treatments-xml/data/03/A8/00/03A8001077DBFF22FF14A5EB9313FDA7.xml

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<mods:title id="C9DA41B3F16E5D3EE9B9D28D3ADED55B">Sponges of the Guyana Shelf</mods:title>
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<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DBFF20FF14A5EB9351F900" blockId="140.[151,812,1664,1723]" box="[151,812,1664,1690]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<heading id="D0F6066A77DBFF20FF14A5EB9351F900" bold="true" box="[151,812,1664,1690]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577DBFF20FF14A5EB9351F900" ID-CoL="4GR6M" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,812,1664,1690]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" genus="Phorbas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="amaranthus">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DBFF20FF14A5EB9351F900" bold="true" box="[151,812,1664,1690]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DBFF20FF14A5EB91E8F900" bold="true" box="[151,405,1664,1690]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Phorbas amaranthus</emphasis>
Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DBFF20FF14A5C99148F921" blockId="140.[151,812,1664,1723]" box="[151,309,1698,1723]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377DBFF20FF14A5C99170F921" box="[151,269,1698,1723]" captionStart="FIGURE 88" captionStartId="141.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetId="figure@141.[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetPageId="141" captionText="FIGURE 88. Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10520 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, large acanthostyle, b 1, detail of b, c, small acanthostyle, c 1, magnified image of c, d, tornote, d 1, details of d, e, arcuate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273039/files/figure.png" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Figures 88</figureCitation>
a–e
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77DBFF20FF14A5819108F89A" box="[151,373,1770,1792]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DBFF20FF14A5819108F89A" blockId="140.[151,1362,1770,1854]" box="[151,373,1770,1792]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Restricted synonymy:</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77DBFF20FF14A4629352F8A4" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DBFF20FF14A4629352F8A4" blockId="140.[151,1362,1770,1854]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577DBFF20FF14A462929BF885" ID-CoL="4GR6M" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 92" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityPageNumber="92" authorityYear="1864" box="[151,742,1801,1823]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" genus="Phorbas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="amaranthus">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DBFF20FF14A4629111F885" box="[151,364,1801,1823]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Phorbas amaranthus</emphasis>
Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864: 92
</taxonomicName>
, pl. XXI fig. 1; 
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777DBFF20FC05A461945AF885" author="Van" box="[902,1063,1801,1823]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1984) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. In: Hummelinck, P. W. &amp; Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 112. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 66 (199), 1 - 167. Avaliable from: http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 549852 (Accessed 11 Jan. 2017)" type="journal article" year="1984">Van Soest 1984</bibRefCitation>
: 86, pl. VI fig. 7, text-fig. 34. 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577DBFF20FF14A44292D4F8A4" authority="De Laubenfels, 1936: 83" authorityName="De Laubenfels" authorityPageNumber="83" authorityYear="1936" box="[151,681,1832,1854]" class="Demospongiae" family="Coelosphaeridae" genus="Merriamium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tortuganensis">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DBFF20FF14A44291DAF8A4" box="[151,423,1833,1854]" italics="true" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Merriamium tortuganensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777DBFF20FE2EA44292F9F8A4" author="De" box="[429,644,1832,1854]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1936) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas, in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 467 (Tortugas Laboratory Paper, 30, 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1936">De Laubenfels, 1936</bibRefCitation>
: 83
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 11 fig. 1.
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77DBFF20FF14A4019309F83D" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DBFF20FF14A4019309F83D" blockId="140.[151,1436,1898,2031]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<materialsCitation id="3B69BB5B77DBFF20FF14A401930DF83D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726519" collectingDate="1966-05-10" collectionCode="RMNH" collectorName="Snellius O. C. P. S." country="Suriname" elevation="68" latitude="7.26" location="Suriname" longLatPrecision="555" longitude="-56.6667" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" specimenCount="1">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DBFF20FF14A40191F9F819" bold="true" box="[151,388,1898,1923]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Material examined.</emphasis>
<collectionCode id="ED1029C377DBFF20FE0CA400919EF818" box="[399,483,1899,1922]" country="Netherlands" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34992" name="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">RMNH</collectionCode>
Por. 10520, 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DBFF20FDFEA4019296F819" box="[637,747,1898,1923]" name="Suriname" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Suriname</collectingCountry>
, ‘ 
<collectorName id="26F4D4D077DBFF20FD7DA40193B6F819" box="[766,971,1898,1923]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Snellius O.C.P.S.</collectorName>
’ 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DBFF20FC58A400944FF819" box="[987,1074,1899,1923]" name="Guyana" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf Expedition, station G56, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE35D7C177DBFF20FF14A4E5909AF83D" box="[151,231,1934,1959]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" precision="555" value="7.26">7.26°N</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE35D7C177DBFF20FF6DA4E59112F83D" box="[238,367,1934,1959]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" precision="5" value="-56.6667">56.6667°W</geoCoordinate>
, depth 
<quantity id="4CF91CE377DBFF20FE3CA4E59258F83C" box="[447,549,1934,1959]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" unit="m" value="67.5" valueMax="68.0" valueMin="67.0">
<elevation id="002C563577DBFF20FE3CA4E59258F83C" box="[447,549,1934,1959]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" unit="m" value="67.5" valueMax="68.0" valueMin="67.0">67–68 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, Agassiz trawl, 
<date id="FFBF97C677DBFF20FD5BA4E4930DF83D" box="[728,880,1934,1959]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" value="1966-05-10">
<collectingDate id="EFFB6E2E77DBFF20FD5BA4E4930DF83D" box="[728,880,1934,1959]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" value="1966-05-10">10 May 1966</collectingDate>
</date>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77DBFF21FF44A4D99537F959" lastPageId="141" lastPageNumber="142" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DBFF20FF44A4D99525F875" blockId="140.[151,1436,1898,2031]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DBFF20FF44A4D99124F851" bold="true" box="[199,345,1970,1995]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Description.</emphasis>
Thin encrustation on a calcareous nodule (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377DBFF20FCC8A4D993DDF851" box="[843,928,1970,1995]" captionStart="FIGURE 88" captionStartId="141.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetId="figure@141.[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetPageId="141" captionText="FIGURE 88. Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10520 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, large acanthostyle, b 1, detail of b, c, small acanthostyle, c 1, magnified image of c, d, tornote, d 1, details of d, e, arcuate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273039/files/figure.png" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
a), red-brown in alcohol. Size 
<date id="FFBF97C677DBFF20FB7CA4D89559F850" box="[1279,1316,1971,1995]" pageId="140" pageNumber="141">2 x</date>
<quantity id="4CF91CE377DBFF20FAADA4D99501F850" box="[1326,1404,1970,1995]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
in lateral expansion, about 
<quantity id="4CF91CE377DBFF20FE2BA4BC9197F874" box="[424,490,2007,2031]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="140" pageNumber="141" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
in thickness. Surface faintly areolate, but no visible oscules. Consistency soft.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF7EE18E77DAFF21FF14A7C891A8FB6C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273039/files/figure.png" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1166]" targetPageId="141">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DAFF21FF14A7C891A8FB6C" blockId="141.[151,1436,1187,1270]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FF14A7C8915DFB22" bold="true" box="[151,288,1187,1209]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">FIGURE 88.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577DAFF21FEA4A7C8932FFB23" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" box="[295,850,1187,1209]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" genus="Phorbas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="amaranthus">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FEA4A7C89180FB23" box="[295,509,1187,1209]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Phorbas amaranthus</emphasis>
Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864
</taxonomicName>
, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10520 (scale bar = 1 cm), b–e, SEM images of spicules, b, large acanthostyle, b1, detail of b, c, small acanthostyle, c1, magnified image of c, d, tornote, d1, details of d, e, arcuate isochela.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DAFF21FF44A67593FEFA5D" blockId="141.[151,1437,1310,2019]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FF44A6759148FAAD" bold="true" box="[199,309,1310,1335]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Skeleton.</emphasis>
The choanosomal skeleton is plumose, with columns of megascleres, consisting of tornotes and long acanthostyles, 60–100 µm in diameter, rising up from the substratum. Shorter acanthostyles echinate the columns. At the surface there are numerous areolate porefields the walls of which are supported by single vertically arranged tornotes. The inside of the porefields is strengthened by microscleres. Between the porefields, single tornotes are found in the surface membrane along with numerous microscleres.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DAFF21FF44A6B993D4FA71" blockId="141.[151,1437,1310,2019]" box="[199,937,1490,1515]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FF44A6B9914DFA71" bold="true" box="[199,304,1490,1515]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Spicules.</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377DAFF21FEBCA6B991EEFA71" box="[319,403,1490,1515]" captionStart="FIGURE 88" captionStartId="141.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetId="figure@141.[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetPageId="141" captionText="FIGURE 88. Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10520 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, large acanthostyle, b 1, detail of b, c, small acanthostyle, c 1, magnified image of c, d, tornote, d 1, details of d, e, arcuate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273039/files/figure.png" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Figs 88</figureCitation>
b–e) Acanthostyles, tornotes, arcuate isochelae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DAFF21FF44A69D94F5F9CD" blockId="141.[151,1437,1310,2019]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
Acanthostyles, divisible in two distinct size categories, (1) large (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377DAFF21FC20A69D9386F995" box="[931,1019,1526,1551]" captionStart="FIGURE 88" captionStartId="141.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetId="figure@141.[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetPageId="141" captionText="FIGURE 88. Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10520 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, large acanthostyle, b 1, detail of b, c, small acanthostyle, c 1, magnified image of c, d, tornote, d 1, details of d, e, arcuate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273039/files/figure.png" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Figs 88</figureCitation>
b,b1), curved, spined all over but less densely towards the pointed end, rather uniform in size, 216– 
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FCC2A5719316F9A8" box="[833,875,1562,1586]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">249</emphasis>
–271 
<date id="FFBF97C677DAFF21FC2AA57093B6F9A8" box="[937,971,1562,1586]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">x 9</date>
– 
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FC59A571947BF9A9" box="[986,1030,1562,1587]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">11.6</emphasis>
–13 µm, and (2) short (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377DAFF21FA8AA571951FF9A8" box="[1289,1378,1562,1587]" captionStart="FIGURE 88" captionStartId="141.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetId="figure@141.[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetPageId="141" captionText="FIGURE 88. Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10520 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, large acanthostyle, b 1, detail of b, c, small acanthostyle, c 1, magnified image of c, d, tornote, d 1, details of d, e, arcuate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273039/files/figure.png" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Figs 88</figureCitation>
c,c1), straight, spined densely all over, similarly uniform in size, 104– 
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FCE2A55493FAF9CD" box="[865,903,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">118</emphasis>
–126 
<date id="FFBF97C677DAFF21FC4BA5549394F9CD" box="[968,1001,1599,1623]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">x 8</date>
– 
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FC7AA5549457F9CD" box="[1017,1066,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">10.4</emphasis>
–12 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DAFF21FF14A508912DF905" blockId="141.[151,1437,1310,2019]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
Tornotes (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377DAFF21FE84A5099123F9E1" box="[263,350,1634,1659]" captionStart="FIGURE 88" captionStartId="141.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetId="figure@141.[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetPageId="141" captionText="FIGURE 88. Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10520 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, large acanthostyle, b 1, detail of b, c, small acanthostyle, c 1, magnified image of c, d, tornote, d 1, details of d, e, arcuate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273039/files/figure.png" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Figs 88</figureCitation>
d,d1), strongylote or faintly tylote-like, subtly inequiended, shaft faintly polytylote, 231– 
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FAB9A5099519F9E0" box="[1338,1380,1634,1658]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">249</emphasis>
–262 
<date id="FFBF97C677DAFF21FF14A5EC90C5F905" box="[151,184,1671,1695]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">x 3</date>
– 
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FF4BA5EC9096F905" box="[200,235,1671,1695]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">4.2</emphasis>
–5.5 µm.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DAFF21FF44A5C19537F959" blockId="141.[151,1437,1310,2019]" box="[199,1354,1706,1731]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
Arcuate isochelae (
<figureCitation id="133AAD8377DAFF21FE1DA5C1918DF958" box="[414,496,1706,1731]" captionStart="FIGURE 88" captionStartId="141.[151,250,1187,1209]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetId="figure@141.[151,1436,193,1166]" captionTargetPageId="141" captionText="FIGURE 88. Phorbas amaranthus Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864, a, habitus of RMNH Por. 10520 (scale bar = 1 cm), b – e, SEM images of spicules, b, large acanthostyle, b 1, detail of b, c, small acanthostyle, c 1, magnified image of c, d, tornote, d 1, details of d, e, arcuate isochela." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/273039/files/figure.png" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
e), shaft strongly convex, alae short and squarish in outline, 23– 
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FB39A5C19496F959" box="[1210,1259,1706,1731]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">27.6</emphasis>
–30 µm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77DAFF21FF44A5A592B0F890" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DAFF21FF44A5A592B0F890" blockId="141.[151,1437,1310,2019]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FF44A5A59182F97D" bold="true" box="[199,511,1742,1767]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Distribution and ecology.</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DAFF21FD8FA5A4921EF97D" box="[524,611,1743,1767]" name="Guyana" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf, Greater Caribbean and NE 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DAFF21FB89A5A5942CF97D" box="[1034,1105,1742,1767]" name="Brazil" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, encrusting nodules on soft bottom, at 
<quantity id="4CF91CE377DAFF21FE8CA5999119F890" box="[271,356,1778,1803]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" unit="m" value="37.0" valueMax="68.0" valueMin="6.0">6–68 m</quantity>
depth (
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DAFF21FE3BA599926CF890" box="[440,529,1778,1802]" name="Guyana" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf 
<quantity id="4CF91CE377DAFF21FDD9A59992BCF890" box="[602,705,1778,1803]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" unit="m" value="67.5" valueMax="68.0" valueMin="67.0">67–68 m</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C31BE28D77DAFF22FF44A47D9313FDA7" lastPageId="142" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677DAFF22FF44A47D93BFFF62" blockId="141.[151,1437,1310,2019]" lastBlockId="142.[151,1437,151,573]" lastPageId="142" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FF44A47D9146F8B5" bold="true" box="[199,315,1814,1839]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Remarks.</emphasis>
The specimen conforms to 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577DAFF21FDFBA47D948FF8B5" authority="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864" authorityName="Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti" authorityYear="1864" box="[632,1266,1814,1839]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" genus="Phorbas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="amaranthus">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FDFBA47D9319F8B5" box="[632,868,1814,1839]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Phorbas amaranthus</emphasis>
(Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864)
</taxonomicName>
, widespread in the 
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE477DAFF21FF4AA4509159F8C8" box="[201,292,1851,1874]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Western" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Western</collectingRegion>
Atlantic, reported from the 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DAFF21FD0AA451934CF8C9" box="[649,817,1850,1875]" name="Virgin Islands" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Virgin Islands</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE477DAFF21FCC6A45193EBF8C9" box="[837,918,1850,1875]" country="United States of America" name="Florida" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Florida</collectingRegion>
and the Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DAFF21FBFAA45194B2F8C9" box="[1145,1231,1850,1875]" name="Mexico" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE477DAFF21FBFAA45194B2F8C9" box="[1145,1231,1850,1875]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Mexico</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
(as 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577DAFF21FA8DA450925BF8ED" authority="De Laubenfels, 1936" authorityName="De Laubenfels" authorityYear="1936" class="Demospongiae" family="Coelosphaeridae" genus="Merriamium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="tortuganensis">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FA8DA450914DF8EC" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Merriamium tortuganensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777DAFF21FEB4A434925BF8ED" author="De" box="[311,550,1886,1911]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" refString="De Laubenfels, M. W. (1936) A discussion of the sponge fauna of the Dry Tortugas, in particular, and the West Indies in general, with material for a revision of the families and orders of the Porifera. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication, 467 (Tortugas Laboratory Paper, 30, 1 - 225." type="journal article" year="1936">De Laubenfels, 1936</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DAFF21FDB9A43492EAF8ED" box="[570,663,1887,1911]" name="Curaçao" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Curaçao</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777DAFF21FD25A4349321F8ED" author="Van" box="[678,860,1887,1911]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" refString="Van Soest, R. W. M. (1984) Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. In: Hummelinck, P. W. &amp; Van der Steen, L. J. (Eds.), Uitgaven van de Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen. No. 112. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, 66 (199), 1 - 167. Avaliable from: http: // www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 549852 (Accessed 11 Jan. 2017)" type="journal article" year="1984">Van Soest 1984</bibRefCitation>
), Colombian Caribbean (
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777DAFF21FBF4A4349498F8ED" author="Zea" box="[1143,1253,1887,1911]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" refString="Zea, S. (1987) Esponjas del Caribe Colombiano. Catalogo Cientific, Bogot, Colombia, 286 pp." type="book" year="1987">Zea 1987</bibRefCitation>
), and NE 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DAFF21FAD4A43595E1F8ED" box="[1367,1436,1886,1911]" name="Brazil" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(Moraes 2011; Muricy 
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FE1EA4E891ABF801" box="[413,470,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
2011). There are also list records (without descriptions) from 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DAFF21FB1AA4E994A9F801" box="[1177,1236,1922,1947]" name="Cuba" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Cuba</collectingCountry>
(Alcolado 1976), 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DAFF21FF14A4CD908DF825" box="[151,240,1958,1983]" name="Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Bonaire</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777DAFF21FF7CA4CD924CF825" author="Kobluk" box="[255,561,1958,1983]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" refString="Kobluk, D. R. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (1989) Cavity dwelling sponges in a southern Caribbean coral reef and their paleontological implications. Bulletin of Marine Science, 44 (3), 1207 - 1235." type="journal article" year="1989">Kobluk &amp; Van Soest 1989</bibRefCitation>
), 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DAFF21FDC5A4CD92DDF825" box="[582,672,1958,1983]" name="Jamaica" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Jamaica</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777DAFF21FD33A4CD939FF825" author="Lehnert" box="[688,994,1958,1983]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" refString="Lehnert, H. &amp; Van Soest, R. W. M. (1998) Shallow water sponges of Jamaica. Beaufortia, 48 (5), 71 - 103. Avaliable from: http: / / www. repository. naturalis. nl / document / 548808 (Accessed 11 Jan. 2017)" type="journal article" year="1998">Lehnert &amp; Van Soest 1998</bibRefCitation>
) and 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677DAFF21FBA0A4CD9416F825" box="[1059,1131,1958,1983]" name="Belize" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE477DAFF21FBA0A4CD9416F825" box="[1059,1131,1958,1983]" country="Belize" name="Belize" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Belize</collectingRegion>
</collectingCountry>
(Rützler 
<emphasis id="B9756D1477DAFF21FB54A4CC956CF825" box="[1239,1297,1958,1983]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">et al.</emphasis>
2000). This species has been repeatedly described, usually with mucronate tornote apices, whereas our specimen has distinctly strongylote endings. A review of the many slides present in the collections of the Naturalis Biodiversity 
<collectingRegion id="49C57FE477D9FF22FAD1A3F395E0FF2A" box="[1362,1437,152,176]" country="France" name="Centre" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Center</collectingRegion>
(ZMA collection) revealed that tornote apices are variably more mucronate or more strongylote without a clear correspondence with shape, structure and other spicule shapes and sizes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D9FF22FF44A26F93DDFE87" blockId="142.[151,1437,151,573]" box="[199,928,260,285]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
The present find at 
<quantity id="4CF91CE377D9FF22FE22A26F927EFE86" box="[417,515,260,285]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.75" metricValueMax="6.8" metricValueMin="6.7" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" unit="m" value="67.5" valueMax="68.0" valueMin="67.0">67–68 m</quantity>
is the deepest record for the species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BBEB10677D9FF22FF44A2439313FDA7" blockId="142.[151,1437,151,573]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
<materialsCitation id="3B69BB5B77D9FF22FF44A2439313FDA7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1424726518" country="Belize" location="Central West Atlantic" municipality="Eastern Brazil" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" specimenCount="1">
Four further 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D9FF22FEDBA24C91CAFEDA" box="[344,439,295,320]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" genus="Phorbas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D9FF22FEDBA24C91CAFEDA" box="[344,439,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Phorbas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have been reported from the 
<location id="8EDEE7DD77D9FF22FCE2A24C9424FEDA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A8001077DBFF22FF14A5EB9313FDA7:8EDEE7DD77D9FF22FCE2A24C9424FEDA" box="[865,1113,295,320]" country="Belize" municipality="Eastern Brazil" name="Central West Atlantic" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Central West Atlantic</location>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D9FF22FBE6A24290A5FEFF" authority="Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886" authorityName="Ridley &amp; Dendy" authorityYear="1886" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" genus="Phorbas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fusifer">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D9FF22FBE6A24294B7FEDA" box="[1125,1226,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">P. fusifer</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777D9FF22FB5AA24C90ADFEFF" author="Ridley" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" refString="Ridley, S. O. &amp; Dendy, A. (1886) Preliminary report on the Monaxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Challenger'. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (5) 18, 325 - 351, 470 - 493." type="journal article" year="1886">Ridley &amp; Dendy, 1886</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
(originally 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D9FF22FEDCA22792D1FEFE" box="[351,684,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Myxillidae" genus="Myxilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Porifera" rank="variety" species="plumosa" variety="fusifera">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D9FF22FEDCA2279266FEFF" box="[351,539,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Myxilla plumosa</emphasis>
var. 
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D9FF22FDD5A22792D1FEFE" box="[598,684,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">fusifera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D9FF22FD47A2269433FEFE" authority="Hajdu &amp; Teixeira, 2011" authorityName="Hajdu &amp; Teixeira" authorityYear="2011" box="[708,1102,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Coelosphaeridae" genus="Coelosphaera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hechteli">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D9FF22FD47A2269347FEFF" box="[708,826,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">P. hechteli</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777D9FF22FCC1A2279433FEFE" author="Hajdu" box="[834,1102,332,357]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" refString="Hajdu, E. &amp; Teixeira, J. N. (2011) New or little known demosponges (Porifera) from Espirito Santo coast and seamounts (Brazil). Zoologia, 28 (2), 233 - 248. http: // doi: 10.1590 / S 1984 - 46702011000200013" type="journal article" year="2011">Hajdu &amp; Teixeira, 2011</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(originally 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D9FF22FB55A227914AFE12" authority="Hechtel, 1983" authorityName="Hechtel" authorityYear="1983" class="Demospongiae" family="Coelosphaeridae" genus="Anchinoe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="ramosa">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D9FF22FB55A22795E1FEFE" box="[1238,1436,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Anchinoe ramosa</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777D9FF22FF14A204914AFE12" author="Hechtel" box="[151,311,367,392]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" refString="Hechtel, G. J. (1983) New species of marine Demospongiae from Brazil. Iheringia (Zoologia), 63, 58 - 89." type="journal article" year="1983">Hechtel, 1983</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D9FF22FEFFA21A936EFE12" authority="Hajdu &amp; Teixiera, 2011" authorityName="Hajdu &amp; Teixiera" authorityYear="2011" box="[380,787,367,392]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" genus="Phorbas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="capixaba">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D9FF22FEFFA21A9182FE12" box="[380,511,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">P. capixaba</emphasis>
Hajdu &amp; Teixiera, 2011
</taxonomicName>
, all three from (North-) 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BDA2B7C77D9FF22FB99A20494C3FE12" box="[1050,1214,367,392]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Eastern Brazil</collectingMunicipality>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D9FF22FB79A21A920EFE36" authority="Rutzler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Diaz, 2014" authorityName="Rutzler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Diaz" authorityYear="2014" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" genus="Phorbas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurantiacus">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D9FF22FB79A21A95E1FE12" box="[1274,1436,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">P. aurantiacus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF90CCF777D9FF22FF14A2FF920EFE36" author="Rutzler" box="[151,627,404,429]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" refString="Rutzler, K., Piantoni, C., Van Soest, R. W. M. &amp; Diaz, M. C. (2014) Diversity of sponges (Porifera) from cryptic habitats on the Belize barrier reef near Carrie Bow Cay. Zootaxa, 3805 (1), 1 - 129. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3805.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Rützler, Piantoni, Van Soest &amp; Díaz, 2014</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F316F19677D9FF22FD3AA2FF9379FE37" box="[697,772,404,429]" name="Belize" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Belize</collectingCountry>
. The latter species differs clearly from the present material by its lack of chelae and the possession of stylote tornotes. 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D9FF22FCDEA2D293BCFE4A" box="[861,961,440,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" genus="Phorbas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fusifer">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D9FF22FCDEA2D293BCFE4A" box="[861,961,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">P. fusifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is lobate, has only a single category of acanthostyles and oxeote tornotes. 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D9FF22FDB2A2B692D7FE6F" box="[561,682,476,501]" class="Demospongiae" family="Coelosphaeridae" genus="Coelosphaera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="hechteli">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D9FF22FDB2A2B692D7FE6F" box="[561,682,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">P. hechteli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is an erect branch or digitation, and likewise has only a single category of small acanthostyles. 
<taxonomicName id="4C01CA8577D9FF22FD86A16A92F5FD82" box="[517,648,511,536]" class="Demospongiae" family="Hymedesmiidae" genus="Phorbas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="capixaba">
<emphasis id="B9756D1477D9FF22FD86A16A92F5FD82" box="[517,648,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">P. capixaba</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is bushy, also erect, but more irregular; it has oxeote tornotes and two size categories of arcuate isochelae, unlike the present specimen.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>