332 lines
37 KiB
XML
332 lines
37 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="9A5D51625F61C54EA6CA9D1043E57EB2">Larval stages of the Antarctic dragonfish Akarotaxis nudiceps (Waite, 1916), with comments on the larvae of the morphologically similar species Prionodraco evansii Regan 1914 (Notothenioidei: Bathydraconidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="8F69F1F91F3B010365545E5F7BC01EDF">Corso, Andrew D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D746452C2ECFCEC82F161587FE0B0350">McDowell, Jan R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1763F4ADEA219C5B60706909F08AFCAC">Biesack, Ellen E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="12D4562CA979AA60E2F01204BAAE3262">Muffelman, Sarah C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8E82EE43289F7463B8F06EA1F6799A7">Hilton, Eric J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="463D5BA42FDDB6602E7F9258E213AB21">2023</mods:date>
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<heading id="D0971D3AFFB6FFB8C03CFA60FD86B3FF" box="[122,586,1489,1515]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C03CFA60FF53B3FF" bold="true" box="[122,159,1490,1515]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">4.1</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C0A2FA60FD86B3FF" bold="true" box="[228,586,1489,1515]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
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Early life history of
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<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C18CFA63FD86B3FF" ID-CoL="BDY8" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[458,586,1489,1515]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
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<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C18CFA63FD86B3FF" bold="true" box="[458,586,1489,1515]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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To our knowledge, there are four reports of the early life stages of
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<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C03CF98CFF2DB046" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[122,225,1598,1618]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
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<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C03CF98CFF2DB046" box="[122,225,1598,1618]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
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in the literature.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF1D7A7FFB6FFB8C1CDF98CFDF4B046" author="Kellermann, A. K." box="[395,568,1598,1618]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref5842" refString="Kellermann, A. K. (1990). Identification key and catalogue of larval Antarctic fishes. Berichte zur Polarforschung, 67, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1990">Kellermann (1990)</bibRefCitation>
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describes two transforming juveniles (37.0 and
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) that were caught during early March and mid-February in the northeastern Weddell Sea. Fin-ray and vertebrate counts for the
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specimen were reported as D 26+, A 25+, P 24, V 49. The pigmentation for these transforming specimens was described as being uniformly heavy on the body and lighter on the head.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF1D7A7FFB6FFB8C174F8BCFDCBB136" author="Voskoboinikova, O. S." box="[306,519,1806,1826]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" pagination="397 - 400" refId="ref7009" refString="Voskoboinikova, O. S. (2001). Juveniles of five species of Antarctic notothenioid fishes from the Weddell Sea. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 27, 397 - 400." type="journal article" year="2001">Voskoboinikova (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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also describes
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(
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) caught in the Weddell Sea during late February. Fin-ray counts for this specimen were D 29, A 25, P 22, and the heavy pigmentation had begun transitioning to a greyish-brown coloration.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF1D7A7FFB6FFB8C374FF3CFC2DB6B6" author="Flores, H. & Van de Putte, A. & Siegel, V. & Pakhomov, E. & van Franeker, J. & Meesters, H. & Volckaert, F." box="[818,993,142,162]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" pagination="271 - 282" refId="ref5692" refString="Flores, H., Van de Putte, A., Siegel, V., Pakhomov, E., van Franeker, J., Meesters, H., & Volckaert, F. (2008). Distribution, abundance and ecological relevance of pelagic fishes in the Lazarev Sea, Southern Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 367, 271 - 282." type="journal article" year="2008">
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<collectingCountry id="F377EAC6FFB6FFB8C374FF3CFCA7B6B6" box="[818,875,142,162]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Flores</collectingCountry>
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<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C337FF3CFC55B6B6" box="[881,921,142,162]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
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. (2008)
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found
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from the Lazarev Sea during
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<date id="FFDE8C96FFB6FFB8C5C8FF3CFCA9B6D1" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" value="2004-04">April 2004</date>
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, but the description, length and location were not reported. Finally,
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Vacchi
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<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C3FBFF61FC29B6F3" box="[957,997,211,231]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
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. (1999)
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collected a small,
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specimen that they identified as
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<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C3A6FF44FB84B71E" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[992,1096,246,266]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
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<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C3A6FF44FB84B71E" box="[992,1096,246,266]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in the coastal Ross Sea near Zucchelli Station (74 48
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75 S, 164 36
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</emphasis>
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90
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</emphasis>
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E); nonetheless, this specimen was not described or illustrated. This larva was caught with a
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Hamburg Plankton Net (
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mesh-size) towed to
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over a bottom depth of
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(
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Vacchi
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<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C448FE33FBF9B781" box="[1038,1077,385,405]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
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., 1999
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDFAA56FFB6FFB8C31CFE11FC64B543" blockId="4.[818,1468,142,1653]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
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Each of the 14 larval
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<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C47EFE11FB6EB7A3" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1080,1186,419,439]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
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<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C47EFE11FB6EB7A3" box="[1080,1186,419,439]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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identified in this study was collected at locations that are relatively nearshore, with most (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C37EFE5BFC8FB7E9" box="[824,835,489,509]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 10) occurring just outside Marguerite Bay (Figure 1). The Palmer LTER sampling grid extends
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C4C9FDB9FB55B40B" box="[1167,1177,523,543]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">c</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<quantity id="4C9807B3FFB6FFB8C4E0FDB9FB21B40B" box="[1190,1261,523,543]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" unit="km" value="240.0">240 km</quantity>
|
||
offshore in this area (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1D7A7FFB6FFB8C319FD9CFBC5B456" author="Smith, R. C. & Baker, K. S. & Fraser, W. R. & Hofmann, E. E. & Karl, D. M. & Klinck, J. M. & Trivelpiece, W. Z." box="[863,1033,558,578]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" pagination="77 - 86" refId="ref6849" refString="Smith, R. C., Baker, K. S., Fraser, W. R., Hofmann, E. E., Karl, D. M., Klinck, J. M., … Trivelpiece, W. Z. (1995). The palmer LTER: A long-term ecological research program at Palmer Station, Antarctica. Oceanography, 8, 77 - 86." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Smith
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C3DBFD9CFC0AB456" box="[925,966,558,578]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C404FD9CFB66B456" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1090,1194,558,578]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C404FD9CFB66B456" box="[1090,1194,558,578]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae have not been found in any other net tows during the more than 30-year time series. This suggests that adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C46EFDC1FB5FB493" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1064,1171,627,647]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C46EFDC1FB5FB493" box="[1064,1171,627,647]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are likely spawning in neritic areas along the WAP. This is supported by the coastal association of the only other small
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C458FD0BFB4BB4D9" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1054,1159,697,717]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C458FD0BFB4BB4D9" box="[1054,1159,697,717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larva reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1D7A7FFB6FFB8C504FD0BFCA3B4FB" author="Vacchi, M. & La Mesa, M. & Greco, S." pageId="4" pageNumber="399" pagination="54 - 60" refId="ref6925" refString="Vacchi, M., La Mesa, M., & Greco, S. (1999). Summer distribution and abundance of larval and juvenile fishes in the western Ross Sea. Antarctic Science, 11, 54 - 60." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Vacchi
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C5CCFD0BFA79B4D9" box="[1418,1461,697,717]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In addition, histological analysis and nesting behaviour of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C374FD4CFBD3B506" baseAuthorityName="Vaillant" baseAuthorityYear="1906" box="[818,1055,766,786]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Parachaenichthys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="charcoti">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C374FD4CFBD3B506" box="[818,1055,766,786]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Parachaenichthys charcoti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the South
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49A464B4FFB6FFB8C4E8FD4CFA47B506" box="[1198,1419,766,786]" country="United Kingdom" name="Shetland Islands" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Shetland Islands region</collectingRegion>
|
||
also indicates that spawning occurs in nearshore habitat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1D7A7FFB6FFB8C531FC93FC51B543" author="Novillo, M. & Moreira, E. & Macchi, G. & Barrera-Oro, E." pageId="4" pageNumber="399" pagination="2239 - 2248" refId="ref6763" refString="Novillo, M., Moreira, E., Macchi, G., & Barrera-Oro, E. (2018). Reproductive biology in the Antarctic bathydraconid dragonfish Parachaenichthys charcoti. Polar Biology, 41, 2239 - 2248." type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Novillo
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C374FCF1FC96B543" box="[818,858,835,855]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDFAA56FFB6FFB8C31CFCD4FCB6B061" blockId="4.[818,1468,142,1653]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
|
||
In the relatively ice-free austral summer (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C558FCD4FAFEB56E" box="[1310,1330,870,890]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">i.e</emphasis>
|
||
., December
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C5EBFCD5FA75B56E" box="[1453,1465,871,890]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">–</emphasis>
|
||
February), one of the dominant currents of this region, the Antarctic Peninsula Coastal Current (APCC), is flowing in a southwest direction along the coast of the WAP (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1D7A7FFB6FFB8C405FC7CFB3FB5F6" author="Moffat, C. & Beardsley, R. C. & Owens, B. & van Lipzig, N." box="[1091,1267,974,994]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" pagination="277 - 293" refId="ref6403" refString="Moffat, C., Beardsley, R. C., Owens, B., & van Lipzig, N. (2008). A first description of the Antarctic peninsula coastal current. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 55, 277 - 293." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Moffat
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C4CCFC7CFB7DB5F6" box="[1162,1201,974,994]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The circulation pattern is less characterized within Marguerite Bay, but the APCC likely creates a cyclonic surface flow within the bay (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1D7A7FFB6FFB8C510FBA1FC05B25E" author="Moffat, C. & Meredith, M." pageId="4" pageNumber="399" pagination="20170164" refId="ref6457" refString="Moffat, C., & Meredith, M. (2018). Shelf - ocean exchange and hydrography west of the Antarctic peninsula: A review. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 376, 20170164." type="journal article" year="2018">Moffat & Meredith, 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Based on the congregation of larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C509FB84FA76B25E" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1359,1466,1078,1098]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C509FB84FA76B25E" box="[1359,1466,1078,1098]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
across years and APCC flow, we hypothesize that there is a recurring nesting area for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C38CFBC9FBFCB29B" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[970,1072,1147,1167]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C38CFBC9FBFCB29B" box="[970,1072,1147,1167]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
somewhere around the perimeter of Adelaide Island (Figure 1). With the limited data, it is not possible to determine whether the larvae collected farther north (VIMS 22690) and south (VIMS 33107, 24545 and 24518) originated from the Marguerite area or if there are multiple spawning sites along the coast. Yolksac lengths of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C3FCFA9BFBC2B329" baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[954,1038,1321,1341]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Prionodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evansii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C3FCFA9BFBC2B329" box="[954,1038,1321,1341]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">P. evansii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[12.0
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C402FA9BFB9CB328" box="[1092,1104,1321,1340]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">–</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C9807B3FFB6FFB8C417FA9BFB6FB329" box="[1105,1187,1321,1341]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.42" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" unit="mm" value="14.2">14.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
standard length (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C500FA9BFA9CB329" box="[1350,1360,1321,1341]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">L</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17E4A813FFB6FFB8C516FA83FA95B32A" attach="left" box="[1360,1369,1329,1342]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">S</subScript>
|
||
)],
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C536FA9BFC6DB34B" authorityName="Dollo" authorityYear="1900" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Racovitzia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="glacialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C536FA9BFC6DB34B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Racovitzia glacialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(12.0
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C3A4FAFEFC22B34B" box="[994,1006,1356,1375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">–</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="4C9807B3FFB6FFB8C3A8FAF9FB8CB34B" box="[1006,1088,1355,1375]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" unit="mm" value="13.2">13.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C417FAF9FB97B34B" box="[1105,1115,1355,1375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">L</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17E4A813FFB6FFB8C41DFAE6FBA8B375" attach="left" box="[1115,1124,1364,1377]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">S</subScript>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C4E8FAF9FA48B34B" authorityName="Boulenger" authorityYear="1902" box="[1198,1412,1355,1375]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Gymnodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acuticeps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C4E8FAF9FA48B34B" box="[1198,1412,1355,1375]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">Gymnodraco acuticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(not reported), captured in similar areas along the WAP in November, suggest that hatching occurs in late spring (October
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C500FA23FA9EB3B0" box="[1350,1362,1425,1444]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">–</emphasis>
|
||
November) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1D7A7FFB6FFB8C371FA01FC11B3D3" author="Kellermann, A. K." box="[823,989,1459,1479]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref5842" refString="Kellermann, A. K. (1990). Identification key and catalogue of larval Antarctic fishes. Berichte zur Polarforschung, 67, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1990">Kellermann, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The mid-January sampling date for the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D6661DFFFB6FFB8C518FA01FC9EB3FE" count="7" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" type="larva">seven larvae</specimenCount>
|
||
smaller than
|
||
<quantity id="4C9807B3FFB6FFB8C396FA64FBDDB3FE" box="[976,1041,1494,1514]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C451FA64FBEDB3FE" box="[1047,1057,1494,1514]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">L</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17E4A813FFB6FFB8C467FA6DFBE6B3F8" attach="left" box="[1057,1066,1503,1516]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">T</subScript>
|
||
(Table 1) in this study suggests that hatching may occur in December. We also did not observe yolk remains on any larvae, indicating
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C3B9F9A9FBAAB03B" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1023,1126,1563,1583]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C3B9F9A9FBAAB03B" box="[1023,1126,1563,1583]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have a smaller length at hatch than other reported bathydraconids, or absorb their yolk sac more quickly.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C37AF9DDFFB6FFB9C374F977FB45B3D3" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="400" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDFAA56FFB6FFB8C374F977FC02B115" blockId="4.[818,1308,1732,1793]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
|
||
<heading id="D0971D3AFFB6FFB8C374F977FC02B115" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" reason="3">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C374F977FC9BB0CA" bold="true" box="[818,855,1733,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">4.2</emphasis>
|
||
|
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C3DBF977FAD0B0CA" bold="true" box="[925,1308,1732,1758]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
|
||
Differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C4DAF976FAD0B0CA" ID-CoL="BDY8" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1180,1308,1732,1758]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C4DAF976FAD0B0CA" bold="true" box="[1180,1308,1732,1758]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C374F955FC02B115" bold="true" box="[818,974,1767,1793]" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C323F955FC02B115" baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[869,974,1767,1793]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Prionodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evansii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C323F955FC02B115" bold="true" box="[869,974,1767,1793]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">P. evansii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BDFAA56FFB6FFB9C374F883FB45B3D3" blockId="4.[818,1466,1841,1930]" lastBlockId="5.[818,1466,939,1479]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="400" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">
|
||
Several specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C447F883FBA4B151" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1025,1128,1841,1861]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C447F883FBA4B151" box="[1025,1128,1841,1861]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
identified in this study were previously misidentified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB6FFB8C440F8E1FB96B173" baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1030,1114,1875,1895]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Prionodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="399" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evansii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB6FFB8C440F8E1FB96B173" box="[1030,1114,1875,1895]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="399">P. evansii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although the pigmentation patterns of the two species are similar at early larval stages (Figure 3), a few key differences separate the two species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB7FFB9C480FC19FAD7B5AB" baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1222,1307,939,959]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Prionodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evansii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB7FFB9C480FC19FAD7B5AB" box="[1222,1307,939,959]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">P. evansii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two parallel rows of ventrolateral spiny scales that run from their hindgut to the caudal peduncle and two parallel rows of dorsolateral spines running from the nape to peduncle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1D7A7FFB7FFB9C47AFBA1FB2EB233" author="Kellermann, A. K." box="[1084,1250,1043,1063]" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref5842" refString="Kellermann, A. K. (1990). Identification key and catalogue of larval Antarctic fishes. Berichte zur Polarforschung, 67, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1990">Kellermann, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nonetheless, at early preflexion stages, or in the wrong light, these spiny scales are easily overlooked. The gut and abdomen are less pigmented in the larval stages of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB7FFB9C3D4FBC9FC24B29B" baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[914,1000,1147,1167]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Prionodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evansii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB7FFB9C3D4FBC9FC24B29B" box="[914,1000,1147,1167]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">P. evansii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
when compared to the condition in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB7FFB9C517FBC9FA76B29B" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1361,1466,1147,1167]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB7FFB9C517FBC9FA76B29B" box="[1361,1466,1147,1167]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Figure 3), although this difference is difficult to quantify. A second distinguishing characteristic between the two species involves their cranial pigmentation. Each of the 14 larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB7FFB9C48FFB51FAFCB2E3" baseAuthorityName="Waite" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1225,1328,1251,1271]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Akarotaxis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nudiceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB7FFB9C48FFB51FAFCB2E3" box="[1225,1328,1251,1271]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">A. nudiceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
examined had dense, uniformly spaced pigmentation on the occipital region of the head (Figure 4a). In contrast,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB7FFB9C40FFA9BFB51B329" baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1097,1181,1321,1341]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Prionodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evansii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB7FFB9C40FFA9BFB51B329" box="[1097,1181,1321,1341]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">P. evansii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to have a few large pigment spots on either side of the posterior portion of the head (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFF1D7A7FFB7FFB9C371FADCFC13B396" author="Kellermann, A. K." box="[823,991,1390,1410]" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref5842" refString="Kellermann, A. K. (1990). Identification key and catalogue of larval Antarctic fishes. Berichte zur Polarforschung, 67, 1 - 138." type="journal article" year="1990">Kellermann, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (Figure 4b). We have not yet conducted a thorough developmental analysis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C60D1D5FFB7FFB9C426FA23FB78B3B1" baseAuthorityName="Regan" baseAuthorityYear="1914" box="[1120,1204,1425,1445]" family="Bathydraconidae" genus="Prionodraco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="400" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="evansii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB7FFB9C426FA23FB78B3B1" box="[1120,1204,1425,1445]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">P. evansii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but we estimate that most stages have 2
|
||
<emphasis id="B9147644FFB7FFB9C3F6FA06FC70B3D3" box="[944,956,1460,1479]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="400">–</emphasis>
|
||
6 large pigment spots.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |