349 lines
38 KiB
XML
349 lines
38 KiB
XML
<document id="BB9CBF386ACB4CEC1E8E8B44804B1FC6" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5626b1fc-18c0-4de3-9183-980dbaaa40fb" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="28768" ID-ZooBank="06A4E13C-94D3-445B-BB05-9A362352DCC6" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461055714558" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Fernandes, Itanna O., Souza, Jorge L. P., Fernández, Fernando, Delabie, Jacques H. C. & Schultz, Ted R." docDate="2015" docId="03E687D1F621D208FF64FEB8FE2DFBDD" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03956p300.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3956 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Simopelta anomma Fernandes, Souza, Fernández, Delabie & Schultz, 2015, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="299" masterDocId="FFDFFFA9F623D20CFFF3FF9EFF93FF85" masterDocTitle="A new species of Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Brazil and Costa Rica" masterLastPageNumber="300" masterPageNumber="295" pageNumber="297" updateTime="1698581026731" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="E5ABF9F1B992AC56B086359EE930036A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="653CB68A4916835988CC28F2FEA39388">
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<mods:title id="487870E4062B5FE430E0CE355FED68B8">A new species of Simopelta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae) from Brazil and Costa Rica</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="19D8A08C01FF9F70E998EF77EC75541A" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="DAB6316F22BA7DB3B583C0E6B90B3B80">Fernandes, Itanna O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="47CB1671FD56A24704449219EED37E73">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="9F2538AAF839E4267CD7571EDCD41B31">Souza, Jorge L. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A616005FAB7B12003CC9FA50E04E9C8E">Fernández, Fernando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="3D2ECD119E79E3EE3C1AFD053ECD3675" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="05BDEE703B26D286DE40166F195FCF51">Delabie, Jacques H. C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="4D538E198B334D06A6C1C5676D4E4B52" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4E9F21FD6333B4718E2B572E7FE7F236">Schultz, Ted R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5318B957F2F804B4F2885EA80A5AC7A4">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="7CF9797EC564E1E31B87AE42A3D79814">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="24F5E6F039D464C272981DB86F418AFC">
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<mods:date id="A1A6FA83A1028E6E4E92A2CC7DA4E52E">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="436260270A7688EC7206C10FF913CB34" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="E72951EED6BDD957226CA2A7B84FBDE8">3956</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4C24AD7833A1487EDA75439F511ECB41">2</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="8DAEB7DFFFD9AD37B3B9C3A45A3981B5">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="5184EEA6B4F8D801CAC4826C66F9950C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3956.2.10</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0CB4FBBFEF2E429AABEF443284CFABAA" type="GBIF-Dataset">5626b1fc-18c0-4de3-9183-980dbaaa40fb</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E687D1F621D208FF64FEB8FE2DFBDD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6112538" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119612962" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6112538" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E687D1F621D208FF64FEB8FE2DFBDD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687D1F621D208FF64FEB8FE2DFBDD" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="299" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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<subSubSection id="C355654CF621D20EFF64FEB8FEBDFEE4" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF64FEB8FE76FEC5" blockId="2.[151,485,294,354]" box="[151,485,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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<heading id="D0B881ABF621D20EFF64FEB8FE76FEC5" bold="true" box="[151,485,294,320]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFF64FEB8FE76FEC5" bold="true" box="[151,485,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F621D20EFF64FEB8FEECFEC5" box="[151,383,294,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFF64FEB8FEECFEC5" bold="true" box="[151,383,294,320]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Simopelta anomma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20857AEF621D20EFE74FEB8FE76FEC5" box="[391,485,294,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF64FED7FEBDFEE4" blockId="2.[151,485,294,354]" box="[151,302,329,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13742A42F621D20EFF6DFED7FEB6FEE4" box="[158,293,329,354]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1953,1976]" captionTargetBox="[343,1242,206,1915]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[325,1261,193,1932]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Holotype of Simopelta anomma sp. nov.. in full – face, lateral, and dorsal view." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399455/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Figures 1–3</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C355654CF621D20EFF64FE0FFAD9FDDB" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF64FE0FFBEAFE74" blockId="2.[151,1437,401,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFF64FE0FFED2FE2F" bold="true" box="[151,321,401,426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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<typeStatus id="54F48865F621D20EFF64FE0FFF41FE2F" box="[151,210,401,426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Type</typeStatus>
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material
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</emphasis>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54F48865F621D20EFEA7FE0FFE2FFE2F" box="[340,444,401,426]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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worker:
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<collectingCountry id="F3587657F621D20EFDDAFE0FFD02FE2C" box="[553,657,401,425]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
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, Rondônia, Rio Madeira (módulo da
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<collectingCountry id="F3587657F621D20EFBB8FE0FFBE4FE2F" box="[1099,1143,401,426]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Ilha</collectingCountry>
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do Búfalo),
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7B5000F621D20EFAE2FE0FFA0BFE2C" box="[1297,1432,401,425]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="-9.138333">09°08’18”S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7B5000F621D20EFF64FE2BFEB4FE4B" box="[151,295,437,462]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="-64.48944">64°29’22”W</geoCoordinate>
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, km 2, subparcela 200,
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<date id="FFF11007F621D20EFDCAFE2BFD35FE4B" box="[569,678,437,462]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2014-01-19">19.i.2014</date>
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, leg. A. H. C. Oliveira, pin labeled USNMENT00923312 (
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<collectionCode id="ED5EAE02F621D20EFABFFE28FA01FE4B" box="[1356,1426,438,462]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rm88-499z" name="Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">INPA</collectionCode>
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). One
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<typeStatus id="54F48865F621D20EFF3EFE44FEA1FE77" box="[205,306,474,498]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
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: same data as the
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<typeStatus id="54F48865F621D20EFE0AFE47FDCDFE77" box="[505,606,473,498]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, but pin labeled USNMENT00923313 (
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<collectionCode id="ED5EAE02F621D20EFBEEFE47FBFFFE74" box="[1053,1132,473,497]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/9yp6-zxp9" name="Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">MZSP</collectionCode>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF34FE63FAD9FDDB" blockId="2.[151,1437,401,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFF34FE63FE2DFD93" bold="true" box="[199,446,509,534]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Additional material.</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="F3587657F621D20EFE39FE60FDE6FD93" box="[458,629,510,534]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">COSTA RICA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<specimenCount id="9D49FD4EF621D20EFD77FE60FD7CFD93" box="[644,751,509,534]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="worker">1 worker</specimenCount>
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, Cordillera Volcanica Central, La Selva Biological Station (Conservation International's
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<collectionCode id="ED5EAE02F621D20EFE1AFDBFFDABFDBC" box="[489,568,545,569]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">TEAM</collectionCode>
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Project),
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7B5000F621D20EFD5FFDBFFCA4FDBF" box="[684,823,545,570]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="10.409721">10°24’35”N</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE7B5000F621D20EFCB4FDBFFC45FDBC" box="[839,982,545,569]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" precision="15" value="-84.03917">84°02’21”W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="4CB79B22F621D20EFC16FDBFFBBCFDBC" box="[997,1071,545,570]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" unit="m" value="160.0">160 m</quantity>
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elevation,
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<date id="FFF11007F621D20EFB42FDBFFAA0FDBF" box="[1201,1331,545,570]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" value="2006-07-26">26.vii.2006</date>
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, Winkler sample, pin labeled INB0003695155, AMI–2–W–088–08, leg. M. Marcos, H. Gilberth & C. Felix (
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<collectionCode id="ED5EAE02F621D20EFB01FDDBFAADFDDB" box="[1266,1342,581,606]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/931n-s1te" name="National Biodiversity Institute, Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">INBio</collectionCode>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C355654CF621D20EFF34FDF7FC6DFD23" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF34FDF7FC6DFD23" blockId="2.[151,1437,401,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFF34FDF7FEA9FD07" bold="true" box="[199,314,617,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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(worker). Eyes absent; antennal club 3–segmented; midtibiae covered by short, golden, stout setae; arolia reduced and translucent; ventral petiolar process rounded; body yellow.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C355654CF621D20EFF34FD2FFB0BFA1F" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF34FD2FFB0DFD6B" blockId="2.[151,1437,401,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFF34FD2FFE79FD4F" bold="true" box="[199,490,689,714]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Measurements, workers</emphasis>
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(n=2): HL: 0.464–0.480; HW: 0.400–0.416; SL: 0.288–0.320; WL: 0.672–0.720; PW: 0.264–0.288; NH: 0.168–0.192; NL: 0.168–0.192; GL: 0.840–0.984; TL: 2.160–2.360.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF34FD67FE3BFB1B" blockId="2.[151,1437,401,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFF34FD67FECAFC97" bold="true" box="[199,345,761,786]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Description.</emphasis>
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Head rectangular, sides almost straight and parallel with one another, occipital corners rounded. Mandibles subtriangular with acute basal tooth, two closely spaced apical teeth, and no teeth or denticles between basal and apical teeth; eyes absent; antennae with 12 segments; antennal scapes not extending beyond posterior cephalic margin; antennae with distinct 3-segmented club; last funicular segment as long as the preceding three together; frontal lobes elevated by a narrow and deep furrow; clypeus triangular, elevated in the middle, with a sharp and almost cylindrical median spine. Pronotum as long as the propodeum; laterocervical plate inflated; promesonotal groove well marked. Metanotal groove deep dorsally and well marked laterally; katepisternum and anepisternum not separated by a suture. Propodeum in dorsal view subrectangular with posterior superior corners slightly rounded; in lateral view, propodeal spiracles round, large, almost reaching the dorsal surface. Petiole in lateral view as long as high, subquadrate, with subparallel anterior and posterior sides; ventral petiolar process rounded. Gaster with constriction between abdominal segment III and IV; coxae, femurs, and tibiae robust; arolia reduced and translucent.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF34FB37FC9CFB63" blockId="2.[151,1437,401,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Body predominantly yellow. Mandibles and legs smooth and shiny. Head and antennae finely punctulate and shiny. Mesosoma finely punctulate and shining laterally.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF34FB6FFB0BFA1F" blockId="2.[151,1437,401,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Body covered with fine, short, golden hairs, most abundant on the dorsal surface; middle area of clypeus and mandibles along the masticatory border with long, subdecumbent, golden hairs; sparse golden hairs on the coxae, trochanters, and femurs; pectinate spur present on the legs; tibiae on the forelegs and hindlegs covered by thick, short, golden hairs on the ventral surface; tibiae on the middle legs with abundant, golden, stout setae on all surfaces; tarsus covered by short, golden, stout setae, more abundant on the ventral surface.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C355654CF621D20EFF34FA3BFAADFA3B" box="[199,1342,1445,1470]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF34FA3BFAADFA3B" blockId="2.[151,1437,401,2010]" box="[199,1342,1445,1470]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFF34FA3BFDA8FA3B" bold="true" box="[199,571,1445,1470]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Etymology of the species name.</emphasis>
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Greek origin:
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFD2CFA38FC9DFA38" box="[735,782,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">an=</emphasis>
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without and
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFC69FA38FC4DFA38" box="[922,990,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">omma</emphasis>
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=eyes, due the absence of eyes.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C355654CF621D20EFF34FA57FE21F983" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF34FA57FE21F983" blockId="2.[151,1437,401,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFF34FA57FECAFA67" bold="true" box="[199,345,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
.
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFE9BFA57FE62FA67" bold="true" box="[360,497,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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||
<collectingCountry id="F3587657F621D20EFE9BFA57FE7FFA67" box="[360,492,1481,1506]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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,
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</emphasis>
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La Selva Biological Station (Cordillera Volcanica Central);
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<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFB68FA57FB77FA67" bold="true" box="[1179,1252,1481,1506]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
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<collectingCountry id="F3587657F621D20EFB68FA57FB77FA67" box="[1179,1252,1481,1506]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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</emphasis>
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(Rondônia,
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<collectingCountry id="F3587657F621D20EFA83FA57FA0FFA67" box="[1392,1436,1481,1506]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Ilha</collectingCountry>
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do Búfalo–Rio Madeira).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C355654CF621D208FF34F98FFE2DFBDD" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="299" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF34F98FFB6BF95B" blockId="2.[151,1437,401,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFF34F98FFEDFF9AF" bold="true" box="[199,332,1553,1578]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
The combination of eyes absent, yellow coloration, a distinct 3-segmented antennal club, and midtibia covered by short, golden, stout setae has so far never been documented in a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F621D20EFB14F9ABFAC4F9CB" box="[1255,1367,1589,1614]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFB14F9ABFAC4F9CB" box="[1255,1367,1589,1614]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3587657F621D20EFA94F9A8FA15F9CB" box="[1383,1414,1590,1614]" name="American Samoa" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">As</collectingCountry>
|
||
a result, we modify Schmidt and Shattuck's (2014) generic diagnosis as follows: subtriangular mandibles; raised clypeal rostrum; eyes small or absent, when present often consisting of only a single enlarged ommatidium; metapleural gland orifice with a posterior U-shaped lip; usually an absence of stout traction setae on the middle and hind legs (present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F621D20EFE71F958FE6DF958" box="[386,510,1734,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFE71F958FE6DF958" box="[386,510,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">S. anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); and usually with prominent arolia (highly reduced in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F621D20EFB98F958FB74F958" box="[1131,1255,1734,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFB98F958FB74F958" box="[1131,1255,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">S. anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036C7F621D20EFF34F977FD36F85F" blockId="2.[151,1437,401,2010]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
|
||
The form of the clypeus, mesosoma, petiole, and the gastral constriction in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F621D20EFBFEF974FB1AF884" box="[1037,1161,1770,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFBFEF974FB1AF884" box="[1037,1161,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">S. anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to those in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFA74F974FE9DF8A3" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F621D20EFA74F974FE98F8A3" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pergandei">S. pergandei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
but eyes are present in the latter species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F621D20EFD1FF893FBA0F8A3" authority="Brandao" authorityName="Brandao" box="[748,1075,1805,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="minima">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFD1FF893FC2BF8A0" box="[748,952,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Simopelta minima</emphasis>
|
||
(Brandão)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F621D20EFAF3F890FAEDF8A0" box="[1280,1406,1806,1829]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFAF3F890FAEDF8A0" box="[1280,1406,1806,1829]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">S. anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in total length (TL: 2.08–2.40) and presence of the clypeal spine, but, again, differs by the presence of eyes, as well as in its 4-segmented antennal club; lack of short, golden, stout setae on the midtibia; triangular anteroventral petiolar process; finer sculpture; and darker color.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F621D20EFD7EF8E7FCF9F814" box="[653,874,1913,1938]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFD7EF8E7FCF9F814" box="[653,874,1913,1938]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Simopelta anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is apparently a member of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F621D20EFB1AF8E4FAACF814" box="[1257,1343,1914,1937]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">curvata</emphasis>
|
||
species complex created by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B36F621D20EFE88F803FD29F833" author="Mackay" box="[379,698,1949,1974]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" refString="Mackay, W. P. & Mackay, E. E. (2008) Revision of the ants of the genus Simopelta Mann. In: Jimenez, E., Fernandez, F., Arias, T. M. & Lozano-Zambrano, F. H. (Eds.), Sistematica, biogeografia y conservacion de las hormigas cazadoras de Colombia. Instituto de Investigacion de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt, Bogota, pp. 285 - 328." type="book chapter" year="2008">Mackay and Mackay (2008)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
due to the presence of an elongate spine on the median border of the clypeus and the total length less than
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B22F621D20EFD90F85CFD33F85F" box="[611,672,1986,2010]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" unit="mm" value="4.0">4mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF30664FF620D20FFF64F83FFBCAF832" box="[151,1113,1953,1976]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/399455/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" targetBox="[343,1242,206,1915]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036C7F620D20FFF64F83FFBCAF832" blockId="3.[151,1113,1953,1976]" box="[151,1113,1953,1976]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F620D20FFF64F83FFEA9F833" bold="true" box="[151,314,1953,1976]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">FIGURES 1–3.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F620D20FFE33F83FFD10F832" box="[448,643,1953,1975]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F620D20FFE33F83FFD10F832" box="[448,643,1953,1975]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Simopelta anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F620D20FFD7AF83CFD49F832" bold="true" box="[649,730,1954,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20857AEF620D20FFD7AF83CFD49F832" box="[649,730,1954,1975]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. in full–face, lateral, and dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036C7F627D208FF34FF09FCDAFD9D" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
|
||
The robust forecoxa, lack of eyes, and clubbed (3-segmented) antennae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FBC7FF06FB27FF35" box="[1076,1204,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FBC7FF06FB27FF35" box="[1076,1204,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
all suggest that the species is subterranean. Most cryptobiotic ponerines have at least moderately clubbed antennae, which may facilitate movement and prey detection in lightless conditions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B36F627D208FCABFF41FB12FF7D" author="Schmidt" box="[856,1153,223,248]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" refString="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O. (2014) The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior. Zootaxa, 3817 (1), 1 - 242. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3817.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Schmidt & Shattuck 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The legs are often short and stocky, and are sometimes armed with stout setae to facilitate traction in soil or wood (present in
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FF64FEB6FDF9FEC5" box="[151,618,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FF64FEB6FEACFEBA" box="[151,319,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Centromyrmex</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FEB9FEB7FE42FEC5" box="[330,465,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Feroponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FE2FFEB7FDF6FEC5" box="[476,613,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Promyopias</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and most
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FD2FFEB6FCF3FEBA" box="[732,864,296,319]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FD2FFEB6FCF3FEBA" box="[732,864,296,319]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B36F627D208FC3CFEB9FB64FEC5" author="Schmidt" box="[975,1271,295,320]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" refString="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O. (2014) The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior. Zootaxa, 3817 (1), 1 - 242. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3817.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Schmidt & Shattuck 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B36F627D208FF64FED2FE4CFEE1" author="Schmidt" box="[151,479,332,357]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" refString="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O. (2014) The higher classification of the ant subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a review of ponerine ecology and behavior. Zootaxa, 3817 (1), 1 - 242. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3817.1.1" type="journal article" year="2014">Schmidt and Shattuck (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, cryptobiotic ponerines are typically small-bodied, extremely so in many
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FAE2FED3FA06FEE1" box="[1297,1429,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FAE2FED3FA06FEE1" box="[1297,1429,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FF64FEF1FE59FE0D" box="[151,458,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FF64FEF1FEBAFE0D" box="[151,297,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dolioponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FEC4FEEFFE55FE0D" box="[311,454,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Hypoponera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FDFBFEEFFDC9FE0D" box="[520,602,369,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FDFBFEEFFDC9FE0D" box="[520,602,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The eyes are typically greatly reduced in size or even entirely absent (including in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FE75FE0AFD99FE28" box="[390,522,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Boloponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FE75FE0AFD99FE28" box="[390,522,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Boloponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FDE8FE0BFD53FE29" box="[539,704,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Centromyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FDE8FE0BFD53FE29" box="[539,704,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Centromyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FD21FE0AFCF2FE28" box="[722,865,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dolioponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FD21FE0AFCF2FE28" box="[722,865,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Dolioponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FC81FE0BFC64FE29" box="[882,1015,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Feroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FC81FE0BFC64FE29" box="[882,1015,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Feroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FBFBFE0BFB1DFE29" box="[1032,1166,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Promyopias" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FBFBFE0BFB1DFE29" box="[1032,1166,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Promyopias</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FAEBFE0BFA0FFE29" box="[1304,1436,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FAEBFE0BFA0FFE29" box="[1304,1436,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FF3FFE27FECBFE55" box="[204,344,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Hypoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FF3FFE27FECBFE55" box="[204,344,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Hypoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species). Although these characteristics strongly suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FBC9FE26FB2FFE55" box="[1082,1212,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FBC9FE26FB2FFE55" box="[1082,1212,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be mostly or entirely subterranean, the fact that the three known specimens were collected by Winkler leaf-litter sifting suggests that it may occasionally forage above ground in the leaf litter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036C7F627D208FF34FDBAFC55FD75" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
|
||
The area where the workers were sampled in Rondônia (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3587657F627D208FCCDFDBAFCF8FDB8" box="[830,875,548,573]" name="Iceland" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">Ilha</collectingCountry>
|
||
do Búfalo, Rio Madeira, km 2–subparcela 200) is part of a conservation monitoring project supported by the Santo Antônio Energia Hydroelectric Plant. At the time when the ants were collected, the water level of the Madeira River had risen
|
||
<quantity id="4CB79B22F627D208FC1EFDF2FBB5FD01" box="[1005,1062,620,644]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" unit="m" value="19.0">19 m</quantity>
|
||
above the maximum limit for the first time in four years of monitoring. Due to the elevation of the river water, the groundwater was also climbing, perhaps forcing normally subterranean species to the surface (Fernandes
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FC34FD2BFB93FD48" box="[967,1024,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
in press). Following the elevation of the river water no additional specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FD86FD46FD61FD75" box="[629,754,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FD86FD46FD61FD75" box="[629,754,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were encountered.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF036C7F627D208FF34FD62FE2DFBDD" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">
|
||
Virtually nothing is known about the life histories, population structures, or reproductive biologies of most rare ant species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B36F627D208FEEDFC81FD93FCBD" author="Brandao" box="[286,512,799,824]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" refString="Brandao, C. R., Feitosa, R. M., Schmidt, F. A. & Solar, R. R. A. (2008) Rediscovery of the putatively extinct ant species Simopelta minima (Brandao) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), with a discussion on rarity and conservation status of ant species. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 52, 480 - 483. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0085 - 56262008000300026" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Brandão
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FE76FCBFFE2EFCBD" box="[389,445,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Rare species may have low population densities at the localities in which they are collected for a variety of reasons. They may be rare immigrants from a nearby source locality in which they are more populous, e.g., rare epigaeic foragers of a mostly subterranean species; they may be temporarily rare due to fluctuations in population size; or they may represent remnants of a declining population or the first individuals of an increasing population (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B36F627D208FE4DFC31FD71FC4D" author="Longino" box="[446,738,943,968]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" refString="Longino, J. T. & Colwell, R. K. (1997) Biodiversity assessment using structured inventory: capturing the ant fauna of a tropical rain forest. Ecological Applications, 7, 1263 - 1277. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1890 / 1051 - 0761 (1997) 007 [1263: BAUSIC] 2.0. CO; 2" type="journal article" year="1997">Longino & Colwell 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The rarity of this species and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FBBFFC2EFB28FC4D" box="[1100,1211,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jeckylli">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FBBFFC2EFB28FC4D" box="[1100,1211,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. jeckylli</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(reported below) is perhaps explained by inadequate sampling of their microhabitat. Winkler extraction or other common sampling techniques (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDE4B36F627D208FEA1FC69FDF8FB95" author="Bestelmeyer" box="[338,619,1015,1040]" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" refString="Bestelmeyer, B. T., Agosti, D., Alonso, L. E., Brandao, C. R. F. R., Brown, W. Jr., Delabie, J. H. C. & Silvestre, R. (2000) Field techniques for the study of ground - living ants: an overview, description, and evaluation. In: Agosti, D., Majer, J., Alonso, E. & Schultz, T. R. (Eds.), Ants, Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. pp. 122 - 144." type="book chapter" year="2000">
|
||
Bestelmeyer
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FE19FC67FDB5FB95" box="[490,550,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) may be inadequate for sampling some cryptobiotic ant assemblages, including subterranean species. The discovery of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4F4D44F627D208FD1CFB83FCFFFBB1" box="[751,876,1053,1076]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="299" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93BEAD5F627D208FD1CFB83FCFFFBB1" box="[751,876,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="299">S. anomma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
emphasizes the need for increased exploration of subterranean ant diversity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |