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<document id="DE80C311A6ADBC0B75406BE3A18743E3" ID-CLB-Dataset="26985" ID-DOI="10.5852/ejt.2019.519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="c6f362bc-4d6b-4e3a-b69a-a9e8392e6756" ID-ISSN="2118-9773" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2650112" ID-ZooBank="D9E64DD6-D675-4E25-B9B8-A44C14CE0B22" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1556106999488" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Oliveira, Livia M., Hoeksema, Bert W. &amp; Rocha, Rosana M." docDate="2019" docId="039C8788FFAF2167FE3B8A9DFD2E772A" docLanguage="en" docName="ejt-519_oliveira_hoeksema_rocha.pdf.imf" docOrigin="European Journal of Taxonomy 519" docStyle="DocumentStyle:EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911.14:EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleId="EF2B578F1D15862ADE45B0C07C620911" docStyleName="EJT.2018-.journal_article.type1" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Polysyncraton snelliusi Oliveira &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Rocha 2019, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="650A74FA-077A-46B4-B1EF-9BF5CC2B44E6" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="27" lastPageNumber="19" masterDocId="FFA5FFF0FFBF2175FFCB8F2FFFB4710F" masterDocTitle="Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="25" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="17" updateTime="1698723430310" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="70F41FCA809400D9B8A3C1D3E4A51B02" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="E2AF1A4BF24E1345357058A63C1F6B97">
<mods:title id="18F0B0E680E117CEC2DA494ACA975503">Polysyncraton (Ascidiacea, Didemnidae): a re-examination of some specimens and descriptions of three new species</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="6FB04A609B6CC287D53F3F66FAAE9D4E" type="personal">
<mods:role id="1B106CA01E3C5A77D618BC0BE9ABD0CD">
<mods:roleTerm id="D0E028A72A042025CFA953D883E00888">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="B40001357F8326650C5149FA1493CCCC">Oliveira, Livia M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="15094C1AFA1CFF59C9962859D19662FF" type="LSID">2058206A-50D4-4956-8888-358701793D7F</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="DEE230BAD91C2BCE561AFB6B13D6E611">Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia de Invertebrados Marinhos, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19020, 81531 - 980 Curitiba, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="F12B9049049F0F7CD12A667CFF876108" type="email">liviaoliveira@ufpr.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="3DAE56B3605A48C14988DB5A57C5C391" type="personal">
<mods:role id="3937ED488BB3AEE1289EDEBA1ABCF096">
<mods:roleTerm id="1385CA9423F9E5EAAE4868CC4CC0572E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="353A6501BA996BB8C0D11FC209DF7E86">Hoeksema, Bert W.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="B5F3202536AA3DCE7BE860538ED1AD80" type="LSID">548DBAFD-040B-4773-A043-6FCC466160A1</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="D7FA26E54627BBEAB88EC66F6B605F2C">Department of Taxonomy and Systematics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P. O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="1A2B86C5D8B637943F592EB6799A8564" type="email">bert.hoeksema@naturalis.nl</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="1C0D4B0B5AD2B50A7582F7638671B320" type="personal">
<mods:role id="6333C89B8DB3BE4E1C9C9DBED19B284F">
<mods:roleTerm id="0C5EC5A9654FCD392BEAB347ABD16153">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="9605AAA14B4DBDC6E1AD8C2683C53C62">Rocha, Rosana M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="3D2873F482C7EE18E9F0F6A7A36BFF6C" type="LSID">E170DE7A-DB70-4E5B-8488-45FA680812DA</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation id="D8A4AE972E272DD0DF98C1ADB867894B">Laboratório de Sistemática e Ecologia de Invertebrados Marinhos, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP 19020, 81531 - 980 Curitiba, Brazil.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="BA656369A59C62BF7BC6D67F03CCC15F" type="email">rmrocha@ufpr.br</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="E12777DB61C9D51D7ECF3050B66CE8DA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="79B7542728A8AC9AC3A533A553EEDC6E">
<mods:title id="55ADB97F63D273D02F179544FBD270BF">European Journal of Taxonomy</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="3E7CA92A313E0C4838079F5EF11E8013">
<mods:date id="D4B0335DFD405973E1957DF6AA7163DC">2019</mods:date>
<mods:detail id="FA864810A53C0AA2EF68ADE73A7BD471" type="pubDate">
<mods:number id="4521CC2621C40E500EFBC8345384A84A">2019-04-23</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail id="48A6E7E69FC7B77E99DD20352F67987A" type="volume">
<mods:number id="EF1B316CD3DB9D94F5591F5F9C97E804">519</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
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<mods:start id="639C6EDCF01076E7C802E3E10CFC9994">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="2D1B6A3BADD0557FCC888C28F608DE8B">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="EC791B3F79A8EB4E493BD86DBF42F713" type="CLB-Dataset">26985</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="1D99A1CB3CD24A33F8768A512D29313F" type="DOI">10.5852/ejt.2019.519</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="7F278E18CC13B190A4B62771B4CF3AC9" type="ISSN">2118-9773</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
<treatment id="039C8788FFAF2167FE3B8A9DFD2E772A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5167436" ID-GBIF-Taxon="156832918" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5167436" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:650A74FA-077A-46B4-B1EF-9BF5CC2B44E6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039C8788FFAF2167FE3B8A9DFD2E772A" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="C32F6515FFAF2165FE3B8A9DFB7C74E0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAF2165FE3B8A9DFBF774C2" blockId="16.[364,1224,1458,1553]" box="[496,1091,1458,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D0C281F2FFAF2165FE3B8A9DFBF774C2" box="[496,1091,1458,1485]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C354D1DFFAF2165FE3B8A9DFC5574C3" authority="Oliveira &amp; Rocha" authorityName="Oliveira &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Rocha" authorityYear="2019" box="[496,993,1458,1485]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" genus="Polysyncraton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snelliusi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAF2165FE3B8A9DFCBD74C2" bold="true" box="[496,777,1458,1485]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Polysyncraton snelliusi</emphasis>
Oliveira &amp; Rocha
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27257F7FFAF2165FC228A9CFBF774C2" box="[1001,1091,1459,1485]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAF2165FEA78AFBFB7C74E0" blockId="16.[364,1224,1458,1553]" box="[364,1224,1492,1519]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<uri id="FFA43A9CFFAF2165FEA78AFBFB7C74E0" box="[364,1224,1492,1519]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
<uuid id="FF930C4BFFAF2165FD408AFBFB7C74E0" box="[651,1224,1492,1519]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">650A74FA-077A-46B4-B1EF-9BF5CC2B44E6</uuid>
</uri>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32F6515FFAF2165FD3A8AD8FCF6771E" box="[753,834,1527,1553]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAF2165FD3A8AD8FCF6771E" blockId="16.[364,1224,1458,1553]" box="[753,834,1527,1553]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<figureCitation id="130E2A1BFFAF2165FD3A8AD8FCF6771E" box="[753,834,1527,1553]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1894,1920]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,382,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[189,1399,381,1839]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Polysyncraton snelliusi Oliveira &amp; Rocha sp. nov. a. Preserved colony. b. Colony surface (arrow indicates the common cloacal aperture with lobes). c. Papillae on the colony surface. d. Spicules (large type). e. Abdomen with gonads, large arrow indicates the follicle (one follicle hidden) and the small arrow the sperm duct. f. Larva. Scale bars: e–f = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239963/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32F6515FFAF2165FF768917FC78778F" box="[189,972,1592,1664]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAF2165FF768917FEF0775D" blockId="16.[189,324,1592,1618]" box="[189,324,1592,1618]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D0C281F2FFAF2165FF768917FEF0775D" bold="true" box="[189,324,1592,1618]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAF2165FF768917FEF0775D" bold="true" box="[189,324,1592,1618]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Etymology</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAF2165FF768949FC78778F" blockId="16.[189,972,1638,1664]" box="[189,972,1638,1664]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">The name refers to the campaign vessel that collected the material.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32F6515FFAF2165FF768989FAAD763B" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAF2165FF768989FE1E77CF" blockId="16.[189,426,1702,1728]" box="[189,426,1702,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D0C281F2FFAF2165FF768989FE1E77CF" bold="true" box="[189,426,1702,1728]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAF2165FF768989FE1E77CF" bold="true" box="[189,426,1702,1728]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Material examined</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAF2165FF2189FBFAAD763B" blockId="16.[189,1399,1748,1844]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<materialsCitation id="3B5D3CC3FFAF2165FF2189FBFAAD763B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2236933722" collectingDate="1966-04-13" collectionCode="OCPS" collectorName="Snellius &amp; Onderzoek Continentaal Plat Suriname" country="Suriname" elevation="64" latitude="7.28" location="Guiana Shelf" longLatPrecision="129" longitude="-56.793335" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<typeStatus id="548E883CFFAF2165FF2189FBFEE877E1" box="[234,348,1748,1774]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="holotype">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAF2165FF2189FBFEE877E1" bold="true" box="[234,348,1748,1774]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Holotype</emphasis>
</typeStatus>
<collectingCountry id="F322760EFFAF2165FF7689D8FEE2761E" box="[189,342,1783,1809]" name="Suriname" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">SURINAME</collectingCountry>
• 1 colony;
<location id="8EEA6045FFAF2165FE3B89D8FD3B761E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039C8788FFAF2167FE3B8A9DFD2E772A:8EEA6045FFAF2165FE3B89D8FD3B761E" box="[496,655,1783,1809]" country="Suriname" latitude="7.28" longLatPrecision="129" longitude="-56.793335" name="Guiana Shelf" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Guiana Shelf</location>
, stat. 97;
<geoCoordinate id="EE015059FFAF2165FCC389DAFC38761E" box="[776,908,1781,1809]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="92" value="7.28">07°16.8′ N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE015059FFAF2165FC5089DAFB92761E" box="[923,1062,1781,1809]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" precision="92" value="-56.793335">56°47.6′ W</geoCoordinate>
;
<elevation id="0018D1ADFFAF2165FBFF89D8FBC7761E" box="[1076,1139,1783,1809]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="64.0">
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAF2165FBFF89D8FBC7761E" box="[1076,1139,1783,1809]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="64.0">64 m</quantity>
</elevation>
depth;
<collectingDate id="EFCFE9B6FFAF2165FB1B89D8FAC6761E" box="[1232,1394,1783,1809]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1966-04-13">
<date id="FF8B105EFFAF2165FB1B89D8FAC6761E" box="[1232,1394,1783,1809]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" value="1966-04-13">13 Apr. 1966</date>
</collectingDate>
; HNLMS
<collectorName id="26C05348FFAF2165FEE08835FE3E763B" box="[299,394,1818,1844]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Snellius</collectorName>
leg.;
<collectorName id="26C05348FFAF2165FE008835FC22763B" box="[459,918,1818,1844]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Onderzoek Continentaal Plat Suriname</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED24AE5BFFAF2165FC6D8835FC42763B" box="[934,1014,1818,1844]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">OCPS</collectionCode>
); RMNH.UROCH.1109.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32F6515FFAF2167FF768874FD1F750C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAF2165FF768874FEFA767A" blockId="16.[189,334,1883,1909]" box="[189,334,1883,1909]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D0C281F2FFAF2165FF768874FEFA767A" bold="true" box="[189,334,1883,1909]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAF2165FF768874FEFA767A" bold="true" box="[189,334,1883,1909]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Description</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAF2167FF7688A5FBCE7311" blockId="16.[189,1399,1930,2028]" lastBlockId="18.[189,1399,267,542]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
The colony is yellowish in preserved material, measuring
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAF2165FCBA88A5FC1876AA" box="[881,940,1930,1957]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="cm" value="8.0">8 cm</quantity>
in diameter and
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAF2165FBBC88A5FB0976AA" box="[1143,1213,1930,1957]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
thick. It has an irregular shape, molding itself on top of a sponge. The colony surface has several common cloacal apertures with six to eight short lobes each (
<figureCitation id="130E2A1BFFAF2165FD0388FEFC9A76E3" box="[712,814,2001,2028]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1894,1920]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,382,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[189,1399,381,1839]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Polysyncraton snelliusi Oliveira &amp; Rocha sp. nov. a. Preserved colony. b. Colony surface (arrow indicates the common cloacal aperture with lobes). c. Papillae on the colony surface. d. Spicules (large type). e. Abdomen with gonads, large arrow indicates the follicle (one follicle hidden) and the small arrow the sperm duct. f. Larva. Scale bars: e–f = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239963/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 11b</figureCitation>
). The cloacal cavity is wide and positioned at the thoracic level. The tunic is firm, brittle and with many papillae associated with one of the lobes of the oral siphons. The zooids form circular systems around the cloaca and also linear systems along the cloacal channels, which are marked by a depression on the colony surface. They have a brown colour, leaving white circular or irregular patches on the colony surface (
<figureCitation id="130E2A1BFFAD2167FC658E59FBA4709F" box="[942,1040,374,400]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1894,1920]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,382,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[189,1399,381,1839]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Polysyncraton snelliusi Oliveira &amp; Rocha sp. nov. a. Preserved colony. b. Colony surface (arrow indicates the common cloacal aperture with lobes). c. Papillae on the colony surface. d. Spicules (large type). e. Abdomen with gonads, large arrow indicates the follicle (one follicle hidden) and the small arrow the sperm duct. f. Larva. Scale bars: e–f = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239963/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11c</figureCitation>
). Two
<typeStatus id="548E883CFFAD2167FB968E59FB2F709F" box="[1117,1179,374,400]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">types</typeStatus>
of stellate spicules are distributed in the tunic. The larger ones (
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FD0A8EB6FCE470BB" box="[705,848,409,436]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="50.0" valueMax="60.0" valueMin="40.0">40 to 60 µm</quantity>
in diameter) have six rays in transverse optical section, but many other shorter rays among the main ones. Also, the rays are either blunt or more pointed. The smaller spicules (
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FDD48ECFFD1870F4" box="[543,684,480,507]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="36.5" valueMax="50.0" valueMin="23.0">23 to 50 µm</quantity>
in diameter, a few to
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FC6F8ECFFC4770F4" box="[932,1011,480,507]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 µm</quantity>
), have seven to eight conical rays with round tips in transverse optical section, without intermediate rays (
<figureCitation id="130E2A1BFFAD2167FBCC8D2CFBD87311" box="[1031,1132,515,542]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1894,1920]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,382,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[189,1399,381,1839]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Polysyncraton snelliusi Oliveira &amp; Rocha sp. nov. a. Preserved colony. b. Colony surface (arrow indicates the common cloacal aperture with lobes). c. Papillae on the colony surface. d. Spicules (large type). e. Abdomen with gonads, large arrow indicates the follicle (one follicle hidden) and the small arrow the sperm duct. f. Larva. Scale bars: e–f = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239963/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11d</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF4A6616FFAE2164FF768848FC1076E4" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239961/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" startId="17.[189,232,1895,1921]" targetBox="[194,1399,404,1840]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAE2164FF768848FC1076E4" blockId="17.[189,1398,1895,2027]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAE2164FF768848FEAF768E" bold="true" box="[189,283,1895,1921]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 10.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C354D1DFFAE2164FEEF8848FC1D768E" authority="C. Monniot &amp; F. Monniot, 1987" authorityName="C. Monniot &amp; F. Monniot" authorityYear="1987" box="[292,937,1895,1922]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" genus="Polysyncraton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="purou">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAE2164FEEF8848FDA8768E" box="[292,540,1895,1921]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Polysyncraton purou</emphasis>
C. Monniot &amp; F.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B6FFFAE2164FD3D8848FC1D768E" author="Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F." box="[758,937,1895,1921]" journalOrPublisher="Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Zoologie" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" pagination="1 - 155" part="136" refId="ref9102" refString="Monniot C. &amp; Monniot F. 1987. Les ascidies de Polynesie francaise. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Zoologie 136: 1 - 155." title="Les ascidies de Polynesie francaise" type="journal article" year="1987">Monniot, 1987</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, with structures stained with hemalum (MNHN A2-843).
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAE2164FE6A88A5FE0476AB" bold="true" box="[417,432,1930,1956]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">a</emphasis>
. Zooid with bifurcated atrial languet (arrow).
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAE2164FC2088A5FC4F76AB" bold="true" box="[1003,1019,1930,1956]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">b</emphasis>
. Thorax with button-like atrial languet (big arrow) and muscular process (small arrow).
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAE2164FC9A8881FCEA76C7" bold="true" box="[849,862,1966,1992]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">c</emphasis>
. Abdomen with gonads (large arrow indicates oocyte).
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAE2164FEEF88FEFE8076E4" bold="true" box="[292,308,2001,2027]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">d</emphasis>
. Immature larva.
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAE2164FDCE88FEFDA676E4" bold="true" box="[517,530,2001,2027]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">e</emphasis>
. Mature larva. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAD2167FF768D6AFD48721E" blockId="18.[189,1399,581,785]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The zooids are 1.0 mm long. The oral siphon is short (
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FC918D6AFC09736F" box="[858,957,581,608]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.2 mm</quantity>
), with six long triangular lobes. The atrial aperture is wide, exposing almost all the pharynx, without an atrial languet. The pharynx stigmata formula is 12, 12, 11, 9. The lateral thoracic organs are circular, not protruding and localised at the level of the 2
<superScript id="7C409BD6FFAD2167FE938D81FEDD73B3" attach="left" box="[344,361,686,700]" fontSize="6" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">nd</superScript>
row of stigmata. The muscular process is lacking. The esophageal peduncle is short and straight. The testis is divided in four follicles surrounded by three coils of the sperm duct. The secondary gut loop does not overlay the stomach (
<figureCitation id="130E2A1BFFAD2167FD478DD9FD5B721E" box="[652,751,758,785]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1894,1920]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,382,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[189,1399,381,1839]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Polysyncraton snelliusi Oliveira &amp; Rocha sp. nov. a. Preserved colony. b. Colony surface (arrow indicates the common cloacal aperture with lobes). c. Papillae on the colony surface. d. Spicules (large type). e. Abdomen with gonads, large arrow indicates the follicle (one follicle hidden) and the small arrow the sperm duct. f. Larva. Scale bars: e–f = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239963/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11e</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAD2167FF768C17FD1F750C" blockId="18.[189,1399,824,1027]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
The larvae are elliptical, not gemmiparous, with the trunk
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FCA18C17FBBB725C" box="[874,1039,824,851]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.85" valueMax="0.9" valueMin="0.8">0.8 to 0.9 mm</quantity>
long. A tail with a diameter of
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FF768C73FEA27279" box="[189,278,860,886]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.16" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="116.0">116 µm</quantity>
winds halfway around the trunk. The sucker of the central adhesive papilla is
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FB6B8C74FB587279" box="[1184,1260,859,886]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="95.0">95 µm</quantity>
in diameter and the peduncle is
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FE638C50FDB07295" box="[424,516,895,922]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="235.0">235 µm</quantity>
long. There are 12 to 14 elongated, thin ectodermal ampullae on each side of the larva,
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FE9C8C8DFDBE72B2" box="[343,522,930,957]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.125" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="1.05" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="112.5" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="105.0">105 to 120 µm</quantity>
long (
<figureCitation id="130E2A1BFFAD2167FD928C8DFD0872B2" box="[601,700,930,957]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="19.[189,232,1894,1920]" captionTargetBox="[190,1397,382,1830]" captionTargetId="figure@19.[189,1399,381,1839]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="Fig. 11. Polysyncraton snelliusi Oliveira &amp; Rocha sp. nov. a. Preserved colony. b. Colony surface (arrow indicates the common cloacal aperture with lobes). c. Papillae on the colony surface. d. Spicules (large type). e. Abdomen with gonads, large arrow indicates the follicle (one follicle hidden) and the small arrow the sperm duct. f. Larva. Scale bars: e–f = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3239963/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Fig. 11f</figureCitation>
). The sensorial vesicle (including ocellus and statocyte) is slightly posterior to the mid-dorsal region of the larval trunk. The ocellus is
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FB9A8CE9FB1472EE" box="[1105,1184,966,993]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.4" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="54.0">54 µm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FAD18CE9FAC372EE" box="[1306,1399,966,993]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.61" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="361.0">361 µm</quantity>
distant from the anterior region of the tail.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32F6515FFAD2167FF768B04FE6E74BC" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAD2167FF768B04FE9B754A" blockId="18.[189,303,1067,1093]" box="[189,303,1067,1093]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D0C281F2FFAD2167FF768B04FE9B754A" bold="true" box="[189,303,1067,1093]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAD2167FF768B04FE9B754A" bold="true" box="[189,303,1067,1093]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Remarks</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAD2167FF768B75FE6E74BC" blockId="18.[189,1399,1114,1459]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Eight species of
<taxonomicName id="4C354D1DFFAD2167FE4F8B75FD99757B" authorityName="Nott" authorityYear="1892" box="[388,557,1114,1140]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" genus="Polysyncraton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAD2167FE4F8B75FD99757B" box="[388,557,1114,1140]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Polysyncraton</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been reported from the Atlantic Ocean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B6FFFAD2167FB848B75FA9C757B" author="Rocha" box="[1103,1320,1114,1140]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Rocha" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="269 - 303" refId="ref9670" refString="Rocha R. M., Zanata T. B. &amp; Moreno T. R. 2012. Keys for the identification of families and genera of Atlantic shallow water ascidians. Biota Neotropica 12: 269 - 303. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 1676 - 06032012000100022" type="journal article" year="2012">
Rocha
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAD2167FB6E8B74FB55757B" box="[1189,1249,1114,1140]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B6FFFAD2167FAFE8B75FE8A7597" author="Paiva" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Paiva" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 20" refId="ref9452" refString="Paiva S. V., Oliveira-Filho R. R. &amp; Lotufo T. M. C. 2015. Ascidians from Rocas Atoll, northeast Brazil. Frontiers in Marine Science 2: 1 - 20. https: // doi. org / 10.3389 / fmars. 2015.00039" type="journal article" year="2015">
Paiva
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAD2167FF768B51FF4D7598" box="[189,249,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">et al.</emphasis>
2015
</bibRefCitation>
) and none of them look like the one described herein.
<taxonomicName id="4C354D1DFFAD2167FC068B52FB557598" authority="Oliveira &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Rocha, 2019" authorityName="Oliveira &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Rocha" authorityYear="2019" box="[973,1249,1149,1175]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" genus="Polysyncraton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="snelliusi" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAD2167FC068B52FB557598" box="[973,1249,1149,1175]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Polysyncraton snelliusi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27257F7FFAD2167FB228B51FAF17597" box="[1257,1349,1150,1176]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
can be distinguished from
<taxonomicName id="4C354D1DFFAD2167FE038B8DFDDB75B4" authority="Oliveira &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Rocha, 2019" authorityName="Oliveira &amp; Hoeksema &amp; Rocha" authorityYear="2019" box="[456,623,1185,1211]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" genus="Polysyncraton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cabofriense" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAD2167FE038B8DFDDB75B4" box="[456,623,1185,1211]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. cabofriense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27257F7FFAD2167FDBC8B8EFD6775B4" box="[631,723,1185,1211]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
by the absence of papillae on the colony surface and the presence of gemmiparous larvae in the latter. Among other species with papillae on the colony surface,
<taxonomicName id="4C354D1DFFAD2167FF768BC6FE56740D" authority="Kott, 2001" authorityName="Kott" authorityYear="2001" box="[189,482,1256,1282]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" genus="Polysyncraton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="echinatum">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAD2167FF768BC6FEE3740D" box="[189,343,1256,1282]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. echinatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B6FFFAD2167FEAA8BC7FE56740D" author="Kott" box="[353,482,1256,1282]" firstAuthor="Kott" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="1 - 410" refId="ref8579" refString="Kott P. 2001. The Australian Ascidiacea. Part 4, Aplousobranchia (3), Didemnidae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 47 (1): 1 - 410. Available from https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 40460926 [accessed 20 Jul. 2018]." type="journal article" year="2001">Kott, 2001</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has a gelatinous tunic, stellate spicules without secondary rays and smaller larvae (trunk
<quantity id="4CCD9B7BFFAD2167FE948A24FE0F7429" box="[351,443,1291,1318]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.6 mm</quantity>
long), with four subdividing ectodermal ampullae on each side;
<taxonomicName id="4C354D1DFFAD2167FB088A23FE3D7446" authority="F. Monniot, 1993" authorityName="F. Monniot" authorityYear="1993" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" genus="Polysyncraton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="meandratum">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAD2167FB088A23FAC2742A" box="[1219,1398,1291,1317]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. meandratum</emphasis>
F.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B6FFFAD2167FF118A00FE3D7446" author="Monniot" box="[218,393,1327,1353]" firstAuthor="Monniot" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="3 - 17" refId="ref9261" refString="Monniot F. 1993. Ascidies de Nouvelle-Caledonie XIII. Le genre Polysyncraton. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 4 ieme serie 15 ª (1 - 4): 3 - 17." type="journal article" year="1993">Monniot, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has globular spicules with flat-tipped rays, a bifurcated atrial languet and larvae with eight pairs of ectodermal ampullae;
<taxonomicName id="4C354D1DFFAD2167FDAA8A7CFBBC7463" authority="F. Monniot, 1993" authorityName="F. Monniot" authorityYear="1993" box="[609,1032,1362,1389]" class="Ascidiacea" family="Didemnidae" genus="Polysyncraton" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enterogona" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pseudorugosum">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAD2167FDAA8A7CFC837463" box="[609,823,1362,1388]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">P. pseudorugosum</emphasis>
F.
<bibRefCitation id="EFA44B6FFFAD2167FC918A7DFBBC7463" author="Monniot" box="[858,1032,1362,1388]" firstAuthor="Monniot" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" pagination="3 - 17" refId="ref9261" refString="Monniot F. 1993. Ascidies de Nouvelle-Caledonie XIII. Le genre Polysyncraton. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 4 ieme serie 15 ª (1 - 4): 3 - 17." type="journal article" year="1993">Monniot, 1993</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
has stellate spicules with sharp pointed rays and deeper common cloacal canals, seven testis follicles and smaller larvae with eight pairs of ectodermal ampullae.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32F6515FFAD2167FF768AF4FD2E772A" box="[189,666,1499,1573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAD2167FF768AF4FEE274FA" blockId="18.[189,342,1499,1525]" box="[189,342,1499,1525]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
<heading id="D0C281F2FFAD2167FF768AF4FEE274FA" bold="true" box="[189,342,1499,1525]" fontSize="11" level="3" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" reason="3">
<emphasis id="B941EA8CFFAD2167FF768AF4FEE274FA" bold="true" box="[189,342,1499,1525]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Distribution</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8A369EFFAD2167FF768925FD2E772A" blockId="18.[189,666,1546,1573]" box="[189,666,1546,1573]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
Type locality:
<collectingCountry id="F322760EFFAD2167FEAD8925FE62772B" box="[358,470,1546,1572]" name="Suriname" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Suriname</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="F322760EFFAD2167FE2D8925FDF7772B" box="[486,579,1546,1572]" name="Guyana" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Guyana</collectingCountry>
Shelf).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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