388 lines
50 KiB
XML
388 lines
50 KiB
XML
<document id="54D4B339EB5A8CD99AF66C5637A331A4" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4500.4.4" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5297826" ID-ZooBank="9B710DFE-6869-479B-A33F-79045E9A006A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630087696712" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Barker, Stephen C. & Burger, Thomas D." docDate="2018" docId="03E987CEFFBE694B50F4F99EB5CE2958" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4500.4.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4500 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Archaeocroton Barker & Burger 2018, n. gen." docType="treatment" docUuid="1FF9B890-17D5-453F-B88D-91A039ACBEA9" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="549" masterDocId="FFD0FFB6FFBA694D5063FFA0B6422D25" masterDocTitle="Two new genera of hard ticks, Robertsicus n. gen. and Archaeocroton n. gen., and the solution to the mystery of Hoogstraal’s and Kaufman’s “ primitive ” tick from the Carpathian Mountains" masterLastPageNumber="552" masterPageNumber="543" pageNumber="547" updateTime="1699141765977" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:mods id="46DD4750CF4CE9BE6AFB316E3EBE9ABE" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="4749BCD4E5F3676AEAB14DA9B6323A45">
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<mods:title id="9E374B5BAA0892F6831A91ED39AABA2B">Two new genera of hard ticks, Robertsicus n. gen. and Archaeocroton n. gen., and the solution to the mystery of Hoogstraal’s and Kaufman’s “ primitive ” tick from the Carpathian Mountains</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="E2A3730E3119544663776251F93CDA04" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="7459411CD358A7B8BA91A0A1437DBC02">
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<mods:roleTerm id="A1EC17FA14908E0570C47D21F45385AF">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="92E2CEFEA8A8069F759D7745AE72DBF1">Barker, Stephen C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0DBB2B039F47611C674FAA2CCAB37DF2">Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. E-mail: thomas. burger @ uqconnect. edu. au</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="D887682EDB6B728535525B1755DF46F6" type="email">s.barker@uq.edu.au</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name id="C21ACB05FD21439262E4A2294A802B39" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F61A0A0A078A70E88D3025C2FC1E7E1C">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="02637FCC29CF7ACD34F1ECA5ED7B67EA">Burger, Thomas D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5A23E3A36DE5A355F28201C3F29C7D4B">Department of Parasitology, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. E-mail: thomas. burger @ uqconnect. edu. au</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="3896AF1BC81397155CD52E760CB271B3">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="231C2BBBFAD0655A51FF52066EAA2165">
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<mods:title id="4F50E5377B2BA5E052DF321A81C223F5">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="9AFE362DE27EC43AAF542D5FB9CA0947">
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<mods:date id="9277B64A6C1C347AB5DB92C71CA7B5DF">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5532635B14B294667EF29B2339433366">2018-10-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="078BB6E71F7A4FAD19BBE3B31C2B5264" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="45AA0999607F29B9A553F08709E151AF">4500</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="5E16F4979596FC793DF59F02BA4A2542" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="F5EC05654FFF8D0B3C5CF03E5C99635B">4</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="877972E3E7BB9837DB4522D90C68E78E">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="67644546765A91ADFC949DA4DE66D6D9" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4500.4.4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E1CF8B2F6A9A1DB55F67CF326E9C5438" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E987CEFFBE694B50F4F99EB5CE2958" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1FF9B890-17D5-453F-B88D-91A039ACBEA9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E987CEFFBE694B50F4F99EB5CE2958" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="549" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
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<subSubSection id="C35A6553FFBE694950F4F99EB7E72B7C" box="[151,421,1598,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFF36D8FFBE694950F4F99EB7E72B7C" blockId="4.[151,421,1598,1625]" box="[151,421,1598,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
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<heading id="D0B781B4FFBE694950F4F99EB7E72B7C" bold="true" box="[151,421,1598,1625]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE694950F4F99EB7E72B7C" bold="true" box="[151,421,1598,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBE694950F4F99EB70E2B7D" authority="Barker & Burger, 2018" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" box="[151,332,1598,1624]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE694950F4F99EB70E2B7D" bold="true" box="[151,332,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Archaeocroton</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBE69495130F99FB7E72B7C" box="[339,421,1599,1625]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35A6553FFBE694950F4F925B5B02BBB" box="[151,1010,1669,1694]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BFF36D8FFBE694950F4F925B5B02BBB" blockId="4.[151,1010,1669,1694]" box="[151,1010,1669,1694]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
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||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE694950F4F925B7692BBB" bold="true" box="[151,299,1669,1694]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
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<typeStatus id="54FB887AFFBE694950F4F925B6902BBB" box="[151,210,1669,1694]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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</emphasis>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBE69495159F925B5712BBB" ID-CoL="CMJ3" authority="(Dumbleton, 1943)" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[314,819,1669,1694]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti">
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE69495159F925B4142BBB" box="[314,598,1669,1694]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Amblyomma sphenodonti</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBE69495207F925B5692BBB" author="Dumbleton, L. J." box="[612,811,1669,1694]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" pagination="185" refId="ref4692" refString="Dumbleton, L. J. (1943) A new tick from the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). New Zealand Journal of Science & Technology, 24, 185 B - 190 B." type="journal article" year="1943">Dumbleton, 1943</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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(the tuatara tick)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35A6553FFBE694950F4F96DB5242A0B" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFF36D8FFBE694950F4F96DB5242A0B" blockId="4.[151,1437,1741,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE694950F4F96DB72E2BC3" bold="true" box="[151,364,1741,1766]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Type depositories</emphasis>
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: The record of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBE6949524EF96DB5092BC3" author="Guglielmone, A. A. & Robbins, R. G. & Apanaskevich, D. A. & Petney, T. N. & Estrada-Pena, A. & Horak, I. G." box="[557,843,1741,1766]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" refId="ref5071" refString="Guglielmone, A. A., Robbins, R. G., Apanaskevich, D. A., Petney, T. N., Estrada-Pena, A. & Horak, I. G. (2014) The Hard Ticks of the World. Dordrecht Springer, Heidelberg, 713 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 7497 - 1" type="book" year="2014">
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Guglielmone
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE694952A8F96FB54A2BC3" box="[715,776,1741,1766]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">et al.</emphasis>
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2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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(p. 498) about the types is apparently correct: CI (
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<typeStatus id="54FB887AFFBE694950FCF952B7452A2E" box="[159,263,1778,1803]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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),
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<collectionCode id="ED51AE1DFFBE69495142F952B70A2A2E" box="[289,328,1778,1803]" country="Brazil" name="Embrapa Collection of Fungi of Invertebrates" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">CG</collectionCode>
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(
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<typeStatus id="54FB887AFFBE6949513CF952B7812A2E" box="[351,451,1778,1803]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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) (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBE69495183F952B4D32A2E" author="Kaufman, T. S." box="[480,657,1778,1803]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" refId="ref5499" refString="Kaufman, T. S. (1972) A revision of the genus Aponomma Neumann, 1899 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Unpublished Phd thesis University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 389 pp." type="book" year="1972">Kaufman 1972</bibRefCitation>
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under
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBE6949528DF952B5D22A2E" authorityName="Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[750,912,1778,1803]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fimbriatum">
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE6949528DF952B5D22A2E" box="[750,912,1778,1803]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">A. fimbriatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) as
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBE694953ACF952B2A42A2E" authorityName="Dumbleton" authorityYear="1943" box="[975,1254,1778,1803]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Aponomma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti">
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE694953ACF952B2A42A2E" box="[975,1254,1778,1803]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Aponomma sphenodonti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. CI, Cawthorn Institute,
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<collectingRegion id="4984F83AFFBE69495162F8B5B7112A0B" box="[257,339,1813,1838]" country="New Zealand" name="Nelson" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Nelson</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F3577648FFBE6949513DF8B6B7BA2A0B" box="[350,504,1813,1838]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
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;
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<collectionCode id="ED51AE1DFFBE69495260F8B5B4682A0B" box="[515,554,1813,1838]" country="Brazil" name="Embrapa Collection of Fungi of Invertebrates" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">CG</collectionCode>
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, Collection of E.S. Gourlay.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C35A6553FFBE694950A4F89AB4382AC6" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BFF36D8FFBE694950A4F89AB4382AC6" blockId="4.[151,1437,1741,2019]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE694950A4F89AB7032A76" bold="true" box="[199,321,1850,1875]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" reason="1">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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With characteristics of its sole constituent species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBE694953BAF89AB35B2A76" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[985,1305,1850,1875]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE694953BAF89AB35B2A76" box="[985,1305,1850,1875]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Archaeocroton sphenodonti</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE69495548F89AB3DE2A76" bold="true" box="[1323,1436,1850,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBE69495548F89AB3DE2A76" box="[1323,1436,1850,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBE694950FDF8FDB72E2A53" author="Dumbleton, L. J." box="[158,364,1885,1910]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" pagination="185" refId="ref4692" refString="Dumbleton, L. J. (1943) A new tick from the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). New Zealand Journal of Science & Technology, 24, 185 B - 190 B." type="journal article" year="1943">Dumbleton, 1943</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBE694951E1F8FDB4172A53" author="Dumbleton, L. J." box="[386,597,1885,1910]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" pagination="185" refId="ref4692" refString="Dumbleton, L. J. (1943) A new tick from the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). New Zealand Journal of Science & Technology, 24, 185 B - 190 B." type="journal article" year="1943">Dumbleton (1943)</bibRefCitation>
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has detailed diagnoses of the larvae, nymphs, males and females; these diagnoses will not be repeated here.
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBE69495250F822B4A62ABE" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[563,740,1922,1947]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE69495250F822B4A62ABE" box="[563,740,1922,1947]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Ar. sphenodonti</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE6949528FF822B5102ABE" bold="true" box="[748,850,1922,1947]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBE6949528FF822B5102ABE" box="[748,850,1922,1947]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
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||
is the only reptile-tick that is known to be native to
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<collectingCountry id="F3577648FFBE694950F4F806B6822A98" box="[151,192,1958,1981]" name="New Zealand" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">NZ</collectingCountry>
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||
; this information together with the detailed diagnoses of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBE69495336F805B2652A9B" author="Dumbleton, L. J." box="[853,1063,1957,1982]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" pagination="185" refId="ref4692" refString="Dumbleton, L. J. (1943) A new tick from the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). New Zealand Journal of Science & Technology, 24, 185 B - 190 B." type="journal article" year="1943">Dumbleton (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
make
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBE69495414F806B3682A9B" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[1143,1322,1957,1982]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti" status="comb. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE69495414F806B3682A9B" box="[1143,1322,1957,1982]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">Ar. sphenodonti</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBE69495550F805B3DE2A9B" bold="true" box="[1331,1436,1957,1982]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBE69495550F805B3DE2A9B" box="[1331,1436,1957,1982]" pageId="4" pageNumber="547" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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readily distinguishable from all other ticks.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF3F6650FFBF694850F4F867B28F2AF8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5297834" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5297834" box="[151,1229,1991,2013]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5297834/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="548" startId="5.[151,250,1991,2013]" targetBox="[176,1420,193,1979]" targetPageId="5">
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||
<paragraph id="8BFF36D8FFBF694850F4F867B28F2AF8" blockId="5.[151,1229,1991,2013]" box="[151,1229,1991,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">
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<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBF694850F4F867B74E2AF9" bold="true" box="[151,268,1991,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">FIGURE 4</emphasis>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBF6948517AF867B4732AF8" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[281,561,1991,2013]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="548" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBF6948517AF867B4732AF8" box="[281,561,1991,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">Archaeocroton sphenodonti</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBF69485254F867B4D62AF9" bold="true" box="[567,660,1991,2012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="548">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBF69485254F867B4D62AF9" box="[567,660,1991,2012]" pageId="5" pageNumber="548" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
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, horizontal scale bar 1.0 mm; vertical scale bar 2.1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35A6553FFBC694B50A4FF37B69A2C40" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36D8FFBC694B50A4FF37B4282C38" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B50A4FF37B70C2D95" bold="true" box="[199,334,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" reason="1">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The name of this new genus points to the seemingly archaic (plesiomorphic) nature of the lineage of ticks represented by the tuatara tick (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5236FF1CB5652DF0" author="Burger, T. D. & Shao, R. & Beati, L. & Miller, H. & Barker, S. C." box="[597,807,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="45 - 55" refId="ref4425" refString="Burger, T. D., Shao, R., Beati, L., Miller, H. & Barker, S. C. (2012) Phylogenetic analysis of ticks (Acari: Ixodida) using mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes indicates that the genus Amblyomma is polyphyletic. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 64, 45 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.03.004" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Burger
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B52CFFF1DB4A62DF0" box="[684,740,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5351FF1CB52D2DF0" author="Burger, T. & Shao, R. & Barker, S. C." box="[818,879,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="265 - 274" refId="ref4342" refString="Burger, T., Shao, R. & Barker, S. C. (2013) Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes of ticks reveals a deep phylogenetic structure within the genus Haemaphysalis and further elucidates the polyphyly of the genus Amblyomma with respect to Amblyomma sphenodonti and Amblyomma elaphense. Ticks & Tick-borne Diseases, 4, 265 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2013.02.002" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B53E1FF1CB26A2DF0" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" box="[898,1064,188,213]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B53E1FF1CB26A2DF0" box="[898,1064,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Archaeocroton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
means old (
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B54D0FF1CB34C2DF0" box="[1203,1294,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">archaeo</emphasis>
|
||
, Greek) tick (
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B50C3FF41B6AA2DDD" box="[160,232,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">croton</emphasis>
|
||
, Greek). The name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B51A4FF7FB42F2DDD" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" box="[455,621,223,248]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B51A4FF7FB42F2DDD" box="[455,621,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Archaeocroton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is neuter; this should be taken into consideration should other species be added to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B510CFEA4B4572C38" authority="Barker & Burger, 2018" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" box="[367,533,260,285]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B510CFEA4B4572C38" box="[367,533,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Archaeocroton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B527FFEA4B4282C38" bold="true" box="[540,618,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBC694B527FFEA4B4282C38" box="[540,618,260,285]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" rank="genus">n. gen.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36D8FFBC694B50A4FE87B69A2C40" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B50A4FE87B7E22C65" bold="true" box="[199,416,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">New combination.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B51C5FE87B5F92C65" authority="(Dumbleton, 1943)" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[422,955,295,320]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B51C5FE87B49F2C65" box="[422,733,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Archaeocroton sphenodonti</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5288FE87B5F12C65" author="Dumbleton, L. J." box="[747,947,295,320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="185" refId="ref4692" refString="Dumbleton, L. J. (1943) A new tick from the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). New Zealand Journal of Science & Technology, 24, 185 B - 190 B." type="journal article" year="1943">Dumbleton, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B5389FE87B69A2C40" authority="(Dumbleton, 1943)" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B5389FE87B3442C65" box="[1002,1286,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Amblyomma sphenodonti</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5576FE87B6922C40" author="Dumbleton, L. J." pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="185" refId="ref4692" refString="Dumbleton, L. J. (1943) A new tick from the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). New Zealand Journal of Science & Technology, 24, 185 B - 190 B." type="journal article" year="1943">Dumbleton, 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35A6553FFBC694B50A4FECFB5CE2958" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36D8FFBC694B50A4FECFB7D82F18" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B50A4FECFB7792CAD" bold="true" box="[199,315,367,392]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The vernacular name the "tuatara tick" was apparently first used in the refereed scientific literature by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B50DAFE34B7E72C88" author="Godfrey, S. S. & Bull, C. M. & Nelson, N. J." box="[185,421,404,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="374 - 385" refId="ref4803" refString="Godfrey, S. S., Bull, C. M. & Nelson, N. J. (2008) Seasonal and spatial dynamics of ectoparasite infestation of a threatened reptile, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). Medical & Veterinary Entomology, 22, 374 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.2008.00751. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Godfrey
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B517FFE35B7162C88" box="[284,340,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2008)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
although
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5277FE34B4F12C88" author="Ruffell, J. S." box="[532,691,404,429]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" refId="ref5924" refString="Ruffell, J. S. (2005) The use of translocation in tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus punctatus) conservation and relationships between the tuatara and the tick Aponomma sphenodonti (Acari: Ixodida). Unpublished MSc thesis, The University of Auckland, Auckland, pp. 134." type="book" year="2005">Ruffell (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used this name earlier in his unpublished MSc thesis. We too think that “tuatara tick” is a suitable name for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B5203FE18B5532CF5" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Barker & Burger" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[608,785,439,464]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Amblyomma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B5203FE18B5532CF5" box="[608,785,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Ar. sphenodonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B537BFE17B53D2CF5" bold="true" box="[792,895,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBC694B537BFE17B53D2CF5" box="[792,895,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B53E5FE17B2FF2CF5" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[902,1213,439,464]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B53E5FE17B2FF2CF5" box="[902,1213,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Archaeocroton sphenodonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B54A7FE17B3692CF5" bold="true" box="[1220,1323,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBC694B54A7FE17B3692CF5" box="[1220,1323,439,464]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
could not be confused with any other tick in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3577648FFBC694B527CFE7CB4F72CD0" box="[543,693,476,501]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
since the only other hard ticks (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B5443FE7CB2C72CD0" box="[1056,1157,476,501]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ixodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) known in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3577648FFBC694B5566FE7CB3DE2CD0" box="[1285,1436,476,501]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
are eight species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B511BFE5FB7832F3D" box="[376,449,511,536]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B511BFE5FB7832F3D" box="[376,449,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Ixodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and one species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B52C2FE5FB50F2F3D" baseAuthorityName="sensu Hoogstraal & Kim" baseAuthorityYear="1985" box="[673,845,511,536]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B52C2FE5FB50F2F3D" box="[673,845,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Haemaphysalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B533FFDA1B2F82F3D" authority="Neumann, 1901" authorityName="Neumann" authorityYear="1901" box="[860,1210,511,536]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Haemaphysalis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B533FFDA1B5BD2F3D" box="[860,1023,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">H. longicornis</emphasis>
|
||
Neumann, 1901
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B54AAFE5FB3D52F3D" author="Heath, A. C. G. & Palma, R. L. & Cane, R. P. & Hardwick, S." box="[1225,1431,511,536]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="55 - 63" refId="ref5308" refString="Heath, A. C. G., Palma, R. L., Cane, R. P. & Hardwick, S. (2011) Checklist of New Zealand ticks (Acari: Ixodidae, Argasidae). Zootaxa, 2995, 55 - 63." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Heath
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B5575FDA1B3172F3D" box="[1302,1365,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B50F4FD84B7CC2F18" author="Heath, A. C. G. & Palma, R. L." box="[151,398,548,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="285 - 314" refId="ref5246" refString="Heath, A. C. G. & Palma, R. L. (2017) A new species of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) from seabirds in New Zealand and Australia, previously misidentified as Ixodes eudyptidis. Zootaxa, 4324, 285 - 314. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4324.2.3" type="journal article" year="2017">Heath & Palma, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36D8FFBC694B50A4FDE7B3372FA0" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
The colour of the gut and other tissues of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B52CAFDE8B5192F45" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[681,859,583,608]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B52CAFDE8B5192F45" box="[681,859,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Ar. sphenodonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B5300FDE7B5892F45" bold="true" box="[867,971,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBC694B5300FDE7B5892F45" box="[867,971,583,608]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are remarkable in being purplish (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137B2A5DFFBC694B5534FDE7B3D52F45" box="[1367,1431,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1991,2013]" captionTargetBox="[176,1420,193,1979]" captionTargetId="figure-40@5.[176,1421,193,1979]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 4. Archaeocroton sphenodonti n. comb., horizontal scale bar 1.0 mm; vertical scale bar 2.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5297834" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5297834/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Fig 4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B50F4FDCCB71A2FA0" author="Dumbleton, L. J." box="[151,344,620,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="185" refId="ref4692" refString="Dumbleton, L. J. (1943) A new tick from the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). New Zealand Journal of Science & Technology, 24, 185 B - 190 B." type="journal article" year="1943">Dumbleton 1943</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is not known whether this purplish colour is due to the blood of its host or something else.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36D8FFBC694B50A4FD2FB32C2EED" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B50A4FD2FB7BD2F8D" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[199,511,655,680]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B50A4FD2FB7BD2F8D" box="[199,511,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Archaeocroton sphenodonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B526BFD2FB4322F8D" bold="true" box="[520,624,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBC694B526BFD2FB4322F8D" box="[520,624,655,680]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
might be as important to the discipline of tick biology as it's host, the tuatara, is to the biology of reptiles since studying relic species, in particular the genomes and transcriptomes of relic species, might reveal much about archaic worlds. The ticks, order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B53A9FD77B2602FD5" authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[970,1058,727,752]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ixodida</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have a particularly long history; perhaps even back to the Devonian (406-368 million years ago) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B530AFD5CB2312E30" author="Dobson, S. J. & Barker, S. C." box="[873,1139,764,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="288 - 295" refId="ref4632" refString="Dobson, S. J. & Barker, S. C. (1999) Phylogeny of the hard ticks (Ixodidae) inferred from 18 s rRNA indicates that the genus Aponomma is paraphyletic. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 11, 288 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1998.0565" type="journal article" year="1999">Dobson & Barker 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B541DFD5CB3092E30" author="Barker, S. C. & Walker, A. R. & Campelo, D." box="[1150,1355,764,789]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="941 - 953" refId="ref4237" refString="Barker, S. C., Walker, A. R. & Campelo, D. (2014) A list of the 70 species of Australian ticks; diagnostic guides to and species accounts of Ixodes holocyclus (paralysis tick), Ixodes cornuatus (southern paralysis tick) and Rhipicephalus australis (Australian cattle tick); and consideration of the place of Australia in the evolution of ticks with comments on four controversial ideas. International Journal for Parasitology, 44, 941 - 953. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2014.08.008" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
||
Barker
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B54B3FD5DB34A2E30" box="[1232,1288,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, we need all the help we can get to unravel the history of the ticks. The genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B50F4FCE4B70F2E78" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[151,333,836,861]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B50F4FCE4B70F2E78" box="[151,333,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Ar. sphenodonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B5139FCE4B7842E78" bold="true" box="[346,454,836,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBC694B5139FCE4B7842E78" box="[346,454,836,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
might contribute to this endeavour. So far only the mitochondrial genome of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B551FFCE4B7622EA5" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B551FFCE4B7622EA5" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Ar. sphenodonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B5149FCC7B7D62EA5" bold="true" box="[298,404,871,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBC694B5149FCC7B7D62EA5" box="[298,404,871,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has been studied (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5212FCC7B50E2EA5" author="Burger, T. D. & Shao, R. & Beati, L. & Miller, H. & Barker, S. C." box="[625,844,871,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="45 - 55" refId="ref4425" refString="Burger, T. D., Shao, R., Beati, L., Miller, H. & Barker, S. C. (2012) Phylogenetic analysis of ticks (Acari: Ixodida) using mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes indicates that the genus Amblyomma is polyphyletic. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 64, 45 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.03.004" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Burger
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B52A8FCC9B5452EA5" box="[715,775,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5338FCC7B5D72EA5" author="Burger, T. & Shao, R. & Barker, S. C." box="[859,917,871,896]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="265 - 274" refId="ref4342" refString="Burger, T., Shao, R. & Barker, S. C. (2013) Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes of ticks reveals a deep phylogenetic structure within the genus Haemaphysalis and further elucidates the polyphyly of the genus Amblyomma with respect to Amblyomma sphenodonti and Amblyomma elaphense. Ticks & Tick-borne Diseases, 4, 265 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2013.02.002" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and a handful of nuclear genes (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5541FCC7B76E2E80" author="Dobson, S. J. & Barker, S. C." pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="288 - 295" refId="ref4632" refString="Dobson, S. J. & Barker, S. C. (1999) Phylogeny of the hard ticks (Ixodidae) inferred from 18 s rRNA indicates that the genus Aponomma is paraphyletic. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 11, 288 - 295. https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / mpev. 1998.0565" type="journal article" year="1999">Dobson & Barker, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B510BFC2CB4732E80" author="Miller, H. C. & Conrad, A. M. & Barker, S. C. & Daugherty, C. H." box="[360,561,908,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="97 - 105" refId="ref5799" refString="Miller, H. C., Conrad, A. M., Barker, S. C. & Daugherty, C. H. (2007) Distribution and phylogenetic analyses of an endangered tick, Amblyomma sphenodonti. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 34, 97 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014220709510068" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Miller
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B51D5FC2DB7AD2E80" box="[438,495,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, small subunit (18s) rRNA;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5313FC2CB2032E80" author="Burger, T. D. & Shao, R. & Beati, L. & Miller, H. & Barker, S. C." box="[880,1089,908,933]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="45 - 55" refId="ref4425" refString="Burger, T. D., Shao, R., Beati, L., Miller, H. & Barker, S. C. (2012) Phylogenetic analysis of ticks (Acari: Ixodida) using mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes indicates that the genus Amblyomma is polyphyletic. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 64, 45 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.03.004" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Burger
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B53A5FC2DB5BD2E80" box="[966,1023,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, part of the large subunit (28s) rRNA). A deep understanding of modern-day ticks is predicated on an adequate understanding of their history.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFF36D8FFBC694B50A4FC74B5CE2958" blockId="6.[151,1436,151,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
There is apparently no conservation management plan for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C404D5BFFBC694B531EFC74B2702EC8" authorityName="Barker & Burger" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Dumbleton" baseAuthorityYear="1943" box="[893,1074,980,1005]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Archaeocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphenodonti" status="comb. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B531EFC74B2702EC8" box="[893,1074,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">Ar. sphenodonti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B545CFC74B2E82EC8" bold="true" box="[1087,1194,980,1005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20757B1FFBC694B545CFC74B2E82EC8" box="[1087,1194,980,1005]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" rank="species">n. comb.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
although ticks were apparently successfully translocated with their hosts to six islands in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3577648FFBC694B53F9FC58B2722935" box="[922,1072,1015,1040]" name="New Zealand" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
|
||
in a project aimed at conserving their hosts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B517EFBBCB7A42910" author="Ruffell, J. S." box="[285,486,1052,1077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" refId="ref5924" refString="Ruffell, J. S. (2005) The use of translocation in tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus punctatus) conservation and relationships between the tuatara and the tick Aponomma sphenodonti (Acari: Ixodida). Unpublished MSc thesis, The University of Auckland, Auckland, pp. 134." type="book" year="2005">Ruffell 2005 p. 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One thesis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B52E6FBBCB57A2910" author="Kaufman, T. S." box="[645,824,1052,1077]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" refId="ref5499" refString="Kaufman, T. S. (1972) A revision of the genus Aponomma Neumann, 1899 (Acarina: Ixodidae). Unpublished Phd thesis University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 389 pp." type="book" year="1972">Kaufman, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 12 main papers provide information and insight into this species:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5139FB9FB46E297D" author="Dumbleton, L. J." box="[346,556,1087,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="185" refId="ref4692" refString="Dumbleton, L. J. (1943) A new tick from the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). New Zealand Journal of Science & Technology, 24, 185 B - 190 B." type="journal article" year="1943">Dumbleton (1943)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B525BFB9FB485297D" author="Heath, A. C. G." box="[568,711,1087,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="26 - 39" refId="ref5146" refString="Heath, A. C. G. (1977) Zoogeography of the New Zealand tick fauna. Tuatara, 23, 26 - 39." type="journal article" year="1977">Heath (1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B52B1FB9FB54C297D" author="Heath, A. C. G." box="[722,782,1087,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="3 - 12" refId="ref5173" refString="Heath, A. C. G. (2006) A reptile tick, Aponomma sphenodonti Dumbleton (Acari: Ixodidae), parasitic on the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus gray (Reptilia: Rhyncocephalia), in New Zealand: observations on its life history and biology. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 11, 3 - 12. https: // doi. org / 10.11158 / saa. 11.1.1" type="journal article" year="2006">2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5341FB9FB5BE297D" author="Miller, H. C. & Conrad, A. M. & Barker, S. C. & Daugherty, C. H." box="[802,1020,1087,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="97 - 105" refId="ref5799" refString="Miller, H. C., Conrad, A. M., Barker, S. C. & Daugherty, C. H. (2007) Distribution and phylogenetic analyses of an endangered tick, Amblyomma sphenodonti. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 34, 97 - 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014220709510068" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Miller
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B530CFBE1B5E3297D" box="[879,929,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2007)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B546BFB9FB2B2297D" author="Godfrey, S. S. & Bull, C. M. & Nelson, N. J." box="[1032,1264,1087,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="374 - 385" refId="ref4803" refString="Godfrey, S. S., Bull, C. M. & Nelson, N. J. (2008) Seasonal and spatial dynamics of ectoparasite infestation of a threatened reptile, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). Medical & Veterinary Entomology, 22, 374 - 385. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2915.2008.00751. x" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Godfrey
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B540FFBE1B2DF297D" box="[1132,1181,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B549FFB9FB301297D" author="Godfrey, S. S. & Moore, J. A. & Nelson, N. J. & Bull, C. M." box="[1276,1347,1087,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="1575 - 1585" refId="ref4728" refString="Godfrey, S. S., Moore, J. A., Nelson, N. J. & Bull, C. M. (2010 a) Social network structure and parasite infection patterns in a territorial reptile, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). International Journal for Parasitology, 40, 1575 - 1585. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2010.06.002" type="journal article" year="2010">2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B552CFB9FB3DA297D" author="Godfrey, S. S. & Moore, J. A. & Nelson, N. J. & Bull, C. M." box="[1359,1432,1087,1112]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="275 - 286" refId="ref4872" refString="Godfrey, S. S., Moore, J. A., Nelson, N. J. & Bull, C. M. (2010 b) Unravelling causality from correlations: revealing the impacts of endemic ectoparasites on a protected species (tuatara). Parasitology, 137, 275 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182009991314" type="journal article" year="2010">2010b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B50F4FBC4B69F2958" author="Godfrey, S. S. & Nelson, N. J. & Bull, C. M." box="[151,221,1124,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="126 - 139" refId="ref4941" refString="Godfrey, S. S., Nelson, N. J. & Bull, C. M. (2011 a) Ecology and dynamics of the blood parasite, Hepatozoon tuatarae (Apicomplexa), in tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) on Stephens Island, New Zealand. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 47, 126 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.7589 / 0090 - 3558 - 47.1.126" type="journal article" year="2011">2011a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B508BFBC4B7702958" author="Godfrey, S. S. & Nelson, N. J. & Bull, C. M." box="[232,306,1124,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="52 - 60" refId="ref5017" refString="Godfrey, S. S., Nelson, N. J. & Bull, C. M. (2011 b) Microhabitat choice and host-seeking behaviour of the tuatara tick, Amblyomma sphenodonti (Acari: Ixodidae). New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 35, 52 - 60." type="journal article" year="2011">2011b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5126FBC4B4692958" author="Herbert, J. D. & Godfrey, S. S. & Bull, C. M. & Menz, R. I." box="[325,555,1124,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="1311 - 1315" refId="ref5359" refString="Herbert, J. D., Godfrey, S. S., Bull, C. M. & Menz, R. I. (2010) Developmental stages and molecular phylogeny of Hepatozoon tuatarae, a parasite infecting the New Zealand tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus and the tick, Amblyomma sphenodonti. International Journal for Parasitology, 40, 1311 - 1315. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ijpara. 2010.03.018" type="journal article" year="2010">
|
||
Herbert
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B51C2FBC5B79B2958" box="[417,473,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2010)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5202FBC4B57A2958" author="Burger, T. D. & Shao, R. & Beati, L. & Miller, H. & Barker, S. C." box="[609,824,1124,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="45 - 55" refId="ref4425" refString="Burger, T. D., Shao, R., Beati, L., Miller, H. & Barker, S. C. (2012) Phylogenetic analysis of ticks (Acari: Ixodida) using mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes indicates that the genus Amblyomma is polyphyletic. Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution, 64, 45 - 55. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2012.03.004" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Burger
|
||
<emphasis id="B934EACAFFBC694B52D6FBC5B4A42958" box="[693,742,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="549">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD14B29FFBC694B5327FBC4B5C32958" author="Burger, T. & Shao, R. & Barker, S. C." box="[836,897,1124,1149]" pageId="6" pageNumber="549" pagination="265 - 274" refId="ref4342" refString="Burger, T., Shao, R. & Barker, S. C. (2013) Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genomes and nuclear rRNA genes of ticks reveals a deep phylogenetic structure within the genus Haemaphysalis and further elucidates the polyphyly of the genus Amblyomma with respect to Amblyomma sphenodonti and Amblyomma elaphense. Ticks & Tick-borne Diseases, 4, 265 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ttbdis. 2013.02.002" type="journal article" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |