F0C9079FF5FFF43D5B6C98F" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0C9079FF5FFF43D5B6C98F" blockId="1.[151,1437,222,391]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0C9079FF5FFF43D016C8FF" bold="true" box="[151,322,222,247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">Identification:</emphasis>
|
||
The specimen is identical to the four male
|
||
<typeStatus id="D42DC9CA2F0C9079FCEFFF42D2DDC8FF" box="[807,905,223,247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0C9079FC67FF43D470C8FF" authority="Piza 1960" authorityName="Piza" authorityYear="1960" box="[943,1316,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocraceovittata">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0C9079FC67FF43D5FAC8FE" box="[943,1198,222,246]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">Phlugis ocraceovittata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F0C9079FB7CFF43D470C8FF" author="Piza" box="[1204,1316,222,247]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" refString="Piza Jr., S. D. T. (1960) Duas novas especies de Listrocelidae do Brasil (Orthoptera, Tettigonioidea). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 9,33 - 35." type="book" year="1960">Piza 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(photos in OSF). They are from Piracicaba in the State of São Paulo, about
|
||
<quantity id="CC6EDA8D2F0C9079FCAEFE9ED29CC913" box="[870,968,258,283]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" unit="km" value="1000.0">1000 km</quantity>
|
||
ESE from the new locality (map in OSF). The specimen has an eponymous ochre median stripe on the pronotum, darkly annulated antennae, and a conspicuous subgenital plate with a dorsal tooth on each apical lobe (
|
||
<figureCitation id="93AD6BED2F0C9079FC6AFED7D2B1C96B" box="[930,997,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,222,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1829]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phlugis ocraceovittata male: A. lateral view (abdomen slightly shrunk); B. subgenital plate in lateral, dorso-lateral and dorsal view; C. anterior portion of body, note auditory spiracle with latero-ventrally directed opening; D. stridulatory file and base of left tegmen in ventral view (the little yellow spot is the file); D. anterior portion of body in dorsal view (note long coxal spines)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/258236/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A,B,C,E). Measurements coincide well with the original description, only the tegmina seem to be slightly shorter (
|
||
<quantity id="CC6EDA8D2F0C9079FC14FEF3D578C98E" box="[988,1068,366,391]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity id="CC6EDA8D2F0C9079FB91FEF3D582C98F" box="[1113,1238,366,391]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="17.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="16.0">16–18 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="5FE927E02F0C9079FF5FFAAAD2A5CD45" box="[151,1009,1335,1357]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/258235/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" targetBox="[170,1416,446,1310]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0C9079FF5FFAAAD2A5CD45" blockId="1.[151,1009,1335,1357]" box="[151,1009,1335,1357]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0C9079FF5FFAAAD047CD44" bold="true" box="[151,275,1335,1357]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0C9079FED1FAAAD0ABCD45" box="[281,511,1335,1357]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocraceovittata">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0C9079FED1FAAAD0ABCD45" box="[281,511,1335,1357]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">Phlugis ocraceovittata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male, as found at night. This individual escaped.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="438C24E32F0C907BFF0FFAE9D036CC49" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="442" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0C9079FF0FFAE9D27CCDF0" blockId="1.[151,1437,1396,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0C9079FF0FFAE9D0B0CD85" bold="true" box="[199,484,1396,1421]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">Stridulatory apparatus:</emphasis>
|
||
The functional stridulatory file on the base of the left tegmen is exceedingly short, considerably less than 1/
|
||
<quantity id="CC6EDA8D2F0C9079FE65FA04D0A4CDB8" box="[429,496,1433,1457]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="93AD6BED2F0C9079FDC8FA05D311CDB9" box="[512,581,1432,1457]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,222,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1829]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phlugis ocraceovittata male: A. lateral view (abdomen slightly shrunk); B. subgenital plate in lateral, dorso-lateral and dorsal view; C. anterior portion of body, note auditory spiracle with latero-ventrally directed opening; D. stridulatory file and base of left tegmen in ventral view (the little yellow spot is the file); D. anterior portion of body in dorsal view (note long coxal spines)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/258236/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
D). No more than 30 toothlets are discernible on various photographs taken through the stereomicroscope. The mirror on the base of the right tegmen is oval and measures approximately 0.5 x
|
||
<quantity id="CC6EDA8D2F0C9079FF5FFA7CD1A4CDF0" box="[151,240,1505,1529]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="0.8">0.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
. The harp’s dimensions are
|
||
<quantity id="CC6EDA8D2F0C9079FDE0FA7DD3FBCDF0" box="[552,687,1504,1529]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="0.45" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
x
|
||
<quantity id="CC6EDA8D2F0C9079FD03FA7DD270CDF0" box="[715,804,1504,1529]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="440" unit="mm" value="1.5">1.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0C9079FF0FF999D329CF35" blockId="1.[151,1437,1396,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0C9079FF0FF999D056CE15" bold="true" box="[199,258,1540,1565]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">Song</emphasis>
|
||
: The male called very continuously, sometimes up to three or four minutes without interruption. Mostly the uninterrupted calling sequences were shorter, from a few seconds up to about one minute. During activity periods they were repeated with pauses of some seconds up to several minutes. This continuous calling is composed of calls with a constant repetition rate (9 calls per second at 25°C), each call consisting of three syllables (tegmina moving cycles), and a syllable being a short crescendo of distinct and rapidly decaying impulses, most probably corresponding to individual tooth-scraper impacts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="93AD6BED2F0C9079FCF6F925D2D5CED9" box="[830,897,1720,1745]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,859,881]" captionTargetBox="[213,1376,257,769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,837]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Calling song of Phlugis ocraceovittata: A. one-second fragment of continuous calling; B. one call; C. linear spectrogram; D. the male inside the cage (25 ° C, 20 / 12 / 2015, 14: 35, recording M 00080)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/258237/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A,B). The calling song of this species is entirely in the ultrasound, with a fairly broad carrier frequency spectrum between 40 and 60 kHz (
|
||
<figureCitation id="93AD6BED2F0C9079FB59F941D580CEFD" box="[1169,1236,1756,1781]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,859,881]" captionTargetBox="[213,1376,257,769]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,193,837]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Calling song of Phlugis ocraceovittata: A. one-second fragment of continuous calling; B. one call; C. linear spectrogram; D. the male inside the cage (25 ° C, 20 / 12 / 2015, 14: 35, recording M 00080)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/258237/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C). The male was calling about equally frequently at day and night, intermittently from 8:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m. (no monitoring occurred between 1:30 a.m. and 6:00 a.m.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0C9079FF0FF8D5D4C5CFF9" blockId="1.[151,1437,1396,2033]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0C9079FF0FF8D5D03BCF69" bold="true" box="[199,367,1864,1889]" pageId="1" pageNumber="440">Observations:</emphasis>
|
||
Most of the time the katydid remained quietly on one spot. A few times it was observed moving slowly around, sometimes with horizontal movement of the anterior portion of the body. Also at night it changed the spot between calling bouts. When disturbed (e.g. renewing provisions) it was able to move very swiftly, half jumping, half flying. Once it was found with a leafhopper held in its forelegs, later this insect was found on the cage floor with the sternum eaten away and hollow thorax. A second leafhopper was found in the same condition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="5FE927E02F0F907AFF5FF8A7D077CFA4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/258236/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="441" targetBox="[196,1390,222,1787]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0F907AFF5FF8A7D077CFA4" blockId="2.[151,1436,1850,1964]" pageId="2" pageNumber="441">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0F907AFF5FF8A7D046CF47" bold="true" box="[151,274,1850,1872]" pageId="2" pageNumber="441">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0F907AFED0F8A7D0AACF58" box="[280,510,1850,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="441" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocraceovittata">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0F907AFED0F8A7D0AACF58" box="[280,510,1850,1872]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="441">Phlugis ocraceovittata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
male: A. lateral view (abdomen slightly shrunk); B. subgenital plate in lateral, dorso-lateral and dorsal view; C. anterior portion of body, note auditory spiracle with latero-ventrally directed opening; D. stridulatory file and base of left tegmen in ventral view (the little yellow spot is the file); D. anterior portion of body in dorsal view (note long coxal spines).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="5FE927E02F0E907BFF5FFCC6D542CB87" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/258237/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" targetBox="[213,1376,257,769]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0E907BFF5FFCC6D542CB87" blockId="3.[151,1436,859,911]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFF5FFCC6D042CB78" bold="true" box="[151,278,859,881]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Calling song of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFE06FCC6D3E3CB79" box="[462,695,859,881]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocraceovittata">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFE06FCC6D3E3CB79" box="[462,695,859,881]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Phlugis ocraceovittata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: A. one-second fragment of continuous calling; B. one call; C. linear spectrogram; D. the male inside the cage (25°C, 20/12/2015, 14:35, recording
|
||
<accessionNumber id="14C5EA8B2F0E907BFC78FCE4D55FCB87" box="[944,1035,889,911]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/M00080" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" type="EnaNcbi">M00080</accessionNumber>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0E907BFF5FFC21D036CC49" blockId="3.[151,1436,956,1089]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">
|
||
Both insects were
|
||
<quantity id="CC6EDA8D2F0E907BFEA5FC20D0E9CBDC" box="[365,445,957,981]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (including wings). Small grasshopper nymphs, beetles, flies and moths were not attacked. When a stalk with part of an aphid colony was brought into the cage, the insects dispersed and walked through the entire cage for 1–2 days, without the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFD00FB99D24ACC14" box="[712,798,1028,1052]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFD00FB99D24ACC14" box="[712,798,1028,1052]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Phlugis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seeming interested. Once the katydid was seen standing on an apple piece.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="62196E832F0E907CFF5FFB09D2FEC948" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="438C24E32F0E907BFF5FFB09D0C6CF3B" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0E907BFF5FFB09D04FCCA6" blockId="3.[151,283,1172,1198]" box="[151,283,1172,1198]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">
|
||
<heading id="5061C0042F0E907BFF5FFB09D04FCCA6" bold="true" box="[151,283,1172,1198]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFF5FFB09D04FCCA6" bold="true" box="[151,283,1172,1198]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0E907BFF5FFB46D0C6CF3B" blockId="3.[151,1437,1243,2027]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFF5FFB46D060CCFC" bold="true" box="[151,308,1243,1268]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Bioacoustics:</emphasis>
|
||
The continuous song with high carrier frequency of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFC59FB46D5C6CCFB" box="[913,1170,1243,1267]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocraceovittata">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFC59FB46D5C6CCFB" box="[913,1170,1243,1267]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Phlugis ocraceovittata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is somewhat similar to the ones of two unidentified
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFE16FB62D367CD1F" box="[478,563,1279,1303]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFE16FB62D367CD1F" box="[478,563,1279,1303]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Phlugis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0E907BFD1CFB62D267CD10" box="[724,819,1279,1304]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F0E907BFC8BFB62D295CD10" author="Suga" box="[835,961,1279,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" refString="Suga, N. (1966) Ultrasonic production and its reception in some neotropical Tettigoniidae. Journal of Insect Physiology, 12 (9), 1039 - 1050." type="journal article" year="1966">Suga 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One species produces series of 700–800 ms long call sequences, in the other length of sequences varies between 400 ms and 3 seconds, in both cases consisting of regularly repeated ungrouped syllables. Frequency spectra are 44–50 kHz and 40–70 kHz respectively. The first species was calling from late morning to sunset, and the second seems to be diurnal as well. The carrier frequency of another unidentified species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFCDCFA12D23ECDAF" box="[788,874,1423,1447]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFCDCFA12D23ECDAF" box="[788,874,1423,1447]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Phlugis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0E907BFC67FA12D549CDA0" box="[943,1053,1423,1448]" name="Colombia" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
peaks at 48 kHz (Montealegre-Z.
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFF5FFA29D19BCDC3" box="[151,207,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2006). Very few other songs of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFDFDFA2ED3FDCDC4" box="[565,681,1459,1484]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Phlugidini">Phlugidini</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reported. The male of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFC1AFA2ED5DDCDC3" box="[978,1161,1459,1483]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Asiophlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thai">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFC1AFA2ED5DDCDC3" box="[978,1161,1459,1483]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Asiophlugis thai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0E907BFB04FA2ED464CDC4" box="[1228,1328,1459,1484]" name="Thailand" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
produces a courtship song in the presence of females, which seems to be fairly continuous, with a frequency spectrum of 30–50 kHz (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F0E907BFEE0FA66D36DCE1B" author="Helfert" box="[296,569,1531,1556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" refString="Helfert, B. & Sanger, K. (1998) Phlugis thai sp. n., a new Phlugidini (Insecta: Ensifera, Tettigoniidae, Meconematinae) from Thailand. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 100 B, 61 - 68." type="journal article" year="1998">Helfert & Sänger 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Among three Australian species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFC1CFA66D5B1CE1B" box="[980,1253,1531,1555]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Austrophlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malidupa">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFC1CFA66D5B1CE1B" box="[980,1253,1531,1555]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Austrophlugis malidupa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be heard calling with an ultrasound detector at day and night (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F0E907BFD30F982D2D4CE3F" author="Rentz" box="[760,896,1567,1591]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" refString="Rentz, D. C. F. (2001) The Listroscelidinae, Tympanophorinae, Meconematinae and Microtettigoniinae. A Monograph of the Tettigoniidae of Australia. Volume 3. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 524 pp." type="book" year="2001">Rentz 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFC5DF982D50ACE3F" box="[917,1118,1567,1591]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Indiamba" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malkini">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFC5DF982D50ACE3F" box="[917,1118,1567,1591]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Indiamba malkini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only during the day (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F0E907BFA91F982D184CE53" author="Rentz" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" refString="Rentz, D. C. F. (2001) The Listroscelidinae, Tympanophorinae, Meconematinae and Microtettigoniinae. A Monograph of the Tettigoniidae of Australia. Volume 3. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 524 pp." type="book" year="2001">Rentz 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFEDDF9DED0E9CE53" box="[277,445,1603,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Lucienola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pitti">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFEDDF9DED0E9CE53" box="[277,445,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Lucienola pitti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as well (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F0E907BFDE3F9DED3E7CE53" author="Rentz" box="[555,691,1603,1627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" refString="Rentz, D. C. F. (2001) The Listroscelidinae, Tympanophorinae, Meconematinae and Microtettigoniinae. A Monograph of the Tettigoniidae of Australia. Volume 3. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 524 pp." type="book" year="2001">Rentz 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F0E907BFD0AF9D9D21FCE53" author="Rentz" box="[706,843,1603,1627]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" refString="Rentz, D. C. F. (2010) A Guide to the Katydids of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 214 pp." type="book" year="2010">Rentz 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFC19F9DED59ACE53" box="[977,1230,1603,1627]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="usambarica">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFC19F9DED59ACE53" box="[977,1230,1603,1627]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Phlugidia usambarica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from East Africa produced uninterrupted call sequences of more than one minute up to 8 minutes, with a carrier frequency peak between 40 and 50 kHz, calling only during the day (K.-G. Heller & C. Hemp unpubl.). Other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFB7BF916D45CCEAB" box="[1203,1288,1675,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFB7BF916D45CCEAB" box="[1203,1288,1675,1699]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Phlugis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species have slightly longer stridulatory files than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFDFEF932D251CECF" box="[566,773,1711,1735]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocraceovittata">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFDFEF932D251CECF" box="[566,773,1711,1735]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0E907BFDFEF932D30CCECF" box="[566,600,1711,1735]" name="Philippines" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Ph</collectingCountry>
|
||
. ocraceovittata
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, ranging in twelve species (mostly from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0E907BFB06F932D457CECF" box="[1230,1283,1711,1735]" name="Peru" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Peru</collectingCountry>
|
||
) from
|
||
<quantity id="CC6EDA8D2F0E907BFA86F932D054CEE3" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" metricValueMax="12.3" metricValueMin="4.9" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" unit="mm" value="0.86" valueMax="1.23" valueMin="0.49">0.49 to 1.23 mm</quantity>
|
||
, with tooth numbers between 37 and 82 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F0E907BFD22F94ED228CEE3" author="Nickle" box="[746,892,1747,1772]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" refString="Nickle, D. A. (2003) New neotropical species of the genus Phlugis (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research, 12 (1), 37 - 56. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1665 / 1082 - 6467 (2003) 012 [0037: NNSOTG] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2003">Nickle 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F0E907BFC42F94ED293CEE4" author="Nickle" box="[906,967,1747,1772]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" refString="Nickle, D. A. (2005) Additional notes on the genus Phlugis (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Meconematinae) with the descriptions of two new arboreal species from Costa Rica. Journal of Orthoptera Research, 14 (1), 57 - 62. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1665 / 1082 - 6467 (2005) 14 [57: ANOTGP] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="2005">2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The high carrier frequency is certainly related to the overall small dimensions of the stridulatory apparatus and the small number of teeth on the file (Montealgre-Z. 2009).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="438C24E32F0E907CFF0FF8DFD2FEC948" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="0B2977682F0E907CFF0FF8DFD2FEC948" blockId="3.[151,1437,1243,2027]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="443" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFF0FF8DFD378CF53" bold="true" box="[199,556,1858,1883]" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Alimentation and behaviour:</emphasis>
|
||
Apparently
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFD0BF8DED292CF52" box="[707,966,1859,1883]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ocraceovittata">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFD0BF8DED292CF52" box="[707,966,1859,1883]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Phlugis ocraceovittata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not exclusively predacious. It seems impossible that the katydid could have lived for more than five weeks feeding on only two small leafhoppers. On a photograph taken at night in the wild it looks like the katydid is feeding on grass seeds (
|
||
<figureCitation id="93AD6BED2F0E907BFB53F817D58BCFAB" box="[1179,1247,1930,1955]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1335,1357]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,446,1310]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[170,1417,446,1311]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phlugis ocraceovittata male, as found at night. This individual escaped." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/258235/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). When moving inside the cage during the day, the male sometimes showed a conspicuous left to right movement of the anterior portion of the body, which is also reported for the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F0E907BFD04F84ED275CFE3" box="[716,801,2003,2027]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F0E907BFD04F84ED275CFE3" box="[716,801,2003,2027]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Phlugis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="738137F82F0E907BFC77F84FD575CFE3" box="[959,1057,2002,2027]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="3" pageNumber="442">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, there prior to jumping
|
||
<quantity id="CC6EDA8D2F0E907BFAE4F84ED4C8CFE2" box="[1324,1436,2003,2027]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="442" unit="cm" value="25.0" valueMax="30.0" valueMin="20.0">20–30 cm</quantity>
|
||
from one leaf to another (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F09907CFE07FF05D305C8B8" author="Suga" box="[463,593,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" refString="Suga, N. (1966) Ultrasonic production and its reception in some neotropical Tettigoniidae. Journal of Insect Physiology, 12 (9), 1039 - 1050." type="journal article" year="1966">Suga 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). So the katydids seem to use triangulation to estimate the distance to something, perhaps also to potential prey items. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CC960CEB2F09907CFCE3FF21D2E9C8DC" box="[811,957,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Phlugis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="teres">
|
||
<emphasis id="39E2AB7A2F09907CFCE3FF21D2E9C8DC" box="[811,957,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Phlugis teres</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="738137F82F09907CFBCAFF21D53AC8DD" box="[1026,1134,188,213]" name="Suriname" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Suriname</collectingCountry>
|
||
is reported to be a sit-andwait predator, lurking on the underside of leaves in the sun, where the shadow of landing insects tells the katydid their size and suitability as a meal, in which case it will launch itself swiftly from under the leaf onto the victim (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="6F070A992F09907CFF56FEBAD002C948" author="Naskrecki" box="[158,342,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="443" refString="Naskrecki, P. (2013) The amazing Glass Katydid. The Smaller Majority (photo blog). Available from: http: // thesmallermajority. com / 2013 / 11 / 05 / the-amazing-glass-katydid (accessed March 2016)" type="journal article" year="2013">Naskrecki 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The big eyes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="93AD6BED2F09907CFDCEFEBAD300C948" box="[518,596,295,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1335,1357]" captionTargetBox="[170,1416,446,1310]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[170,1417,446,1311]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phlugis ocraceovittata male, as found at night. This individual escaped." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/258235/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="93AD6BED2F09907CFDAAFEB5D324C948" box="[610,624,296,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1850,1872]" captionTargetBox="[196,1390,222,1787]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,193,1829]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phlugis ocraceovittata male: A. lateral view (abdomen slightly shrunk); B. subgenital plate in lateral, dorso-lateral and dorsal view; C. anterior portion of body, note auditory spiracle with latero-ventrally directed opening; D. stridulatory file and base of left tegmen in ventral view (the little yellow spot is the file); D. anterior portion of body in dorsal view (note long coxal spines)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/258236/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="443">2</figureCitation>
|
||
C) indicate excellent vision.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |