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<document id="33EA4179449C6DAC0D3FBCA71DB02A54" ID-CLB-Dataset="21272" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" ID-GBIF-Dataset="05d1bac2-fe53-42ba-a04d-bc4828adaf4e" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3990100" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1597771971732" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Liseki, Steven D. &amp; Vane-Wright, Richard I." docDate="2015" docId="03E687FCFFBDFF9E4926FEE4FC83FC46" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.50.13-14.865-904.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 50" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2015.1091106" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Charaxes (Charaxes) xiphares subsp. kilimensis van Someren 1969" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="894" masterDocId="FFDFFF84FFA0FF834804FFE3FFBEFFB1" masterDocTitle="Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae" masterLastPageNumber="904" masterPageNumber="865" pageNumber="894" updateTime="1698844713879" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="E44260C247D5461C13007534B914E06E">Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="634611E1A58AFF8047CB4F8AEE0FD9F8">Liseki, Steven D.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="CFED3A54D5E9F81A940F864C532DA5E8">Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute, Arusha, Tanzania; &amp; Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK;</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="73AD99177E0FCCB8AA864E85780A47E7">Vane-Wright, Richard I.</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBDFF9E4926FEE4FBBFFE91" ID-CoL="5GDVN" authority="van Someren, 1969" authorityName="van Someren" authorityYear="1969" box="[290,1025,263,288]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="xiphares" subGenus="Charaxes" subSpecies="kilimensis">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4926FEE4FCADFE91" bold="true" box="[290,787,263,288]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4926FEE4FE2DFE91" bold="true" box="[290,403,263,288]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">Charaxes</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E49A1FEE4FDA8FE91" bold="true" box="[421,534,263,288]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">Charaxes</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4A2CFEE4FCADFE91" bold="true" box="[552,787,263,288]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">xiphares kilimensis</emphasis>
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBDFF9E4B18FEE4FBBFFE91" author="van Someren VGL" box="[796,1025,263,288]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" pagination="75 - 166" refId="ref24096" refString="van Someren VGL. 1969. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part V. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 23: 75 - 166, 29 pls." type="book chapter" year="1969">van Someren, 1969</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3556561FFBDFF9E48A4FEDFFEF5FDB0" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBDFF9E48A4FEDFFEF5FDB0" blockId="29.[160,1156,315,513]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBDFF9E48A4FEDFFECFFEE5" author="van Someren VGL" box="[160,369,316,340]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" pagination="75 - 166" refId="ref24096" refString="van Someren VGL. 1969. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part V. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 23: 75 - 166, 29 pls." type="book chapter" year="1969">van Someren 1969</bibRefCitation>
: pl. 28, figs 244
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4A1AFED8FD95FEE2" box="[542,555,315,339]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894"></emphasis>
245, 247
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4A8EFED8FD29FEE2" box="[650,663,315,339]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894"></emphasis>
248; 1972: pl. 12, figs 96,97. SI: Figure 27e
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4C63FED8FBCAFEE2" box="[1127,1140,315,339]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894"></emphasis>
h (
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E48CCFEBDFED9FEC7" box="[200,359,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">C. x. kilimensis</emphasis>
female, and
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C. x.
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBDFF9E4A31FEBDFD39FEC7" ID-CoL="TN79" authorityName="Joicey and Talbot" authorityYear="1918" box="[565,647,350,374]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maudei">maudei</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
male). Size: male
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBDFF9E491EFE62FED3FE28" box="[282,365,385,409]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" unit="mm" value="49.0">49 mm</quantity>
; female
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBDFF9E49CAFE62FDA0FE28" box="[462,542,385,409]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" unit="mm" value="55.0">55 mm</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBDFF9E4A29FE62FCBAFE28" author="van Someren VGL" box="[557,772,385,409]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" pagination="75 - 166" refId="ref24096" refString="van Someren VGL. 1969. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part V. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 23: 75 - 166, 29 pls." type="book chapter" year="1969">van Someren 1969</bibRefCitation>
, p. 83). Forewing length (based on
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E49D3FE47FDBBFE0D" box="[471,517,420,444]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">C. x.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBDFF9E4A0FFE47FCCEFE0D" ID-CoL="TN79" authority="Joicey and Talbot, 1918" authorityName="Joicey and Talbot" authorityYear="1918" box="[523,880,420,444]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maudei">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4A0FFE47FDE3FE0D" box="[523,605,420,444]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">maudei</emphasis>
Joicey and Talbot, 1918
</taxonomicName>
): male
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45
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50 mm
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[mean (
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E48CCFE25FF68FE6F" box="[200,214,454,478]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">n</emphasis>
= 8)
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBDFF9E4926FE25FE24FE6F" box="[290,410,454,478]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.755" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" unit="mm" value="47.55">47.55 mm</quantity>
, SD = 1.366]; female
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48.5
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56.5 mm
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[mean (
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4BAAFE25FC02FE6F" box="[942,956,454,478]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">n</emphasis>
= 4)
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, SD = 2.986].
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3556561FFBDFF9E48A4FDF8FC83FC46" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBDFF9E48A4FDF8FC4FFDC8" blockId="29.[160,1156,539,633]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">
Note: See Appendix 7 regarding the date of publication of this taxon.
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBDFF9E4BBFFDF8FBDFFD82" author="Henning SF" box="[955,1121,539,563]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" refId="ref22224" refString="Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe." type="book" year="1989">Henning (1989</bibRefCitation>
, p. 173) states that it has an intermediate phenotype between
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4B56FDDDFB9DFDE7" box="[850,1059,574,598]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">C. k. brevicaudatus</emphasis>
Schultz, 1914, with short hindwing tails, and
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBDFF9E4A40FD82FCBFFDC8" authorityName="Joicey and Talbot" authorityYear="1918" box="[580,769,609,633]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="maudei">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4A40FD82FCBFFDC8" box="[580,769,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">Charaxes maudei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with very long tails.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBDFF9E48A4FD46FF42FD0E" blockId="29.[160,1156,677,1015]" box="[160,252,677,703]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">
<heading id="D0B88186FFBDFF9E48A4FD46FF42FD0E" box="[160,252,677,703]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E48A4FD46FF42FD0E" bold="true" box="[160,252,677,703]" inLineHeading="true" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" reason="3">Records</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBDFF9E48A4FD2AFC83FC46" blockId="29.[160,1156,677,1015]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">
The
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locality is
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Lower slopes of West
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFBDFF9E4A74FD2AFD50FD50" box="[624,750,713,737]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
at Maua Estate
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4B9DFD2AFC21FD50" box="[921,927,713,737]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894"></emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBDFF9E4BAFFD2AFBC0FD50" author="van Someren VGL" box="[939,1150,713,737]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" pagination="75 - 166" refId="ref24096" refString="van Someren VGL. 1969. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part V. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 23: 75 - 166, 29 pls." type="book chapter" year="1969">van Someren 1969</bibRefCitation>
, p. 84). Apparently confined to montane forest on the west side of the mountain. Very few specimens are known of this rare endemic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBDFF9E4AEAFCECFC30FC96" author="Kielland J" box="[750,910,783,807]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" refId="ref22372" refString="Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="1990">Kielland 1990</bibRefCitation>
, p. 112); it was not encountered by
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBDFF9E4966FCD2FE4CFCF8" author="Liseki SD" box="[354,498,817,841]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" refId="ref22668" refString="Liseki SD 2009. Butterfly diversity and its relevance to conservation in north-eastern Tanzania [PhD thesis]. Canterbury (UK): University of Kent." type="book" year="2009">Liseki (2009)</bibRefCitation>
, and we know of no specimens other than the original
<typeStatus id="54F48848FFBDFF9E48A4FCB7FF6CFCDD" box="[160,210,852,876]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">type</typeStatus>
material (only the female of which was deposited in BMNH
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4B8BFCB7FC22FCDD" box="[911,924,852,876]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894"></emphasis>
see Appendix 7). In addition to
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E492DFC94FE2FFC3E" box="[297,401,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">kilimensis</emphasis>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBDFF9E49A5FC94FDF4FC3E" author="Kielland J" box="[417,586,887,911]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" refId="ref22372" refString="Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990)</bibRefCitation>
records six other subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBDFF9E4BC6FC94FF60FC00" authority="(Stoll, 1781)" baseAuthorityName="Stoll" baseAuthorityYear="1781" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xiphares">
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBDFF9E4BC6FC94FB85FC3E" box="[962,1083,887,911]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">C. xiphares</emphasis>
(Stoll, 1781)
</taxonomicName>
from
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBDFF9E4923FC7AFE33FC00" box="[295,397,921,945]" name="Tanzania" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
. In total,
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBDFF9E49FFFC7AFD6CFC00" author="Ackery PR &amp; Smith CR &amp; Vane-Wright RI" box="[507,722,921,945]" pageId="29" pageNumber="894" refId="ref20969" refString="Ackery PR, Smith CR, Vane-Wright RI, editors. 1995. Carcasson ' s African Butterflies: an annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical Region. East Melbourne: CSIRO." type="book" year="1995">Ackery et al. (1995</bibRefCitation>
, p. 461,462) list 22 subspecies of this east African highland forest butterfly (to which at least two more must now be added), distributed from
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBDFF9E4966FC3CFE18FC46" box="[354,422,991,1015]" name="Kenya" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBDFF9E49E6FC3CFD84FC46" box="[482,570,991,1015]" name="Uganda" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">Uganda</collectingCountry>
south to
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBDFF9E4AAFFC3CFC87FC46" box="[683,825,991,1015]" name="South Africa" pageId="29" pageNumber="894">South Africa</collectingCountry>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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