586 lines
70 KiB
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586 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.11.2563" ID-PMC="PMC3332035" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-11-61" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FFF68F18FFF51E59717BA431FFE7FF8F" ID-PubMed="22577334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576115" ModsDocID="1314-2003-11-61" checkinTime="1451252022863" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Kilian, Norbert, Djavadi, Seyyedeh Bahereh & Eskandari, Majid" docDate="2012" docId="C31F08F9EF105CC347C3329CF3F8F76D" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 11: 61-77" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 11" docPubDate="2012-04-18" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.11.2563" docTitle="Lactuca hazaranensis Djavadi & N. Kilian 2012, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="6" id="FFF68F18FFF51E59717BA431FFE7FF8F" lastPageNumber="69" masterDocId="FFF68F18FFF51E59717BA431FFE7FF8F" masterDocTitle="Two new mountainous species of Lactuca (Cichorieae, Asteraceae) from Iran, one presenting a new, possibly myrmecochorous achene variant" masterLastPageNumber="77" masterPageNumber="61" pageNumber="66" updateTime="1668139173647" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Two new mountainous species of Lactuca (Cichorieae, Asteraceae) from Iran, one presenting a new, possibly myrmecochorous achene variant</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Kilian, Norbert</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Free University Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 6 - 8, 14195 Berlin, Germany</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">n.kilian@bgbm.org</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Djavadi, Seyyedeh Bahereh</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P. O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Eskandari, Majid</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P. O. Box 1454, Tehran 19395, Iran</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2012-04-18</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>11</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>61</mods:start>
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<mods:end>77</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.11.2563</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.11.2563</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-11-61</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FFF68F18FFF51E59717BA431FFE7FF8F</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576115</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<subSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" type="multiple">
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152024218" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:C31F08F9EF105CC347C3329CF3F8F76D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/C31F08F9EF105CC347C3329CF3F8F76D" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="66" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
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<taxonomicName LSID="C31F08F9-EF10-5CC3-47C3-329CF3F8F76D" authority="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Lactuca hazaranensis" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis" status="sp. nov.">Lactuca hazaranensis Djavadi & N. Kilian</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="5" pageNumber="66">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Lactuca hazaranensis - A habit, left plant of holotype sheet B-G capitula, all to the same scale, before flowering (B-C), at fruiting (D-E), after fruiting (F-G); H plant in natural habitat A-G from the holotype H plant in the natural habitat at the type locality; photograph by M. Eskandari, 10 Aug 2010." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10040" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Achenes of the Lactuca rosularis group and Cicerbita polyclada - A, F-I Lactuca hazaranensis; complete achene (A); achene after loss of easily detachable beak, dorsal view (F); ventral view (G); longitudinal section of achene showing two segments, proximal large segment with embry, distal small segment solid with yellow tissue (H); embryo (I); B Lactuca rosularis C Lactuca denaensis D-E Cicerbita polyclada, complete achene (D) and longitudinal section of distal portion showing apical cavity (E). - A-D and F-H each to the same scale A, F-I from the holotype at IRAN B from Rechinger 55980 B, C from Kotschy 662 (B 100426936) D-E from Strauss 14091 (B 100312952)" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10041" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">3A, F-I</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="66" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
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Habitually similar to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Boiss" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rosularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Lactuca rosularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but clearly distinguished from it by the rosette leaves being undivided (instead of lyrately to irregularly pinnatifid to pinnatisect), the peduncles being distinct, c. 0.3-0.7(-1) cm long (instead of indistinct, 0-0.2 cm long), the achenes having a 0.3-0.5 mm (instead of (1.1-)3-5.3 mm) long beak and the achene body being transversally constricted and sectioned in the distal quarter into an embryo-containing proximal and a solid distal segment (instead of being unconstricted and unsectioned).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="66" type="holotype">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Holotype.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
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Iran. Kerman: Rayen, near Rayen falls [c.
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<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="29.55">29°33'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="57" direction="east" minutes="18" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="57.3">57°18'E</geoCoordinate>
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], 2850 m, 10 Aug 2010, M. Eskandari & A. Torabi(IRAN 55199; photo at B).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="67" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">
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Perennial rosulate herb (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Lactuca hazaranensis - A habit, left plant of holotype sheet B-G capitula, all to the same scale, before flowering (B-C), at fruiting (D-E), after fruiting (F-G); H plant in natural habitat A-G from the holotype H plant in the natural habitat at the type locality; photograph by M. Eskandari, 10 Aug 2010." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10040" pageId="5" pageNumber="66">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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), with a taproot(?) and a woody caudex covered by the marcescent remains of old leaf bases. Stem one or a few per leaf rosette, erect, (2-)10-18 cm tall, branched already in lower half. Rosette leaves obovate to spatulate, (2-)5-11
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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(1-)2-5 cm, somewhat glaucous; base semiamplexicaul, margin densely, coarsely and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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irregularly dentate-denticulate, apex subacute to acute. Lowe
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="67" start="start">r</pageBreakToken>
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and middle stem leaves spatulate to lanceolate, with auriculately clasping base, smaller, otherwise similar to rosette leaves; upper stem leaves distinctly smaller than lower and middle ones, lanceolate to ovate, with conspicuously auriculately clasping base, margin usually entire, apex acute to acuminate; uppermost stem leaves bractlike. Synflorescence (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Lactuca hazaranensis - A habit, left plant of holotype sheet B-G capitula, all to the same scale, before flowering (B-C), at fruiting (D-E), after fruiting (F-G); H plant in natural habitat A-G from the holotype H plant in the natural habitat at the type locality; photograph by M. Eskandari, 10 Aug 2010." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10040" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
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) of a stem corymbosely paniculiform, with some to many capitula, axes wiry; peduncles c. 0.3-0.7(-1) cm long, capillaceous. Capitula with 7-14 flowers. Involucre (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Lactuca hazaranensis - A habit, left plant of holotype sheet B-G capitula, all to the same scale, before flowering (B-C), at fruiting (D-E), after fruiting (F-G); H plant in natural habitat A-G from the holotype H plant in the natural habitat at the type locality; photograph by M. Eskandari, 10 Aug 2010." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10040" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Fig. 2B-G</figureCitation>
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) narrowly cylindric at anthesis, 6-7 mm long, not elongating during maturation; outer phyllaries imbricate, outermost ovate to narrowly ovate, 1.5-3 mm long, similar to the bracts on the peduncle, following ones gradually longer and ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, the longest up to c. 1/2 as long as inner ones; inner phyllaries linear-lanceolate, 6-9,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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in one row, somewhat unequal in length, with
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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narrow scarious margin. Receptacle flat to slightly convex, naked. Flowers with corolla yellow, ligule 5.5-6.5 mm long, tube shorter than ligule; anther tube without appendages 1.6-2 mm, basal appendages c. 0.4 mm, apical appendages 0.4 mm long; style arms 1.6-1.8 mm long. Achenes (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Achenes of the Lactuca rosularis group and Cicerbita polyclada - A, F-I Lactuca hazaranensis; complete achene (A); achene after loss of easily detachable beak, dorsal view (F); ventral view (G); longitudinal section of achene showing two segments, proximal large segment with embry, distal small segment solid with yellow tissue (H); embryo (I); B Lactuca rosularis C Lactuca denaensis D-E Cicerbita polyclada, complete achene (D) and longitudinal section of distal portion showing apical cavity (E). - A-D and F-H each to the same scale A, F-I from the holotype at IRAN B from Rechinger 55980 B, C from Kotschy 662 (B 100426936) D-E from Strauss 14091 (B 100312952)" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10041" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
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) homomorphic, including beak 3.2-3.6 mm long, corpus 2.9-3.2 mm long, up to 0.8-1.1 mm in diam., ellipsoidal, compressed, with a transversal constriction of 0.4-0.8 mm diam. in the distal 1/3-1/4, distal segment c. 1.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.5 mm, contracted into a stout, easily detachable beak c. 0.3-0.5 mm long; achene body (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Achenes of the Lactuca rosularis group and Cicerbita polyclada - A, F-I Lactuca hazaranensis; complete achene (A); achene after loss of easily detachable beak, dorsal view (F); ventral view (G); longitudinal section of achene showing two segments, proximal large segment with embry, distal small segment solid with yellow tissue (H); embryo (I); B Lactuca rosularis C Lactuca denaensis D-E Cicerbita polyclada, complete achene (D) and longitudinal section of distal portion showing apical cavity (E). - A-D and F-H each to the same scale A, F-I from the holotype at IRAN B from Rechinger 55980 B, C from Kotschy 662 (B 100426936) D-E from Strauss 14091 (B 100312952)" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10041" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Fig. 3F-I</figureCitation>
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) apart from the two lateral ribs with 1 similarly strong median rib on either side, rarely dorsally with 2 equally strong ribs, secondary ribs missing or rarely 1-2 per side; achene surface faintly transversally wrinkled, proximal segment brown, distal segment and beak yellowish, ribs straw-coloured to yellowish in distal segment; proximal segment containing the whitish embryo (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Achenes of the Lactuca rosularis group and Cicerbita polyclada - A, F-I Lactuca hazaranensis; complete achene (A); achene after loss of easily detachable beak, dorsal view (F); ventral view (G); longitudinal section of achene showing two segments, proximal large segment with embry, distal small segment solid with yellow tissue (H); embryo (I); B Lactuca rosularis C Lactuca denaensis D-E Cicerbita polyclada, complete achene (D) and longitudinal section of distal portion showing apical cavity (E). - A-D and F-H each to the same scale A, F-I from the holotype at IRAN B from Rechinger 55980 B, C from Kotschy 662 (B 100426936) D-E from Strauss 14091 (B 100312952)" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10041" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Fig. 3H-I</figureCitation>
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), distal segment containing yellowish tissue (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Achenes of the Lactuca rosularis group and Cicerbita polyclada - A, F-I Lactuca hazaranensis; complete achene (A); achene after loss of easily detachable beak, dorsal view (F); ventral view (G); longitudinal section of achene showing two segments, proximal large segment with embry, distal small segment solid with yellow tissue (H); embryo (I); B Lactuca rosularis C Lactuca denaensis D-E Cicerbita polyclada, complete achene (D) and longitudinal section of distal portion showing apical cavity (E). - A-D and F-H each to the same scale A, F-I from the holotype at IRAN B from Rechinger 55980 B, C from Kotschy 662 (B 100426936) D-E from Strauss 14091 (B 100312952)" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10041" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
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). Pappus simple, without an outer series of minute hairs, setae thin, white, 3-3.5 mm long, easily detachable. - Flowering and fruiting: June to August.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="67" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
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The type collection of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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comes from the northeastern foot of Mt Hezar, which rises to 4465 m elevation, and has been collected in the vicinity of the Rayen falls, at an altitude of 2850 m, in rock crevices. A second collection, with mature achenes of the precisely the same variant, was traced in the Berlin herbarium and had been made by J.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bornmüller">Bornmueller</normalizedToken>
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in 1892 some 50 km further NW on rocks at an altitude of 3700 m on Mt Jupar (c.
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<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="55.8" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="29.93">29°55.8'N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate degrees="57" direction="east" minutes="11.5" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="57.191666">57°11.5'E</geoCoordinate>
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; spelled
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“Khu-i-Dschupar”">"Khu-i-Dschupar"</normalizedToken>
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by
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bornmüller">Bornmueller</normalizedToken>
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, see also
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<bibRefCitation author="Freitag, H" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" refId="B10" refString="Freitag, H, Kuhle, M, 1980. A plant list from the Kuh-e-Jupar (S. E. Iran), with some ecological remarks. Willdenowia 10: 161-169. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3996141." title="A plant list from the Kuh-e-Jupar (S. E. Iran), with some ecological remarks. Willdenowia 10: 161 - 169. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 3996141" year="1980">Freitag and Kuhle 1980</bibRefCitation>
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), which is also situated in the Hazaran or Hezar-Lalezar mountain range (
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Distribution of Lactuca hazaranensis (circles) and the related species Lactuca rosularis (squares) and Lactuca denaensis (rhomb, actucal position as indicated by arrow), as well as of Cicerbita polyclada (triangles). - Georeferenced map based on the known collections (see Appendix and supplemented by collection cited in Kirpicznikov 1964 and Tuisl 1977) and generated with DIVA-GIS (Hijmans 2011) using an adaptation of the SRTM 90 m digital elevation data (CGIAR-CSI 2004)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10042" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="Bornmueller, J" journalOrPublisher="Beihefte Botanisches Centralblatt, B," pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="181 - 228" refId="B4" refString="Bornmueller, J, 1939. Iter Persico-turcicum 1892-1893. Beitraege zur Flora von Persien, Babylonien, Assyrien, Arabien. Fortsetzung III. Beihefte Botanisches Centralblatt, B, 60: 181 - 228" title="Iter Persico-turcicum 1892 - 1893. Beitraege zur Flora von Persien, Babylonien, Assyrien, Arabien. Fortsetzung III." volume="60" year="1939">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Bornmüller">Bornmueller</normalizedToken>
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(1939
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 224), who determined this collection as
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Boiss" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rosularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca rosularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, characterised it as very rare on Mt Jupar, having only traced three tiny individuals (all preserved on the single sheet at B). The Hazaran or Hezar-Lalezar mountain range, which is mainly composed of limestone, is the highest mountain range in southeastern Iran and known as a local centre of endemism (
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<bibRefCitation author="Noroozi, J" journalOrPublisher="Compositae Newsletter" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="43 - 62" refId="B24" refString="Noroozi, J, Yousef, A, Nordenstam, B, 2010. A new annual species of Senecio (Compositae-Senecioneae) from subnival zone of southern Iran with comments on phytogeographical aspects of the area. Compositae Newsletter 48: 43 - 62" title="A new annual species of Senecio (Compositae-Senecioneae) from subnival zone of southern Iran with comments on phytogeographical aspects of the area." volume="48" year="2010">Noroozi et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10042" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Figure 4.</emphasis>
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Distribution of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(circles) and the related species
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Boiss" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rosularis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca rosularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(squares) and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="N. Kilian & Djavadi" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="denaensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca denaensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(rhomb, actucal position as indicated by arrow), as well as of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Beauverd" authorityYear="1910" baseAuthorityName="Boiss." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cicerbita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polyclada">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Cicerbita polyclada</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(triangles). - Georeferenced map based on the known collections (see Appendix and supplemented by collection cited in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirpicznikov, ME" editor="Bobrov, EG" journalOrPublisher="Moskva et Leningrad, Nauka" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="237 - 375" refId="B18" refString="Kirpicznikov, ME, 1964. Subtribe 5. Lactucinae [p.p.]. In: Bobrov, EG, Tzvelev, NN, Eds., , Flora SSSR 29. Moskva et Leningrad, Nauka: 237 - 375" title="Subtribe 5. Lactucinae [p. p.]." volumeTitle=", Flora SSSR 29." year="1964">Kirpicznikov 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tuisl, G" editor="Rechinger, KH" journalOrPublisher="Graz, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="185 - 196" refId="B31" refString="Tuisl, G, 1977. Lactuca. In: Rechinger, KH, Ed., , Flora Iranica 122. Graz, Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt: 185 - 196" title="Lactuca." volumeTitle=", Flora Iranica 122." year="1977">Tuisl 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and generated with DIVA-GIS (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hijmans, R" journalOrPublisher="Planta" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" refId="B12" refString="Hijmans, R, 2011. DIVA-GIS, ver. 7.4. http://diva-gis.org/." title="DIVA-GIS, ver. 7.4. http: // diva-gis. org /" year="2011">Hijmans 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) using an adaptation of the SRTM 90 m digital elevation data (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="CGIAR-CSI [Consortium of Spatial Information]," journalOrPublisher="Bibliotheca Botanica" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" refId="B6" refString="CGIAR-CSI [Consortium of Spatial Information], , 2004. NASA Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) 90 m digital elevation data (DEMs). http://srtm.sci.cgiar.org/." title="NASA Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) 90 m digital elevation data (DEMs). http: // srtm. sci. cgiar. org /" year="2004">CGIAR-CSI 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
Additional specimen seen: Iran. Kerman: in rupibus summi jugii m. Kuh-i-Dschupar [Kuh-i-Jupar, c.
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="29" direction="north" minutes="55.8" orientation="latitude" precision="92" value="29.93">29°55.8'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="57" direction="east" minutes="11.5" orientation="longitude" precision="92" value="57.191666">57°11.5'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
], 3700 m, 13 Jun 1892, J.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bornmüller">Bornmueller</normalizedToken>
|
||
4119 (B).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="67" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Etymology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is named after its provenance, the Hazaran mountain massif in the Iranian province of Kerman, which is a southeastern outlier of the Zagros mountain range and reaches a maximum elevation of about 4500 m in the peak Kuh-e Hazar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="67" type="morphological affinities and delimitation">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Morphological affinities and delimitation</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
. Morphological comparison revealed that the new species is most similar to both
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boiss" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rosularis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca rosularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="N. Kilian & Djavadi" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="denaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca denaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The three species are perennial rosette herbs of montane to high-montane environments, which are most likely closely related to each other, and considered here as the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boiss" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rosularis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca rosularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. They are all rare, being known from few collections only, and are endemic or almost so to the Iranian Highlands (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Distribution of Lactuca hazaranensis (circles) and the related species Lactuca rosularis (squares) and Lactuca denaensis (rhomb, actucal position as indicated by arrow), as well as of Cicerbita polyclada (triangles). - Georeferenced map based on the known collections (see Appendix and supplemented by collection cited in Kirpicznikov 1964 and Tuisl 1977) and generated with DIVA-GIS (Hijmans 2011) using an adaptation of the SRTM 90 m digital elevation data (CGIAR-CSI 2004)." httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10042" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). They share the rosulate habit with a woody caudex, the glaucous leaves, small yellow-flowered capitula and the principally same achene morphology. The differences between these three species are summarised in
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Morphological differences between Lactuca hazaranensis and its relatives Lactuca rosularis and Lactuca denaensis, as well as between the latter and Cicerbita polyclada. Based on the material studied. - The investigated material is listed in the Appendix." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/23D356992B6FF5B40DBAC23209CC6C17" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" tableUuid="23D356992B6FF5B40DBAC23209CC6C17">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="23D356992B6FF5B40DBAC23209CC6C17" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/23D356992B6FF5B40DBAC23209CC6C17" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphological differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its relatives
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boiss" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rosularis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca rosularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="N. Kilian & Djavadi" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="denaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca denaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as between the latter and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Beauverd" authorityYear="1910" baseAuthorityName="Boiss." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cicerbita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polyclada">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Cicerbita polyclada</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on the material studied. - The investigated material is listed in the Appendix.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<table pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Features</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boiss" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rosularis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca rosularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="N. Kilian & Djavadi" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="denaensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca denaensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Beauverd" authorityYear="1910" baseAuthorityName="Boiss." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cicerbita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polyclada">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Cicerbita polyclada</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Rosette leaves: division</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">undivided</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">lyrately to irregularly pinnatifid to pinnatisect with large terminal lobe</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">undivided</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">undivided, towards base sometimes shallowly pinnately divided</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Rosette leaves: margin</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">
|
||
coarsely and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
irregularly dentate and denticulate
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">irregularly dentate and denticulate</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
densely dentate and denticulate
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">subentire to dentate and denticulate</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Branching of stem</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">with dominating main axis, corymbosely paniculiform</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">with dominating main axis, paniculiform to corymbosely paniculiform</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">subacaulescent,<br/> with dominating main stem only few cm long or branched from base, corymbosely paniculiform</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
without dominating main axis, repeatedly divaricately branched from base
|
||
</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Branches</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">slender to capillaceous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
|
||
slender (to capillaceous)
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">slender to capillaceous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">conspicuously inflated</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Penduncles, length [cm], shape</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">c. 0.3-0.7(-1), capillaceous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">0-0.2, capillaceous if developed</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">0.4-0.7, capillaceous</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">1-3.5, inflated if well developed</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Cauline leaves</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">usually present, gradually reduced to bracts</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">basally present, soon reduced to bracts</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">usually absent, reduced to bracts</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Involucre, length [mm]</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">6-7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">6-9(-10)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">10-12</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">7-9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Corolla, colour</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">yellow</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">yellow</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">yellow</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">blue</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Achene, length [mm]</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">3.2-3.6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">(3.8-)6-8</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">4.8-5.7</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">3.4-5.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Achene: corpus, length [mm]</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">2.9-3.2</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">2.2-3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">4-5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">3-4.2</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Achene: ribs</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">4(-5), strongly prominent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">4, strongly prominent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">4(-5), strongly prominent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">5, subprominent to subdistinct</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Achene: beak, length [mm]</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">0.3-0.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">(1.1-)3-5.3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">0.4-0.9(-2)</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">0.5-1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Achene: transversal constriction</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">present</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">absent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">absent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">absent</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Pappus, length [mm]</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">3-3.5</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">2.5-3</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">5-6</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">3-4</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">Pappus: outer ring of minute hairs</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">absent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">absent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">absent</td>
|
||
<td colspan="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" rowspan="1">present</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="67" type="preliminary conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Preliminary conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known only from two localities c. 50 km apart, which are not in protected areas. The species seems to be rare, but it has to be taken into account that it is rather inconspicuous in its rocky environment. Members of the tribe are among the most favoured food of livestock, grazed wherever in reach and are therefore particularly threatened by overgrazing.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="6" pageNumber="67" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="67">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
must currently be assessed as Data Deficient (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN Species Survival Commision," journalOrPublisher="Planta" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" refId="B14" refString="IUCN Species Survival Commision, , 2001. IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge." title="IUCN Red List Categories: Version 3.1. IUCN, Gland and Cambridge." year="2001">IUCN 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but since the status Endangered seems not unlikely, an assessment of its populations in the field would be desirable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" type="transversally constricted achenes of lactuca hazaranensis aiding myrmecochory?">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="68" start="start">Transversally</pageBreakToken>
|
||
constricted achenes of Lactuca hazaranensis aiding myrmecochory?
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
The shape of the achenes of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the transversal constriction in the distal third (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Achenes of the Lactuca rosularis group and Cicerbita polyclada - A, F-I Lactuca hazaranensis; complete achene (A); achene after loss of easily detachable beak, dorsal view (F); ventral view (G); longitudinal section of achene showing two segments, proximal large segment with embry, distal small segment solid with yellow tissue (H); embryo (I); B Lactuca rosularis C Lactuca denaensis D-E Cicerbita polyclada, complete achene (D) and longitudinal section of distal portion showing apical cavity (E). - A-D and F-H each to the same scale A, F-I from the holotype at IRAN B from Rechinger 55980 B, C from Kotschy 662 (B 100426936) D-E from Strauss 14091 (B 100312952)" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10041" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Fig. 3A, F-H</figureCitation>
|
||
) is curious. The fact that all achenes of all fruiting heads in two collections from different localities and centuries invariably show the same morphology, rules out the possibility that this achene variant represents a teratogenic manifestation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Conspicuous transversal constrictions are, as far as we know, a very rare phenomenon in
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
fruits. The present case is parallelled, however, by a few
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pulicaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Pulicaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species of the Horn of Africa and southern Yemen (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wagenitz, G" journalOrPublisher="Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="91 - 113" refId="B32" refString="Wagenitz, G, Gamal-Eldin, E, 1983. Die Gattung Sclerostephane Chiov. (Compositae, Inuleae). Botanische Jahrbuecher fuer Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 104: 91 - 113" title="Die Gattung Sclerostephane Chiov. (Compositae, Inuleae)." volume="104" year="1983">Wagenitz and Gamal-Eldin 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Sclerostephane" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Sclerostephane</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kilian, N" journalOrPublisher="Planta" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" refId="B16" refString="Kilian, N, 1999. Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra - 1. Pulicaria gamaleldinae sp. nova (Inuleae) bridges the gap between Pulicaria and former Sclerostephane (now P. sect. Sclerostephane). Willdenowia 29: 167-185. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bgbm/will/1999/00000029/F0020001/art00016." title="Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra - 1. Pulicaria gamaleldinae sp. nova (Inuleae) bridges the gap between Pulicaria and former Sclerostephane (now P. sect. Sclerostephane). Willdenowia 29: 167 - 185. http: // www. ingentaconnect. com / content / bgbm / will / 1999 / 00000029 / F 0020001 / art 00016" year="1999">Kilian 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which are likely not all closely related to each other (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Englund, M" journalOrPublisher="Cladistics" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="319 - 352" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00256.x" refId="B9" refString="Englund, M, Pornpongrungrueng, P, Gustafsson, MHG, Anderberg, AA, 2009. Phylogenetic relationships and generic delimitation in Inuleae subtribe Inulinae (Asteraceae) based on ITS and cpDNA sequence data. Cladistics 25: 319 - 352, 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00256.x" title="Phylogenetic relationships and generic delimitation in Inuleae subtribe Inulinae (Asteraceae) based on ITS and cpDNA sequence data." url="10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00256.x" volume="25" year="2009">Englund et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in contrast to what was thought initially. The possible function of these constrictions in the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pulicaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Pulicaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
In contrast to the cases in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Pulicaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Pulicaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where the constrictions chiefly affect the pericarp (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kilian, N" journalOrPublisher="Planta" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" refId="B16" refString="Kilian, N, 1999. Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra - 1. Pulicaria gamaleldinae sp. nova (Inuleae) bridges the gap between Pulicaria and former Sclerostephane (now P. sect. Sclerostephane). Willdenowia 29: 167-185. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bgbm/will/1999/00000029/F0020001/art00016." title="Studies in the Compositae of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra - 1. Pulicaria gamaleldinae sp. nova (Inuleae) bridges the gap between Pulicaria and former Sclerostephane (now P. sect. Sclerostephane). Willdenowia 29: 167 - 185. http: // www. ingentaconnect. com / content / bgbm / will / 1999 / 00000029 / F 0020001 / art 00016" year="1999">Kilian 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 2c, 3a, 4a, 5c), the constriction in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
incompletely divides the achene into two segments (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Achenes of the Lactuca rosularis group and Cicerbita polyclada - A, F-I Lactuca hazaranensis; complete achene (A); achene after loss of easily detachable beak, dorsal view (F); ventral view (G); longitudinal section of achene showing two segments, proximal large segment with embry, distal small segment solid with yellow tissue (H); embryo (I); B Lactuca rosularis C Lactuca denaensis D-E Cicerbita polyclada, complete achene (D) and longitudinal section of distal portion showing apical cavity (E). - A-D and F-H each to the same scale A, F-I from the holotype at IRAN B from Rechinger 55980 B, C from Kotschy 662 (B 100426936) D-E from Strauss 14091 (B 100312952)" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10041" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
|
||
). The large proximal segment contains the whitish embryo (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Achenes of the Lactuca rosularis group and Cicerbita polyclada - A, F-I Lactuca hazaranensis; complete achene (A); achene after loss of easily detachable beak, dorsal view (F); ventral view (G); longitudinal section of achene showing two segments, proximal large segment with embry, distal small segment solid with yellow tissue (H); embryo (I); B Lactuca rosularis C Lactuca denaensis D-E Cicerbita polyclada, complete achene (D) and longitudinal section of distal portion showing apical cavity (E). - A-D and F-H each to the same scale A, F-I from the holotype at IRAN B from Rechinger 55980 B, C from Kotschy 662 (B 100426936) D-E from Strauss 14091 (B 100312952)" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10041" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Fig. 3I</figureCitation>
|
||
), the small distal segment is solid and of a yellowish tissue, which is partly identical partly contiguous with and therefore apparently derived from the intercostal yellowish pericarp tissue. The tissue of the embryo and the tissues of the distal segments are somewhat spatially separated from each other (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Achenes of the Lactuca rosularis group and Cicerbita polyclada - A, F-I Lactuca hazaranensis; complete achene (A); achene after loss of easily detachable beak, dorsal view (F); ventral view (G); longitudinal section of achene showing two segments, proximal large segment with embry, distal small segment solid with yellow tissue (H); embryo (I); B Lactuca rosularis C Lactuca denaensis D-E Cicerbita polyclada, complete achene (D) and longitudinal section of distal portion showing apical cavity (E). - A-D and F-H each to the same scale A, F-I from the holotype at IRAN B from Rechinger 55980 B, C from Kotschy 662 (B 100426936) D-E from Strauss 14091 (B 100312952)" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10041" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Fig. 3H</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Conspicuous segmentation of the achene, although not precisely by a transversal constriction, is otherwise known from the probably unique case of the bispecific genus
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Urospermum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Urospermum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Cichorieae" lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" rank="genus">Cichorieae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hypochaeridinae">Hypochaeridinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
): the achenes of this genus consist of a proximal, compressed segment, which contains the embryo, and a larger, inflated distal segment tapering into the beak (for images, see
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scop. ex F. W. Schmidt" authorityYear="1795" baseAuthorityName="L." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Urospermum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="species" species="picroides">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Urospermum picroides</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="ICN," journalOrPublisher="Planta" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" publicationUrl="http://wp6-cichorieae.e-taxonomy.eu/portal/?q=cdm_dataportal/taxon/da1ef992-e589-48cb-9670-fd76ef8cf4fd/images" refId="B13" refString="ICN, , 2009+. Urospermum picroides. In: International Cichorieae Network: Cichorieae Portal., http://wp6-cichorieae.e-taxonomy.eu/portal/?q=cdm_dataportal/taxon/da1ef992-e589-48cb-9670-fd76ef8cf4fd/images" title="Urospermum picroides. In: International Cichorieae Network: Cichorieae Portal." url="http://wp6-cichorieae.e-taxonomy.eu/portal/?q=cdm_dataportal/taxon/da1ef992-e589-48cb-9670-fd76ef8cf4fd/images" year="2009 +">ICN 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast to our case, in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Urospermum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Magnoliophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Urospermum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
both segments are separated from each other by a transversal wall and the distal segment is hollow (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lack, HW" journalOrPublisher="Pollen and Spores" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="415 - 425" refId="B20" refString="Lack, HW, Leuenberger, B, 1979. Pollen and taxonomy of Urospermum (Asteraceae, Lactuceae). Pollen and Spores 21: 415 - 425" title="Pollen and taxonomy of Urospermum (Asteraceae, Lactuceae)." volume="21" year="1979">Lack and Leuenberger 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
A morphological transition towards a segmentation might perhaps be an achene with a cavity below the beak as it can be observed, e.g. in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Beauverd" authorityYear="1910" baseAuthorityName="Boiss." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cicerbita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polyclada">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Cicerbita polyclada</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Achenes of the Lactuca rosularis group and Cicerbita polyclada - A, F-I Lactuca hazaranensis; complete achene (A); achene after loss of easily detachable beak, dorsal view (F); ventral view (G); longitudinal section of achene showing two segments, proximal large segment with embry, distal small segment solid with yellow tissue (H); embryo (I); B Lactuca rosularis C Lactuca denaensis D-E Cicerbita polyclada, complete achene (D) and longitudinal section of distal portion showing apical cavity (E). - A-D and F-H each to the same scale A, F-I from the holotype at IRAN B from Rechinger 55980 B, C from Kotschy 662 (B 100426936) D-E from Strauss 14091 (B 100312952)" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/10041" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Fig. 3D-E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Within subtribe
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lactucinae">Lactucinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the achenes of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Kirpicz" authorityYear="1964" baseAuthorityName="Boiss." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cephalorrhynchus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polycladus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Cephalorrhynchus polycladus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Boiss.) Kirp., not to be confused with the habitually similar
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Beauverd" authorityYear="1910" baseAuthorityName="Boiss." class="Dicotyledoneae" family="Asteraceae" genus="Cicerbita" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="" order="Campanulales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Angiospermae" rank="species" species="polyclada">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Cicerbita polyclada</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, might represent an even stronger morphological transition (pers. com. A. Sennikov, Feb 2012); the presumably empty apical achene portion below the beak is, as stated by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kirpicznikov, ME" editor="Bobrov, EG" journalOrPublisher="Moskva et Leningrad, Nauka" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="237 - 375" refId="B18" refString="Kirpicznikov, ME, 1964. Subtribe 5. Lactucinae [p.p.]. In: Bobrov, EG, Tzvelev, NN, Eds., , Flora SSSR 29. Moskva et Leningrad, Nauka: 237 - 375" title="Subtribe 5. Lactucinae [p. p.]." volumeTitle=", Flora SSSR 29." year="1964">Kirpicznikov (1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 351 + t. 20, fig. 8), somewhat narrower and separated by a very slight (non-waisted) constriction proximally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Being shortly beaked and provided with a pappus, the achenes of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear principally suited for wind dispersal (anemochory). The entire beak is, however, detachable at its base from the distal segment of the achene by slightest pressure and also the pappus setae are very easily detachable and are thus not functional for dispersal by wind. Finally, the solid distal segment brings additional weight and thus impedes wind dispersal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="69" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">
|
||
Light microscopic histochemical analysis, using Sudan staining, of the yellow tissue of the distal segment of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="7" pageNumber="68" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="68">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed abundant presence of lipid drops, which were similarly found also in the embryo. Lipids are well known in the
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="69" start="start">embryo</pageBreakToken>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="69">Lactuca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a major component of the reserves for the germination, accounting for 33 % dry weight of the achene in lettuce (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="69">Lactuca sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paulson, RE" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Botany" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1437 - 1445" publicationUrl="10.1139/b68-195" refId="B25" refString="Paulson, RE, Srivastava, LM, 1968. The fine structure of the embryo of Lactuca sativa. I. Dry embryo. Canadian Journal of Botany 46: 1437 - 1445, 10.1139/b68-195" title="The fine structure of the embryo of Lactuca sativa. I. Dry embryo." url="10.1139/b68-195" volume="46" year="1968">Paulsen and Srivastava 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Srivastava, LM" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Botany" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1447 - 1453" publicationUrl="10.1139/b68-196" refId="B27" refString="Srivastava, LM, Paulson, RE, 1968. The fine structure of the embryo of Lactuca sativa. II. Changes during germination. Canadian Journal of Botany 46: 1447 - 1453, 10.1139/b68-196" title="The fine structure of the embryo of Lactuca sativa. II. Changes during germination." url="10.1139/b68-196" volume="46" year="1968">Srivastava and Paulsen 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Halmer, P" journalOrPublisher="Planta" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 8" publicationUrl="10.1007/BF00390802" refId="B11" refString="Halmer, P, Bewley, JD, Thope, TA, 1978.: Degradation of the endosperm cell walls of Lactuca sativa L., cv. Grand Rapids. Timing of mobilisation of soluble sugars, lipid and phytate. Planta 129: 1 - 8, 10.1007/BF00390802" title=": Degradation of the endosperm cell walls of Lactuca sativa L., cv. Grand Rapids. Timing of mobilisation of soluble sugars, lipid and phytate." url="10.1007/BF00390802" volume="129" year="1978">Halmer et al. 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and for 35 % in the oilseed lettuce cultivar of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sativa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="69">Lactuca sativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with particularly large fruits grown in Egypt as a source for cooking oil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kristkova, E" journalOrPublisher="Moskva et Leningrad, Nauka" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" refId="B19" refString="Kristkova, E, Dolezalova, I, Lebeda, A, Vinter, V, Novotna, A, 2008. Description of morphological characters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) genetic resources. Horticultural Science(Prague) 35: 113-129. http://www.agriculturejournals.cz/web/hortsci.htm?volume=35&firstPage=113&type=publishedArticle." title="Description of morphological characters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) genetic resources. Horticultural Science (Prague) 35: 113 - 129. http: // www. agriculturejournals. cz / web / hortsci. htm? volume = 35 & firstPage = 113 & type = publishedArticle" year="2008">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Křístková">Kristkova</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="69">
|
||
Their spatial separation from the embryo makes it unlikely that the lipid reserves of the distal segment are related to the germination. A potential function for the dispersal of the achene seems more probable, in particular in connection with the easy detachment of the achene beak. The detachment of the beak has not only a potentially atelechorous effect but the rupture also exposes the lipid reserves of the distal segment. The distal segment could thus perhaps be an
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“elaiosome”">"elaiosome"</normalizedToken>
|
||
, a structure developing from seed or fruit tissue and aiding diaspore dispersal by ants (myrmecochory) in that it both attracts and rewards them (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bresinsky, A" journalOrPublisher="Bibliotheca Botanica" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 54" refId="B5" refString="Bresinsky, A, 1963. Bau, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Inhaltsstoffe der Elaiosomen. Studien zur myrmekochoren Verbreitung von Samen und Fruechten. Bibliotheca Botanica 126: 1 - 54" title="Bau, Entwicklungsgeschichte und Inhaltsstoffe der Elaiosomen. Studien zur myrmekochoren Verbreitung von Samen und Fruechten." volume="126" year="1963">Bresinsky 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lengyel, S" journalOrPublisher="Pollen and Spores" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" refId="B21" refString="Lengyel, S, Gove, AD, Latimer, AM, Majer, JD, Dunn, RR, 2010. Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: a global survey. Perspectectives in Plant Ecolology, Evolution and Systematics 12: 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2009.08.001." title="Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: a global survey. Perspectectives in Plant Ecolology, Evolution and Systematics 12: 43 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ppees. 2009.08.001" year="2010">Lengyel et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Usually, ants carry the diaspores into their nest, consume the lipid-rich tissue or feed it to their larvae and finally dump the diaspore in or outside their nest. Elaiosomes have convergently developed in seed plants many times, being known from 77 families and 334 genera (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lengyel, S" journalOrPublisher="Pollen and Spores" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" refId="B21" refString="Lengyel, S, Gove, AD, Latimer, AM, Majer, JD, Dunn, RR, 2010. Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: a global survey. Perspectectives in Plant Ecolology, Evolution and Systematics 12: 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2009.08.001." title="Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: a global survey. Perspectectives in Plant Ecolology, Evolution and Systematics 12: 43 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ppees. 2009.08.001" year="2010">Lengyel et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They are also long known from the
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="69" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sernander, R" journalOrPublisher="Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" pagination="1 - 410" refId="B26" refString="Sernander, R, 1906. Entwurf einer Monographie der europaeischen Myrmekochoren. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 41: 1 - 410" title="Entwurf einer Monographie der europaeischen Myrmekochoren." volume="41" year="1906">Sernander 1906</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nesom, GL" journalOrPublisher="Pollen and Spores" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" publicationUrl="10.2307/3671323" refId="B23" refString="Nesom, GL, 1981. Ant dispersal in Wedelia hispida HBK (Heliantheae: Compositae). Southwestern Naturalist 26: 5-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3671323., 10.2307/3671323" title="Ant dispersal in Wedelia hispida HBK (Heliantheae: Compositae). Southwestern Naturalist 26: 5 - 12. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 3671323" url="10.2307/3671323" year="1981">Nesom 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), having been reported from many Cardueae species and also from five other tribes (Anthemideae, Arctotideae, Calenduleae, Heliantheae, Senecioneae), but not so far from the Cichorieae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lengyel, S" journalOrPublisher="Pollen and Spores" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" refId="B21" refString="Lengyel, S, Gove, AD, Latimer, AM, Majer, JD, Dunn, RR, 2010. Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: a global survey. Perspectectives in Plant Ecolology, Evolution and Systematics 12: 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2009.08.001." title="Convergent evolution of seed dispersal by ants, and phylogeny and biogeography in flowering plants: a global survey. Perspectectives in Plant Ecolology, Evolution and Systematics 12: 43 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ppees. 2009.08.001" year="2010">Lengyel et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="69">
|
||
Usually, elaiosomes develop in
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="69" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the base of the achenes from tissue separating the achene from the receptacle. In this way, the elaiosome is separated from the embryo by the indurate pericarp, which hinders the ants to get access to the embryo in the interior. The development of an elaiosome at the apex of the achenes and inside the pericarp appears in this context much less favourable. Apart from the presumably higher cost of this solution, the constriction only incompletely locks off the lipid reserves from the embryo, with the risk of its damage. In case the hypothesis of the myrmecochorous property of the distal achene segment of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Djavadi & N. Kilian" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hazaranensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="69">Lactuca hazaranensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is confirmed, e.g. by an experimental approach such as exemplified by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nesom, GL" journalOrPublisher="Pollen and Spores" pageId="9" pageNumber="70" publicationUrl="10.2307/3671323" refId="B23" refString="Nesom, GL, 1981. Ant dispersal in Wedelia hispida HBK (Heliantheae: Compositae). Southwestern Naturalist 26: 5-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3671323., 10.2307/3671323" title="Ant dispersal in Wedelia hispida HBK (Heliantheae: Compositae). Southwestern Naturalist 26: 5 - 12. http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 3671323" url="10.2307/3671323" year="1981">Nesom (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, it certainly would make an interesting case, considering both the chasmophytic growth of the plants and their apparent rarity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="69">
|
||
The unparallelled and, so far as we know, transition-free occurrence of the transversally constricted achenes in the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Boiss" authorityYear="1875" class="Insecta" family="Asteraceae" genus="Lactuca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Asterales" pageId="8" pageNumber="69" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="rosularis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="69">Lactuca rosularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, is, independently of its potential function, a particularly striking evidence for a considerable developmental plasticity in achene features in the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="69" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Lactucinae">Lactucinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |