330 lines
36 KiB
XML
330 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document id="6E9635F9AAAD88DB970D6A1F4910DA5F" ID-CLB-Dataset="46180" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3780.1.5" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0ee0bd70-99e3-4a2e-95c6-f66856cfe8ce" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="231197" ID-ZooBank="86473618-EA0D-40A4-BDE0-452A60233ED8" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460399643596" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kehlmaier, Christian & Almeida, Jorge Mota" docDate="2014" docId="03C9C252355CFFD3C1C6F9ADFCDDFE82" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03780p152.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3780 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Acrocera orbiculus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="139" masterDocId="FFF0BA2A355FFFD6C151FFA5FE79FFC2" masterDocTitle="New host records for European Acroceridae (Diptera), with discussion of species limits of Acrocera orbiculus (Fabricius) based on DNA-barcoding" masterLastPageNumber="152" masterPageNumber="135" pageNumber="138" updateTime="1698299066827" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="DD46AA07E850823E77B8C736F1250A22" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="F93F687E9B4D716E316BED7F69D0286E">
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<mods:title id="4CE33D76AD6C321238537FEA49F6229D">New host records for European Acroceridae (Diptera), with discussion of species limits of Acrocera orbiculus (Fabricius) based on DNA-barcoding</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="9D694320D922227FC076110982ECA053" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="296B3074115D93056B75CD5C5E19158F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FAFE9A7335B2A0C2BDA908D0E53A270A">Kehlmaier, Christian</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="B11ABD1BF38940E8DED89CFB205A1FB8" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="5870C8DF01BFF7DE443BF4C194E9EC83">
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<mods:roleTerm id="60B74FC4CB20AEDA72E4A9C79E2380F7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8CA2284204281A3007D5C42421C56770">Almeida, Jorge Mota</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="1BA9226DFB224F12876C8BFB3CA763A7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="7BF4C7B9497ED64A8E181870D2C36D83" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="840D55F0C099DBF6819A03AF156E8018">
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<mods:title id="CD27E627C74D7642CF3F2FF9E1D47722">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="481E38CBE1115F9F18D855DD51087B78">
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<mods:date id="9089F007C26AEB086F69281DF2164D42">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="D26B1A342A066B42DFC135EAEE0810E3" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="5078CDFCB0BDC028227C586AC4C421EA">3780</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="B9E5426DE6473F82362B64B66927D58A" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="883C3D285B7BB8E607930FCF41D6044C">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="BE2E2A4546D637C5090C3CD02953E192">135</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="BE374889A422D1708E20C9C0025E8348">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="9EBA048C0E4C4920485806E673748E5E" type="CLB-Dataset">46180</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="B1A75D415368AC090B15B5F61CEE3C64" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3780.1.5</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="1156F93EB9758BD73CFE3515BB3F3600" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03C9C252355CFFD3C1C6F9ADFCDDFE82" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6142839" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119419132" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6142839" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C9C252355CFFD3C1C6F9ADFCDDFE82" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C9C252355CFFD3C1C6F9ADFCDDFE82" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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<subSubSection id="C37A20CF355CFFD3C1C6F9ADFCDDFE82" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDF7344355CFFD5C1C6F9ADFA34F9E2" blockId="3.[151,1436,1543,2000]" box="[151,1101,1543,1568]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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<heading id="D097C428355CFFD5C1C6F9ADFA34F9E2" bold="true" box="[151,1101,1543,1568]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355CFFD5C1C6F9ADFA34F9E2" bold="true" box="[151,1101,1543,1568]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355CFFD5C1C6F9ADFF0CF9E2" ID-CoL="897PL" box="[151,373,1543,1568]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355CFFD5C1C6F9ADFF0CF9E2" bold="true" box="[151,373,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Acrocera orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355CFFD5C0ECF9A2FD8EF9E2" authority="Keyserling" authorityName="Keyserling" box="[445,1015,1543,1568]" class="Arachnida" family="Amaurobiidae" genus="Amaurobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355CFFD5C0ECF9A2FCEEF9E2" bold="true" box="[445,663,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Amaurobius erberi</emphasis>
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(Keyserling) (Amaurobiidae)
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</taxonomicName>
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(fig. 3)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF7344355CFFD5C196F989FF16F9AA" blockId="3.[151,1436,1543,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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Locality.
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<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355CFFD5C061F988FF06F986" box="[304,383,1581,1604]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">France</collectingCountry>
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, Département Var, near Besse-sur-Isole,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE541583355CFFD5C212F989FD95F987" box="[835,1004,1580,1605]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" precision="1" value="43.327667">43°19′39.60′′N</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE541583355CFFD5C2A3F989FAF4F987" box="[1010,1165,1580,1605]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" precision="1" value="6.1801553">6°10′48.56′′E</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<date id="FFDE5584355CFFD5C5C6F989FB7FF986" box="[1175,1286,1580,1604]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" value="2011-10">Oct. 2011</date>
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, leg & reared by Frits Broekhuis.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF7344355CFFD5C196F9D0FFFFF84A" blockId="3.[151,1436,1543,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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Host. Subadult
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355CFFD5C022F9D1FC3FF94F" box="[371,582,1652,1677]" class="Arachnida" family="Amaurobiidae" genus="Amaurobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355CFFD5C022F9D1FC3FF94F" box="[371,582,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Amaurobius erberi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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♂ (DNA-voucher CK564). Collected between dirt and stones in a garden on
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<date id="FFDE5584355CFFD5C1C6F932FF69F972" box="[151,272,1687,1712]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" value="2011-10-16">16.X.2011</date>
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. The spider died on
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<date id="FFDE5584355CFFD5C358F93DFC07F972" box="[521,638,1688,1712]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" value="2011-10-19">19.X.2011</date>
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with the emergence of the acrocerid larva. The host’s barcode was compared to a set of reference barcodes comprising four of the seven
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355CFFD5C286F919FA26F917" box="[983,1119,1724,1749]" class="Arachnida" family="Amaurobiidae" genus="Amaurobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355CFFD5C286F919FA26F917" box="[983,1119,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Amaurobius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species cited for mainland
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<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355CFFD5C1C6F945FE9FF935" box="[151,230,1760,1783]" name="France" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">France</collectingCountry>
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, including a sequence of an adult male
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355CFFD5C3F5F945FD71F93A" box="[676,776,1759,1784]" class="Arachnida" family="Amaurobiidae" genus="Amaurobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355CFFD5C3F5F945FD71F93A" box="[676,776,1759,1784]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">A. erberi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the same locality (DNA-voucher CK665). The latter was collected on
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<date id="FFDE5584355CFFD5C00BF8A1FFA7F8DE" box="[346,478,1796,1820]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" value="2012-08-02">2.VIII.2012</date>
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and moulted twice in captivity before becoming an adult in
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<date id="FFDE5584355CFFD5C5D4F8A1FB45F8DE" box="[1157,1340,1796,1821]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" value="2012-12">December 2012</date>
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. Both
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355CFFD5C4D5F8A1FEA5F882" class="Arachnida" family="Amaurobiidae" genus="Amaurobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355CFFD5C4D5F8A1FEA5F882" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">A. erberi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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share an identical barcode, except a single substitution, whereas the next closest species differ by an uncorrected genetic pairwise distances of 5.7% (
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355CFFD5C3A5F8E9FA0DF8A7" authority="Blackwall" authorityName="Blackwall" box="[756,1140,1868,1893]" class="Arachnida" family="Amaurobiidae" genus="Amaurobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="similis">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355CFFD5C3A5F8E9FDAFF8A7" box="[756,982,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Amaurobius similis</emphasis>
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(Blackwall))
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</taxonomicName>
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and 8.2% (
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355CFFD5C445F8E9FFFBF84A" authority="Stroem" authorityName="Stroem" class="Arachnida" family="Amaurobiidae" genus="Amaurobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fenestralis">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355CFFD5C445F8E9FF75F84A" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Amaurobius fenestralis</emphasis>
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(Stroem))
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF7344355CFFD5C196F831FB54F812" blockId="3.[151,1436,1543,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">
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Parasitoid.
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355CFFD5C017F831FC66F86F" box="[326,543,1940,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355CFFD5C017F831FC66F86F" box="[326,543,1940,1965]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="138">Acrocera orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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♂ (DNA-voucher CK565). The time from the emergence of the larva from its host (
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<date id="FFDE5584355CFFD5C184F81DFF35F812" box="[213,332,1976,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" value="2011-10-19">19.X.2011</date>
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) and the eclosion of the adult fly (
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<date id="FFDE5584355CFFD5C39CF81DFD39F812" box="[717,832,1976,2000]" pageId="3" pageNumber="138" value="2011-11-01">1.XI.2011</date>
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) lasted 15 days and is documented in fig. 3.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF1F23CC355BFFD2C1C6FBBFFBE4FB2A" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231200/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" targetBox="[151,1436,195,1029]" targetPageId="4">
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<paragraph id="8BDF7344355BFFD2C1C6FBBFFBE4FB2A" blockId="4.[151,1437,1050,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C1C6FBBFFF6DFBF2" bold="true" box="[151,276,1050,1072]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
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Last instar larva of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C0B7FBBEFD5BFBF2" authority="Fabricius" authorityName="Fabricius" box="[486,802,1050,1072]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C0B7FBBEFCD5FBF2" box="[486,684,1050,1072]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Acrocera orbiculus</emphasis>
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(Fabricius)
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</taxonomicName>
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emerging from subadult
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C576FBBFFB09FBF2" authority="Keyserling" authorityName="Keyserling" box="[1063,1392,1050,1072]" class="Arachnida" family="Amaurobiidae" genus="Amaurobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C576FBBFFA91FBF2" box="[1063,1256,1050,1072]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Amaurobius erberi</emphasis>
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(Keyserling)
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</taxonomicName>
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and moulting into adult.
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C03DFB9CFFE2FB8D" bold="true" box="[364,411,1081,1103]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">A–B</emphasis>
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(16.X.2011): the spider shows no aberrant behaviour, despite a white marking at the dorsoanterior region of the opistosoma where the endoparasitoids will emerge (red arrow).
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C299FBFDFDA3FBAC" bold="true" box="[968,986,1112,1134]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">C</emphasis>
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(19.X.2011, 8 a.m.): last instar larva fully emerged from host spider but is still attached.
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C320FBD3FCFAFB4E" bold="true" box="[625,643,1142,1164]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">D</emphasis>
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(19.X.2011, 1 p.m.): last instar larva still attached to its host ingesting rest of opistosoma’s content, letting opistosoma shrivle.
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C3DAFB30FCE5FB69" bold="true" box="[651,668,1173,1195]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">E</emphasis>
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(19.X.2011, 4 p.m.): last instar larva detached from its host.
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C455FB30FB6AFB69" bold="true" box="[1284,1299,1173,1195]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">F</emphasis>
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(21.X.2011): praepupa of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C048FB11FFEEFB08" box="[281,407,1204,1226]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C048FB11FFEEFB08" box="[281,407,1204,1226]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C0F4FB11FFC0FB08" bold="true" box="[421,441,1204,1226]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">G</emphasis>
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(24.X.2011): pupa of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C3F0FB11FD67FB08" box="[673,798,1204,1226]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C3F0FB11FD67FB08" box="[673,798,1204,1226]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with prepupal skin and meconium attached to posterior body end.
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C196FB77FEA2FB2A" bold="true" box="[199,219,1234,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">H</emphasis>
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(25.X.2011): matured pupa of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C342FB76FCF7FB2A" box="[531,654,1234,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C342FB76FCF7FB2A" box="[531,654,1234,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C3CBFB77FCDDFB2A" bold="true" box="[666,676,1234,1256]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">I</emphasis>
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(01.XI.2011): emerged male adult of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C571FB76FAE5FB2A" box="[1056,1180,1234,1256]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C571FB76FAE5FB2A" box="[1056,1180,1234,1256]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Photos: Frits Broekhuis.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDF7344355BFFD2C196FAB0FC03F850" blockId="4.[151,1436,1301,2010]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Generally, little information is available on host specificity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C2DCFAB0FA60FAEC" box="[909,1049,1301,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Acroceridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The most detailed host range has been documented for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C0C3FA9CFF8DFA90" box="[402,500,1337,1362]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Ogcodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C0C3FA9CFF8DFA90" box="[402,500,1337,1362]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Ogcodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(∼100 species) with about 40 host-parasite relationships known, from at least 15 families of Araneomorphae, mostly belonging to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C3A0FAF8FD1AFAB4" box="[753,867,1373,1398]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C223FAF8FA5BFAB4" author="Schlinger" box="[882,1058,1373,1398]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Schlinger, E. I. (1987) The biology of Acroceridae (Diptera): true endoparasitoids of spiders. In: Nentwig, W. (Ed.), Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 319 - 327." type="book chapter" year="1987">Schlinger 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C57EFAF8FBEEFAB4" author="Barraclough" box="[1071,1431,1373,1398]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Barraclough, D. A. & Croucamp, W. (1997) A new South African species of Ogcodes Latreille (Diptera: Acroceridae) reared from a sac spider of the genus Cheiracanthium Koch (Miturgidae). Annals of the Natal Museum, 38, 55 - 60." type="journal article" year="1997">Barraclough & Croucamp 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; de
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C1E8FA27FF09FA5B" author="Jong" box="[185,368,1409,1434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="de Jong, H., Noordam, A. P. & Zeegers, T. (2000) The Acroceridae (Diptera) of The Netherlands. Entomologische Berichten, 60, 171 - 179." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Jong
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C1A4FA27FF57FA58" box="[245,302,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C02CFA24FC42FA5B" author="Cady" box="[381,571,1409,1434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Cady, A., Leech, R., Sorkin, L., Stratton, G. & Caldwell, M. (1993) Acrocerid (Insecta: Diptera) life histories, behaviours, host spiders (Arachnida: Araneida), and distribution records. The Canadian Entomologist, 125, 931 - 944. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / ent 125931 - 5" type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Cady
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C0EEFA27FF81FA58" box="[447,504,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C316FA27FD77FA58" author="Eason" box="[583,782,1409,1434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Eason, F. R., Peck, W. B. & Whitcomb, W. H. (1967) Notes on spider parasites, including a reference list. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 40, 422 - 434." type="journal article" year="1967">
|
||
Eason
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C3C2FA27FCB5FA58" box="[659,716,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1967
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C24AFA27FDD5FA58" author="Langer" box="[795,940,1409,1434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Langer, G. (2005) Ein seltener Parasitoid der Wolfspinne Pardosa alacris (Araneae: Lycosidae): Ogcodes gibbosus (Diptera: Acroceridae). Arachnologische Mitteilungen, 29, 45 - 48. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5431 / aramit 2907" type="journal article" year="2005">Langer 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C2E8FA24FAA3FA5B" author="Larrivee" box="[953,1242,1409,1434]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Larrivee, M. & Borkent, C. J. (2009) New spider host associations for three acrocerid fly species (Diptera, Acroceridae). Journal of Arachnology, 37, 241 - 242. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1636 / t 08 - 62.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Larrivée & Borkent 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C5B4FA24FEAAFA7C" author="Kehlmaier" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Kehlmaier, C., Michalko, R. & Korenko, S. (2012) Ogcodes fumatus (Diptera: Acroceridae) reared from Philodromus cespitum (Araneae: Philodromidae), and first evidence of Wolbachia alphaproteobacteria in Acroceridae. Annales Zoologici (Warszawa), 62 (2), 281 - 286. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3161 / 000345412 x 652819" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Kehlmaier
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C432FA27FBE5FA58" box="[1379,1436,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study). In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C02FFA03FF9CFA7F" box="[382,485,1446,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C02FFA03FF9CFA7F" box="[382,485,1446,1469]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Acrocera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, almost 20 host-parasite relationships are known from 7 families of Araneomorphae, mostly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C1BFFA6CFF26FA20" box="[238,351,1481,1506]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C0CCFA6CFC64FA20" box="[413,541,1481,1506]" class="Arachnida" family="Agelenidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Agelenidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C37EFA6CFC8EFA23" author="Cady" box="[559,759,1481,1506]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Cady, A., Leech, R., Sorkin, L., Stratton, G. & Caldwell, M. (1993) Acrocerid (Insecta: Diptera) life histories, behaviours, host spiders (Arachnida: Araneida), and distribution records. The Canadian Entomologist, 125, 931 - 944. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / ent 125931 - 5" type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
Cady
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C327FA6FFCCBFA20" box="[630,690,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C256FA6CFA49FA23" author="Larrivee" box="[775,1072,1481,1506]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Larrivee, M. & Borkent, C. J. (2009) New spider host associations for three acrocerid fly species (Diptera, Acroceridae). Journal of Arachnology, 37, 241 - 242. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1636 / t 08 - 62.1" type="journal article" year="2009">Larrivée & Borkent 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C511FA6CFB5BFA23" author="Nielsen" box="[1088,1314,1481,1506]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Nielsen, B. O., Funch, P. & Toft, S. (1999) Self-injection of a Dipteran parasitoid into a Spider. Naturwissenschaften, 86, 530 - 532. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050668" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Nielsen
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C5F1FA6FFAA5FA20" box="[1184,1244,1481,1506]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C460FA6CFEAAF9C4" author="Schlinger" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Schlinger, E. I. (1987) The biology of Acroceridae (Diptera): true endoparasitoids of spiders. In: Nentwig, W. (Ed.), Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 319 - 327." type="book chapter" year="1987">Schlinger 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C1B1FA48FFE1F9C4" author="Toft" box="[224,408,1517,1542]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Toft, S., Nielsen, B. O. & Funch, P. (2012) Parasitoid suppression and life-history modifications in a wolf spider following infection by larvae of an acrocerid fly. The Journal of Arachnology, 40, 13 - 17. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1636 / p 11 - 28.1" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Toft
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C049FA4BFF2AF9C4" box="[280,339,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this study).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C37CFA4BFD7EF9C4" box="[557,775,1517,1542]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C37CFA4BFD7EF9C4" box="[557,775,1517,1542]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Acrocera orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is comparatively frequently encountered for an acrocerid (surely the most common acrocerid taxon in Europe) and has an Holarctic distribution, ranging from North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355BFFD2C1C6F990FE8EF98C" box="[151,247,1589,1614]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Northwest Territories east to Ontario and Pennsylvania and south to California and Arkansas;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C460F990FEA9F9B0" author="Schlinger" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Schlinger, E. I. (1965) Acroceridae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H. & Coulson, J. R., (Eds.), A Catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 276, 403 - 407." type="journal article" year="1965">Schlinger 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to the Palaearctic (from Scandinavia to North Africa, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355BFFD2C2DCF9FCFDB4F9B0" box="[909,973,1625,1650]" name="Spain" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
all through
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355BFFD2C50DF9FCFADEF9B0" box="[1116,1191,1625,1650]" name="Russia" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Near East to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355BFFD2C1C6F9D8FEA7F954" box="[151,222,1661,1686]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C1BBF9D8FFEFF954" author="Nartshuk" box="[234,406,1661,1686]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Nartshuk, E. P. (2013) Fauna Europaea: Acroceridae. In: Pape, T. & Beuk, P. (Eds.) Fauna Europaea: Diptera: Brachycera. Fauna Europaea version 2.6. Available from: http: // www. faunaeur. org (accessed 25 February 2014)" type="journal article" year="2013">Nartshuk 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), possible also extending into the Afrotropics (a doubtful record from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37733D4355BFFD2C5ECF9D8FB65F954" box="[1213,1308,1661,1686]" name="Ethiopia" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Ethiopia</collectingCountry>
|
||
is listed in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C1C6F904FF38F97B" author="Nartshuk" box="[151,321,1697,1722]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Nartshuk, E. P. (1988) Acroceridae. In: Soos, A. & Papp, L. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaearctic Diptera. Vol. 5. Akademiai Kiado / Elsevier, Budapest & Amsterdam, pp. 186 - 196." type="book" year="1988">Nartshuk 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). But despite this, only four rearing records from three spider families (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C532F904FB71F978" box="[1123,1288,1697,1722]" class="Arachnida" family="Amaurobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Amaurobiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C442F904FBE5F978" box="[1299,1436,1697,1722]" class="Arachnida" family="Clubionidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Clubionidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C198F960FF45F91C" box="[201,316,1733,1758]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Lycosidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) have been documented:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C332F960FD41F91C" box="[611,824,1733,1758]" class="Arachnida" family="Amaurobiidae" genus="Amaurobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erberi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C332F960FD41F91C" box="[611,824,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Amaurobius erberi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(this study),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C282F960FADEF91F" box="[979,1191,1733,1758]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Pardosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prativaga">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C282F960FADEF91F" box="[979,1191,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Pardosa prativaga</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C5E9F960FBEEF91C" author="Nielsen" box="[1208,1431,1733,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Nielsen, B. O., Funch, P. & Toft, S. (1999) Self-injection of a Dipteran parasitoid into a Spider. Naturwissenschaften, 86, 530 - 532. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050668" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Nielsen
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C449F963FB2AF91C" box="[1304,1363,1733,1758]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C1C6F94CFF2AF8C3" author="Toft" box="[151,339,1769,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Toft, S., Nielsen, B. O. & Funch, P. (2012) Parasitoid suppression and life-history modifications in a wolf spider following infection by larvae of an acrocerid fly. The Journal of Arachnology, 40, 13 - 17. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1636 / p 11 - 28.1" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Toft
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C181F94FFF75F8C0" box="[208,268,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C03BF94FFFC1F8C3" box="[362,440,1770,1793]" class="Arachnida" family="Lycosidae" genus="Lycosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C03BF94FFFC1F8C3" box="[362,440,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Lycosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spec. (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C362F94FFCCEF8C0" box="[563,695,1769,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" genus="Syrphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C362F94FFCCEF8C0" box="[563,695,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">A. globulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C3B2F94CFD04F8C3" author="Nielsen" box="[739,893,1769,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Nielsen, E. (1932) The biology of spiders, with special reference to the Danish fauna. Levin & Munksgaard, Copenhagen, part I: 248 pp, part II: 723 pp." type="book" year="1932">Nielsen 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C292F94CFA52F8C0" box="[963,1067,1769,1794]" class="Arachnida" family="Clubionidae" genus="Clubiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C292F94CFA52F8C0" box="[963,1067,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Clubiona</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spec. (cited in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C5B4F94CFBE1F8C3" author="Schlinger" box="[1253,1432,1769,1794]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Schlinger, E. I. (1987) The biology of Acroceridae (Diptera): true endoparasitoids of spiders. In: Nentwig, W. (Ed.), Ecophysiology of Spiders. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 319 - 327." type="book chapter" year="1987">Schlinger 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; original author unknown, probably
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C379F8A8FCCBF8E4" author="Millot" box="[552,690,1805,1830]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Millot, J. (1938) Le developpement et la biologie larvaire des Oncodides (= Cyrtides), Dipteres parasites d'araignees. Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France, 63, 162 - 181 + 183 - 197." type="journal article" year="1938">Millot 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The life-cycle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6008C7355BFFD2C2DAF8ABFA6CF8E4" box="[907,1045,1805,1830]" class="Insecta" family="Acroceridae" genus="Acrocera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orbiculus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C2DAF8ABFA6CF8E4" box="[907,1045,1805,1830]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">A. orbiculus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is relatively well known. Detailed accounts include swarming, oviposition behaviour and egg morphology (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C288F894FAF8F88B" author="Edwards" box="[985,1153,1841,1866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Edwards, M. (1984) A further observation of swarming behaviour in Acrocera orbicula (F.) (Dipt., Acroceridae). The Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 120, 236." type="journal article" year="1984">Edwards 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C5DEF894FB60F88B" author="Ralley" box="[1167,1305,1841,1866]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Ralley, W. E. (1988) Oviposition behavior and the egg of Acrocera orbicula (Fab.) (Diptera: Acroceridae). The Canadian Entomologist, 120, 95 - 96. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4039 / ent 12095 - 1" type="journal article" year="1988">Ralley 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) as well as larval morphology and development of early larval stages (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C26FF8F0FA67F8AC" author="Nielsen" box="[830,1054,1877,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Nielsen, B. O., Funch, P. & Toft, S. (1999) Self-injection of a Dipteran parasitoid into a Spider. Naturwissenschaften, 86, 530 - 532. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 001140050668" type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Nielsen
|
||
<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C2CEF8F3FDA0F8AC" box="[927,985,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF10EB5355BFFD2C57DF8F0FA98F8AC" author="Toft" box="[1068,1249,1877,1902]" pageId="4" pageNumber="139" refString="Toft, S., Nielsen, B. O. & Funch, P. (2012) Parasitoid suppression and life-history modifications in a wolf spider following infection by larvae of an acrocerid fly. The Journal of Arachnology, 40, 13 - 17. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1636 / p 11 - 28.1" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Toft
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<emphasis id="B914AF56355BFFD2C532F8F3FAE4F8AC" box="[1123,1181,1877,1902]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">et al.</emphasis>
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2012
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and emergence from the host to adult eclosion (this study).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDF7344355BFFD3C196F838FCDDFE82" blockId="4.[151,1436,1301,2010]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,320]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="4" pageNumber="139">Acrocerid larvae normally (but not always) leave their hosts before the spider reaches adulthood, and a morphological identification of the host to species level is often not possible. In this respect, DNA-barcoding is a potentially powerful tool for overcoming this taxonomic gap, provided that a set of morphologically identified reference barcodes of the target group is available for comparison. The obtained molecular evidence also acts as a supplementary voucher, ensuring that future nomenclatural changes to host or parasitoid taxonomy, e.g., splitting of species aggregates, will be easy to incorporate, and the use of this technique is strongly advocated in any future work focusing on host parasitoid relationships.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |