284 lines
25 KiB
XML
284 lines
25 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070" ID-GBIF-Dataset="66691549-c05a-4f7b-9b9f-d1c29f81e8ba" ID-PMC="PMC6242961" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-795-127" ID-PubMed="30505156" ID-ZBK="AC7C377906624D52972FF55556024CA1" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-795-127" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 795" ModsDocTitle="Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidiumparrai gen. et sp. n. and Olierasaizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae)" checkinTime="1542065705070" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Silva, Gabriela T., Moreira, Gilson R. P., argas, Hector A., Gislene L. Goncalves,, Mainardi, Marina D., las, German San & Davis, Donald" docDate="2018" docId="2D75F4C843FE758668D7796133278358" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 795: 127-157" docOrigin="ZooKeys 795" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070" docTitle="Andescecidium parrai Moreira & Vargas, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="6A158844-5CC2-4F30-AB27-665C2F33E1D8" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="127" masterDocId="FFE3FFF19C2EFFF2FFC76206FFD6DF39" masterDocTitle="Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidiumparrai gen. et sp. n. and Olierasaizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae)" masterLastPageNumber="157" masterPageNumber="127" originalUpdateDomain="Boston" originalUpdateTime="1542065705070" originalUpdateUser="pensoft" pageNumber="127" updateTime="1668166380136" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Overlooked gall-inducing moths revisited, with the description of Andescecidiumparrai gen. et sp. n. and Olierasaizi sp. n. from Chile (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Silva, Gabriela T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Moreira, Gilson R. P.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>argas, Hector A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gislene L. Goncalves,</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Mainardi, Marina D.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>las, German San</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Davis, Donald</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>795</mods:number>
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<mods:start>127</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.795.27070</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-795-127</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">AC7C377906624D52972FF55556024CA1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">AC7C377906624D52972FF55556024CA1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="149631723" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6A158844-5CC2-4F30-AB27-665C2F33E1D8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2D75F4C843FE758668D7796133278358" lastPageNumber="127" pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/6A158844-5CC2-4F30-AB27-665C2F33E1D8" authority="Moreira & Vargas" class="Insecta" family="Cecidosidae" genus="Andescecidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andescecidium parrai" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parrai">Andescecidium parrai Moreira & Vargas</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="127">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
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<bibRefCitation author="Parra, LE" journalOrPublisher="Nota lepidopterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="206 - 214" title="A redescription of Cecidosesargentinana (Cecidosidae) and its early stages, with comments on its taxonomic position." volume="21" year="1998">; Parra 1998</bibRefCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">As discussed for the monotypic genus.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Description of adults.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">As discussed for the monotypic genus.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Chile: Holotype ♂, Cuesta Barriga roadside, Padre Hurtado, Metropolitan Region, emerged June 2013, ex gall on
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schinus polygamus" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polygamus">Schinus polygamus</taxonomicName>
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collected 22.V. 2013, HA Vargas & GRP Moreira leg. (MNNC). Paratype: 1♀, same data as holotype (MNNC).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Non-type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Immatures used for morphological description, fixed in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kahle-Dietrich’s">Kahle-Dietrich's</normalizedToken>
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fluid, preserved in 70% EtOH:
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-33.523335">33°31'24"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-70.90972">70°54'35"W</geoCoordinate>
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, Cuesta Barriga roadside, Padre Hurtado, Metropolitan Region, HA Vargas & GRP Moreira leg., 13 larvae (22.V.2013, LMCI 218-3, 8, 9, 10, 12; 25.XI.2013, LMCI 231-5, 6), 5 pupae (22.V.2013, LMCI 218-3, 5, 11, 14), 3 galls (22.V.2013, LMCI 218-5, 11, 13);
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-3.0616667">3°3'42"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-71.00972">71°0'35"W</geoCoordinate>
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, roadside on Cuesta La Dormida, border Til-Til/Valparaiso, HA Vargas & GRP Moreira leg., 4 larvae (28.XI.2013, LMCI 233-6), 5 galls (22.V.2013, LMCI 216- 1 to 5, 11);
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-33.00861">33°00'31"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-70.89777">70°53'52"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 712m, roadside near Til-Til, Rungue, Metropolitan Region, HA Vargas & GRP Moreira leg., 6 larvae (26.XI.2013, LMCI 232-6, 7), 4 galls (26.XI.2013, LMCI 232-8), G San Blas leg., 12.X.2011, 3 larvae (donated to LMCI 163-14), 46 larvae (IADIZA), 5 galls (IADIZA), 7 pupae (extracted from dried galls on 3.V.2012, IADIZA), G San Blas leg., 15.III.2013, 3 dried pupae;
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-35.6">35°36'00"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="-71.1214">71°07'17.02"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 426m, Ruta J-65, 25km from
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Curicó">Curico</normalizedToken>
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, Maule Region, G San Blas leg., 12.X.2011, 16 larvae;
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-36.658337">36°39'30"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-72.27806">72°16'41"W</geoCoordinate>
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, 43m, roadside in Cruce Nebuco, Bio-Bio Region, HA Vargas, LE Parra & GRP Moreira leg., 2 galls (30.V.2013, LMCI 223-1);
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-35.531387">35°31'53"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-71.30112">71°18'4"W</geoCoordinate>
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and
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<geoCoordinate direction="south" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="-35.524723">35°31'29"S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate direction="west" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="-71.309166">71°18'33"W</geoCoordinate>
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, P. Sta. Edilia, San Clemente, Maule Region, LE Parra & GT Silva leg., 25.XI.2016, 2 larvae donated to LMCI (330-1, 2).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="additional larvae">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Additional larvae.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Same data as above, fixed and preserved in 100% EtOH at -20 °C for DNA extraction: n = 2, LMCI 231-5; n = 6, LMCI 233-5, 6.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Additional adult material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Genitalia preparation on slide of male by LE Parra, UCCC, Parque Nacional La Campana, Sector Ocoa, Hijuelas,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Valparaíso">Valparaiso</normalizedToken>
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Region, L.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Sáiz">Saiz</normalizedToken>
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leg., March-April 1993, with label "
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidosidae" genus="Cecidoses" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cecidoses argentinana" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentinana">Cecidoses argentinana</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Brèthes">Brethes</normalizedToken>
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), Det. LE Parra"; added label "
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidosidae" genus="Andescecidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andescecidium parrai" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parrai">Andescecidium parrai</taxonomicName>
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Moreira & Vargas, Det. GRP Moreira; 9.V.2018", 1♂ (LMCI 218-03-04) and 1♀ (LMCI 218-03-03), cleared in KOH 10%, preserved in 70% EtOH, same data as the holotype.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Named in honor of Prof. Dr. Luis E. Parra, from the Universidad of
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Concepción">Concepcion</normalizedToken>
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, who for the first time characterized such a gall-inducing moth, for his great contribution to the development of Lepidopterology in Chile.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Description of immature stages.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Last instar larva (Figs 4, 5). Body length = 8.10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.66 mm; head capsule width = 1.40
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<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
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0.04 mm (n = 4). Head (Figs 4B, C; 5A, B) yellowish with anterior margin light brown; lateral margins convex; frontoclypeus slightly bulged, subtriangular, with well-marked pigmented adfrontal sutures; ecdysial lines unpigmented. Two pairs of laterally located, well-developed stemmata (Figure 5C). Antennae (Figure 5D) 2-segmented; basal segment with one stout and one ~4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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longer, filiform sensillum; distal segment with one stout sensillum on apex, flanked by two small filiform sensilla. Labrum slightly bilobed, with five pairs of small setae. Mandible well developed, with four cusps along distal margin (
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<bibRefCitation author="Parra, LE" journalOrPublisher="Nota lepidopterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="206 - 214" title="A redescription of Cecidosesargentinana (Cecidosidae) and its early stages, with comments on its taxonomic position." volume="21" year="1998">Parra 1998</bibRefCitation>
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: fig. 4C), bearing one basal seta on external surface. Maxilla with palpus and galea reduced (Figure 5F). Spinneret conical-tubular (Figure 5E;
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<bibRefCitation author="Parra, LE" journalOrPublisher="Nota lepidopterologica" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="206 - 214" title="A redescription of Cecidosesargentinana (Cecidosidae) and its early stages, with comments on its taxonomic position." volume="21" year="1998">Parra 1998</bibRefCitation>
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: fig 4D); labial palpus one-segmented with well-developed apical seta. Chaetotaxy consisting of 15 pairs of setae: F group unisetose; C group unisetose; A group trisetose; AF group unisetose; P group trisetose, reduced in length; S group trisetose, middle one long; SS group trisetose, posterior one long.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Figure 4.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidosidae" genus="Andescecidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andescecidium parrai" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parrai">Andescecidium parrai</taxonomicName>
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last larval instar under light microscopy (LMCI 218-08). A general schematic representation, lateral view B, C head, anterior (B) and lateral (C). Scale bars: 1 mm (A), 0.3 mm (B), 0.2 mm (C).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Thorax (T) and abdomen (A) subcylindrical, creamy-white and covered with microtrichia (Figure 5I); thoracic setae small (Figure 5G), similar in size to abdominal ones. Prothoracic shield light yellow, weakly defined; thoracic legs and abdominal prolegs absent; abdominal calli (Figure 5J) on segments A1-A7 located on posterior margin of terga. Last abdominal segment (Figure 5K, L) composed of three lobes, one dorsal, and two ventral, smaller. Spiracles (Figure 5H, I) laterally on T1, A1-A8, circular and without elevated peritreme. Chaetotaxy: T1 with twelve pairs of setae; D group bisetose, SD bisetose, outside prothoracic shield, L group trisetose, anterior to spiracle, SV group trisetose, MV unisetose, V unisetose. T2-3 with nine pairs of setae; D group bisetose, SD bisetose, L group bisetose, SV group bisetose, V unisetose. AB1-8 with seven pairs of setae; D group bisetose, L group tetrasetose, posterior to spiracles, V group unisetose. AB9 with four pairs of setae; D group unisetose, L group bisetose, SV group unisetose. A10 with five pairs of setae; SD group bisetose; SV trisetose.</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Figure 5. Morphology of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidosidae" genus="Andescecidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andescecidium parrai" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parrai">Andescecidium parrai</taxonomicName>
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last larval instar under scanning electron microscopy. A, B head, lateral (A) and antero-dorsal (B) views C stemmata, lateral D antenna, lateral E labium, lateral F maxilla, lateral G thorax, lateral H first abdominal spiracle, lateral I detail of second abdominal segment, showing aligned setae (arrow indicates spiracle), lateral J callus of second abdominal tergum, latero-dorsal K last abdominal segments, postero-lateral L ventral lobe of tenth abdominal segment (enlarged area marked with rectangle in K). Scale bars: 150
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(A, B), 30
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(C, L), 20
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(D, E), 50
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(F, I), 300
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(G), 10
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(H), 100
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(J, K).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Pupa (Figs 6, 7). Length = 12.3 + 0.4 mm; n = 3. Yellowish brown, with head, thorax, wings, and abdominal spines becoming dark brown near adult emergence. Head with frontal process (= gall-cutter) formed by three processes (Figure 7
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<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
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); one large, subtriangular, located centrally at the anterior, which is flanked by the other two, shorter, located posteriorly at the base. Antennae narrow, long, slightly surpassing the end of abdomen; prothorax is a narrow transverse band between head and mesothorax; hindwings concealed by forewings, extending to sternum A8; pro-, meso- and metathoracic legs extending up to A6, A7 and A8, respectively. Frons with two pairs of setae laterally. Terga T2 and T3 with two pairs of setae, one dorsal and one latero-dorsal. Abdominal segments with spiracular region covered with microtrichia; A2-9 with a transverse band of conspicuous spines (Figure 7E, F), near anterior margin of terga; tergum A9 with one pair of spines (Figure 7I) on posterior margin. Abdominal setae (Figs 6A, 7G) arranged in three rows (dorsal, supra and subspiracular); one dorsal pair on segments A1-8; one supra-spiracular pair on segments A2-8; four to six subspiracular pairs on segments A2-9; four pairs dorsally on A10; spiracles (Figure 7H) with slightly elevated peritreme, laterally on A2-8.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Figure 6.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidosidae" genus="Andescecidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andescecidium parrai" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parrai">Andescecidium parrai</taxonomicName>
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pupa in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) views (LMCI 218-5). Scale bar: 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
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Figure 7.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidosidae" genus="Andescecidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andescecidium parrai" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parrai">Andescecidium parrai</taxonomicName>
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pupal morphology with scanning electron microscopy. A, C head and prothorax, under ventral and lateral views, respectively B frontal process of head (= gall cutter), ventral D clypeus and labrum, ventral E abdominal terga, lateral F spines and setae of second abdominal tergum in detail, lateral G abdominal pleura and sterna, latero-dorsal H spiracle of third abdominal segment, dorsal I tergal spines of ninth abdominal segment, postero-lateral. Scale bars: 500
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
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(A, C, E), 150
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<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(B, D, F), 300
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(G), 30
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(H), 70
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
|
||
(I).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="127" type="life history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">Life history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
The large, short pedunculated galls of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. parrai" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="parrai">A. parrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
develop externally from the beginning, on stem buds of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. polygamus" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="polygamus">S. polygamus</taxonomicName>
|
||
terminal and sub-terminal branches (Figure 8B, C). A few galls of different sizes may be found on the same branch. They are elliptical and usually reddish when young, becoming to spherical and green when mature. The larval chamber is almost cylindrical in shape (maximum width and length varying from 9-10 and from 10-14 mm, respectively; n = 10), and transverse to the stem axis. Their external wall becomes dark brown and almost cylindrical during late development. At least some are apparently deciduous, falling to the ground. This morphotype has a rough external wall (Figure 8D), and was found among the litter under the
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. polygamus" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="polygamus">S. polygamus</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants, where they are easily confused with fecal pellets of the European rabbit (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Oryctolagus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Oryctolagus cuniculus" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuniculus">Oryctolagus cuniculus</taxonomicName>
|
||
L.:
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Leporidae" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="family">Leporidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), that is abundant in the region. Like
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. pampeanus" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="pampeanus">C. pampeanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls, those of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. parrai" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="parrai">A. parrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
also lack an operculum. Using the frontal process and abdominal spines present on the pupae to make pressure, together with body contortions, are likely the means the pupa uses to open an orifice on the distal, weaker wall (Figure 8E), in which it pushes itself partially out of the gall.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
Little is known about biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. parrai" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="parrai">A. parrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
galls. Our field observations suggest that the species is univoltine, galls starting to develop during late spring and summer, when most leaf buds are found on
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="S. polygamus" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" rank="species" species="polygamus">S. polygamus</taxonomicName>
|
||
plants (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Saiz, F" journalOrPublisher="Acta Entomologica Chilena" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" pagination="39 - 59" title="Estudio ecologico de las cecidias del genero Schinus, especialmente las de hoja y de rama de S. polygamus y Schinuslatifolius (Anacardiaceae), en Chile Central." volume="21" year="1997">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Sáiz">Saiz</normalizedToken>
|
||
and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Núñez">Nunez</normalizedToken>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Deciduous galls were field-collected from the ground near the end of May, from which a few adults used here for description successfully emerged in the laboratory after ca. 25 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="127">
|
||
Figure 8. Natural history of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cecidosidae" genus="Andescecidium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Andescecidium parrai" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parrai">Andescecidium parrai</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Schinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Schinus polygamus" order="Sapindales" pageId="0" pageNumber="127" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="polygamus">Schinus polygamus</taxonomicName>
|
||
. A host-plant habitat at Cuesta La Dormida, intersection Til-Til/
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Valparaíso">Valparaiso</normalizedToken>
|
||
, beginning of road to Rungue, Chile, 33°3'42"S, 71°0'35"W (seta on the horizon points to the El Altar mountain, Metropolitan region) B young, developing galls, lateral C mature gall, lateral, with pedunculus (indicated by arrow) in detail in the upper right corner D, E old, empty galls under lateral and posterior views, respectively (setae point to apical open). Scale bars: 4 mm (B, C, E), 3 mm (D).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |