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<mods:affiliation id="9C36704CC1089F851FF885BD3280192D">Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, PO Box 9004, Abha- 61413, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. mohd _ robiya @ hotmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 3323 - 3623</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="5EEBFE545761C58942F2FB43B74396F3">National Museum of Wales, Department of Natural Sciences, Entomology Section, Cardiff, CF 10 3 NP, UK. john. deeming @ museumwales. ac. uk; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 6703 - 8180</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C46D2AA2C13FFA1FF3A66CEFD2607B0" authority="Wiedemann, 1830" authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityYear="1830" box="[151,688,1989,2016]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albina" subGenus="Lissosterna">
<emphasis id="B932753B2C13FFA1FF3A66CEFD2607B0" bold="true" box="[151,688,1989,2016]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
<emphasis id="B932753B2C13FFA1FF3A66CEFF7307B0" bold="true" box="[151,229,1990,2016]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Musca</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="B932753B2C13FFA1FF5866CEFEEF07B0" bold="true" box="[245,377,1990,2016]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Lissosterna</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="B932753B2C13FFA1FE2766CDFE4507B0" bold="true" box="[394,467,1989,2016]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">albina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C13FFA1FE7766CDFD2607B0" author="Wiedemann, C. R. W." box="[474,688,1989,2016]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref37841" refString="Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1830) Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten (concl.). Vol. 2. in der Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hamm, xii + 684 pp." type="book" year="1830">Wiedemann, 1830</bibRefCitation>
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(
<figureCitation id="137DB5AC2C13FFA1FD1266CEFC9407B0" box="[703,770,1990,2016]" captionStart="FIGURE" captionStartId="12.[151,251,1893,1917]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,755,1857]" captionTargetId="figure-265@12.[151,1435,740,1869]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE. 69. Muscidae species habitus: 6) Musca (Byomya) lasiophthalma Thomson, 1869, Male; 7) Musca (Byomya) lucidula Loew, 1856, Female; 8) Musca (Lissosterna) albina Wiedemann, 1830, Female; 9) Musca domestica L., ssp. calleva Walker, 1849, Male." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4418254" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4418254/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
)
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<taxonomicName id="4C46D2AA2C12FFA0FF3A619FFDA900E1" authority="Wiedemann, 1830: 415" authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityPageNumber="415" authorityYear="1830" box="[151,575,150,177]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albina">
<emphasis id="B932753B2C12FFA0FF3A619FFEA700E1" box="[151,305,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Musca albina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FE9A619FFDA900E1" author="Wiedemann, C. R. W." box="[311,575,150,177]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref37841" refString="Wiedemann, C. R. W. (1830) Aussereuropaische zweiflugelige Insekten (concl.). Vol. 2. in der Schulzischen Buchhandlung, Hamm, xii + 684 pp." type="book" year="1830">Wiedemann, 1830: 415</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="B932753B2C12FFA0FF6A61B2FE5C0084" bold="true" box="[199,458,186,212]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
1f,
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,
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,
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(Abha farm centre),
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,
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,
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(
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,
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,
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,
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,
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(
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);
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, same data but,
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.
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<emphasis id="B932753B2C12FFA0FF6A602EFEF70110" bold="true" box="[199,353,294,320]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</emphasis>
This species was previously recorded from
<collectingCountry id="F351E9B92C12FFA0FCE0602FFC480111" box="[845,990,295,321]" name="Saudi Arabia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Saudi Arabia</collectingCountry>
by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FBA5602FFB4D0111" author="van Emden, F. I." box="[1032,1243,295,321]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="161 - 175" refId="ref37148" refString="van Emden, F. I. (1948) Diptera: Muscidae. In: Expedition to South-West Arabia 1937 - 1938. Vol. I. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 161 - 175." type="book chapter" year="1948">van Emden (1948)</bibRefCitation>
; Büttiker (1979);
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FF3A6043FE5C0135" author="Dawah, H. A. &amp; Abdullah, M. A." box="[151,458,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="373 - 396" refId="ref31297" refString="Dawah, H. A. &amp; Abdullah, M. A. (2009) The Muscidae (Diptera: Brachycera: Muscomorpha) of south-western Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Arabia, 24, 373 - 396." type="journal article" year="2009">Dawah &amp; Abdullah (2009)</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FE7A6043FD790135" author="El-Hawagry, M. S. &amp; Khalil, M. W. &amp; Sharaf, M. R. &amp; Fadl, H. H. &amp; Aldawood, A. S." box="[471,751,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 88" refId="ref31977" refString="El-Hawagry, M. S., Khalil, M. W., Sharaf, M. R., Fadl, H. H. &amp; Aldawood, A. S. (2013) A preliminary study on the insect fauna of Al-Baha province, Saudi Arabia, with description of two new species. Zookeys, 274, 1 - 88. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 274.4529" type="journal article" year="2013">
El-Hawagry
<emphasis id="B932753B2C12FFA0FDC56043FD0C0135" box="[616,666,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">et al</emphasis>
. (2013
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FD566043FCA10135" author="El-Hawagry, M. S. &amp; Abdel-Dayem, M. S. &amp; Elgharbawy, A. A. &amp; Al Dhafer, H. M." box="[763,823,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="107 - 139" refId="ref32055" refString="El-Hawagry, M. S., Abdel-Dayem, M. S., Elgharbawy, A. A. &amp; Al Dhafer, H. M. (2016) A preliminary account of the fly fauna in Jabal Shada al-A'la Nature Reserve, Saudi Arabia, with new records and biogeographical remarks (Diptera, Insecta). Zookeys, 636, 107 - 139. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 636.9905" type="journal article" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FCEE6043FC160135" author="El-Hawagry, M. S. &amp; Abdel-Dayem, M. S. &amp; Al Dhafer, H. M." box="[835,896,331,357]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1499 - 1530" refId="ref32135" refString="El-Hawagry, M. S., Abdel-Dayem, M. S., El-Sonbati &amp; Al Dhafer, H. M. (2017) A preliminary account of the fly fauna in Gard Raydah Nature Reserve, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with new records and biogeographical remarks (Diptera: Insecta). Journal of Natural History, 51 (25 - 26), 1499 - 1530. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222933.2017.1347299" type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
). It was described from “Ostindien” [= East Indies]. In the Middle East it has been recorded from
<collectingCountry id="F351E9B92C12FFA0FD716067FCB401D9" box="[732,802,367,393]" name="Egypt" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Egypt</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F351E9B92C12FFA0FC836067FCC801D9" box="[814,862,367,393]" name="Iraq" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Iraq</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F351E9B92C12FFA0FCC46067FC3101D9" box="[873,935,367,393]" name="Israel" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Israel</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F351E9B92C12FFA0FC726067FBB501D9" box="[991,1059,367,393]" name="Oman" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oman</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FB9F6067FB3C01D9" author="Pont, A. C." box="[1074,1194,367,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="721 - 761" refId="ref34918" refString="Pont, A. C. (1980) 85 Family Muscidae. In: Crosskey, R. W. (Ed.), Catalogue of the Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. British Museum (Natural History), London, pp. 721 - 761." type="book chapter" year="1980">Pont 1980</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FB1B6067FABA01D9" author="Pont, A. C." box="[1206,1324,367,393]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref35020" refString="Pont, A. C. (1991) A review of the Fanniidae and Muscidae (Diptera) of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 12, 312 - 265." type="book" year="1991">Pont 1991</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FA946067FEBD01FD" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Pont, A. C." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="427 - 430" refId="ref33997" refString="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Pont, A. C. (2013) The kleptoparasitic habits of Musca albina Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera: Muscidae). African Invertebrates, 54 (2), 427 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 054.0221" type="journal article" year="2013">Marshall &amp; Pont 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35CFAA22C12FFA0FF6A60BEFA8F02D5" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BF9A9292C12FFA0FF6A60BEFA8F02D5" blockId="11.[151,1437,150,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
<emphasis id="B932753B2C12FFA0FF6A60BEFE260181" bold="true" box="[199,432,438,465]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Biological remarks.</emphasis>
It is primarily a desert species (Büttiker 1979), recorded as pestering cattle and buffalo. It was reared from a dead tortoise (Vlassov &amp; Stackelberg as quoted by Hennig 1964), but it can be assumed to breed usually in dung (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FEE360F7FE530249" author="Pont, A. C." box="[334,453,511,537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref35020" refString="Pont, A. C. (1991) A review of the Fanniidae and Muscidae (Diptera) of the Arabian Peninsula. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 12, 312 - 265." type="book" year="1991">Pont 1991</bibRefCitation>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FE7A60F7FD490249" author="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Pont, A. C." box="[471,735,511,537]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="427 - 430" refId="ref33997" refString="Marshall, S. A. &amp; Pont, A. C. (2013) The kleptoparasitic habits of Musca albina Wiedemann, 1830 (Diptera: Muscidae). African Invertebrates, 54 (2), 427 - 430. https: // doi. org / 10.5733 / afin. 054.0221" type="journal article" year="2013">Marshall &amp; Pont (2013)</bibRefCitation>
reported that
<taxonomicName id="4C46D2AA2C12FFA0FCDA60F7FC750249" authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityYear="1830" box="[887,995,511,537]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albina">
<emphasis id="B932753B2C12FFA0FCDA60F7FC750249" box="[887,995,511,537]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. albina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
demonstrates kleptoparasitic behaviour on the dung-rolling scarab beetle
<taxonomicName id="4C46D2AA2C12FFA0FDB7632BFC06026D" authority="Janssens" authorityName="Janssens" authorityYear="1940" box="[538,912,547,573]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Scarabaeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="damarensis">
<emphasis id="B932753B2C12FFA0FDB7632BFCB0026D" box="[538,806,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Scarabaeus damarensis</emphasis>
Janssens
</taxonomicName>
in
<collectingCountry id="F351E9B92C12FFA0FC14632BFB8F026D" box="[953,1049,547,573]" name="Namibia" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Namibia</collectingCountry>
by ovipositing in partially buried dung balls. As far as is known this is the first record of kleptoparasitism in
<taxonomicName id="4C46D2AA2C12FFA0FC70634FFBD80231" box="[989,1102,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Muscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Muscidae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C46D2AA2C12FFA0FBF5634FFB530231" authorityName="Wiedemann" authorityYear="1830" box="[1112,1221,583,609]" class="Insecta" family="Anthomyiidae" genus="Musca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="albina">
<emphasis id="B932753B2C12FFA0FBF5634FFB530231" box="[1112,1221,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">M. albina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a sunloving species feeding on sweat and other secretions, and on the faeces of domestic animals (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD7D4D82C12FFA0FB986363FA9A02D5" author="Sychevskava, V. I." box="[1077,1292,618,645]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="347 - 358" refId="ref36887" refString="Sychevskava, V. I. (1956) Flies of medical importance in Kara-Kalpakia. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 35, 347 - 358. [in Russian]" type="journal article" year="1956">Sychevskava 1956</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>