634 lines
58 KiB
XML
634 lines
58 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.90936" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2032-3921-2-275" ID-Pensoft-UUID="EBD98FA6B3495F92AE5F49955ACA76C3" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6960718" ModsDocID="2032-3921-155-2-275" checkinTime="1667483787521" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Lachenaud, Olivier & Delprete, Piero" docDate="2022" docId="FB54C6AA5FC854A3A862921AEB861AAD" docLanguage="en" docName="PlantEcolEvol 155(2): 275-300" docOrigin="Plant Ecology and Evolution 155 (2)" docPubDate="2022-08-02" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.90936" docTitle="Carapichea Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz 1788" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" id="EBD98FA6B3495F92AE5F49955ACA76C3" lastPageNumber="275" masterDocId="EBD98FA6B3495F92AE5F49955ACA76C3" masterDocTitle="Revision of Carapichea (Rubiaceae - Psychotrieae) in the Guianas, with two new combinations and transfer of three species to Notopleura" masterLastPageNumber="300" masterPageNumber="275" pageNumber="275" updateTime="1667484089656" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Revision of Carapichea (Rubiaceae - Psychotrieae) in the Guianas, with two new combinations and transfer of three species to Notopleura</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lachenaud, Olivier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8972-4096</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Meise Botanic Garden, Meise, Belgium</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">olivier.lachenaud@meisebotanicgarden.be</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Delprete, Piero</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5844-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Herbier de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Plant Ecology and Evolution</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-08-02</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>155</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>2</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>275</mods:start>
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<mods:end>300</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.90936</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.90936</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2032-3921-2-275</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">EBD98FA6B3495F92AE5F49955ACA76C3</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6960718</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FB54C6AA5FC854A3A862921AEB861AAD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FB54C6AA5FC854A3A862921AEB861AAD" lastPageNumber="275" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="275" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
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<taxonomicName LSID="FB54C6AA-5FC8-54A3-A862-921AEB861AAD" authority="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz 1788)]" authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Carapichea Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz 1788)]</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="275" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Chesnea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Chesnea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Chesnea</taxonomicName>
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Scop. (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10827" author="Scopoli, GA" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information, Royal Gardens, Kew" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" refId="B36" refString="Scopoli, GA, 1777. Introductio ad historiam naturalem sistens genera lapidum, plantarum, et animalium hactenus detecta, caracteribus essentialibus donata, in tribus divisa, subinde ad leges naturae. Wolfgang Gerle, Pragae. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10827" title="Introductio ad historiam naturalem sistens genera lapidum, plantarum, et animalium hactenus detecta, caracteribus essentialibus donata, in tribus divisa, subinde ad leges naturae. Wolfgang Gerle, Pragae." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.10827" year="1777">Scopoli 1777</bibRefCitation>
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: 119), nom. superfl. illeg. - Type species:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet" authorityYear="1775" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea guianensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guianensis">Carapichea guianensis</taxonomicName>
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Aubl.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ipecacuanha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ipecacuanha" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ipecacuanha</taxonomicName>
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Arruda (in
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<bibRefCitation author="Koster, H" journalOrPublisher="Opera Botanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" refId="B20" refString="Koster, H, 1816. Travels in Brazil. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London." title="Travels in Brazil. Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, London." year="1816">Koster 1816</bibRefCitation>
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: 497), nom. nud. - Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ipecacuanha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ipecacuanha officinalis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="officinalis">Ipecacuanha officinalis</taxonomicName>
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Arruda, nom. illeg. [=
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea ipecacuanha" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ipecacuanha">Carapichea ipecacuanha</taxonomicName>
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(Brot.) L.Andersson]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1838" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Nettlera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nettlera" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Nettlera</taxonomicName>
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Raf. (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.248" author="Rafinesque, CS" journalOrPublisher="Botanique. Vol. 7. H. Agasse, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" refId="B30" refString="Rafinesque, CS, 1838. Sylva telluriana. Mantis synoptica. New genera and species of trees and shrubs of North America. Printed for the author and publisher, Philadelphia. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.248" title="Sylva telluriana. Mantis synoptica. New genera and species of trees and shrubs of North America. Printed for the author and publisher, Philadelphia." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.248" year="1838">Rafinesque 1838</bibRefCitation>
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: 147), nom. superfl. illeg. - Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Nettlera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Nettlera guianensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guianensis">Nettlera guianensis</taxonomicName>
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(Aubl.) Raf. [=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet" authorityYear="1775" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea guianensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guianensis">Carapichea guianensis</taxonomicName>
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Aubl.]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ipecacuana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ipecacuana" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Ipecacuana</taxonomicName>
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Raf. (
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.248" author="Rafinesque, CS" journalOrPublisher="Botanique. Vol. 7. H. Agasse, Paris" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" refId="B30" refString="Rafinesque, CS, 1838. Sylva telluriana. Mantis synoptica. New genera and species of trees and shrubs of North America. Printed for the author and publisher, Philadelphia. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.248" title="Sylva telluriana. Mantis synoptica. New genera and species of trees and shrubs of North America. Printed for the author and publisher, Philadelphia." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.248" year="1838">Rafinesque 1838</bibRefCitation>
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: 147), orth. var. - Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ipecacuanha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ipecacuanha fusca" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fusca">Ipecacuanha fusca</taxonomicName>
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Raf. [=
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea ipecacuanha" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ipecacuanha">Carapichea ipecacuanha</taxonomicName>
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(Brot.) L.Andersson]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Uragoga" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Uragoga" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Uragoga</taxonomicName>
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L. ex Baill. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Baillon, H" journalOrPublisher="Adansonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="323 - 335" refId="B3" refString="Baillon, H, 1879. Memoire sur les Uragoga. Adansonia 12: 323 - 335" title="Memoire sur les Uragoga." volume="12" year="1879">Baillon 1879</bibRefCitation>
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: 324), nom. superfl. illeg. - Lectotype species (designated by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/3667373" author="Petit, E" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'Etat a Bruxelles" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="1 - 160" refId="B27" refString="Petit, E, 1964. Les especes africaines du genre Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae) - I. Bulletin du Jardin botanique de l'Etat a Bruxelles 34: 1 - 160, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3667373" title="Les especes africaines du genre Psychotria L. (Rubiaceae) - I." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/3667373" volume="34" year="1964">Petit 1964</bibRefCitation>
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: 16):
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<taxonomicName family="Rubiaceae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="U. ipecacuanha" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="ipecacuanha">U. ipecacuanha</taxonomicName>
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(Brot.) Baill. [=
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea ipecacuanha" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="ipecacuanha">Carapichea ipecacuanha</taxonomicName>
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(Brot.) L.Andersson]
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Standley" authorityYear="1936" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Stachyococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stachyococcus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Stachyococcus</taxonomicName>
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Standl. (
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<bibRefCitation author="Standley, PC" editor="Macbride, JF" journalOrPublisher="Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13 (6)" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="3 - 261" refId="B40" refString="Standley, PC, 1936. Rubiaceae. In: Macbride, JF, Ed., Flora of Peru. Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 13(6): 3 - 261" title="Rubiaceae." volumeTitle="Flora of Peru." year="1936">Standley 1936</bibRefCitation>
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: 144) - Type species:
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Stachyococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stachyococcus adinanthus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="adinanthus">Stachyococcus adinanthus</taxonomicName>
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(Standl.) Standl. [=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="C. M. Taylor (Taylor and Gereau" authorityYear="2013" baseAuthorityName="Standl." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea adinantha" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="adinantha">Carapichea adinantha</taxonomicName>
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(Standl.) C.M.Taylor]
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="275" type="type species">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Type species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet" authorityYear="1775" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea guianensis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guianensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea guianensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Aubl.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="275" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Description of the genus.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
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Subshrubs, shrubs, or small trees. Raphides present. Stipules interpetiolar, free or shortly connate at base, entire to bifid at apex, rarely multifid (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ipecacuanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="ipecacuanha">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. ipecacuanha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), lacking dorsal appendages, persistent on distal nodes, marcescent, and eventually falling off through fragmentation, leaving a well-developed scar or a persistent hardened basal portion. Leaves opposite, rarely ternate (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tillettii" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="tillettii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. tillettii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), short- to long-petiolate; blades ovate, elliptic, obovate, oblong or narrowly elliptic, papyraceous to coriaceous; secondary veins strongly to weakly prominent; tertiary veins reticulate or subparallel; domatia absent, or present as a continuous line of pubescence along midrib. Inflorescence terminal, rarely pseudoaxillary, few- to many-flowered, variously capitate, subcapitate, spiciform, or thyrsoid and branched to 1 or 2 orders; bracts reduced to very large, free to variously connate, sometimes forming an involucre. Flowers bisexual, usually heterodistylous, protandrous, (4)5-merous. Hypanthium ovoid to obovoid. Calyx tube extremely reduced or cup-shaped, truncate, undulate or lobed, persistent, lobes (when present) small, broadly to narrowly triangular. Corolla tubular, funnelform to hypocrateriform, actinomorphic, white, yellow, orange, or salmon-pink, tube glabrous or pubescent inside; lobes valvate, oblong-ovate, margin entire, acute at apex, thickened or sometimes with horn-like extensions (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. araguariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="araguariensis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. araguariensis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Stamens included, partially exserted or well exserted beyond corolla mouth; filaments inserted at the basal (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. urniformis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="urniformis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. urniformis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), median, or distal portion of the corolla tube, short, equal, glabrous; anthers narrowly elliptic or narrowly oblong or linear, round at base, round or apiculate at apex, dorsifixed near middle. Pollen aperturate. Ovary 2-locular, placenta reduced. Ovules 1 per locule, basally inserted, erect. Disk usually bilobed to the base, sometimes undivided and cylindrical or laterally 5-sulcate (
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. adinantha" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="adinantha">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. adinantha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Style included or partially exserted, glabrous; branches 2, oblong or linear. Fruits drupaceous, fleshy, variable in colour (yellow, orange-red, red, purple, maroon, blue, white or cream-white, or black at maturity) with 2 fibrous to woody pyrenes. Pyrenes vertical, plano-convex, ovate to elliptic in outline, dorsal side multi-costate, ventral side longitudinally sulcate or rarely flat.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="275" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Morphological characters.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
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The main diagnostic characters of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are the marcescent stipules lacking dorsal appendages, lack of ethanol-soluble pigment in the seed testa, and aperturate pollen of a generalized form, corresponding to Types XIV and XVI of
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<bibRefCitation author="Johansson, JT" journalOrPublisher="Opera Botanica" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="1 - 71" refId="B19" refString="Johansson, JT, 1992. Pollen morphology in Psychotria (Rubiaceae, Rubioideae, Psychotrieae) and its taxonomic significance. A preliminary survey. Opera Botanica 115: 1 - 71" title="Pollen morphology in Psychotria (Rubiaceae, Rubioideae, Psychotrieae) and its taxonomic significance. A preliminary survey." volume="115" year="1992">Johansson (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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. The genus is rather variable in inflorescence and pyrene characters, as described by
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3417/2011064" author="Taylor, CM" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="100 - 127" refId="B52" refString="Taylor, CM, Gereau, RE, 2013. The genus Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 99: 100 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3417/2011064" title="The genus Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3417/2011064" volume="99" year="2013">Taylor and Gereau (2013)</bibRefCitation>
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. Most species of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have a bipartite disk. This character was not emphasized by previous authors and is often not even mentioned in their descriptions, though it is well depicted on illustrations of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tillettii" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="tillettii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. tillettii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Steyermark, JA" editor="Maguire, B & coll" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="227 - 832" refId="B43" refString="Steyermark, JA, 1972. Rubiaceae. In: Maguire, B & coll, Ed., (Eds) The Botany of the Guayana Highland - Part IX. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 23: 227 - 832" title="Rubiaceae." volume="23" volumeTitle="(Eds) The Botany of the Guayana Highland - Part IX." year="1972">Steyermark 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 496, figure 70),
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. urniformis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="urniformis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. urniformis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Steyermark, JA" editor="Maguire, B & coll" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="227 - 832" refId="B43" refString="Steyermark, JA, 1972. Rubiaceae. In: Maguire, B & coll, Ed., (Eds) The Botany of the Guayana Highland - Part IX. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden 23: 227 - 832" title="Rubiaceae." volume="23" volumeTitle="(Eds) The Botany of the Guayana Highland - Part IX." year="1972">Steyermark 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
|
: 557, figure 74), and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. vasivensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="vasivensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. vasivensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. pacimonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="pacimonica">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. pacimonica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Steyermark, JA" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" refId="B44" refString="Steyermark, JA, 1974. Flora de Venezuela. Vol. IX, segunda parte. Rubiaceae. Instituto Botanico, Caracas, 603-1101." title="Flora de Venezuela. Vol. IX, segunda parte. Rubiaceae. Instituto Botanico, Caracas, 603 - 1101." year="1974">Steyermark 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, figures 234, 240). Among species investigated for this character, the only exceptions are
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. cardenasiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="cardenasiana">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. cardenasiana</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ipecacuanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="ipecacuanha">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. ipecacuanha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. panurensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="panurensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. panurensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which have an entire disk, and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. adinantha" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="adinantha">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. adinantha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, which has an undivided, laterally 5-sulcate disk. We were not able to verify the shape of the disk in
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. fimbriflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="fimbriflora">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. fimbriflora</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. lucida" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. lucida</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. maturacensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="maturacensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. maturacensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. verrucosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. verrucosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Among related genera, bipartite disks also occur in some species of
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Notopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Notopleura" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Notopleura</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(see above) and in two recently described species of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.A.Salisbury" authorityYear="1807" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Rudgea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rudgea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Rudgea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Salisb.:
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. glomerulata" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="glomerulata">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">R. glomerulata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Zappi & O.Lachenaud and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="R. itoupensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="itoupensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">R. itoupensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
O.Lachenaud (
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.531.3.1" author="Lachenaud, O" journalOrPublisher="Phytotaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="154 - 174" refId="B23" refString="Lachenaud, O, Bruniera, CP, Zappi, DC, 2022. Six new and a little-known species of Rudgea (Rubiaceae - Palicoureeae) from the Guianas. Phytotaxa 531: 154 - 174, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.531.3.1" title="Six new and a little-known species of Rudgea (Rubiaceae - Palicoureeae) from the Guianas." url="https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.531.3.1" volume="531" year="2022">Lachenaud et al. 2022</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
Position within the tribe and delimitation of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
has been included in the
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Palicourea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palicourea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Palicourea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
complex of the tribe
|
|
<taxonomicName family="Rubiaceae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="tribe" tribe="Psychotrieae">Psychotrieae</taxonomicName>
|
|
s.l. by
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4111112" author="Andersson, L" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="363 - 374" refId="B1" refString="Andersson, L, 2002. Re-establishment of Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae). Kew Bulletin 57: 363 - 374, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4111112" title="Re-establishment of Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4111112" volume="57" year="2002">Andersson (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
and
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Lachenaud, O" journalOrPublisher="Opera Botanica Belgica" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="1 - 909" refId="B22" refString="Lachenaud, O, 2019. Revision du genre Psychotria (Rubiaceae) en Afrique Occidentale et Centrale. Opera Botanica Belgica 17: 1 - 909" title="Revision du genre Psychotria (Rubiaceae) en Afrique Occidentale et Centrale." volume="17" year="2019">Lachenaud (2019)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. This complex has been treated as the tribe Palicoureeae by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Robbrecht, E" journalOrPublisher="Systematics and Geography of Plants" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="85 - 146" publicationUrl="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20649700" refId="B32" refString="Robbrecht, E, Manen, J-F, 2006. The major evolutionary lineages of the coffee family (Rubiaceae, angiosperms). Combined analysis (nDNA and cpDNA) to infer the position of Coptosapelta and Luculia, and supertree construction based on rbcL, rps16, trnL-trnF and atpB-rbcL data. A new classification in two subfamilies, Cinchonoideae and Rubioideae. Systematics and Geography of Plants 76: 85 - 146, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20649700" title="The major evolutionary lineages of the coffee family (Rubiaceae, angiosperms). Combined analysis (nDNA and cpDNA) to infer the position of Coptosapelta and Luculia, and supertree construction based on rbcL, rps 16, trnL-trnF and atpB-rbcL data. A new classification in two subfamilies, Cinchonoideae and Rubioideae." url="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20649700" volume="76" year="2006">Robbrecht and Manen (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
,
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400076" author="Razafimandimbison, SG" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="1102 - 1126" refId="B31" refString="Razafimandimbison, SG, Taylor, CM, Wikstroem, N, Pailler, T, Khodabandeh, A, Bremer, B, 2014. Phylogeny and generic limits in the sister tribes Psychotrieae and Palicoureeae (Rubiaceae): evolution of schizocarps in Psychotria and origins of bacterial leaf nodules of the Malagasy species. American Journal of Botany 101: 1102 - 1126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400076" title="Phylogeny and generic limits in the sister tribes Psychotrieae and Palicoureeae (Rubiaceae): evolution of schizocarps in Psychotria and origins of bacterial leaf nodules of the Malagasy species." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400076" volume="101" year="2014">Razafimandimbison et al. (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, and
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3417/2018026" author="Taylor, CM" journalOrPublisher="Novon" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="240 - 251" refId="B50" refString="Taylor, CM, Bruniera, CP, 2018. Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XXXIX. New species of Carapichea and Rudgea (Palicoureeae) from Western Amazonia. Novon 26 (2): 240 - 251, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3417/2018026" title="Rubiacearum Americanarum Magna Hama Pars XXXIX. New species of Carapichea and Rudgea (Palicoureeae) from Western Amazonia." url="https://doi.org/10.3417/2018026" volume="26" year="2018">Taylor and Bruniera (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
, and includes
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Chassalia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chassalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Chassalia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Comm. ex Poir.,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Eumachia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eumachia" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Eumachia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
DC. [=
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Chazaliella" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chazaliella" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Chazaliella</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
E.M.A.Petit & Verdc.,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Margaritopsis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Margaritopsis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Margaritopsis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C." pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="genus">C.</taxonomicName>
|
|
H.Wright],
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Psathyrellaceae" genus="Geophila" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Geophila" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Geophila</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
D.Don,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Hymenocoleus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hymenocoleus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Hymenocoleus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Robbr.,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Notopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Notopleura" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Notopleura</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Palicourea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Palicourea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Palicourea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Aubl. s.l.,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="S.G.Razafimandimbison & B.Bremer" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Puffia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Puffia" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Puffia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Razafim. & B.Bremer, and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="R.A.Salisbury" authorityYear="1807" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Rudgea" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Rudgea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Rudgea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Phylogenetic studies strongly support the monophyly of
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, albeit with limited sampling (
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4111112" author="Andersson, L" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="363 - 374" refId="B1" refString="Andersson, L, 2002. Re-establishment of Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae). Kew Bulletin 57: 363 - 374, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4111112" title="Re-establishment of Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4111112" volume="57" year="2002">Andersson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400076" author="Razafimandimbison, SG" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="1102 - 1126" refId="B31" refString="Razafimandimbison, SG, Taylor, CM, Wikstroem, N, Pailler, T, Khodabandeh, A, Bremer, B, 2014. Phylogeny and generic limits in the sister tribes Psychotrieae and Palicoureeae (Rubiaceae): evolution of schizocarps in Psychotria and origins of bacterial leaf nodules of the Malagasy species. American Journal of Botany 101: 1102 - 1126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400076" title="Phylogeny and generic limits in the sister tribes Psychotrieae and Palicoureeae (Rubiaceae): evolution of schizocarps in Psychotria and origins of bacterial leaf nodules of the Malagasy species." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400076" volume="101" year="2014">Razafimandimbison et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Bruniera, CP" journalOrPublisher="Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Neerlandais" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" refId="B9" refString="Bruniera, CP, 2015. Sistematica e taxonomia de Rudgea Salisb. (Palicoureeae, Rubiaceae). PhD thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil." title="Sistematica e taxonomia de Rudgea Salisb. (Palicoureeae, Rubiaceae). PhD thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil." year="2015">Bruniera 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). The genus appears either as sister to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Eumachia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eumachia" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Eumachia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4111112" author="Andersson, L" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="363 - 374" refId="B1" refString="Andersson, L, 2002. Re-establishment of Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae). Kew Bulletin 57: 363 - 374, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4111112" title="Re-establishment of Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae)." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4111112" volume="57" year="2002">Andersson 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Bruniera, CP" journalOrPublisher="Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Neerlandais" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" refId="B9" refString="Bruniera, CP, 2015. Sistematica e taxonomia de Rudgea Salisb. (Palicoureeae, Rubiaceae). PhD thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil." title="Sistematica e taxonomia de Rudgea Salisb. (Palicoureeae, Rubiaceae). PhD thesis, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil." year="2015">Bruniera 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; as
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Margaritopsis" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Margaritopsis" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Margaritopsis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) or as sister to a clade including
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Eumachia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Eumachia" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Eumachia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Chassalia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Chassalia" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Chassalia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Agaricomycetes" family="Psathyrellaceae" genus="Geophila" kingdom="Fungi" lsidName="Geophila" order="Agaricales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Basidiomycota" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Geophila</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="S.G.Razafimandimbison & B.Bremer" authorityYear="2014" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Puffia" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Puffia" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Puffia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Hymenocoleus" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Hymenocoleus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Hymenocoleus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400076" author="Razafimandimbison, SG" journalOrPublisher="American Journal of Botany" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="1102 - 1126" refId="B31" refString="Razafimandimbison, SG, Taylor, CM, Wikstroem, N, Pailler, T, Khodabandeh, A, Bremer, B, 2014. Phylogeny and generic limits in the sister tribes Psychotrieae and Palicoureeae (Rubiaceae): evolution of schizocarps in Psychotria and origins of bacterial leaf nodules of the Malagasy species. American Journal of Botany 101: 1102 - 1126, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400076" title="Phylogeny and generic limits in the sister tribes Psychotrieae and Palicoureeae (Rubiaceae): evolution of schizocarps in Psychotria and origins of bacterial leaf nodules of the Malagasy species." url="https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1400076" volume="101" year="2014">Razafimandimbison et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) with low support in all cases.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="275" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Distribution and ecology.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
According to the present circumscription,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
includes at least 22 species that are found mostly in the Amazon basin and the Guianas, with two species (
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. affinis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. affinis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ipecacuanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="ipecacuanha">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. ipecacuanha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) extending to Central America, one (
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ipecacuanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="ipecacuanha">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. ipecacuanha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) extending to the Cerrado Biome of Central Brazil, and a single species (
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. lucida" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. lucida</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The species occur in lowland or lower montane forest habitats (up to 1570 m but mostly below 1000 m), either on drained or seasonally flooded soils. Eight species occur in the Guianas; a ninth one,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. araguariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="araguariensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. araguariensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, is to be expected there and has been included in the treatment below.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="275" type="infrageneric classification">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Infrageneric classification.</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
No infrageneric taxa are formally recognised in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, but the species may be arranged in six groups (Table
|
|
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="T1" captionText="Table 1. Infrageneric groups in Carapichea. Species occurring in the Guianas are in bold." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/A3A8F3693D451E5E1ED7745DD1EBEE19" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" tableUuid="A3A8F3693D451E5E1ED7745DD1EBEE19">1</tableCitation>
|
|
), separable by characters in the key below, and largely based on those proposed by
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3417/2011064" author="Taylor, CM" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="100 - 127" refId="B52" refString="Taylor, CM, Gereau, RE, 2013. The genus Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 99: 100 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3417/2011064" title="The genus Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3417/2011064" volume="99" year="2013">Taylor and Gereau (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
. We have usually kept the group names used by these authors, although their
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Pacimonica" lsidName="Pacimonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Pacimonica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group is better called the
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Ligularis" lsidName="Ligularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Ligularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group now that
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. pacimonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="pacimonica">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. pacimonica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is a synonym of
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ligularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="ligularis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. ligularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Their
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Altsonii" lsidName="Altsonii" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Altsonii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group is not maintained here, since, as discussed above, three of its species are transferred to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Notopleura" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Notopleura" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Notopleura</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, while the last one,
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. urniformis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="urniformis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. urniformis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, is included in the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group of which it has all the key characters. Also transferred to the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group are
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tillettii" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="tillettii">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. tillettii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(see Notes under this species) and
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. fimbriflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="fimbriflora">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. fimbriflora</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. The latter species, from Brazil, is very poorly known, but its leaf venation matches the
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group, rather than the
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Ligularis" lsidName="Ligularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Ligularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group in which it was placed by
|
|
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.3417/2011064" author="Taylor, CM" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" pagination="100 - 127" refId="B52" refString="Taylor, CM, Gereau, RE, 2013. The genus Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 99: 100 - 127, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3417/2011064" title="The genus Carapichea (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae)." url="https://doi.org/10.3417/2011064" volume="99" year="2013">Taylor and Gereau (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<caption ID-Table-UUID="A3A8F3693D451E5E1ED7745DD1EBEE19" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/A3A8F3693D451E5E1ED7745DD1EBEE19" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" start="Table 1" startId="T1">
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Table 1.</emphasis>
|
|
Infrageneric groups in
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Species occurring in the Guianas are in
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">bold</emphasis>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</caption>
|
|
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<table pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rowspan="1">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Group / Species included</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Ipecacuanha" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ipecacuanha" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Ipecacuanha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ipecacuanha" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="ipecacuanha">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. ipecacuanha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Brot.) L.Andersson
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 167) [nom. rej. versus Cephaelis Sw. (Swartz" authorityYear="1788" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Carapichea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carapichea" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Carapichea</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. affinis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. affinis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Standl.) L.Andersson /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. dolichophylla" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="dolichophylla">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. dolichophylla</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Standl.) C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. fimbriflora" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="fimbriflora">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. fimbriflora</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. franquevilleana" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="franquevilleana">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. franquevilleana</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
|
|
.Arg.) C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. galbaoensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="galbaoensis">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. galbaoensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Steyerm.) O.Lachenaud & Delprete /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. guianensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="guianensis">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. guianensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
Aubl. /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. klugii" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="klugii">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. klugii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Standl.) C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. maturacensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="maturacensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. maturacensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. squamelligera" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="squamelligera">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. squamelligera</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Steyerm.) O.Lachenaud & Delprete /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. tilletii" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="tilletii">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. tilletii</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. urniformis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="urniformis">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. urniformis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. vasivensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="vasivensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. vasivensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
|
|
.Arg.) C.M.Taylor
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Ligularis" lsidName="Ligularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Ligularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. araguariensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="araguariensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. araguariensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Steyerm.) C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. crebrinervia" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="crebrinervia">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. crebrinervia</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Standl.) C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. ligularis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="ligularis">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. ligularis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Rudge) Delprete (incl.
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. pacimonica" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="pacimonica">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. pacimonica</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. necopinata" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="necopinata">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. necopinata</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Standl.) C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="C." lsidName="C." pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C.</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
sp. A
|
|
</emphasis>
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName genus="Panurensis" lsidName="Panurensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Panurensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. panurensis" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="panurensis">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. panurensis</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(
|
|
<normalizedToken originalValue="Müll">Muell</normalizedToken>
|
|
.Arg.) C.M.Taylor
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rowspan="1">
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Standley" authorityYear="1936" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Stachyococcus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stachyococcus" order="Gentianales" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">Stachyococcus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
group /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. adinantha" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="adinantha">
|
|
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. adinantha</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
(Standl.) C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. cardenasiana" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="cardenasiana">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. cardenasiana</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
C.M.Taylor /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. verrucosa" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="verrucosa">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. verrucosa</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
C.M.Taylor
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
<tr pageId="0" pageNumber="275">
|
|
<td colspan="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rowspan="1">
|
|
Bahia group /
|
|
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. lucida" pageId="0" pageNumber="275" rank="species" species="lucida">
|
|
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="275">C. lucida</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
J.G.Jardim & Zappi
|
|
</td>
|
|
</tr>
|
|
</table>
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |