217 lines
23 KiB
XML
217 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="A6E0E521A242045C1CAD5A73731ECFFE">Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) of Mount Kilimanjaro: Nymphalidae subfamilies Libytheinae, Danainae, Satyrinae and Charaxinae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D8C03502FB37854AB6FB3B22A5F8917C">Vane-Wright, Richard I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A5971B50D72F37849EA29DE22929BC69">Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; & Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK; & School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="599E0F7EED42D13F9F87D73D02368373">2015</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03E687FCFFBBFF984998FECAFD95FB15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4339068" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167186695" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4339068" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687FCFFBBFF984998FECAFD95FB15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687FCFFBBFF984998FECAFD95FB15" lastPageNumber="892" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF984998FECAFC39FEF3" ID-CoL="9BMY5" authority="Butler, 1866" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1866" box="[412,903,297,322]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saturnus" subGenus="Charaxes">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984998FECAFDBAFEF3" box="[412,516,297,322]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Charaxes</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984A11FECAFDC3FEF3" box="[533,637,297,322]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Charaxes</emphasis>
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)
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||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984A8AFECAFD4EFEF3" box="[654,752,297,322]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">saturnus</emphasis>
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Butler, 1866
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</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3556561FFBBFF9848A4FEBDFDF0FE28" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBBFF9848A4FEBDFDF0FE28" blockId="27.[160,1155,350,513]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF9848A4FEBDFED7FEC7" author="Henning SF" box="[160,361,350,374]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref22224" refString="Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe." type="book" year="1989">Henning 1989: 88</bibRefCitation>
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||
,89 (9 figs, as
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF984A06FEBDFD01FEC7" ID-CoL="5GDRN" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1866" box="[514,703,350,374]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="jasius" subSpecies="saturnus">
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||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984A06FEBDFD01FEC7" box="[514,703,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">C. jasius saturnus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF984AD0FEBDFCE2FEC7" author="Larsen TB" box="[724,860,350,374]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref22516" refString="Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1996">Larsen 1996</bibRefCitation>
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||
: pl. 33, fig. 458 i. d
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984C36FEBDFB86FEC7" box="[1074,1080,350,374]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">’</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF984C3CFEBDFE90FE28" author="Abrera B" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref21960" refString="d ' Abrera B. 2004. Butterflies of the Afrotropical Region (2 nd edn). Part II. Nymphalidae, Libytheidae. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="2004">Abrera 2004: 459</bibRefCitation>
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(2 figs). SI: Figure 26e
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984A28FE62FD87FE28" box="[556,569,385,409]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
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||
h.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3556561FFBBFF9848A4FE47FD95FB15" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" type="description">
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||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBBFF9848A4FE47FD45FDB0" blockId="27.[160,1155,350,513]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
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Forewing length: male
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||
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||
37
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF9849C5FE40FE70FE0A" box="[449,462,419,443]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
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45.5 mm
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||
</quantity>
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||
[mean (
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984A8BFE47FD23FE0D" box="[655,669,420,444]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">n</emphasis>
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= 17)
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, SD = 2.009]; female
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||
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44.5
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984C72FE40FB3DFE0A" box="[1142,1155,419,443]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
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||
53 mm
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||
</quantity>
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[mean (
|
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984974FE25FEC0FE6F" box="[368,382,454,478]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">n</emphasis>
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||
= 9)
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|
||
, SD = 2.246].
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF984AC9FE25FC14FE6F" author="van Someren VGL" box="[717,938,454,478]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" pagination="195 - 242" refId="ref23944" refString="van Someren VGL. 1963. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part I. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 13: 195 - 242, 19 pls." type="book chapter" year="1963">van Someren (1963</bibRefCitation>
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||
, p. 205) gave male forewing length as
|
||
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|
||
40
|
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF9849BEFE0AFE79FDB0" box="[442,455,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
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||
44 mm
|
||
</quantity>
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||
, female
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||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBBFF984A7FFE0AFD49FDB0" box="[635,759,489,513]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.6" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" unit="mm" value="48.0" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="46.0">
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||
46
|
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984A93FE0AFD1AFDB0" box="[663,676,489,513]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
|
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50 mm
|
||
</quantity>
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||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBBFF9848A4FDF8FD2EFC97" blockId="27.[160,1156,539,1188]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
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Note: there are considerable differences of opinion concerning the taxonomic status of this butterfly and its relatives (see e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF984A3FFDDDFD03FDE7" author="Larsen TB" box="[571,701,574,598]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref22516" refString="Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1996">Larsen 1996</bibRefCitation>
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||
, p. 286). Recent molecular work, although far from definitive (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF98496BFD82FDD5FDC8" author="Aduse-Poku K & Vingerhoedt E & Wahlberg N" box="[367,619,609,633]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" pagination="463 - 478" refId="ref21023" refString="Aduse-Poku K, Vingerhoedt E, Wahlberg N. 2009. Out-of-Africa again: a phylogenetic hypothesis of the genus Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) based on five gene regions. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 53: 463 - 478." type="journal article" year="2009">Aduse-Poku et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 475), supports the contention that
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF984C0AFD82FB3DFDC8" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1866" box="[1038,1155,609,633]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saturnus">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984C0AFD82FB3DFDC8" box="[1038,1155,609,633]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">C. saturnus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a separate species from both the Mediterranean
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF984AD1FD60FC56FD2A" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[725,1000,643,667]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jasius">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984AD1FD60FC92FD2A" box="[725,812,643,667]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">C. jasius</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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, with which it has long been and often still is associated (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF984A9FFD45FCE1FD0F" author="Vingerhoedt E & Nyungwe Lepidoptera Diversity Project & Listes des Charaxinae & Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Rophaloceres" box="[667,863,678,702]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref24434" refString="Vingerhoedt E 2015. Nyungwe Lepidoptera Diversity Project. Listes des Charaxinae (Lepidoptera Nymphalidae Rophaloceres). Specialistes (determinations). [Internet]. [cited 2015 Jul 4]. Available from: http: // www. drlegrain. be / 0 nyungwe / jour / Charaxinae / Charaxinae. html" type="url" year="2015">Vingerhoedt 2015</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and the largely parapatric African
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF9848F7FD2AFDF9FD50" authority="Reiche, 1850" authorityName="Reiche" authorityYear="1850" box="[243,583,713,737]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epijasius">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF9848F7FD2AFE0BFD50" box="[243,437,713,737]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Charaxes epijasius</emphasis>
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Reiche, 1850
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</taxonomicName>
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. The nominal taxon
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF984B21FD2AFB3EFD50" authority="Sharpe, 1904" authorityName="Sharpe" authorityYear="1904" box="[805,1152,713,737]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="harrisoni">
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||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984B21FD2AFC54FD50" box="[805,1002,713,737]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Charaxes harrisoni</emphasis>
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Sharpe, 1904
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</taxonomicName>
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, from
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<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBBFF9848DDFD08FEA0FCB2" box="[217,286,747,771]" name="Kenya" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, may represent hybrid
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF984A10FD08FD36FCB2" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1866" box="[532,648,747,771]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saturnus">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984A10FD08FD36FCB2" box="[532,648,747,771]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">C. saturnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
×
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF984AA6FD08FBBCFCB2" authority="(Henning 1989, p. 85)" baseAuthorityName="Henning" baseAuthorityPageNumber="85" baseAuthorityYear="1989" box="[674,1026,747,771]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="epijasius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984AA6FD08FCABFCB2" box="[674,789,747,771]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">C. epijasius</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF984B24FD08FC04FCB2" author="Henning SF" box="[800,954,747,771]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref22224" refString="Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe." type="book" year="1989">Henning 1989</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 85)
|
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</taxonomicName>
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, or a further species in this complex (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF9849A8FCEDFD8CFC97" author="Larsen TB" box="[428,562,782,806]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref22516" refString="Larsen TB. 1996. The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. 2 nd ed. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press." type="book" year="1996">Larsen 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 286).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036EAFFBBFF9848C1FCD2FD95FB15" blockId="27.[160,1156,539,1188]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF9848C1FCD2FED6FCF8" author="Kielland J" box="[197,360,817,841]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref22372" refString="Kielland J. 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania. Melbourne: Hill House." type="book" year="1990">Kielland (1990</bibRefCitation>
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, p. 104, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF9849F6FCD2FD0AFCF8" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1866" box="[498,692,817,841]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="jasius" subSpecies="saturnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF9849F6FCD2FD0AFCF8" box="[498,692,817,841]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">C. jasius saturnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) describes this butterfly as occurring in savannah and open woodland,
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBBFF984A01FCB0FD2CFCDA" box="[517,658,851,875]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="2.2" metricValueMin="0.2" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" unit="m" value="1200.0" valueMax="2200.0" valueMin="200.0">
|
||
200
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984A2AFCB0FD85FCDA" box="[558,571,851,875]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">–</emphasis>
|
||
2200 m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
, from the whole of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBBFF984B76FCB0FC6BFCDA" box="[882,981,851,875]" name="Tanzania" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
|
||
where suitable habitats occur.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF98494FFC95FD92FC3F" author="van Someren VGL" box="[331,556,886,910]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" pagination="195 - 242" refId="ref23944" refString="van Someren VGL. 1963. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part I. Bull Br Mus (Nat Hist) Entomol. 13: 195 - 242, 19 pls." type="book chapter" year="1963">van Someren (1963)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
does not give any specific records for the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFBBFF984C01FC95FB3DFC3F" box="[1029,1155,886,910]" country="Tanzania" name="Kilimanjaro" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Kilimanjaro</collectingRegion>
|
||
area. Based on three males in OUMNH from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="498BF808FFBBFF984A8AFC7AFD65FC00" box="[654,731,921,945]" country="Kenya" name="Taita/Taveta" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Taveta</collectingRegion>
|
||
, c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B0FFFBBFF984AF8FC7AFCF2FC00" box="[764,844,921,945]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" unit="ft" value="2500.0">2500 ft</quantity>
|
||
, collected by Rogers during 1905, we include
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF98496FFC58FE58FC62" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1866" box="[363,486,955,979]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saturnus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF98496FFC58FE58FC62" box="[363,486,955,979]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">C. saturnus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a member of the lower slopes fauna. More widely, this butterfly extends north throughout
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBBFF984A51FC3DFD22FC47" box="[597,668,990,1014]" name="Kenya" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Kenya</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and south and west to the Cape and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBBFF9848A4FBE2FEBEFBA8" box="[160,256,1025,1049]" name="Namibia" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Namibia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. If admitted as separate but belonging to
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984B25FBE2FB3AFBA8" box="[801,1156,1025,1049]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF984B25FBE2FC1BFBA8" authorityName="Butler" authorityYear="1866" box="[801,933,1025,1049]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saturnus">C. saturnus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, C. s. brunnescens
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Poulton, 1926, occurs from northern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBBFF984A4CFBC0FD26FB8A" box="[584,664,1059,1083]" name="Angola" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBBFF984AF4FBC0FBBBFB8A" box="[752,1029,1059,1083]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
|
||
, while
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984C52FBC0FE89FBEF" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">C. s. pagenstecheri</emphasis>
|
||
Poulton, 1926, flies in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBBFF984A44FBA5FD22FBEF" box="[576,668,1094,1118]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F358767AFFBBFF984ADDFBA5FC8FFBEF" box="[729,817,1094,1118]" name="Somalia" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">Somalia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B1BFFBBFF984B45FBA5FC5DFBEF" author="Henning SF" box="[833,995,1094,1118]" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" refId="ref22224" refString="Henning SF. 1989. The Charaxinae Butterflies of Africa. Johannesburg: Aloe." type="book" year="1989">Henning 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, as already noted, the respective status of all these taxa and other members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D69FFBBFF984C2FFB8AFB3DFB30" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1067,1155,1129,1153]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Charaxes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="892" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jasius">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAF8FFBBFF984C2FFB8AFB3DFB30" box="[1067,1155,1129,1153]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="892">C. jasius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species complex remain uncertain.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |