468 lines
57 KiB
XML
468 lines
57 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="7F2BAF1D0192EF6E16FD13161F527586">
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<mods:title id="20884FF0774C25446AF8D135B31F524F">Rediscovery of the critically endangered ‘ scarce yellow sally stonefly’ Isogenus nubecula in United Kingdom after a 22 year period of absence</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="69D7F57666F098A7AF141573315D5471" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="C7479DFC306EF0A0CA195B1536DD2F93">Davy-Bowker, John</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D0A9FA67684532D8F3FC7C2DE4C18EC8">Hammett, Michael J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8AE750E672782EB251DABD75C206CF5">Mauvisseau, Quentin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5C9BF1E9FDB0F6C299A82AFA856E920F">Sweet, Michael J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F2894A9227BD173329EA864D0BAA6117">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="A5EE0AAD22B702A61D051DD2D5D4B588">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="564358E4A7D9099CBE3FDB5983F98DEA">
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<mods:date id="91ED14C352D28E81D14E266AF4671E96">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B240696C1648F9B1265FAEAC67CB53E3">2018-03-14</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="93AD37D1463A7288B8E6B8A19041F57C">4394</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03DF8798FFE3FFADFF19FA06D7B1FB45" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5973699" ID-GBIF-Taxon="142240429" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5973699" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF8798FFE3FFADFF19FA06D7B1FB45" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF8798FFE3FFADFF19FA06D7B1FB45" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="298" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">
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<subSubSection id="C36C6505FFE3FFAEFF19FA06D428FA24" box="[151,555,1419,1443]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE3FFAEFF19FA06D428FA24" blockId="0.[151,1437,1418,2022]" box="[151,555,1419,1443]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE3FFAEFF19FA06D428FA24" ID-CoL="3Q8Y4" authority="(Newman, 1833)" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[151,555,1419,1443]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
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<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFF19FA06D76BFA24" box="[151,360,1419,1443]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Isogenus nubecula</emphasis>
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(Newman, 1833)
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36C6505FFE3FFAFFDBCFA07D390FE57" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE3FFAEFDBCFA07D339F889" blockId="0.[151,1437,1418,2022]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">
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is a rare stonefly species that has reportedly become extinct in many European countries from which it had historically been known (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFD62FA23D5D6FA40" box="[748,981,1454,1479]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2231" refString="Davy-Bowker, J. (2003) A survey of the Welsh River Dee for the rare stonefly Isogenus nubecula Newman. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Dorset, 19 pp." type="book">Davy-Bowker, 2003</bibRefCitation>
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). Whilst
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFBB6FA23D310FA40" box="[1080,1299,1454,1479]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2326" refString="Derka, T, Krno, I & Strechayova, S (2002) New locality of Isogenus nubecula and Amphinemura borealis in central Europe (Plecoptera: Perlodidae, Nemouridae). Entomological Problems, 32 (2), 138." type="journal article">
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Derka
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<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFB0DFA3DD2C1FA40" box="[1155,1218,1455,1479]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">et al.,</emphasis>
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(2002)
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</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE3FFAEFA02FA3DD6FDFA6C" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
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<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFA02FA3DD6FDFA6C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">I. nubecula</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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as a species originally recorded from many localities in Western and Central Europe.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFB30FA5FD354FA6C" box="[1214,1367,1490,1515]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref3245" refString="Zwick, P. (1992) Stream habitat fragmentation-a threat to biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 1 (2), 80 - 97. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00731036" type="journal article">Zwick (1992)</bibRefCitation>
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noted its widespread disappearance in the second half of the 20th century. In central and eastern Europe,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFB52FA74D39FF995" box="[1244,1436,1529,1554]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2197" refString="Claessens, E. E. C. M (1981) The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Netherlands. Nieuwsbrief European Invertebrate Survey - Nederland, 10, 73 - 77." type="journal article">Claessens (1981)</bibRefCitation>
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found no records since 1936 from
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<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFDA7F990D47DF9B1" box="[553,638,1565,1590]" name="Austria" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Austria</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFD03F990D4F3F9B1" box="[653,752,1565,1590]" name="Belgium" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Belgium</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFD70F990D587F9B1" box="[766,900,1565,1590]" name="Switzerland" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Switzerland</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFC4EF990D275F9B1" box="[960,1142,1565,1590]" name="Netherlands" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">the Netherlands</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFB38F990D39FF9B1" box="[1206,1436,1565,1590]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2869" refString="Landa, V., Helesic, J., Soldan, T. & Zahradkova, S. (1997) Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the River Vltava, Czech Republic: a century of extinction. In: Landolt, P. & Sartori, M. (Eds.), Ephemeroptera & Plecoptera: Biology-Ecology-Systematics. Maron, Tinguely & Lachat SA, CH-Fribourg, pp 288 - 295." type="book chapter">
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Landa
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<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFA8BF993D344F9B2" box="[1285,1351,1565,1589]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">et al.,</emphasis>
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||
(1997)
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</bibRefCitation>
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considered that
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE3FFAEFEDFF9CFD7D7F9DE" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[337,468,1601,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
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<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFEDFF9CFD759F9DE" box="[337,346,1602,1625]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">I</emphasis>
|
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.
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||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFEE3F9CCD7D7F9DE" box="[365,468,1601,1625]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">nubecula</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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had probably also become extinct in the
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<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFC4DF9CCD279F9DD" box="[963,1146,1601,1626]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFB37F9CCD31CF9DD" box="[1209,1311,1601,1626]" name="Slovenia" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Slovenia</collectingCountry>
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. Surviving European populations are few in number and occur mainly in eastern Europe in the Lafnitz and Rába rivers in South-Eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFEB3F904D78CF925" box="[317,399,1673,1698]" name="Austria" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Austria</collectingCountry>
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and western
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<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFDA9F907D48AF925" box="[551,649,1674,1698]" name="Hungary" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Hungary</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFD16F904D592F925" box="[664,913,1673,1698]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2424" refString="Graf, W. & Kovacs, T. (2002) The aquatic invertebrates of the Lafnitz - Raba river system in Austria and Hungary-a natural heritage of the Central European potamocoen. In: Brezeanu, G. & Stiuca, R. (Eds.), 34 th Conference, International Association for Danube Research (IAD), 26 - 30. August 2002, Tulcea RO. Limnological Reports. No. 34. Editura Academiei Romane, Bucharest, pp. 295 - 303." type="journal article">Graf & Kovács, 2002</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFC10F907D2BEF925" box="[926,1213,1673,1698]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2829" refString="Kovacs, T. & Ambrus, A. (2001) Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Plecoptera larvae from the River Tisza (1997 - 1999). Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis, 25, 135 - 143." type="journal article">Kovács & Ambrus, 2001</bibRefCitation>
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); the River Tisza in
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||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFF19F923D6FAF941" box="[151,249,1710,1734]" name="Hungary" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Hungary</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFE84F920D7E7F941" box="[266,484,1709,1734]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2778" refString="Juhasz, P., Turcsanyi, I., Kovacs, T., Olajos, P., Turcsanyi, B. & Kiss, B. (1998) Vizi makroszkopikus gerinctelen elolenyegyuttesek vizsgalata a Felso-Tiszan. Hidrologiai Kozlony, 5 - 6, 346 - 347." type="book chapter">
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Juhász
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||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFED1F923D7A3F942" box="[351,416,1709,1733]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">et al.,</emphasis>
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1998
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFE7CF923D516F941" box="[498,789,1709,1734]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2829" refString="Kovacs, T. & Ambrus, A. (2001) Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Plecoptera larvae from the River Tisza (1997 - 1999). Folia Historico Naturalia Musei Matraensis, 25, 135 - 143." type="journal article">Kovács & Ambrus, 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
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); the River Jelesna,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFC71F920D262F941" box="[1023,1121,1709,1734]" name="Slovakia" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
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||
where a single nymph was found in 1998 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFEC4F95CD421F96D" box="[330,546,1745,1770]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2326" refString="Derka, T, Krno, I & Strechayova, S (2002) New locality of Isogenus nubecula and Amphinemura borealis in central Europe (Plecoptera: Perlodidae, Nemouridae). Entomological Problems, 32 (2), 138." type="journal article">
|
||
Derka
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||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFE14F95FD7D8F96E" box="[410,475,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); Northrhine-Westfalia in
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||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFCC0F95FD5B5F96D" box="[846,950,1746,1770]" name="Germany" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFC49F95CD284F96D" box="[967,1159,1745,1770]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2516" refString="Graf, W., Lorenz, A. W., Tierno de Figueroa, J. M., Lucke, S., Lopez-Rodriguez, M. J. & Davies, C (2009) Distribution and ecological preferences of European freshwater organisms. Vol. 2. Plecoptera. Pensoft, Sofia-Moscow, 262 pp. [Schmidt- Kloiber, A. & Hering, D. (Eds.)]" type="book">
|
||
Graf
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||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFB8BF95FD23AF96E" box="[1029,1081,1745,1769]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and in central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFACDF95CD39FF96D" box="[1347,1436,1745,1770]" name="Sweden" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFF10F978D74EF889" box="[158,333,1781,1806]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2656" refString="Hoffsten, P. - O. (2003) Rarity in boreal stream: patterns, causes and consequences. Department of Ecology and Environmental Science. Umea University, Umea, 23 pp." type="book">Hoffsten, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE3FFAEFED1F97BD433F88A" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[351,560,1781,1805]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFED1F97BD433F88A" box="[351,560,1781,1805]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Isogenus nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may potentially also occur in
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||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFC0DF978D5D8F889" box="[899,987,1781,1806]" name="Finland" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFC69F978D23DF889" box="[999,1086,1781,1806]" name="Estonia" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFBC7F978D293F889" box="[1097,1168,1781,1806]" name="Latvia" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Latvia</collectingCountry>
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||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFB49F978D335F889" box="[1223,1334,1781,1806]" name="Lithuania" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Lithuania</collectingCountry>
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||
.
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE3FFAFFF49F894D390FE57" blockId="0.[151,1437,1418,2022]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1436,151,464]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="296" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">
|
||
Within the
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<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFEC9F894D44FF8B5" box="[327,588,1817,1842]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">United Kingdom (UK)</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE3FFAEFDD4F897D4D9F8B6" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[602,730,1817,1841]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFDD4F897D460F8B6" box="[602,611,1818,1841]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">I</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFDFDF894D4D9F8B6" box="[627,730,1817,1841]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first recorded in 1959 from the River Dee at Bangor-on- Dee in North
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFEBBF8B0D77AF8D1" box="[309,377,1853,1878]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Wales</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFE04F8B3D41DF8D1" box="[394,542,1853,1878]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2692" refString="Hynes, H. B. N. (1963) Isogenus nubecula Newman in Britain (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London A, 38, 12 - 14." type="journal article">Hynes, 1963</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This site has a stone road bridge and a large within-channel island (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A0BFFE3FFAEFAB5F8B0D38EF8D1" box="[1339,1421,1853,1878]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[396,1190,953,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[396,1191,953,1843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) The River Dee at Bangor-on-Dee,North Wales, UK and (b) Isogenus nubecula nymph (circa20mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1197765/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
|
||
). The substratum consists of large gravel and cobbles, much of which is unstable due to high water velocity. A detailed account of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE3FFAEFE2DF80BD7CFF81A" box="[419,460,1926,1949]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
records of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE3FFAEFDDEF80BD4D3F81A" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[592,720,1925,1949]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFDDEF80BD45AF81A" box="[592,601,1926,1949]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">I</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE3FFAEFDE7F808D4D3F81A" box="[617,720,1925,1949]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="295">nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
between its discovery in
|
||
<date id="FFC8104EFFE3FFAEFC79F808D2A3F819" box="[1015,1184,1925,1950]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" value="1959" valueMax="2003">1959 and 2003</date>
|
||
is provided by Davy-
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFF19F824D746F845" box="[151,325,1961,1986]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref2231" refString="Davy-Bowker, J. (2003) A survey of the Welsh River Dee for the rare stonefly Isogenus nubecula Newman. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Dorset, 19 pp." type="book">Bowker (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In summary, its continued presence on the River Dee was confirmed in the surveys carried out in
|
||
<date id="FFC8104EFFE3FFAEFF19F843D746F861" box="[151,325,1997,2022]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" value="1981" valueMax="1982">1981 and 1982</date>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE3FFAEFEF6F840D4A1F861" box="[376,674,1997,2022]" pageId="0" pageNumber="295" refId="ref3126" refString="Mills, M. J. & Andrew, D. (1984) Isogenus nubecula Newman (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) in the Welsh River Dee. Entomologist's Gazette, 35, 45 - 51." type="journal article">Mills and Andrew (1984)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
where its maximum range was recorded at nine of thirteen sites surveyed over a
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B6BFFE2FFAFFEC0FF1AD78DFF37" box="[334,398,151,176]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" unit="km" value="45.0">45km</quantity>
|
||
stretch of the river. In 1992, the range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFCD3FF14D5D8FF37" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[861,987,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFCD3FF14D5D8FF37" box="[861,987,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had reduced significantly, to just two of its former sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFEDCFF31D7F5FF53" box="[338,502,188,213]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref2123" refString="Bowker, J. (1993) A survey of the River Dee for the rare stonefly Isogenus nubecula in relation to the relocation of the Five Fords STW outfall. Environment Agency, Welsh Region, 9 pp." type="book">Bowker, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), however in 1993 it was found at five sites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFB8FFF31D2A6FF52" box="[1025,1189,188,213]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref2163" refString="Bowker, J. (1995) Records of Isogenus nubecula Newman (Plecopt., Perlodidae) from the Welsh River Dee. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 131, 69 - 70." type="journal article">Bowker, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though this reduced again two years later and by 1995 only one nymph was found at one site (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFC59FF6DD26CFF7F" box="[983,1135,224,248]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref3163" refString="Tanner, J. M. (1997) A survey of the Welsh River Dee for the rare stonefly Isogenus nubecula. Environment Agency, Welsh Region, 10 pp." type="book">Tanner, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite repeated surveys conducted in 1997 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFEF8FE89D40DFE9B" box="[374,526,260,284]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref3163" refString="Tanner, J. M. (1997) A survey of the Welsh River Dee for the rare stonefly Isogenus nubecula. Environment Agency, Welsh Region, 10 pp." type="book">Tanner, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 1998 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFDE4FE89D51FFE9B" box="[618,796,260,285]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref3051" refString="Millband, H. (1998) The status of the rare stonefly Isogenus nubecula in the middle Dee. Environment Agency, Welsh Region, 5 pp. [NEAT / 98 / TM 11]" type="book">Millband, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFCBFFE89D56AFE9B" box="[817,873,260,284]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref3088" refString="Millband, H. (1999) The status of the rare stonefly Isogenus nubecula, in the middle Dee. Environment Agency, Welsh Region, 2 pp. [NEAT / 99 / TM 15]" type="book">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFCF6FE89D228FE9B" box="[888,1067,260,285]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref3088" refString="Millband, H. (1999) The status of the rare stonefly Isogenus nubecula, in the middle Dee. Environment Agency, Welsh Region, 2 pp. [NEAT / 99 / TM 15]" type="book">Millband, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<date id="FFC8104EFFE2FFAFFBCEFE89D2E4FE9B" box="[1088,1255,260,285]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" value="2003" valueMax="2004">2003 and 2004</date>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFB78FE89D6D0FEC7" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref2231" refString="Davy-Bowker, J. (2003) A survey of the Welsh River Dee for the rare stonefly Isogenus nubecula Newman. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Dorset, 19 pp." type="book">Davy-Bowker, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFF50FEA5D413FEC7" box="[222,528,295,320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref2593" refString="Hammett, M. J. & Wallace, I. D. (2005) A survey for the stonefly Isogenus nubecula (Newman) on the Welsh River Dee and its tributaries (December 2003 to April 2004). Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor, UK. Contract Science Report, No. 717, 1 - 10." type="journal article">Hammett & Wallace, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFDABFEA5D45EFEC7" box="[549,605,296,320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref2264" refString="Davy-Bowker, J., Neale, M., Hammett, M. J. & Hull, M. (2007) An airlift study of the Welsh River Dee for the rare stonefly Isogenus nubecula Newman. Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor, UK. CCW Contract Science Report, No. 793, 1 - 10." type="book chapter">2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFDE2FEAAD596FEC7" box="[620,917,295,320]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref2264" refString="Davy-Bowker, J., Neale, M., Hammett, M. J. & Hull, M. (2007) An airlift study of the Welsh River Dee for the rare stonefly Isogenus nubecula Newman. Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor, UK. CCW Contract Science Report, No. 793, 1 - 10." type="book chapter">
|
||
Davy-Bowker
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFC9AFEA4D557FEC7" box="[788,852,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and unpublished surveys carried out by John Davy-Bowker in
|
||
<date id="FFC8104EFFE2FFAFFED7FEC1D401FEE2" box="[345,514,332,357]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" value="2012" valueMax="2015">2012 and 2015</date>
|
||
, no further specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFC92FEC0D599FEE3" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[796,922,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFC92FEC0D599FEE3" box="[796,922,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found on the River Dee. The
|
||
<date id="FFC8104EFFE2FFAFFAAAFEC1D6CCFE0F" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" value="1995-09">September 1995</date>
|
||
record was therefore the last record of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFD0CFEFCD503FE0F" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[642,768,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFD0CFEFCD503FE0F" box="[642,768,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE2FFAFFCC5FEFDD574FE00" box="[843,887,368,391]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Its occurrence from a single river and none of its tributaries, its decline in range, and subsequent disappearance provided the basis for
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE2FFAFFBC8FE19D305FE2A" box="[1094,1286,404,429]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" refId="ref2944" refString="Macadam, C. R. (2015) Review of the stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Great Britain. Natural England Species Status Report, No 20, 1 - 41." type="journal article">Macadam (2015)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in his review of the stoneflies of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE2FFAFFEE1FE35D401FE57" box="[367,514,439,464]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
to assign
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFDFDFE34D4F2FE57" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[627,753,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFDFDFE34D47FFE57" box="[627,636,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">I</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFD04FE35D4F2FE57" box="[650,753,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the international threat category of ‘Critically Endangered’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C6505FFE2FFAFFF19FDA9D31EFC02" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE2FFAFFF19FDA9D7B4FDB9" blockId="1.[151,439,548,574]" box="[151,439,548,574]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<heading id="D08181E2FFE2FFAFFF19FDA9D7B4FDB9" bold="true" box="[151,439,548,574]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFF19FDA9D7B4FDB9" bold="true" box="[151,439,548,574]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">Materials and methods</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE2FFAFFF19FDE3D7BCFC91" blockId="1.[151,1437,618,901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">
|
||
On the
|
||
<date id="FFC8104EFFE2FFAFFF67FDE3D7A0FD01" box="[233,419,618,646]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" value="2017-03-12">12th March 2017</date>
|
||
, the River Dee at Bangor-on-Dee (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A0BFFE2FFAFFCA6FDE0D575FD01" box="[808,886,621,646]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[396,1190,953,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[396,1191,953,1843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) The River Dee at Bangor-on-Dee,North Wales, UK and (b) Isogenus nubecula nymph (circa20mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1197765/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">Fig. 1a</figureCitation>
|
||
) was visited and sampled by John Davy-Bowker in an attempt to find
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFE0BFD1FD407FD2E" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[389,516,657,681]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFE0BFD1FD407FD2E" box="[389,516,657,681]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs. Sampling and bankside sorting was carried out for about two hours and all large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFE8BFD38D77EFD49" box="[261,381,693,718]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs found were transferred to sample containers with river water and oxygenation. Nymphs of different
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFE1EFD54D40BFD75" box="[400,520,729,754]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFD62FD57D56CFD76" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[748,879,729,753]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFD62FD57D56CFD76" box="[748,879,729,753]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A0BFFE2FFAFFC0AFD54D5DBFD75" box="[900,984,729,754]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1865,1887]" captionTargetBox="[396,1190,953,1827]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[396,1191,953,1843]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. (a) The River Dee at Bangor-on-Dee,North Wales, UK and (b) Isogenus nubecula nymph (circa20mm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1197765/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">Fig. 1b</figureCitation>
|
||
) were kept in separate containers and aerated until adult rearing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE2FFAFFF49FCA8D31EFC02" blockId="1.[151,1437,618,901]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">
|
||
A follow up
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFEDBFCA8D7A3FCBA" box="[341,416,805,829]" class="Insecta" family="Nemouridae" genus="Amphinemura" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="survey">survey</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also performed by Mike Hammett on the
|
||
<date id="FFC8104EFFE2FFAFFC24FCA9D267FCBA" box="[938,1124,801,829]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" value="2017-03-15">15th March 2017</date>
|
||
, at Bangor-on-Dee and also at Erbistock a short distance upstream. The same procedure was followed, but over a 20 minute time period at both sites, with all large
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFEFFFCE1D7EAFC02" box="[369,489,876,901]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs being kept in separate containers and aerated until adult rearing.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF096606FFE2FFAFFF19F8C4D33DF8D8" box="[151,1342,1865,1887]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1197765/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" startId="1.[151,250,1865,1887]" targetBox="[396,1190,953,1827]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE2FFAFFF19F8C4D33DF8D8" blockId="1.[151,1342,1865,1887]" box="[151,1342,1865,1887]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFF19F8C4D710F8D9" bold="true" box="[151,275,1865,1887]" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
(a) The River Dee at Bangor-on-Dee, North Wales, UK and (b)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFC13F8C7D259F8D8" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[925,1114,1865,1887]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFC13F8C7D259F8D8" box="[925,1114,1865,1887]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">Isogenus nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymph (circa 20mm).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C6505FFE2FFADFF49F80BD700FEE4" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="298" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE2FFACFF49F80BD797FEC7" blockId="1.[151,1437,1926,2023]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,971]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="297" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">
|
||
Following the completion of adult rearing, one of the prospective
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE2FFAFFC32F80AD23FF819" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[956,1084,1926,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="296" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE2FFAFFC32F80AD23FF819" box="[956,1084,1926,1950]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
adults was preserved in>95% ethanol and sent to the University of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49B2F86CFFE2FFAFFDBAF827D479F844" box="[564,634,1962,1987]" country="United Kingdom" name="Derby" pageId="1" pageNumber="296">Derby</collectingRegion>
|
||
for DNA extraction and sequencing. All lab equipment was disinfected prior to doing any lab work with 10% bleach and 100% ethanol. Pipettes, tubes and tips were sterilised for 20 min under UV light before use. Extraction was completed using the Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit following the manufacturer’s instructions and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using primers (Forward) LCO1490: 5'-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGG-3' and (Reverse) HC02198: 5'- TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3' (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE1FFACFD34FE89D5ABFE9B" box="[698,936,260,285]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" refId="ref2369" refString="Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294 - 299." type="journal article">
|
||
Folmer
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE1FFACFC95FE88D562FE9B" box="[795,865,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) which amplified the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase 1.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE1FFACFF49FEC1D4BBFD9C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,971]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
|
||
The DNA extraction and sequencing procedure was as follows. PCR was performed in a 25 µL total volume with 12.5 µL of
|
||
<date id="FFC8104EFFE1FFACFEDEFEFDD768FE0F" box="[336,363,368,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">2x</date>
|
||
PCRBIO Ultra Mix Red (PCRBIOSYSTEMS), 1 µL of each primer (10µM), 9.5 µL of ddH2O and 1 µL of DNA template. The PCR programme included an initial 1 min denaturation at 95ºC, 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 ºC for 1 min, annealing at 40 ºC and elongation at 72 ºC for 1 min and 30 s. A final elongation step of 7 min at 72 ºC was added at the end of the PCR (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE1FFACFC9DFE53D5EAFE70" box="[787,1001,478,503]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" refId="ref2369" refString="Folmer, O., Black, M., Hoeh, W., Lutz, R. & Vrijenhoek, R. (1994) DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology, 3, 294 - 299." type="journal article">
|
||
Folmer
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE1FFACFCE3FE6DD59DFE70" box="[877,926,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A negative control was added during the PCR to ensure the absence of contamination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE1FFACFF49FDAAD7A4FD2D" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,971]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
|
||
PCR products were confirmed by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel stained with 3 µL of GelRed= Nucleic Acid Gel Stain, Biotium. Product sizes were checked by comparing amplified DNA to 5 µL of PCRBio Ladder IV (PCRBIOSYSTEMS). 15 µL of PCR product added with 2 µL of Forward primer were then sent for sequencing by Eurofins Genomics
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE1FFACFEF9FD1ED7A0FD2D" box="[375,419,659,682]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE1FFACFF49FD3BD6B6FC4C" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,971]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
|
||
Multiple sequences were created from the same individual to ensure no technical errors occurred during sequence amplification, these were aligned using Geneious Pro R6 and a representative sequence was submitted to GenBank under the accession number
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9425AB6DFFE1FFACFDCDFD73D4C0FC90" box="[579,707,766,791]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MF801622" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">MF801622</accessionNumber>
|
||
. A phylogenetic tree was developed following a global alignment with free end gap and using the Neighbor-Joining method within the Geneious Pro R6 software and using Tamura- Nei’s Genetic Distance Model on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) fragments from stonefly species retrieved from the NCBI database. This phylogenetic tree (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A0BFFE1FFACFCBEFCE7D577FC04" box="[816,884,874,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[211,1331,1033,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[204,1338,1026,1843]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree obtained by global alignment with free end gap and using Neighbor-Joining method with Geneious Pro R6 software and using Tamura-Nei’s Genetic Distance Model on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) fragments from UK stonefly species retrieved on NCBI database. The tree was rooted with Zwicknia bifrons. See (Appendix. 1) for available sequences downloaded from GenBank and new sequence codes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1197769/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) illustrates where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE1FFACFBCAFCE6D2C0FC04" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1092,1219,875,899]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE1FFACFBCAFCE6D2C0FC04" box="[1092,1219,875,899]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sits in relation to a range of other available COI sequences for stonefly species found or previously recorded from the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE1FFACFB60FC1DD314FC20" box="[1262,1303,912,935]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Appendix. 1).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF096606FFE1FFACFF19F8DED587F842" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1197769/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" startId="2.[151,250,1875,1897]" targetBox="[211,1331,1033,1840]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE1FFACFF19F8DED587F842" blockId="2.[151,1436,1875,1989]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE1FFACFF19F8DED714F8EF" bold="true" box="[151,279,1875,1897]" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Phylogenetic tree obtained by global alignment with free end gap and using Neighbor-Joining method with Geneious Pro R6 software and using Tamura-Nei’s Genetic Distance Model on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) fragments from UK stonefly species retrieved on NCBI database. The tree was rooted with
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE1FFACFC79F81DD2AFF821" box="[1015,1196,1936,1958]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="297">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE1FFACFC79F81DD2ABF821" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1015,1192,1936,1958]" class="Insecta" family="Capniidae" genus="Zwicknia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="297" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bifrons">Zwicknia bifrons</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
See (Appendix. 1) for available sequences downloaded from GenBank and new sequence codes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE0FFADFF19FF15D7ACFF35" blockId="3.[151,431,152,178]" box="[151,431,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
|
||
<heading id="D08181E2FFE0FFADFF19FF15D7ACFF35" bold="true" box="[151,431,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFF19FF15D7ACFF35" bold="true" box="[151,431,152,178]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Results and discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE0FFADFF19FF53D700FEE4" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
|
||
Following subsequent adult rearing, definitive species identifications were then possible using the key of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE0FFADFADBFF52D6E7FE9C" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" refId="ref2730" refString="Hynes, H. B. N. (1977) A key to the adults and nymphs of the British stoneflies (Plecoptera) with notes on their ecology and distribution. Freshwater Biological Association, Scientific Publication, No. 17, 1 - 90." type="book chapter">Hynes (1977)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. It was confirmed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFD8FFE8ED486FE9C" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[513,645,259,283]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFD8FFE8ED486FE9C" box="[513,645,259,283]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been rediscovered at Bangor-on-Dee. However, numbers of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFA02FE8ED6FDFEB9" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFA02FE8ED6FDFEB9" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymphs were low (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F40335FFE0FFADFE6AFEABD439FEB8" box="[484,570,294,319]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1267,1290]" captionText="TABLE 1. Perlodidae stonefly nymphs recorded from the River Dee at Bangor-on-Dee (national grid reference: SJ 38751 45500) and Erbistock (national grid reference: SJ 35421 41221) in spring 2017. Identifications of I. nubecula were confirmed by subsequent adult rearing." pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The second species was identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFB8BFEABD39BFEB8" authority="(Klapalek, 1906)" baseAuthorityName="Klapalek" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[1029,1432,294,319]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Perlodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mortoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFB8BFEABD2C8FEB9" box="[1029,1227,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Perlodes mortoni</emphasis>
|
||
(Klapálek, 1906)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6F40335FFE0FFADFF10FEC7D6F1FEE4" box="[158,242,330,355]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,239,1267,1290]" captionText="TABLE 1. Perlodidae stonefly nymphs recorded from the River Dee at Bangor-on-Dee (national grid reference: SJ 38751 45500) and Erbistock (national grid reference: SJ 35421 41221) in spring 2017. Identifications of I. nubecula were confirmed by subsequent adult rearing." pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C6505FFE0FFADFF49FEE3D7B1FB45" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE0FFADFF49FEE3D5C4FE74" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
|
||
The rediscovery of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFE26FEE2D42AFE01" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[424,553,366,390]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFE26FEE2D42AFE01" box="[424,553,366,390]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
makes this species one of the rarest stoneflies in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE0FFADFB1CFEE2D2B9FE01" box="[1170,1210,367,390]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Europe and its rediscovery is therefore of international significance. The River Dee population is important at a European level, as this record highlights the westernmost point in Europe where the species is found, with the next nearest populations occurring in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE0FFADFEA8FE57D77AFE74" box="[294,377,474,499]" name="Austria" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
and western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE0FFADFD83FE56D473FE74" box="[525,624,475,499]" name="Hungary" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE0FFADFDF5FE57D4DEFE74" box="[635,733,474,499]" name="Slovakia" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Slovakia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F361761EFFE0FFADFCE9FE57D5C0FE74" box="[871,963,474,499]" name="Sweden" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE0FFADFF49FE72D43DFD4C" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
|
||
We draw readers attention to the importance of further monitoring of species such as
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFB0BFE72D309FD91" box="[1157,1290,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFB0BFE72D305FD91" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[1157,1286,510,534]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">I. nubecula</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as stoneflies are an important food source for many species in river systems from fish to many birds (during different life stages). Moreover, they have an essential functional role inside river trophic webs as gatherer-collectors, scrappers, shredders or predators. The conservation of species such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFCB6FDE6D5B5FD04" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[824,950,619,643]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFCB6FDE6D5B5FD04" box="[824,950,619,643]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is therefore important on many levels. The sequencing of the COI gene of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFE7CFD02D473FD21" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[498,624,654,678]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFE7CFD02D473FD21" box="[498,624,654,678]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(submitted to the NCBI database) can now allow for the development of novel tools for surveying this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE0FFADFF49FD5AD213FBB4" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
|
||
In this context, further monitoring could be assisted with the development of eDNA techniques targeted for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFA02FD5AD6FDFC94" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFA02FD5AD6FDFC94" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. eDNA is a relatively new tool available to conservationists, ecologists and environmental managers alike (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE0FFADFF10FC93D7F7FCB0" box="[158,500,798,823]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" refId="ref3195" refString="Thomsen, P. F. & Willerslev, E. (2014) Environmental DNA-An emerging tool in conservation for monitoring past and present biodiversity. Biological Conservation, 183, 4 - 18. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2014.11.019" type="journal article">Thomsen & Willerslev, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and can significantly aid in understanding a species home range with reduced physical surveying needs and reduced costs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B7FFFE0FFADFD01FCCFD5A1FCDC" box="[655,930,834,859]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" refId="ref2977" refString="Mauvisseau, Q., Coignet, A., Delaunay, C., Pinet, F., Bouchon, D. & Souty-Grosset, C. (2017) Environmental DNA as an efficient tool for detecting invasive crayfishes in freshwater ponds. Hydrobiologia, 805 (1), 163 - 175. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10750 - 017 - 3288 - y" type="journal article">
|
||
Mauvisseau
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFC90FCCED55DFCDC" box="[798,862,835,859]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">et al.,</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Access to this DNA sequence and a greater comprehension of the phylogenetic relationships (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A0BFFE0FFADFD52FCEBD527FCF8" box="[732,804,870,895]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1875,1897]" captionTargetBox="[211,1331,1033,1840]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[204,1338,1026,1843]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree obtained by global alignment with free end gap and using Neighbor-Joining method with Geneious Pro R6 software and using Tamura-Nei’s Genetic Distance Model on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) fragments from UK stonefly species retrieved on NCBI database. The tree was rooted with Zwicknia bifrons. See (Appendix. 1) for available sequences downloaded from GenBank and new sequence codes." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1197769/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) between close relative species are indeed crucial for developing species specific primers. Furthermore, public available repositories already contain COI sequences from various organisms. Supplementing the public database with DNA sequences from this endangered species will enhance our knowledge about phylogenetic relationships in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFC36FC5FD233FC6C" box="[952,1072,978,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Perlodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
family. Our sequencing results place
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFF52FC7AD75CFB89" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[220,351,1014,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFF52FC7AD75CFB89" box="[220,351,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
closest to the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFDEAFC7BD4C2FB89" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1906" box="[612,705,1014,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFDEAFC7BD4C2FB89" box="[612,705,1014,1038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Isoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFD71FC7AD541FB89" box="[767,834,1015,1038]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Diura</emphasis>
|
||
. The close genetic relatedness we observe between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFF19FB96D6F8FBB5" box="[151,251,1051,1074]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFF19FB96D6F8FBB5" box="[151,251,1051,1074]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Isogenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFE86FB96D766FBB4" authorityName="Banks" authorityYear="1906" box="[264,357,1051,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isoperla" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFE86FB96D766FBB4" box="[264,357,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Isoperla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFE2DFB96D7E5FBB5" box="[419,486,1051,1074]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">Diura</emphasis>
|
||
is what we would expect within the same family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC9368EFFE0FFADFF49FBB3D7B1FB45" blockId="3.[151,1437,222,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">
|
||
Finally, we suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D0DFFE0FFADFE53FBB2D45EFBD1" baseAuthorityName="Newman" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[477,605,1086,1110]" class="Insecta" family="Perlodidae" genus="Isogenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Plecoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="298" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubecula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EA9CFFE0FFADFE53FBB2D45EFBD1" box="[477,605,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="298">I. nubecula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is also a potential candidate for a captive breeding program, whereby, if successful, individuals could be re-introduced into previously known and still suitable habitats through the River Dee catchment and surrounding area. This could make a significant contribution to safeguarding the future survival of this species in Europe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |