472 lines
53 KiB
XML
472 lines
53 KiB
XML
<document id="EFA9F24CCE10BC943000EF1E3208F161" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.182030" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0b2e6f14-1075-4e4e-b62f-57b13f1955ee" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="182030" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459848496087" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Sarnat, Eli M." docDate="2008" docId="DF17786EFF8EFFE453C32ACBFC2BDC20" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01767p036.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1767" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Pheidole simplispinosa Sarnat, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="28" masterDocId="232E0016FF97FFFF53542A5CFFA8DA5A" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="26" updateTime="1698225084873" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0C8BFBE0F9BAEFBA237B56C171442690">
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<mods:title id="06457FD6FEC2D03CDD690C184ED96F1D">A taxonomic revision of the Pheidole roosevelti - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Fiji</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="452FC58238598FC8838D4BCE0CA80ED2" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="954F6ABDBBEC1314CC3C1D2DFDE21523">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="D0814C62948D7B1E71D2D93154F97F6C">Sarnat, Eli M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="69D102DC28E3E126F597B2836A5A4E96">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="BE91752F0EFE73AC5287C31A433949BB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="4C81A56B3162B906D789CC208221FD24">
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<mods:date id="74B62BCF371C33217AE20B3E144F107C">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="EB633F26AA8DBF025A6F2CD4C767380B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="D72311E6CB44A9FCD1F5114C7ABF17C0">1767</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="714142958F7139A477D5153D64A6EF24">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="F1DF1FD375CCEACBA4352F59D175838F">36</mods:end>
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<mods:classification id="CD6B7BAFB0C03CF347EFEA71FE231B6F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="848654A5244C36B15B6C2556E44375E2" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.182030</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E21536290E810BE33FCA65EA7DC5CA46" type="GBIF-Dataset">0b2e6f14-1075-4e4e-b62f-57b13f1955ee</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D52E3B970F4A4C83B71F7BB6F183C772" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5641E53E1CAC8DA95E641B942DB4167E" type="Zenodo-Dep">182030</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="DF17786EFF8EFFE453C32ACBFC2BDC20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6234379" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119361939" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6234379" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:DF17786EFF8EFFE453C32ACBFC2BDC20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/DF17786EFF8EFFE453C32ACBFC2BDC20" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<subSubSection id="1FA49AF3FF8EFFE653C32ACBFE79DA8E" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE653C32ACBFDF9DAEB" blockId="25.[151,593,151,212]" box="[151,593,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<heading id="0C497E14FF8EFFE653C32ACBFDF9DAEB" bold="true" box="[151,593,151,177]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8EFFE653C32ACBFDF9DAEB" bold="true" box="[151,593,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8EFFE653C32ACBFDA0DAEB" authority="Sarnat" authorityName="Sarnat" box="[151,520,151,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8EFFE653C32ACBFE05DAEB" bold="true" box="[151,429,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pheidole simplispinosa</emphasis>
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||
Sarnat
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="7EF9A811FF8EFFE6515B2ACBFDF9DAEB" box="[527,593,151,177]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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||
</emphasis>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE653C32AE6FE79DA8E" blockId="25.[151,593,151,212]" box="[151,465,186,212]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<figureCitation id="CF85D5FDFF8EFFE653C32AE6FE8CDA8E" box="[151,292,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 32 – 52" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1967,1991]" captionTargetBox="[204,1386,194,1934]" captionTargetId="figure@13.[200,1387,194,1934]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 32 – 52. Minor workers. 32 – 34. Pheidole bula, paratype; 35 – 37. P. colaensis; 38 – 40. P. f u rc a t a, paratype; 41 – 43. P. p e g a s u s, paratype; 44 – 46. P. roosevelti; 47 – 49. P. simplispinosa, paratype; 50 – 52. P. uncagena, paratype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182033/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Figs. 47–49</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CF85D5FDFF8EFFE652642AE6FED4DA8E" box="[304,380,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 53 – 73" captionStartId="14.[151,269,1926,1950]" captionTargetBox="[215,1378,182,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[211,1380,182,1901]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURES 53 – 73. Major workers. 53 – 55. Pheidole bula, holotype; 56 – 58. P. colaensis; 59 – 61. P. furcata, holotype; 62 – 64. P. p e g a s u s, holotype; 65 – 67. P. roosevelti; 68 – 70. P. simplispinosa, holotype; 71 – 73. P. uncagena, holotype." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182034/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">68–70</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="CF85D5FDFF8EFFE652DC2AE6FE79DA8E" box="[392,465,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 74 – 93" captionStartId="15.[151,269,1931,1955]" captionTargetBox="[216,1379,194,1909]" captionTargetId="figure@15.[212,1381,194,1909]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURES 74 – 93. Queens. 74 – 76. Pheidole bula, paratype; 77 – 79. Pheidole colaensis; 80 – 82. Pheidole furcata, paratype; 83 – 85. Pheidole pegasus, paratype; 86 – 88. Pheidole roosevelti; 89 – 91. Pheidole uncagena, queen, paratype; 92. Forewing of Pheidole bula; 93. Hypostoma of Pheidole roosevelti." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182035/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">89–91</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="1FA49AF3FF8EFFE653C32B59FAF2DD75" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE653C32B59FAE5DB1D" blockId="25.[151,1437,261,2038]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<typeStatus id="880577DAFF8EFFE653C32B59FEACDB45" box="[151,260,261,287]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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major,
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<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8EFFE6523D2B59FE35DB45" box="[361,413,261,287]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/g70a-rhe1" name="University of the South Pacific" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<collectingCountry id="2FA989E8FF8EFFE6523D2B59FE35DB45" box="[361,413,261,287]" name="Fiji" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIJI</collectingCountry>
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</collectionCode>
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: Koro I., Mt. Kuitarua
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<quantity id="9046649DFF8EFFE651922B59FCB5DB45" box="[710,797,261,287]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="km" value="3.7">3.7 km</quantity>
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NW Nasau Village,
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<date id="2300EFB8FF8EFFE6577C2B59FB00DB45" box="[1064,1192,261,287]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" value="2005-06-20">
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20.vi.
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<quantity id="9046649DFF8EFFE6573C2B59FB00DB45" box="[1128,1192,261,287]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.00547" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" unit="m" value="2005470.0">2005</quantity>
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</date>
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, 470m, -17.29083°, 179.40183°, primary rainforest, nesting in soil, (
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<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8EFFE651992B71FCCBDB1C" box="[717,867,301,326]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">E. M. Sarnat</emphasis>
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), EMS#2084, CASENT0171106 (
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||
<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8EFFE657A32B71FAE8DB1D" box="[1271,1344,301,327]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FNIC</collectionCode>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE653922B08FA29DBE4" blockId="25.[151,1437,261,2038]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<typeStatus id="880577DAFF8EFFE653922B08FE94DB34" box="[198,316,340,366]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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. From same nest series as
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<typeStatus id="880577DAFF8EFFE651EF2B08FC8EDB34" box="[699,806,340,366]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8EFFE650692B09FBA7DB34" box="[829,1039,341,366]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">1 dealate queen</emphasis>
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(CASENT0171107),
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<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8EFFE6567C2B09FA34DB34" box="[1320,1436,341,366]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">4 majors</emphasis>
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(CASENT0174208, CASENT0174209, CASENT0174211, CASENT0174212),
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<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8EFFE657102B21FB03DBCC" box="[1092,1195,381,406]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">3 minors</emphasis>
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(CASENT0171022, CASENT0174210, CASENT0174213), (
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<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8EFFE651232BF8FD16DBE4" box="[631,702,420,446]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FNIC</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8EFFE6519E2BF8FC8FDBE4" box="[714,807,420,446]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/142r-0w94" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">NMNH</collectionCode>
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,
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<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8EFFE650662BF8FCD7DBE4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" box="[818,895,420,446]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">ANIC</collectionCode>
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); additional specimens in alcohol (
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<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8EFFE656402BF8FADDDBE4" box="[1300,1397,420,446]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/142r-0w94" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">NMNH</collectionCode>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE653922B97FDF2D854" blockId="25.[151,1437,261,2038]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8EFFE653922B97FE91DBBF" bold="true" box="[198,313,459,485]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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||
<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8EFFE653922B97FE9CDBBF" box="[198,308,459,485]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">MAJOR</collectionCode>
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.
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</emphasis>
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TL 5.65–6.78, HL 1.78–1.96, HW 1.64–1.84, CI 0.89–0.93, FL 1.09–1.22, FI 0.60–0.64, SL 0.73–0.84, SI 0.39–0.44 (7 measured).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE653912847FEDAD97E" blockId="25.[151,1437,261,2038]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Head with sides not distinctly broader posterior to eyes than anterior to eyes. Median ocellus occasionally present. Scapes short. Mesonotal process, in profile, truncated into a blunt process without lamellate posterior margin; in dorsal view posterior margin flat to convex. Propodeal spines simple, evenly tapering to a single straight acuminate point without becoming bifurcate or angulate apically. In posterior view, petiole node dorsum strongly excised, sides moderately excised. Postpetiole taller than long, as tall as petiole, steep anterior and posterior faces converging to form an obtusely angulate vertex; in dorsal view subpentagonal with strong lateral projections.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE65391296EFAF7DF0B" blockId="25.[151,1437,261,2038]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Region between frontal carinae with parallel longitudinal carinae extending posteriorly and arcing onto posterolateral corners. Posterolateral lobes, in full face view, with distinct transverse rugae extending from median cleft to posterolateral corners. Sculpture of vertex and posterolateral lobes varies from weakly to densely rugoreticulate. Intercarinular spaces vary from densely foveolate to smooth and shining. Rugoreticulum present between eye and antennal insertion. Antennal scrobe mostly smooth and shining to strongly foveolate. Clypeus smooth and shining; anterior margin without carinae. Lateral and ventrolateral portions of posterolateral lobes lightly sculptured to entirely smooth and shining; posteriorly with transverse striae, discontinuous rugae and shallow oblong impressions. Head venter rugose. Pronotal sculpture varies from dense foveolate ground sculpture overlain by transverse striae to weak foveolate ground sculpture overlain by weak transverse striae. Mesonotum, in dorsal view, varies from foveolate and striate to smooth and shining. Anepisternum weakly rugose. Katepisternum weakly striate. Petiole with apical and posterior faces smooth, laterally and ventrally rugose. Postpetiole dorsum mostly smooth and shining, sides rugose. Basigastral costulae weakly to moderate with interspaces smooth and shining to foveolate; sternite of first gaster segment lightly sculptured laterally. Gaster otherwise smooth and shining. Body reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE653912F03FC57DFFB" blockId="25.[151,1437,261,2038]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8EFFE653912F03FE9DDF23" bold="true" box="[197,309,1375,1401]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8EFFE653912F03FE87DF23" box="[197,303,1375,1401]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">MINOR</collectionCode>
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.
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</emphasis>
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TL 2.96–3.41, HL 0.66–0.75, HW 0.65–0.74, CI 0.98–1.03, FL 0.80–0.91, FI 1.18–1.29, SL 0.77–0.85, SI 1.10–1.23, AE 0.25–0.32,
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<collectingCountry id="2FA989E8FF8EFFE651262FDBFD31DFFB" box="[626,665,1415,1441]" name="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">DE</collectingCountry>
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0.00, PSI 0.00 (10 measured).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE653912FF3FBDEDCCA" blockId="25.[151,1437,261,2038]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Head, in full face view, subcordate, sides convex, posterolateral corners rounded and obtuse, posterior margin concave; in profile, posterolateral corners not pinched. Genal carinae very short and weakly elevated on ventrolateral portion of head. Clypeus with anterior margin convex laterally, concave medially. Frontal carinae terminating before eye level. Mesonotal process truncated into a short process without lamellate or distinct margin; in dorsal view, attachment to mesonotum broad, posterior margin evenly convex. Propodeal spines simple, taper evenly to an acuminate point without distal angle or bifurcation.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE653912CC1FAF2DD75" blockId="25.[151,1437,261,2038]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Head mostly smooth and shining to latitudinally rugulose with densely packed foveolate ground sculpture; ventrally smooth and shining. Clypeus with a few weak carinae attached to anterolateral border. Promesonotum, in dorsal view, transversely rugulose with lightly impressed to densely packed foveolate ground sculpture. Mesopleuron mostly smooth and shining to foveolate. Reddish-brown with paler appendages.</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="1FA49AF3FF8EFFE553912D60FBF3D833" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE653912D60FEB1DD24" blockId="25.[151,1437,261,2038]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
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<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8EFFE653912D60FE9DDD0C" bold="true" box="[197,309,1852,1878]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">QUEEN.</emphasis>
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TL 6.82, HL 1.29, HW 1.37, CI 1.06, SL 0.87, SI 0.68, FL 1.18, FI 0.91, ML 0.83, MI 1.05 (1 measured).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5701C978FF8EFFE553912DD0FDD7DB5B" blockId="25.[151,1437,261,2038]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,152,2017]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Head subquadrate with sides approximately as broad anteriorly as posteriorly. Mesoscutum, in profile, large, greater than half the height of pronotum; in dorsal view, mostly obscuring pronotum. Scutellum, in dorsal view, with posterior portion produced as a weakly elevated subtriangular plate. Propodeal spines simple, evenly tapering to a single straight acuminate point without becoming bifurcate or angulate apically. Petiole broadly cuneate; in posterior view, petiole node dorsum weakly concave. Postpetiole, in dorsal view, subpentagonal with moderate lateral projections.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="5701C978FF8DFFE553912B53FBF3D833" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2017]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Region between frontal carinae with crenulated longitudinal and occasionally branching carinae reach posterior margin. Region between eyes and antennal insertions with elevated crenulated carinae that reach posterolateral corners; intercarinular spaces densely packed with overlapping foveolae. Head venter rugoreticulate. Antennal scrobe foveolate. Clypeus mostly smooth and shining; anterior margin with short carinae laterally, median carinae present. Pronotum rugoreticulate. Mesoscutum, in dorsal view, with straight parallel carinae that run posteriorly towards median. Scutellum mostly smooth and shining. Anepisternum finely rugoreticulate. Katepisternum weakly striate. Petiole rugose. Postpetiole rugulose. First tergite of gaster longitudinally sculptured basally, sculpture immediately posterior to postpetiole longer than length of postpetiole. First sternite of gaster sculptured basally. Reddish-brown with lighter appendages.</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="1FA49AF3FF8DFFE55391282BFCC2D8E3" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8DFFE55391282BFCC2D8E3" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2017]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE55391282BFEFAD8CB" bold="true" box="[197,338,631,657]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE55105282BFD5AD8CA" box="[593,754,631,656]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
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||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE55105282BFD5AD8CA" box="[593,754,631,656]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a noun in apposition derived from the combination of the Latin
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE5525328C3FEC9D8E2" box="[263,353,671,696]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">simplex</emphasis>
|
||
, meaning simple, and
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE5513E28C3FD01D8E2" box="[618,681,671,696]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">spina</emphasis>
|
||
, meaning spine.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FA49AF3FF8DFFE45391289BFBF7D840" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8DFFE55391289BFECED9A3" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2017]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE55391289BFD2DD8BB" bold="true" box="[197,645,711,737]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Diagnosis, distribution and biology.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE551DA289BFC09D8BA" box="[654,929,711,736]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE551DA289BFC09D8BA" box="[654,929,711,736]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pheidole simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most distinctive of all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE55655289BFA3AD8BA" box="[1281,1426,711,736]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE55655289BFA3AD8BA" box="[1281,1426,711,736]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- group species. It is the only member of the group in which the spines are simple and evenly straight without becoming modified into distal angles or bifurcations. The mesonotal process so prominent in other all other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE556D2294BFEA2D902" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE556D2294BFEA2D902" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group species is truncated into a blunt process such that the angle between the dorsal face of the mesonotum and the mesonotal declivity is obtuse (i.e.,>90°). Beyond the simplified spine and mesonotal process,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE5538E29D3FE33D9F2" box="[218,411,911,936]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE5538E29D3FE33D9F2" box="[218,411,911,936]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also the smallest of this group and has the shortest limbs relative to its size. The queens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE5524729EBFE7BD98A" box="[275,467,951,976]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE5524729EBFE7BD98A" box="[275,467,951,976]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, like those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE551D629EBFCBBD98A" box="[642,787,951,976]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE551D629EBFCBBD98A" box="[642,787,951,976]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE5500429EBFC62D98A" box="[848,970,951,976]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. p e g a s u s</emphasis>
|
||
, are characterized by their well-developed mesosomas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8DFFE553912E5BFEB8DE2B" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2017]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Although single turret nests were observed, the species is also capable of constructing nests with multiple entrances. One such nest, from Mt. Delaikoro on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE551B82E73FCD6DE13" authority="Levu" authorityName="Levu" box="[748,894,1071,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Tropiduchidae" genus="Vanua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vanua Levu</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was composed of irregular mounds of excavated soil.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8DFFE553922E23FF73DF63" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2017]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE553922E23FE74DEC2" box="[198,476,1151,1176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE553922E23FE74DEC2" box="[198,476,1151,1176]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pheidole simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a range within the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FA989E8FF8DFFE5505E2E23FC9BDEC3" box="[778,819,1151,1177]" name="Fiji" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fiji</collectingCountry>
|
||
archipelago rivaled only by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE557C82E23FA99DEC2" box="[1180,1329,1151,1176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE557C82E23FA99DEC2" box="[1180,1329,1151,1176]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Like
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE556D22E23FEB8DE9A" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE556D22E23FEA4DE9A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">P. roosevelti</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
this species tolerance of lower elevation habitat (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CF85D5FDFF8DFFE550312EFBFC16DE9B" box="[869,958,1191,1217]" captionStart="FIGURE 95" captionStartId="31.[151,255,751,775]" captionTargetBox="[313,1276,268,722]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[313,1277,166,728]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 95. Geographical and elevational distribution of Pheidole roosevelti - group species. Elevation bars include + / - 50 meters of known range. VL = Viti Levu, VN = Vanua Levu, TA = Taveuni, KV = Kadavu, KR = Koro, LA = Ovalau." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182037/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
|
||
), may serve as some explanation for its wide range. The two species, however, are entirely allopatric. Whereas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE550892E93FBC5DEB2" box="[989,1133,1231,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE550892E93FBC5DEB2" box="[989,1133,1231,1256]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
claims the more southern islands of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FA989E8FF8DFFE552452EABFE95DF4B" box="[273,317,1271,1297]" name="Fiji" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Viti</collectingCountry>
|
||
Levu and Ovalau,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE551752EABFD77DF4A" box="[545,735,1271,1296]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE551752EABFD77DF4A" box="[545,735,1271,1296]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in the northern islands of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE5573A2EABFF73DF63" authority="Levu, Taveuni and Koro." authorityName="Levu, Taveuni and Koro." class="Insecta" family="Tropiduchidae" genus="Vanua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Koro.</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8DFFE553922F1BFAB8DC93" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2017]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
A significant variation in sculpture is associated with the geography of
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE557452F1BFB70DF3A" box="[1041,1240,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE557452F1BFB7CDF3A" box="[1041,1236,1351,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">P. simplispinosa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The Koro material, including the
|
||
<typeStatus id="880577DAFF8DFFE552202F33FE0FDFD3" box="[372,423,1391,1417]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series, exhibits the strongest rugulae on the face and body and the most dense, well defined foveolate ground sculpture. The Taveuni specimens, with only faint hints of facial foveolae and weak mesosomal rugulae, occupy the opposing end of the phenotypic spectrum. Were it not for the intermediate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE553C32FBBFE8CDC5B" authority="Levu" authorityName="Levu" box="[151,292,1511,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Tropiduchidae" genus="Vanua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vanua Levu</taxonomicName>
|
||
material, these contrasting morphologies might argue for the designation of separate species. Fortunately, enough collections of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE551532C53FD6DDC72" box="[519,709,1551,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE551532C53FD6DDC72" box="[519,709,1551,1576]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been made on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE550E32C53FBECDC73" authority="Levu" authorityName="Levu" box="[951,1092,1551,1577]" class="Insecta" family="Tropiduchidae" genus="Vanua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vanua Levu</taxonomicName>
|
||
to study morphological variation on the longitudinal axis. When specimens are arranged according to longitude, it becomes apparent that the strength of sculpture diminishes eastwards as the collections approach Taveuni. If sculpture strength can be used as a surrogate for relationship, it suggests that more gene flow occurs between populations from western
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE553972CF3FE60DC93" authority="Levu and Koro" authorityName="Levu and Koro" box="[195,456,1711,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Tropiduchidae" genus="Vanua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vanua Levu and Koro</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and eastern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE551342CF3FC2FDC93" authority="Levu and Taveuni" authorityName="Levu and Taveuni" box="[608,903,1711,1737]" class="Insecta" family="Tropiduchidae" genus="Vanua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Vanua Levu and Taveuni</taxonomicName>
|
||
, than between Koro and Taveuni.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8DFFE553922C8BFB86DDCB" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2017]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
While further study of the population structure of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE5504D2C8BFC70DCAA" box="[793,984,1751,1776]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE5504D2C8BFC70DCAA" box="[793,984,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may reveal illuminating patterns concerning phylogeographic patterns within the archipelago, perplexing questions surround the evolution of this species within the larger context of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE551312D7BFD5EDD1A" box="[613,758,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE551312D7BFD5EDD1A" box="[613,758,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE550062D7BFBCBDD1A" box="[850,1123,1831,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE550062D7BFBCBDD1A" box="[850,1123,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Pheidole simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with its simple propodeal spines, truncated mesonotal process, and divergent anatomical proportions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="CF85D5FDFF8DFFE557782D13FB2DDD33" box="[1068,1157,1871,1897]" captionStart="FIGURE 94" captionStartId="29.[151,255,1962,1986]" captionTargetBox="[164,1425,194,1937]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[163,1426,194,1938]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 94. Relative morphometric measurements of Pheidole roosevelti - group species: (a) scape length vs. head length for major workers, (b) head width vs, mesonotal length for queen caste." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182036/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
|
||
) does not immediately suggest itself as a close relative to any of the other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE551B92D2BFCD4DDCA" box="[749,892,1911,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE551B92D2BFCD4DDCA" box="[749,892,1911,1936]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8DFFE553912DC3FA31DDBA" blockId="26.[151,1437,152,2017]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
|
||
Several hypotheses can be proposed to explain the relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8DFFE5508C2DC3FB3FDDE2" box="[984,1175,1951,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE5508C2DC3FB3FDDE2" box="[984,1175,1951,1976]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the other members of the group. The first hypothesis submits that
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE551B22D9BFC0EDDBA" box="[742,934,1991,2016]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. s i m p l i s p i n o s a</emphasis>
|
||
is sister to all other members of the
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8DFFE556D22D9BFA31DDBA" box="[1414,1433,1991,2016]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8CFFE453C32AC4FBE4DBF8" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,1658]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE453C32AC4FEA2DAEB" box="[151,266,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE453C32AC4FEA2DAEB" box="[151,266,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group. If this hypothesis is supported, it allows for the possibility that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE457ED2AC4FAE6DAEB" box="[1209,1358,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE457ED2AC4FAE6DAEB" box="[1209,1358,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">P. roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group descended from a hypothetical ancestor that, with neither modified propodeal spines nor a mesonotal process, more closely resembled typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE4514A2AB4FD2EDB5B" box="[542,646,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4514A2AB4FD2EDB5B" box="[542,646,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pheidole</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The second hypothesis submits that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE457EE2AB4FAD4DB5B" box="[1210,1404,232,257]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE457EE2AB4FAD4DB5B" box="[1210,1404,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">P. simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is nested within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE452312B4CFE5DDB73" box="[357,501,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE452312B4CFE5DDB73" box="[357,501,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">P. roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group. If
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE4513F2B4CFC80DB73" box="[619,808,272,297]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4513F2B4CFC80DB73" box="[619,808,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">P. simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is, in fact, nested within the group, it predicts that the species is derived from an ancestor that bore modified propodeal spines and an extended mesonotal process. In this scenario, the secondary reductions of propodeal spines and mesonotum render the similarities between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE453C32BD4FEFDDBFB" box="[151,341,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simplispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE453C32BD4FEFDDBFB" box="[151,341,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">P. simplispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE452DA2BD4FE5EDBFB" box="[398,502,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE452DA2BD4FE5EDBFB" box="[398,502,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Pheidole</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species outside the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE451B42BD4FCD8DBFB" box="[736,880,392,417]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roosevelti">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE451B42BD4FCD8DBFB" box="[736,880,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">P. roosevelti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group homoplasy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8CFFE453922BECFBF7D840" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,1658]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
A thorough multi-gene phylogeny with appropriate outgroup taxa (including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE457072BECFB53DB93" box="[1107,1275,432,457]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrispinosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE457072BECFB53DB93" box="[1107,1275,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">quadrispinosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE456032BECFF5CDBAB" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadricuspis">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE456032BECFF5CDBAB" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">quadricuspis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE452282B84FDA8DBAB" box="[380,512,472,497]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pheidole" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cervicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE452282B84FDA8DBAB" box="[380,512,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">cervicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-group species) will help to resolve both population and species level relationships of this enigmatic ant, and serve as a tool for testing the proposed hypotheses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="1FA49AF3FF8CFFE45391287BFC2BDC20" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="5701C978FF8CFFE45391287BFC2BDC20" blockId="27.[151,1437,152,1658]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE45391287BFDE6D81B" bold="true" box="[197,590,551,577]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Additional material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8CFFE451082874FD27D818" box="[604,655,552,578]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/g70a-rhe1" name="University of the South Pacific" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="2FA989E8FF8CFFE451082874FD27D818" box="[604,655,552,578]" name="Fiji" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIJI</collectingCountry>
|
||
</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE451CB287BFD73D81B" bold="true" box="[671,731,551,577]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Koro</emphasis>
|
||
: Mt. Kuitarua
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE450CE2874FC5AD818" box="[922,1010,552,578]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="3.1">3.1 km</quantity>
|
||
WNW Nasau Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE456432874FA3FD818" box="[1303,1431,552,578]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2005-06-20">
|
||
20.vi.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE456032874FA3FD818" box="[1367,1431,552,578]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.00544" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2005440.0">2005</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 440m, -17.29528°, 179.40433°, primary rainforest, nesting in dead tree fern, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE45715280CFB73D833" box="[1089,1243,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. M. Sarnat</emphasis>
|
||
), EMS#2097,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE456D9280CFF41D8CB" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">3 majors</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174223 – CASENT0174225); Mt. Kuitarua
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE450282824FC1ED8C8" box="[892,950,632,658]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="4.0">4 km</quantity>
|
||
WNW Nasau Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE457972824FA9DD8C8" box="[1219,1333,632,658]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2003-03-07">
|
||
7.iii.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE457A02824FA9DD8C8" box="[1268,1333,632,658]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.00338" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2003380.0">2003</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 380m, - 17.29528°, 179.40433°, lowland rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE450EE28FCFBFCD8E3" box="[954,1108,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. M. Sarnat</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8CFFE4573B28FCFB1FD8E0" box="[1135,1207,672,698]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FJKR</collectionCode>
|
||
312_K01,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4566628FCFA34D8E3" box="[1330,1436,672,697]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">9 minors</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174226 – CASENT0174234); Mt. Nabukala 5.0 km WSW Nasau Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE457F82894FA86D8B8" box="[1196,1326,712,738]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2005-03-15">
|
||
15.iii.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE457B82894FA86D8B8" box="[1260,1326,712,738]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0055199999999997" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2005520.0">2005</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 520m, - 17.31250°, 179.38617°, primary rainforest, in soil, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE451A928ACFC3DD953" box="[765,917,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. M. Sarnat</emphasis>
|
||
), EMS#1906,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4571628ACFB02D953" box="[1090,1194,752,777]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">6 majors</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174214, CASENT0174215, CASENT0174217, CASENT0174218, CASENT0174220, CASENT0174221),
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE456662944FA33D96B" box="[1330,1435,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">3 minors</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174216, CASENT0174219, CASENT0174222);
|
||
<taxonomicName id="90BEB2FBFF8CFFE4502F2963FBBDD903" authority="Levu" authorityName="Levu" box="[891,1045,831,857]" class="Insecta" family="Tropiduchidae" genus="Vanua" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4502F2963FBBDD903" bold="true" box="[891,1045,831,857]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Vanua Levu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE4577A291CFBDAD900" box="[1070,1138,832,858]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
NNW Kasavu Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE453C32934FE80D9D8" box="[151,296,872,898]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2003-08-28">
|
||
28.viii.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE453BC2934FE80D9D8" box="[232,296,872,898]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0033" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2003300.0">2003</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 300m, -16.62000°, 179.83333°, lowland rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE457A52934FA22D9DB" box="[1265,1418,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A. Rakabula</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8CFFE453C329CCFF48D9F0" box="[151,224,912,938]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FJVN</collectionCode>
|
||
330_K01,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4520F29CCFE11D9F3" box="[347,441,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">1 minor</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174251);
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE4519429CCFD57D9F0" box="[704,767,912,938]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
NNW Kasavu Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE4574A29CCFB07D9F0" box="[1054,1199,912,938]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2003-08-29">
|
||
29.viii.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE4573B29CCFB07D9F0" box="[1135,1199,912,938]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0033" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2003300.0">2003</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 300m, -16.71639°, 179.66333°, lowland rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE450C629E4FB9BD98B" box="[914,1075,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">A. Rakabula</emphasis>
|
||
),
|
||
<collectionCode id="31AF51BDFF8CFFE4570929E4FB0DD988" box="[1117,1189,952,978]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FJVN</collectionCode>
|
||
330_K02,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4567B29E4FA34D98B" box="[1327,1436,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">1 minor</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174252); Mt. Delaikoro
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE4511629BCFD3CD9A0" box="[578,660,992,1018]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="3.7">3.7 km</quantity>
|
||
SE Dogoru Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE450DF29BCFBB3D9A0" box="[907,1051,992,1018]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2006-08-31">
|
||
31.viii.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE4508E29BCFBB3D9A0" box="[986,1051,992,1018]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.006699" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2006699.0">2006</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 699m, -16.57525°, 179.31638°, mid-elevation rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE451802E54FC2CDE7B" box="[724,900,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. P. Economo</emphasis>
|
||
), EPE#62,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4575A2E54FBC4DE7B" box="[1038,1132,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">1 minor</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174253); Mt. Delaikoro
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE452402E6CFECFDE10" box="[276,359,1072,1098]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.7" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="3.7">3.7 km</quantity>
|
||
SE Dogoru Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE4510B2E6CFD47DE10" box="[607,751,1072,1098]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2006-08-31">
|
||
31.viii.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE451FA2E6CFD47DE10" box="[686,751,1072,1098]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.006699" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2006699.0">2006</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 699m, -16.57525°, 179.31638°, mid-elevation rainforest, nesting in soil, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE452DB2E04FDE4DE2B" box="[399,588,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. M. Sarnat</emphasis>
|
||
), EMS#2375,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE450752E04FC34DE2B" box="[801,924,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">7 majors</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174240, CASENT0174241, CASENT0174243, CASENT0174244, CASENT0174246, CASENT0174248, CASENT0174249),
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE456662EDCFA33DEC3" box="[1330,1435,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">4 minors</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174242, CASENT0174245, CASENT0174247, CASENT0174250); Mt. Vatudiri
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE456702EF4FAF0DE98" box="[1316,1368,1192,1218]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="3.0">3km</quantity>
|
||
NW Waisali Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE452082E8CFE65DEB0" box="[348,461,1232,1258]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2006-09-02">
|
||
2.ix.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE452DF2E8CFE65DEB0" box="[395,461,1232,1258]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.00657" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2006570.0">2006</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 570m, -16.62905°, 179.21103°, mid-elevation rainforest, from turret nest in bare soil, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4538B2EA4FE29DF4B" box="[223,385,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. M. Sarnat</emphasis>
|
||
), EMS#2396,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4516D2EA4FD0EDF4B" box="[569,678,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">3 majors</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174235, CASENT0174236, CASENT0174238),
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE456D92EA4FF41DF63" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">2 minors</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174237, CASENT0174239); Mt. Vatudiri
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE4502D2F7CFC05DF60" box="[889,941,1312,1338]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="3.0">3km</quantity>
|
||
NW Waisali Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE457E82F7CFA86DF60" box="[1212,1326,1312,1338]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2006-09-02">
|
||
2.ix.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE457B82F7CFA86DF60" box="[1260,1326,1312,1338]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.00657" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2006570.0">2006</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 570m, - 16.62905°, 179.21103°, mid-elevation rainforest, from sifted leaf litter, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE450AB2F14FB19DF3B" box="[1023,1201,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. P. Economo</emphasis>
|
||
), EPE#79,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE456692F14FA34DF3B" box="[1341,1436,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">1 minor</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174254);
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE452CE2F33FE53DFD3" bold="true" box="[410,507,1391,1417]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Taveuni</emphasis>
|
||
: Devo Peak
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE451FC2F2CFCAADFD0" box="[680,770,1392,1418]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="3.6">3.6 km</quantity>
|
||
SE Tavuki Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE457582F2CFB24DFD0" box="[1036,1164,1392,1418]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2005-06-17">
|
||
17.vi.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE4571E2F2CFB24DFD0" box="[1098,1164,1392,1418]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.005734" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2005734.0">2005</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 734m, -16.83056°, - 179.97433°, garden/primary rainforest edge, from sifted leaf litter, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE450B42FC4FB2ADFEB" box="[992,1154,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. M. Sarnat</emphasis>
|
||
), EMS#1949,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4566E2FC4FA34DFEB" box="[1338,1436,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">1 major</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174255),
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE452C52F9CFE50DF83" box="[401,504,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">2 minors</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174256, CASENT0174257); Devo Peak
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE457332F9CFB11DF80" box="[1127,1209,1472,1498]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="3.6">3.6 km</quantity>
|
||
SE Tavuki Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE453C32FB4FEBEDC58" box="[151,278,1512,1538]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2005-06-17">
|
||
17.vi.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE453802FB4FEBEDC58" box="[212,278,1512,1538]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.005734" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2005734.0">2005</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 734m, -16.83056°, -179.97433°, garden/primary rainforest edge, from sifted leaf litter, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE456772FB4FF14DC73" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. M. Sarnat</emphasis>
|
||
), EMS#2069,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE452382C4CFE7EDC73" box="[364,470,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">3 minors</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174258 – CASENT0174260); Devo Peak
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE4570B2C4CFB1BDC70" box="[1119,1203,1552,1578]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="km" value="3.9">3.9 km</quantity>
|
||
SE Tavuki Village,
|
||
<date id="2300EFB8FF8CFFE453C32C64FEBEDC08" box="[151,278,1592,1618]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" value="2005-06-17">
|
||
17.vi.
|
||
<quantity id="9046649DFF8CFFE453802C64FEBEDC08" box="[212,278,1592,1618]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.005775" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="2005775.0">2005</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 775m, -16.83278°, -179.97343°, primary rainforest edge, from sifted leaf litter, (
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE457A42C64FA23DC0B" box="[1264,1419,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">E. M. Sarnat</emphasis>
|
||
), EMS#2068,
|
||
<emphasis id="65CA156AFF8CFFE4527F2C3CFE3ADC23" box="[299,402,1632,1657]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">3 minors</emphasis>
|
||
(CASENT0174261 – CASENT0174263).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |