664 lines
92 KiB
XML
664 lines
92 KiB
XML
<document id="7042BDA14655EA32075B0524FD92C0AE" ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2010.502258" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5210579" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="carolina" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.tables_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" IM.treatments_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1629165621606" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Jugovic, Jure, Prevorčnik, Simona, Aljančič, Gregor & Sket, Boris" docDate="2010" docId="03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48" docLanguage="en" docName="JNatHist.44.41-42.2509-2533.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 44 (41 - 42)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2010.502258" docStyle="DocumentStyle:DE8A86AD4006EFA56F95B2AAEFBF2813.5:JNatHist.2008-2012.journal_article.2cover" docStyleId="DE8A86AD4006EFA56F95B2AAEFBF2813" docStyleName="JNatHist.2008-2012.journal_article.2cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Troglocaris" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="2530" masterDocId="FFDCFF8AF71FFF9AFF98FF92DE40F937" masterDocTitle="The atyid shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) rostrum: phylogeny versus adaptation, taxonomy versus trophic ecology" masterLastPageNumber="2533" masterPageNumber="2509" pageNumber="2526" updateTime="1728312256540" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C06591F62A6D12C5FC899EC7307373DE">
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<mods:title id="8DE04A158C79FE42F4E209C41BBC7824">The atyid shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) rostrum: phylogeny versus adaptation, taxonomy versus trophic ecology</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A838D8E649F63119AE9AE6A42FFB8C2B" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F1287AD7C39C63973CBA9AF5B0955C90">Jugovic, Jure</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8F8A622C9ECF5FE54993D123B320F88">Prevorčnik, Simona</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D9974C9EED06235C3749D96B5EFAEE65">Aljančič, Gregor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7D0D28AA66359A3EC917E889328AB5AA">Sket, Boris</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="150DF796242116A285D55506B284106D">Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="8B1C95E42329210F6DB1BDB0C79A0120">2010</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F5D567D955875BC357DFD364056624C5">2010-10-12</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3E7484B7B14FA0AEB65598292B31A9AF" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="9CAA1A3BEF20F1C68B908BFBF44C5502">44</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="AA0DAC4E34E1DADF181B2EED10569D31">41 - 42</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="CDD80985AF6155E00E829C9250459DCA" type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="2530" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
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<subSubSection id="C356656FF70CFF89FF08FED5DC9CF868" box="[144,732,327,351]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70CFF89FF08FED5DC9CF868" blockId="19.[144,1105,327,959]" box="[144,732,327,351]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
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Cave shrimps of the subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FE7CFED5DC24F868" ID-CoL="8VJQX" authority="Dormitzer, 1853" box="[484,612,327,351]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FE7CFED5DC24F868" box="[484,612,327,351]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Troglocaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FDEAFED5DC91F868" authority="De Haan, 1849" box="[626,721,327,351]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Atyidae</taxonomicName>
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),
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C356656FF70CFF89FD7BFED5DF90FA88" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70CFF89FD7BFED5DF90FA88" blockId="19.[144,1105,327,959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
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||
exhibit high variability in rostral length and dentition, the relative rostral length representing the only age-independent and sexually non-dimorphic character. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FDECFE15DCB4F8A8" box="[628,756,391,415]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FDECFE15DCB4F8A8" box="[628,756,391,415]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Troglocaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70CFF89FD64FE1ADD7BF8A8" box="[764,827,392,415]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
the observed pattern of rostral length variability is similar to the pattern of the atyid shrimp
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FCE5FE35DF57F8E8" authority="(Covich et al. 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Covich" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FCE5FE35DDB2F888" box="[893,1010,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FC67FE35DF4FF8E8" author="Covich AP & Crowl TA & Hein CL & Townsend MJ & McDowell WH" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="450 - 465" refId="ref12003" refString="Covich AP, Crowl TA, Hein CL, Townsend MJ, McDowell WH. 2009. Predator - prey interactions in river networks: comparing shrimp spatial refugia in two drainage basins. Freshwater Biol. 54 (3): 450 - 465." type="journal article" year="2009">Covich et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. In
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FED1FE55DF80F8E8" box="[329,448,455,479]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FED1FE55DF80F8E8" box="[329,448,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
coexisting with predatory fish, rostra were significantly longer and the total shrimp population density was much lower than in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FC40FE75DA0FF8C8" box="[984,1103,487,511]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FC40FE75DA0FF8C8" box="[984,1103,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
living where fish had no access. Additionally, lower abundances of shrimps with long and short rostra were reported in the localities without and with fish, respectively. Also in four species of the kakadukaridid shrimps,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FD77FDD5DF12FB48" authority="Bruce and Short, 1992" authorityName="Bruce and Short" authorityYear="1992" class="Malacostraca" family="Palaemonidae" genus="Leptopalaemon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gagadjui">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FD77FDD5DA42FB68" box="[751,1026,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Leptopalaemon gagadjui</emphasis>
|
||
Bruce and Short, 1992
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and three undescribed species, positive correlation between the length of the rostrum, the number of rostral teeth, and the presence of predatory fish was demonstrated (John Short, personal communication, 2009). Similar conclusions were drawn by some authors reporting analogous defence mechanisms (i.e. elongated spines) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FE93FD75DF2FFBC8" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[267,367,743,767]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Odonata</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae living with predatory fish (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FC97FD75DE88FA28" author="Johansson F & Samuelsson L" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="74 - 79" refId="ref12395" refString="Johansson F, Samuelsson L. 1994. Fish-induced variation in abdominal spine length of Leucorrhinia dubia (Odonata) larvae? Oecologia 100: 74 - 79." type="journal article" year="1994">Johansson and Samuelsson 1994</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FF4CFC95DC6BFA28" author="Arnquist G & Johansson F" box="[212,555,775,799]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="1847 - 1858" refId="ref11730" refString="Arnquist G, Johansson F. 1998. Ontogenetic reaction norms of predator-induced defensive morphology in dragonfly larvae. Ecology 79 (6): 1847 - 1858." type="journal article" year="1998">Arnquist and Johansson 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FDA0FC95DDE9FA28" author="Johansson F & Wahlstrom E" box="[568,937,775,799]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="199 - 208" refId="ref12424" refString="Johansson F, Wahlstrom E. 2002. Induced morphological defence: evidence from whole-lake manipulation experiments. Can J Zool. 80 (2): 199 - 208." type="journal article" year="2002">Johansson and Wahlström 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FC2EFC95DF2EFA08" author="Mikolajewski DJ & Johansson F" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="614 - 620" refId="ref12661" refString="Mikolajewski DJ, Johansson F. 2004. Morphological and behavioural defenses in dragonfly larvae: trait compensation and cospecialization. Behav Ecol. 15 (4): 614 - 620." type="journal article" year="2004">Mikolajewski and Johansson 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FEEFFCB5DCC1FA08" author="Mikolajewski DJ & Johansson F & Wohlfahrt B & Stoks R" box="[375,641,807,831]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="1306 - 1310" refId="ref12625" refString="Mikolajewski DJ, Johansson F, Wohlfahrt B, Stoks R. 2006. Invertebrate predation selects for the loss of a morphological antipredator trait. Evolution 60 (6): 1306 - 1310." type="journal article" year="2006">Mikolajewski et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FD12FCB5DD57FA08" author="Brooks SJ" box="[650,791,807,831]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="6 - 7" refId="ref11935" refString="Brooks SJ. 2008. Aren't dragonflies great study organisms? Trends Ecol Evol. 24 (1): 6 - 7." type="journal article" year="2008">Brooks 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FCBFFCB5DE97FA68" author="Johansson F & Samuelsson L" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="74 - 79" refId="ref12395" refString="Johansson F, Samuelsson L. 1994. Fish-induced variation in abdominal spine length of Leucorrhinia dubia (Odonata) larvae? Oecologia 100: 74 - 79." type="journal article" year="1994">Johansson and Samuelsson (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
wrote about lower total density of prey in the case of the co-occurrence with predators. Not only in macroinvertebrates but also in smaller invertebrates (e.g. Rotifera, Cladocera), similar cases of defence mechanisms are known (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FC40FC15DF63FA88" author="Adler FR & Harwell CD" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="407 - 410" refId="ref11678" refString="Adler FR, Harwell CD. 1990. Inducible defenses, phenotypic variability and biotic environments. Trends Ecol Evol. 5 (12): 407 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">Adler and Harvell 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FEB6FC35DF84FA88" author="Harvell CD" box="[302,452,935,959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="323 - 339" refId="ref12286" refString="Harvell CD. 1990. The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Q Rev Biol. 65 (3): 323 - 339." type="journal article" year="1990">Harvell 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C356656FF70CFF8DFF08FC6DDF3AFA48" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="2530" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70CFF89FF08FC6DDC34FD00" blockId="19.[144,1083,1023,1079]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FF08FC6DDC34FD00" bold="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FF08FC6DDF73FD00" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Possible causes for the coincidence between long rostrum, increased carapace size and the presence of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FEA1FB8DDFCEFD00" box="[313,398,1055,1079]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Proteus</taxonomicName>
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<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FE0EFB8DDFEBFD00" bold="true" box="[406,427,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">in</emphasis>
|
||
Troglocari
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FDBFFB8DDC34FD00" bold="true" box="[551,628,1055,1079]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">s s. str.</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70CFF89FF08FBD5DF80FF68" blockId="19.[143,1104,1095,1696]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
|
||
An overall positive correlation between the shrimp’s relative rostral length and presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FF37FBF5DF44FD48" box="[175,260,1127,1151]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FF37FBF5DF44FD48" box="[175,260,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as the results of our feeding behaviour observations indicate that the elongation of the rostrum in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FE65FB15DC3DFDA8" box="[509,637,1159,1183]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FE65FB15DC3DFDA8" box="[509,637,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents its defence mechanism against the predation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FECFFB35DFECFD88" box="[343,428,1191,1215]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FECFFB35DFECFD88" box="[343,428,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Four possible explanations for such an adaptation exist: (1) the shrimps are responding phenotypically to the presence of predatory kairomones in the water with intensified rostrum growth during ontogeny, (2) in polymorphic populations, the selection favours alleles for a longer rostrum in shrimps occurring with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FEA4FAB5DFD2FC08" box="[316,402,1319,1343]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FEA4FAB5DFD2FC08" box="[316,402,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (3) in polymorphic populations, selection acts against a welldeveloped rostrum where it has a cost but provides no advantage, (4) the elongated rostrum is a plesiomorphy, the reduction is caused by “mutational pressure”, where the selection does not counteract the “short rostrum” mutations. While in Cladocera and Rotifera the response of the prey is phenotypically induced by the presence of a predator (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FE9CFA55DC5DFCE8" author="Adler FR & Harwell CD" box="[260,541,1479,1503]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="407 - 410" refId="ref11678" refString="Adler FR, Harwell CD. 1990. Inducible defenses, phenotypic variability and biotic environments. Trends Ecol Evol. 5 (12): 407 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">Adler and Harvell 1990</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FDB4FA55DC84FCE8" author="Harvell CD" box="[556,708,1479,1503]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="323 - 339" refId="ref12286" refString="Harvell CD. 1990. The ecology and evolution of inducible defenses. Q Rev Biol. 65 (3): 323 - 339." type="journal article" year="1990">Harvell 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), in the studies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FC3BFA5ADA5AFCD7" box="[931,1050,1480,1504]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70CFF89FC3BFA5ADA5AFCD7" box="[931,1050,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70CFF89FF08FA75DEB4FCC8" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[144,244,1511,1535]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Odonata</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae (see above) the authors did not try to explain the mechanism of the prey adaptation. In the case of the mechanisms of eye reduction in subterranean animals the pros and cons of the last two options represent the topic of an ongoing discussion (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70CFF89FED9F9D5DFF4FF68" author="Sket B" box="[321,436,1607,1631]" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526" pagination="78 - 85" refId="ref12745" refString="Sket B. 1985. Why all cave animals do not look alike - a discussion on adaptive value of reduction processes. Natl Speleol Soc Bull. 47 (2): 78 - 85." type="journal article" year="1985">Sket 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70CFF8EFF22F9FADAD2F9C8" blockId="19.[143,1104,1095,1696]" lastBlockId="20.[212,1172,167,1696]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="2527" pageId="19" pageNumber="2526">
|
||
To avoid biased conclusions owing to different samples sizes, as well as highly variable relative rostral lengths in some populations, the average relative rostral length of each sample has been used for determining a boundary between populations with short and long rostra. A boundary has been set at 43% considering the minimal number of individuals classified outside the predicted group (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFC3FFF75DDBBF9C8" box="[935,1019,231,255]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
, under G/O).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70BFF8EFF66FE9ADF10FD08" blockId="20.[212,1172,167,1696]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">
|
||
Two gaps in the distribution area of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFD02FE95DCAFF828" box="[666,751,263,287]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFD02FE95DCAFF828" box="[666,751,263,287]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70BFF8EFC6FFE95DF5EF808" author="Kletecki E & Jalzic B & Rada T" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" pagination="227 - 231" refId="ref12546" refString="Kletecki E, Jalzic B, Rada T. 1996. Distribution of the Olm (Proteus anguinus, Laur.) in Croatia. Mem Biospeol. 23 (50): 227 - 231." type="journal article" year="1996">Kletečki et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: the gap between Slovenian populations and those in Croatian
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4988F806F70BFF8EFBBFFEBADA1CF808" box="[1063,1116,296,319]" country="Croatia" name="Istarska" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Istra</collectingRegion>
|
||
and between populations of northwestern and southeastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70BFF8EFCC7FED5DDF6F868" box="[863,950,327,351]" name="Croatia" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(i.e. in the Velebit mountains and partially in Lika). Whereas in the northern Dinarides the majority of populations with short rostra have actually been living in the area without
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFBAFFE15DACDF8A8" box="[1079,1165,391,415]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFBAFFE15DACDF8A8" box="[1079,1165,391,415]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, i.e. without predatory pressure, in the southern Dinarides only two exceptions from the Adriatic phylogroup have short rostra: a population on the southern border of the Velebit mountains (62) and the nearby island population (64) (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A61F70BFF8EFC7BFE75DA04F8C8" box="[995,1092,487,511]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="16.[212,280,1347,1369]" captionTargetBox="[214,1169,169,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-135@16.[213,1170,168,1317]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 4. Coincidence between the relative rostral length in Troglocaris s. str. and co-occurrence of Proteus sp. Sample numbers are as in Table 1; diamonds and plus symbols denote samples with relative rostrum average <43% and> 43%, respectively; asterisks (*) denote samples of T. bosnica. SLO, Slovenia; I, Italy; CRO, Croatia; BIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210585/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Most populations from the latter phylogroup have long rostra despite a presumable absence of predatory pressure. In samples 69, 65, 66 and 63, however, many shrimps with short rostra are present within samples characterized by their high variation in relative rostral lengths: 28–57%, 36–57%, 36–56% and 30–50%, respectively (see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFF4CFD15DF6CFBA8" box="[212,300,647,671]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
, under G/O). We have tried to explain deviation from the expected rostral length pattern in the Adriatic phylogroup with the distribution of cave shrimps’ putative cyprinid fish predators (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70BFF8EFE70FD55DD17FBE8" author="Zupancic P & Bogutskaya NG" box="[488,855,711,735]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" pagination="411 - 437" refId="ref13119" refString="Zupancic P, Bogutskaya NG. 2002. Description of two new species, Phoxinellus krbavensis and P. jadovensis, re-description of P. fontinalis Karaman, 1972, and discussion of the distri- bution of Phoxinellus species (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Nat Croat. 11 (4): 411 - 437." type="journal article" year="2002">Zupančič and Bogutskaya 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but without success. High variation in samples mentioned above can be explained (1) by the increased variability in structures not influenced by selection pressure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70BFF8EFC84FC95DDF7FA28" author="Darwin CR" box="[796,951,775,799]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" refId="ref12049" refString="Darwin CR. 1859. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray." type="book" year="1859">Darwin 1859</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (2) by a deficient knowledge of actual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFE5EFCB5DC5CFA08" box="[454,540,807,831]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFE5EFCB5DC5CFA08" box="[454,540,807,831]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
localities, denoting higher prey–predator contact than estimated, or (3) because the response of the Adriatic populations on the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFF4CFCF5DF69FA48" box="[212,297,871,895]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFF4CFCF5DF69FA48" box="[212,297,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
might be different to that in other phylogroups. Irrespective of either phenotypic or genetic induction of the shrimps’ response, the third option is supported by the genetic distinction of the Adriatic phylogroup. One has to notice that the combination of long rostra and absence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFD13FC55DCA0FAE8" box="[651,736,967,991]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFD13FC55DCA0FAE8" box="[651,736,967,991]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not fatal for shrimps, whereas the opposite situation would probably decrease the shrimps’ survival rate. It would, however, be energetically costly to produce the long rostra without at least a small biological advantage.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70BFF8EFF66FBD5DDC0FFA8" blockId="20.[212,1172,167,1696]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">
|
||
Apart from the “outliers” from the Adriatic phylogroup, the E-Slo phylogroup population 42 (from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70BFF8EFE27FBF5DC61FD48" box="[447,545,1127,1151]" name="Slovenia" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) with long rostra and single specimens from samples 81 and 90 (from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70BFF8EFEE2FB15DFF0FDA8" box="[378,432,1159,1183]" name="Italy" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
) with short rostra (data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70BFF8EFC83FB15DDEFFDA8" author="Fabjan E" box="[795,943,1159,1183]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" refId="ref12134" refString="Fabjan E. 2001. Prispevek k taksonomiji jamskih kozic Troglocaris (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) [graduation thesis]. [Ljubljana]: Univerza v Ljubljani." type="book" year="2001">Fabjan 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, no molecular data available; see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFEEEFB35DF8DFD88" box="[374,461,1191,1215]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) also show deviation from the expected pattern. The former population is living in a locality with presumably no predatory pressure, whereas in the latter two samples,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFE7BFB75DC78FDC8" box="[483,568,1255,1279]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFE7BFB75DC78FDC8" box="[483,568,1255,1279]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presence is confirmed for the first and questionable for the second location. We would like to point out that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFCC2FA95DDF0FC28" box="[858,944,1287,1311]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFCC2FA95DDF0FC28" box="[858,944,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is, however, known from close proximity to the Slovenian sample 42 (see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A61F70BFF8EFCA3FAB5DDDEFC08" box="[827,926,1319,1343]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="16.[212,280,1347,1369]" captionTargetBox="[214,1169,169,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-135@16.[213,1170,168,1317]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 4. Coincidence between the relative rostral length in Troglocaris s. str. and co-occurrence of Proteus sp. Sample numbers are as in Table 1; diamonds and plus symbols denote samples with relative rostrum average <43% and> 43%, respectively; asterisks (*) denote samples of T. bosnica. SLO, Slovenia; I, Italy; CRO, Croatia; BIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210585/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
), and that the Italian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFF4CFADADF13FC57" box="[212,339,1352,1376]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFF4CFADADF13FC57" box="[212,339,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from nearby locations (i.e. 80, 82 for the first and 89 for the second sample mentioned above;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFE32FAF5DC41FC48" box="[426,513,1383,1407]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A61F70BFF8EFDA7FAF5DCE1FC48" box="[575,673,1383,1407]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="16.[212,280,1347,1369]" captionTargetBox="[214,1169,169,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-135@16.[213,1170,168,1317]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 4. Coincidence between the relative rostral length in Troglocaris s. str. and co-occurrence of Proteus sp. Sample numbers are as in Table 1; diamonds and plus symbols denote samples with relative rostrum average <43% and> 43%, respectively; asterisks (*) denote samples of T. bosnica. SLO, Slovenia; I, Italy; CRO, Croatia; BIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210585/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
) all have distinctly longer rostra. It is also true that the Italian localities 81 and 90 are situated on the very border of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFBA6FA1ADAD4FC97" box="[1086,1172,1416,1440]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFBA6FA1ADAD4FC97" box="[1086,1172,1416,1440]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
distribution area,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFE3DFA3ADFBAFCF7" box="[421,506,1448,1472]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFE3DFA3ADFBAFCF7" box="[421,506,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being highly endangered (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70BFF8EFCAAFA35DDFBFC88" author="Bressi N" box="[818,955,1447,1471]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" pagination="55 - 59" refId="ref11834" refString="Bressi N. 2004. Underground and unknown: updated distribution, ecological notes and conservation guidelines on the Olm Proteus anguinus in Italy (Amphibia, Proteidae). Ital J Zool. 71 (1): 55 - 59." type="journal article" year="2004">Bressi 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This could mean that the predatory pressure here is lower than in the centre of the distribution area. Other populations examined by Fabjan (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFD3AFA75DCB8FCC8" box="[674,760,1511,1535]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), including 11 populations from the same localities as examined in the present study, all follow the anticipated rostral length pattern. According to results of our research, the relative rostral length represents an adequate tool for making assumptions about
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFCA3F9DADDD0FF57" box="[827,912,1608,1632]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFCA3F9DADDD0FF57" box="[827,912,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presence/absence, also in the samples of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFE3BF9FADC63FFB7" box="[419,547,1640,1664]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFE3BF9FADC63FFB7" box="[419,547,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70BFF8EFDB4F9FADC2CFF48" box="[556,620,1640,1663]" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
excluded from our statistical analyses (denoted with “#” in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF70BFF8EFEC4F915DFF0FFA8" box="[348,432,1671,1695]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
because of doubtful absence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70BFF8EFC82F91ADD2FFF97" box="[794,879,1672,1696]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70BFF8EFC82F91ADD2FFF97" box="[794,879,1672,1696]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="2527">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF22FF35DDCEF8E8" blockId="21.[144,1105,167,479]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
The increased carapace size in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD9CFF35DC3FF988" box="[516,639,167,191]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD9CFF35DC3FF988" box="[516,639,167,191]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFD1DFF3ADCFFF988" box="[645,703,168,191]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
co-occurring with the predator is the result not only of the elongation of the rostrum, but also of the significantly larger postorbital carapace length. On the other hand, the main factor for the increased carapace size in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF34FE95DFC1F828" box="[172,385,263,287]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF34FE95DFC1F828" box="[172,385,263,287]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Xiphocaris elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations living with predatory fish seems to be the elongation of the rostrum (evident from fig.
|
||
<quantity id="4CB49B01F70AFF8FFE6FFEB5DC5FF808" box="[503,543,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFDBEFEB5DCADF808" author="Covich AP & Crowl TA & Hein CL & Townsend MJ & McDowell WH" box="[550,749,295,319]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="450 - 465" refId="ref12003" refString="Covich AP, Crowl TA, Hein CL, Townsend MJ, McDowell WH. 2009. Predator - prey interactions in river networks: comparing shrimp spatial refugia in two drainage basins. Freshwater Biol. 54 (3): 450 - 465." type="journal article" year="2009">Covich et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Also in shrimps from the Adriatic phylogroup that are on average smaller (in comparison to the shrimps from the W-Slo and the E-Slo phylogroups), body size increases upon co-occurrence with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC6FFEF5DA09F848" box="[1015,1097,359,383]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC6FFEF5DA09F848" box="[1015,1097,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. An increase in size serving as a defence mechanism has already been reported in the green alga
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF5DFE35DC41F888" authority="(Baldwin 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Baldwin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[197,513,423,447]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Scenedesmaceae" genus="Scenedesmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphaeropleales" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF5DFE35DF10F888" box="[197,336,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Scenedesmus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFEC6FE35DFB9F888" author="Baldwin IT" box="[350,505,423,447]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="104 - 105" refId="ref11781" refString="Baldwin IT. 1996. Inducible defenses and population biology. Trends Ecol Evol. 11 (3): 104 - 105." type="journal article" year="1996">Baldwin 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; its consumer
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD07FE35DCBAF888" box="[671,762,423,447]" class="Branchiopoda" family="Macrothricidae" genus="Daphnia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplostraca" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD07FE35DCBAF888" box="[671,762,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Daphnia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC91FE35DD3AF888" box="[777,890,423,447]" class="Crustacea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="class">Crustacea</taxonomicName>
|
||
: Phyllopoda) elicits changes in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE9FFE55DFD1F8E8" baseAuthorityName="Baldwin" baseAuthorityYear="1996" box="[263,401,455,479]" class="Chlorophyceae" family="Scenedesmaceae" genus="Scenedesmus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Sphaeropleales" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE9FFE55DFD1F8E8" box="[263,401,455,479]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Scenedesmus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which render the alga too large to be ingested.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF08FD8DDA76FB00" blockId="21.[144,1078,543,567]" box="[144,1078,543,567]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF08FD8DDA76FB00" bold="true" box="[144,1078,543,567]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF08FD8DDEA6FB00" box="[144,230,543,567]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Proteus</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF74FD8DDC86FB00" bold="true" box="[236,710,543,567]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">impact on the morphology of the subgenera</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD54FD8DDD17FB00" box="[716,855,543,567]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">Spelaeocaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFCC6FD8DDDC6FB00" bold="true" box="[862,902,543,567]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">and</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC14FD8DDA76FB00" authorityName="Babic" authorityYear="1922" box="[908,1078,543,567]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaridella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Troglocaridella</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF08FDDADDA1FD68" blockId="21.[144,1105,583,1536]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
In the Dinarides where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE01FDD5DC59FB68" box="[409,537,583,607]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE01FDD5DC59FB68" box="[409,537,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFDB8FDDADC1CFB68" box="[544,604,584,607]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
is widespread, other species of cave shrimps also occur. Although they mainly exhibit similar morphometric response to the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF2BFD15DF48FBA8" box="[179,264,647,671]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF2BFD15DF48FBA8" box="[179,264,647,671]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A61F70AFF8FFED4FD15DFEFFBA8" box="[332,431,647,671]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="3.[142,209,1414,1436]" captionTargetBox="[145,1104,179,1383]" captionTargetId="graphics-117@3.[146,775,337,1362]" captionText="Figure 1. A simplified phylogenetic tree of the genus Troglocaris, redrawn and adapted from Sket and Zakšek (2009). Phylogenetic relationships among Troglocaris aggr. anophthalmus phylogroups are weakly supported, and T. anophthalmus – Soča has been added manually (dashed line; see also Zakšek et al. 2009). *Our specimens of the putative Istra phylogroup have not been investigated molecularly. Relative rostral length has been estimated for Proteus and Proteus-free localities, within each of the three Dinaric subgenera separately. For comments on few exceptions within Troglocaris s. str. and situation in T. (S.) prasence and T. (Troglocaridella) hercegovinensis see text." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13899207" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13899207/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
), the values are not consistent with values obtained for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF08FD35DF50FB88" box="[144,272,679,703]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF08FD35DF50FB88" box="[144,272,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFE8EFD3ADF13FB88" box="[278,339,680,703]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Insufficient data did not allow adequate statistical analysis.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC64FD35DCA5FBE8" authority="Sket and Zaksek, 2009" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapelana" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC64FD35DF9CFBE8" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris (Spelaeocaris) kapelana</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFE7BFD55DCA5FBE8" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[483,741,711,735]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from Lika (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70AFF8FFCEBFD55DD8CFBE8" box="[883,972,711,735]" name="Croatia" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
) and its yet undescribed sister species,
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE28FD75DC2FFBC8" box="[432,623,743,767]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
T. (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE4FFD75DC27FBC8" box="[471,615,743,767]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">Spelaeocaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sp. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFD3AFD75DDD8FBC8" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[674,920,743,767]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), from Bosanska Krajina (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70AFF8FFF6FFC95DC52FA28" box="[247,530,775,799]" name="Bosnia and Herzegovina" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Bosnia and Herzegovina</collectingCountry>
|
||
) coexist with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD2AFC95DD47FA28" box="[690,775,775,799]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD2AFC95DD47FA28" box="[690,775,775,799]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They both have long rostra bearing sparse, large spines. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE77FCB5DDE9FA08" authority="Sket and Zaksek, 2009" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[495,937,807,831]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasence" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE77FCB5DCE6FA08" box="[495,678,807,831]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.) prasence</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFD34FCB5DDE9FA08" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[684,937,807,831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
samples, specimens with long as well as with short rostra are found, although no data on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC62FCD5DA10FA68" box="[1018,1104,839,863]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC62FCD5DA10FA68" box="[1018,1104,839,863]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
presence is available. In samples close to the known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC8CFCF5DD29FA48" box="[788,873,871,895]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC8CFCF5DD29FA48" box="[788,873,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
localities (i.e. with known hydrological underground connections), relative rostral length surpasses that registered in localities isolated from known
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD09FC35DCA6FA88" box="[657,742,935,959]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD09FC35DCA6FA88" box="[657,742,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
localities: 33–57% CL (
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFB98FC35DA4DFA88" box="[1024,1037,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 15) and 19–27% CL (
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFEC3FC55DF28FAE8" box="[347,360,967,991]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 6), respectively. For some specimens from one of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC5FFC55DA5DFAE8" box="[967,1053,967,991]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC5FFC55DA5DFAE8" box="[967,1053,967,991]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-free localities (Rijeka Crnojeviča,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F70AFF8FFE7BFC75DC34FAC8" box="[483,628,999,1023]" name="Serbia" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Montenegro</collectingCountry>
|
||
), not only a shortened rostrum but also a rostrum without any teeth is characteristic. Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFCBDFB95DFD6FD08" authority="Sket and Zaksek, 2009" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="neglecta" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFCBDFB95DA0FFD28" box="[805,1103,1031,1055]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (Spelaeocaris) neglecta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F70AFF8FFF08FBB5DFD6FD08" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[144,406,1063,1087]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, known from just a few
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD28FBB5DD45FD08" box="[688,773,1063,1087]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD28FBB5DD45FD08" box="[688,773,1063,1087]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-free localities, all have short rostra without teeth and they are smaller than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD05FBD5DD5DFD68" box="[669,797,1095,1119]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD05FBD5DD5DFD68" box="[669,797,1095,1119]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFCBCFBDADD21FD68" box="[804,865,1096,1119]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF22FBFADD8AFDE8" blockId="21.[144,1105,583,1536]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
In the only species of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFDD1FBF5DCB3FD48" authorityName="Babic" authorityYear="1922" box="[585,755,1127,1151]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaridella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFDD1FBF5DCB3FD48" box="[585,755,1127,1151]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the situation is similar to that seen in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF71FB15DFE6FDA8" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[233,422,1159,1183]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasence" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF71FB15DFE6FDA8" box="[233,422,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.) prasence</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the rostrum is longer in samples from caves inhabited by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF08FB35DEA6FD88" box="[144,230,1191,1215]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF08FB35DEA6FD88" box="[144,230,1191,1215]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or hydrologically connected caves (25–57% CL, with 11% and 20% CL, exceptions;
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE8CFB55DF61FDE8" box="[276,289,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 22) than in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE74FB55DC02FDE8" box="[492,578,1223,1247]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE74FB55DC02FDE8" box="[492,578,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-free localities (11–23% CL,
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC18FB55DDCDFDE8" box="[896,909,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 5).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF22FB75DFFBFCA8" blockId="21.[144,1105,583,1536]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
While the carapace length in adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFDF0FB75DD52FDC8" authorityName="Babic" authorityYear="1922" box="[616,786,1255,1279]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaridella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFDF0FB75DD52FDC8" box="[616,786,1255,1279]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaridella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar to the carapace length of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF64FA95DF3CFC28" box="[252,380,1287,1311]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF64FA95DF3CFC28" box="[252,380,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFE1BFA9ADF82FC28" box="[387,450,1288,1311]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, the carapace is on average longer in
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFCF3FA95DA69FC28" box="[875,1065,1287,1311]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
T. (S).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC5DFA95DA69FC28" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[965,1065,1287,1311]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kapelana">kapelana</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFBAFFA95DE82FC08" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.)</emphasis>
|
||
sp.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF63FAB5DFF7FC08" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[251,439,1319,1343]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="prasence" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF63FAB5DFF7FC08" box="[251,439,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.) prasence</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFD8AFAB5DC86FC08" baseAuthorityName="Matjasic" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[530,710,1319,1343]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pretneri" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFD8AFAB5DC86FC08" box="[530,710,1319,1343]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.) pretneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Perhaps this is compensation for the lack of a long rostrum, particularly in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFDE4FADADD70FC57" baseAuthorityName="Matjasic" baseAuthorityYear="1956" box="[636,816,1352,1376]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pretneri" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFDE4FADADD70FC57" box="[636,816,1352,1376]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">T. (S.) pretneri</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is on average the largest species of the Dinaric cave shrimps. For such a conclusion, larger samples and further studies are needed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF22FA35DA5DFF37" blockId="21.[144,1105,583,1536]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
All the above examples of the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFDC9FA3ADC8CFCF7" box="[593,716,1448,1472]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFDC9FA3ADC8CFCF7" box="[593,716,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF70AFF8FFD49FA3ADCB8FC88" box="[721,760,1447,1471]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC9BFA3ADD35FCF7" box="[771,885,1448,1472]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC9BFA3ADD35FCF7" box="[771,885,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFC34FA3ADA11FCF7" box="[940,1105,1448,1472]" class="Malacostraca" family="Palaemonidae" genus="Leptopalaemon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFC34FA3ADA11FCF7" box="[940,1105,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Leptopalaemon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
confirm the assumption that the relationship between predation and rostral length is a widespread phenomenon in shrimps, making this structure less useful for taxonomy.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8FFF08F9ADDF90FF60" blockId="21.[144,464,1599,1623]" box="[144,464,1599,1623]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF08F9ADDF90FF60" bold="true" box="[144,464,1599,1623]" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF08F9ADDF33FF60" bold="true" box="[144,371,1599,1623]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Feeding efficiency of</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFEE2F9ADDF90FF60" box="[378,464,1599,1623]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Proteus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F70AFF8CFF08F9F5DA1CF808" blockId="21.[144,1104,1639,1696]" lastBlockId="22.[212,1172,167,1183]" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="2529" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">
|
||
Both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFF56F9FADF63FFB7" box="[206,291,1640,1664]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFF56F9FADF63FFB7" box="[206,291,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recognized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F70AFF8FFE31F9FADC69FFB7" box="[425,553,1640,1664]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F70AFF8FFE31F9FADC69FFB7" box="[425,553,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="2528">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as prey although shrimps had never been offered to them during the last 20 years of captivity. Their behaviour did not change throughout the experiment. Furthermore, the small size of the experimental arena did not interact with the exhibition of their natural behaviour because the identical predation behaviour has already been observed in much larger laboratory pools (Aljančič, personal observation) and in nature (e. g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFD37FE95DD0EF828" author="Briegleb W" box="[687,846,263,287]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" pagination="149 - 196" refId="ref11910" refString="Briegleb W. 1963. Zur Kenntnis eines Okotops von Proteus anguinus Laur. 1768. Acta Carsol. 3: 149 - 196." type="journal article" year="1963">Briegleb 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Besides, the animal’s adaptation to occupy narrow crevices is well expressed in its shape and its behaviour.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F709FF8CFF66FEDADFA9FA48" blockId="22.[212,1172,167,1183]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||
In most cases the time needed for swallowing the shrimp with a rostrum was longer, but with obvious individual differences between both analysed predators. The spitting-out reaction was not recorded by the camera, but as it was witnessed by the first author in one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFE2EFE35DC4BF888" box="[438,523,423,447]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFE2EFE35DC4BF888" box="[438,523,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we believe such a reaction might occur in a negligible number of cases. Since predator–prey interactions are usually very complex, different equilibria between the prey and the predator may establish (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFC58FE75DF4CFB28" author="Adler FR & Harwell CD" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" pagination="407 - 410" refId="ref11678" refString="Adler FR, Harwell CD. 1990. Inducible defenses, phenotypic variability and biotic environments. Trends Ecol Evol. 5 (12): 407 - 410." type="journal article" year="1990">Adler and Harvell 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, for review). The consequences of the shrimp’s armament can therefore be anticipated, but we cannot conceive its influence upon selection. The situation is similar to the results of a laboratory test reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFD4AFDD5DA23FB68" author="Johansson F & Samuelsson L" box="[722,1123,583,607]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" pagination="74 - 79" refId="ref12395" refString="Johansson F, Samuelsson L. 1994. Fish-induced variation in abdominal spine length of Leucorrhinia dubia (Odonata) larvae? Oecologia 100: 74 - 79." type="journal article" year="1994">Johansson and Samuelsson (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: the European perch (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFE04FDF5DD43FB48" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[412,771,615,639]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Percidae" genus="Perca" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fluviatilis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFE04FDF5DC0CFB48" box="[412,588,615,639]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Perca fluviatilis</emphasis>
|
||
Linnaeus, 1758
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) succeeded in devouring the shortspined larvae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFE02FD15DC30FBA8" baseAuthorityName="Vander Linden" baseAuthorityYear="1825" box="[410,624,647,671]" class="Insecta" family="Libellulidae" genus="Leucorrhinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFE02FD15DC30FBA8" box="[410,624,647,671]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Leucorrhinia dubia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFD1AFD15DCA8FBA8" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[642,744,647,671]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Odonata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Odonata</taxonomicName>
|
||
) significantly faster and more easily than the long-spined larvae. Furthermore, our results indicate that the shrimps are not easy prey to catch. None of the successful
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFD72FD55DD7FFBE8" box="[746,831,711,735]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFD72FD55DD7FFBE8" box="[746,831,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
attacks on shrimps with long rostra were accomplished from the front of the shrimp whereas numerous unsuccessful attacks were recorded. In addition, the most frequent escape reaction of the shrimp approached by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFE12FCB5DFA0FA08" box="[394,480,807,831]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFE12FCB5DFA0FA08" box="[394,480,807,831]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was quick backward swimming. Hypothetically this would increase the survival rate in shrimps, especially when their main defence is frontal as described in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFEFAFCF5DFA2FA48" box="[354,482,871,895]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFEFAFCF5DFA2FA48" box="[354,482,871,895]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F709FF8CFF66FC1ADFC3FDA8" blockId="22.[212,1172,167,1183]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||
We acknowledge the possibility that the artificially shortened rostra might have affected the shrimps’ behaviour, leading to faster consumption by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFC3AFC35DDB5FA88" box="[930,1013,935,959]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFC3AFC35DDB5FA88" box="[930,1013,935,959]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nevertheless, we believe it is highly improbable as shrimps were given time to recover before the experiment, and no visible change in their behaviour was observed after amputation. Moreover, shrimps collected in the field frequently had broken rostra, without other visible effects. No evidence of the unsuccessful
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFC94FBB5DD22FD08" box="[780,866,1063,1087]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFC94FBB5DD22FD08" box="[780,866,1063,1087]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
attacks causing breakage could be gathered in the field. As only a high survival rate would be beneficial for the shrimps after the predator’s attack, we think that clipping the rostrum has little effect on the shrimps.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F709FF8CFF4CFB4DDA5FFDC0" blockId="22.[212,1055,1247,1271]" box="[212,1055,1247,1271]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFF4CFB4DDA5FFDC0" bold="true" box="[212,1055,1247,1271]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFF4CFB4DDD2BFDC0" bold="true" box="[212,875,1247,1271]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Taxonomical consequences of rostral variability in the genus</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFCE9FB4DDDB1FDC0" box="[881,1009,1247,1271]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="lato">Troglocaris</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFC60FB4DDA5FFDC0" bold="true" box="[1016,1055,1247,1271]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF709FF8CFC60FB4DDA5FFDC0" box="[1016,1055,1247,1271]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" sensu="lato">s. l.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F709FF8CFF4CFA95DC40FC68" blockId="22.[212,1172,1287,1663]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||
Rostral variability within each of the analysed phylogroups is high, so applying rostrum morphology to the taxonomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFD0FFABADD57FC77" box="[663,791,1320,1344]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFD0FFABADD57FC77" box="[663,791,1320,1344]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF709FF8CFCB9FABADD21FC08" box="[801,865,1320,1343]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
as a major or even a sole character is inappropriate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F709FF8CFF66FAF5DFB2FF48" blockId="22.[212,1172,1287,1663]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">
|
||
Although great importance was placed on the rostrum in caridean taxonomy (e.g. see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFF66FA1ADFF1FCA8" author="De Grave S" box="[254,433,1415,1439]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" pagination="101 - 108" refId="ref12081" refString="De Grave S. 1999. Variation in rostral dentition and telson setation in a saltmarsh population of Palaemonetes varians (Leach) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae). Hydrobiologia 397: 101 - 108." type="journal article" year="1999">De Grave 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), separation of taxa by rostral length and dentition led to some incorrect taxonomic decisions and misidentifications. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFCC9FA3ADA36FC88" authority="Bouvier (1925)" authorityName="Bouvier" authorityYear="1925" box="[849,1142,1447,1472]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFCC9FA3ADD88FCF7" box="[849,968,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFC57FA35DA36FC88" author="Bouvier LME" box="[975,1142,1447,1471]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" refId="ref11805" refString="Bouvier LME. 1925. Reserches sur la morphologie, les variations, la distribution geographique des crevettes de la famille des Atyides. Paris: Paul Lechevalier." type="book" year="1925">Bouvier (1925)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as many as three species were defined solely by rostral lengths:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFC2AFA5ADF64FCC8" authority="Guerin" authorityName="Guerin" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFC2AFA5ADAD3FCD7" box="[946,1171,1480,1504]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Xiphocaris elongata</emphasis>
|
||
Guerin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFEBCFA7ADF6DFF37" box="[292,301,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">-</emphasis>
|
||
Meneville, 1855,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFE69FA7ADD37FCC8" authority="Pocock, 1889" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1889" box="[497,887,1511,1536]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gladiator">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFE69FA7ADC95FF37" box="[497,725,1512,1536]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Xiphocaris gladiator</emphasis>
|
||
Pocock, 1889
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFC2BFA7ADFD8FF28" authority="Pocock, 1889" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1889" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brevirostris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFC2BFA7ADEB8FF17" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Xiphocaris brevirostris</emphasis>
|
||
Pocock, 1889
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is not impossible that these species are in fact identical with some long- and short-rostrum forms of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F709FF8CFDC4F9B5DD01FF08" author="Covich AP & Crowl TA & Hein CL & Townsend MJ & McDowell WH" box="[604,833,1575,1599]" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" pagination="450 - 465" refId="ref12003" refString="Covich AP, Crowl TA, Hein CL, Townsend MJ, McDowell WH. 2009. Predator - prey interactions in river networks: comparing shrimp spatial refugia in two drainage basins. Freshwater Biol. 54 (3): 450 - 465." type="journal article" year="2009">Covich et al. (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The latter authors, however, did not indicate whether their
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F709FF8CFDAAF9DADCE9FF57" authorityName="Bouvier" authorityYear="1925" box="[562,681,1608,1632]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Xiphocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F709FF8CFDAAF9DADCE9FF57" box="[562,681,1608,1632]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="2529">Xiphocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
forms were phenotypically caused morphs or genetically fixed races.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F708FF8DFF22FF35DFCBF8E8" blockId="23.[144,1104,167,896]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFF22FF35DD02F988" authority="Babic, 1922" authorityName="Babic" authorityYear="1922" box="[186,834,167,191]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="schmidti" variety="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFF22FF35DFD7F988" box="[186,407,167,191]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris schmidti</emphasis>
|
||
Dormitzer var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFDD0FF35DCFAF988" box="[584,698,167,191]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFD59FF35DD02F988" author="Babic K" box="[705,834,167,191]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="300 - 306" refId="ref11759" refString="Babic K. 1922. Uber die drei Atyiden aus Jugoslavien. Glasnik Hrvatskog prirodoslovnog drustva 34: 300 - 306." type="journal article" year="1922">Babič, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFC64FF35DE85F9E8" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFC64FF35DE85F9E8" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF708FF8DFF53FF5ADF47F9E8" box="[203,263,200,223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFE8DFF55DC4EF9E8" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[277,526,199,223]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35B7674F708FF8DFD64FF55DD13F9E8" box="[764,851,199,223]" name="Croatia" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Croatia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(59) by its smaller size and shorter rostrum in comparison with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78846F708FF8DFD0AFF7ADC83F837" box="[658,707,232,256]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">type</typeStatus>
|
||
population from the
|
||
<location id="8E93603FF708FF8DFC25FF75DA10F9C8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48:8E93603FF708FF8DFC25FF75DA10F9C8" box="[957,1104,231,255]" country="Croatia" county="In" municipality="Considering" name="Slovene cave" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">
|
||
Slovene
|
||
<location id="8E93603FF708FF8DFB86FF7ADA10F9C8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48:8E93603FF708FF8DFB86FF7ADA10F9C8" box="[1054,1104,232,255]" country="Croatia" county="In" municipality="Considering" name="cave Kompoljska" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">cave</location>
|
||
</location>
|
||
Kompoljska jama (35).
|
||
<location id="8E93603FF708FF8DFE30FE9ADFA6F828" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48:8E93603FF708FF8DFE30FE9ADFA6F828" box="[424,486,264,287]" country="Croatia" county="In" municipality="Considering" name="Later" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Later</location>
|
||
authors (e.g. see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFD22FE95DD80F828" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[698,960,263,287]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) treated the
|
||
<location id="8E93603FF708FF8DFF08FEB5DEB6F808" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E587F2F70CFF8DFF08FED5DF3AFA48:8E93603FF708FF8DFF08FEB5DEB6F808" box="[144,246,295,319]" country="Croatia" county="In" municipality="Considering" name="Croatian" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Croatian</location>
|
||
population as a subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFDD3FEB5DDC4F808" authorityName="Babic" authorityYear="1922" box="[587,900,295,319]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="anophthalmus" subSpecies="intermedia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFDD3FEB5DDC4F808" box="[587,900,295,319]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">T. anophthalmus intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B97AC9EF708FF8DFC0FFEB5DA61F808" box="[919,1057,295,319]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Considering</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
the results of our study, diagnosis of the subspecies is highly inaccurate because most other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFF4DFEF5DF15F848" box="[213,341,359,383]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFF4DFEF5DF15F848" box="[213,341,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF708FF8DFEC6FEFADFDEF848" box="[350,414,360,383]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
populations living in caves without
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFCDEFEF5DDDBF848" box="[838,923,359,383]" class="Amphibia" family="Proteidae" genus="Proteus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFCDEFEF5DDDBF848" box="[838,923,359,383]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Proteus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
share the same morphological characteristics.
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62924E68F708FF8DFE76FE1ADC47F8A8" box="[494,519,392,415]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">In</collectingCounty>
|
||
fact, many populations with short rostra are more related to populations with long rostra than to the population of
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFCF7FE35DA5EF888" box="[879,1054,423,447]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">T. a. intermedia</emphasis>
|
||
(see
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6CE035FF708FF8DFF08FE55DEA4F8E8" box="[144,228,455,479]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="6.[58,116,465,487]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Table 1. List of Troglocaris s. str. and Troglocaris bosnica samples with data on Proteus sp. presence." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" tableUuid="DF33666CF719FF9CFFA2FE43DA7DF8D0">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<figureCitation id="13772A61F708FF8DFE84FE55DF3EF8E8" box="[284,382,455,479]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="16.[212,280,1347,1369]" captionTargetBox="[214,1169,169,1316]" captionTargetId="figure-135@16.[213,1170,168,1317]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 4. Coincidence between the relative rostral length in Troglocaris s. str. and co-occurrence of Proteus sp. Sample numbers are as in Table 1; diamonds and plus symbols denote samples with relative rostrum average <43% and> 43%, respectively; asterisks (*) denote samples of T. bosnica. SLO, Slovenia; I, Italy; CRO, Croatia; BIH, Bosnia and Herzegovina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5210585" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5210585/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F708FF8DFF22FE75DA73FB08" blockId="23.[144,1104,167,896]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFEAFFE75DFFCF8C8" box="[311,444,487,511]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2509" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Spelaeocaris">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFEAFFE75DFFCF8C8" box="[311,444,487,511]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Spelaeocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now a subgenus,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFD0AFE75DDCCF8C8" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[658,908,487,511]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was also mainly defined by its very short rostrum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFE65FD95DCE5FB28" author="Matjasic J" box="[509,677,519,543]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="65 - 68" refId="ref12583" refString="Matjasic J. 1956 a. Ein neuer Hohlendecapode aus Jugoslawien. Zool. Anz. 157: 65 - 68." type="journal article" year="1956">Matjašič 1956a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, b). Nowadays, species with long rostra are also known to belong to the aforementioned subgenus (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFCADFDB5DA67FB08" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[821,1063,551,575]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336E4F708FF8DFF22FDD5DF3AFA48" blockId="23.[144,1104,167,896]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">
|
||
High rostral variability within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFD80FDD5DCD8FB68" box="[536,664,583,607]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFD80FDD5DCD8FB68" box="[536,664,583,607]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF708FF8DFD07FDDADC9DFB68" box="[671,733,584,607]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
phylogroups 1–5 does not allow universal separation among the phylogroups, neither by the rostral length, nor by shape. Rostral length and/or shape and dentition are proven to be adequate taxonomic characters only in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFE58FD35DC36FB88" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[448,630,679,703]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bosnica" subGenus="Troglocaridella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFE58FD35DF92FB88" box="[448,466,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">T</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFE7DFD35DC36FB88" box="[485,630,679,703]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">(T.) bosnica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, despite its variability in rostral length.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFF08FD55DF2AFBE8" authorityName="Sket and Zaksek" authorityYear="2009" box="[144,362,711,735]" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bosnica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFF08FD55DF2AFBE8" box="[144,362,711,735]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris bosnica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has always at least 10, usually between 13 and 16 teeth (or even more) ventrally on its long rostrum. On the other hand, specimens from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D67F708FF8DFC64FD75DE85FA28" class="Malacostraca" family="Atyidae" genus="Troglocaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" sensu="stricto">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAF6F708FF8DFC64FD75DE85FA28" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530">Troglocaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20B578DF708FF8DFF54FC9ADF4AFA28" box="[204,266,776,799]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" sensu="stricto">s. str.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
phylogroups 1–5, have mainly 0–9 ventral rostrum teeth. In less than 1% of cases examined in our study, the number is 10–13 (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B15F708FF8DFCD0FCB5DA04FA08" author="Zaksek V & Sket B & Gottstein S & Franjevic D & Trontelj P" box="[840,1092,807,831]" pageId="23" pageNumber="2530" pagination="931 - 946" refId="ref13070" refString="Zaksek V, Sket B, Gottstein S, Franjevic D, Trontelj P. 2009. The limits of cryptic diversity in groundwater: phylogeography of the cave shrimp Troglocaris anophthalmus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae). Mol Ecol. 18: 931 - 946." type="journal article" year="2009">Sket and Zakšek 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Rostral shape only allows recognition of certain populations within some phylogroups (see Results).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |