230 lines
21 KiB
XML
230 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-CLB-Dataset="297102" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.7316519" ID-GBIF-Dataset="38aee501-3c26-4686-9c32-a0991b651db7" ID-ISBN="0-8018-8221-4" checkinTime="1670905099958" checkinUser="guido" docAuthor="Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn" docDate="2005" docId="B82EEBEE4A0E8B8D8DD0BECC7A141B2E" docLanguage="en" docName="MammalSpeciesofTheWorld.2005.Artiodactyla.637-722.xml" docOrigin="Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press" docTitle="Camelus bactrianus Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" id="AB6A4FBA464988A6B3A53F4B8CD52B4B" lastPageNumber="645" masterDocId="AB6A4FBA464988A6B3A53F4B8CD52B4B" masterDocTitle="Order Artiodactyla" masterLastPageNumber="722" masterPageNumber="637" pageNumber="645" updateTime="1716783024384" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="4467F4BBBA1F4F0AD5BD5BCDEC3B95A1">Order Artiodactyla</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2676C6D52298B26F66833EF8EF53725C">Wilson, Don E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="0EF224241B1C19ED1C3B14FE9743218C">Reeder, DeeAnn</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="B6F52D2989E7A980C3A075C40BE5CE6F">2005</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="DE63314235D2406421DF023BA3FFC7C1">The Johns Hopkins University Press</mods:publisher>
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<mods:titleInfo id="628BE96433C3B0C876ADCF6A1E9D5EED">
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<mods:title id="F19E516F80EA8EFA6FA1A414044C4B3C">Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3 rd Edition), Volume 1</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="A8C0F86E35379E83EEEEC01FF4BF2D97">
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<mods:start id="40D9F533D13FD0BE9566D04F3939026F">637</mods:start>
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<mods:identifier id="2947C8B948EFE262EBA3FA14C1CB91B0" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.7316519</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="B82EEBEE4A0E8B8D8DD0BECC7A141B2E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11337003" ID-GBIF-Taxon="231541427" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11337003" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:B82EEBEE4A0E8B8D8DD0BECC7A141B2E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/B82EEBEE4A0E8B8D8DD0BECC7A141B2E" lastPageNumber="645" pageNumber="645" sourceUrl="http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=14200112">
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<subSubSection id="778EE101095506AC0F9EC60DA3EC4F62" pageNumber="645" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="27A11086D7F67A6CA59CC02188859E49" pageNumber="645">
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||
<taxonomicName id="59FC4673A31D29762F80EDB3673D247B" ID-CoL="Q9XC" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bactrianus">
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<emphasis id="602A890F53AF8E0F24E0DF05BA393C96" italics="true" pageNumber="645">Camelus bactrianus</emphasis>
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Linnaeus 1758
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="87DF7484DD870DEBE214DD3C0042856C" pageNumber="645" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="013ACA13596C21685D8FBF36B08F593B" pageNumber="645">
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||
<treatmentCitation id="95D4C0B30ABBD9976393D28E8D37AFEF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3918312" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3918312" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C7E7B759-A8DF-477B-BA98-BE7AF8BECDA4" author="Linnaeus" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/1515F3CE81CA56B73FE07CFDBB17820F" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" page="65" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bactrianus" title="Camelus bactrianus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">
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<taxonomicName id="2587780F4DC6B1C194121687506FB4A5" ID-CoL="Q9XC" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bactrianus">
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<emphasis id="ED6B34659C35F13C63B806387DF04F9B" italics="true" pageNumber="645">Camelus bactrianus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="2636E2EE8437F8F9D8DFD2A742B7B84C" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<bibCitation id="39B6CFEA4642FEEC999DA8B9BC55850F" author="Linnaeus" pageNumber="645" pagination="65" title="Camelus bactrianus" volumeTitle="Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1" year="1758">Syst. Nat., 10th ed., Vol. 1: 65</bibCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7C978D7299702F01597D7478B69DF7EA" pageNumber="645" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="9CCE35A8AD91EF91E1BA4AE58B71CDCB" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis id="9B9594C78685ED52D3006D118EA17BB3" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="645">Type Locality:</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="533BE9536D9A9B32EE62BAFD4754E7A4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4867329446" country="Uzbekistan" pageNumber="645">
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"Habitat in Africa"; identified as "Bactria" (
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<collectingCountry id="CA5EC3A9649E4AF05AF7E396E73A22DB" name="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</collectingCountry>
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, Bokhara) by
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<bibRefCitation id="F3777A9CD7674CB0617EC8D226885266" author="Thomas, O." refId="ref353417" refString="Thomas, O. 1911 a. The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the genera and the exact bases and localities of the species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911: 120 - 158." year="1911">
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Thomas (1911
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<emphasis id="AB4842060A9405FED1374BD59A7EF035" italics="true" pageNumber="645">a</emphasis>
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:150)
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</bibRefCitation>
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; based on domesticated stock
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F5986C26973BB243C956A8D408AD81FE" pageNumber="645" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="485C4E9F428F0FE5C0B1A3E30460C3EE" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis id="90F7F1959B04442C6B7C1A3C0C712CED" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="645">Vernacular Names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="CC2BFD5AA16DA83D5851F29664548655" language="eng" pageNumber="645">Bactrian Camel</vernacularName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="48042EEAF8745F353E024DADFA34F833" pageNumber="645" type="child_taxa">
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<paragraph id="146C1B587EBED46AE7132F2749193D56" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis id="CF749EE48426C7846701DC25CBBA068C" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="645">Subspecies:</emphasis>
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:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="CA9B7F87B4A5C969D9D5CC0AE29D65AE" pageNumber="645">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="9D2FB688BF43C41F0EDF1CE40BBC54CC" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bactrianus" subSpecies="bactrianus">
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<emphasis id="A4328D84EE33A5D08221FEF57F1BFB1C" italics="true" pageNumber="645">Camelus bactrianus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="EDE506492F5AB190E9EFA064392B2069" italics="true" pageNumber="645">bactrianus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="3E3ECF18B82261CBFF8767A3B084FCE2" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="549A80FD872AEB6266FC64A6CBDB255A" pageNumber="645">
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Subspecies
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<taxonomicName id="3D0C93AF24245EA79A5C84F22F97414F" authority="Przewalski 1878" authorityName="Przewalski" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageNumber="645" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="bactrianus" subSpecies="ferus">
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<emphasis id="29EB867E1E23C537A8BB55520A9B66F9" italics="true" pageNumber="645">Camelus bactrianus</emphasis>
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subsp.
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<emphasis id="487E5C8D535291523D9E362A746B6A51" italics="true" pageNumber="645">ferus</emphasis>
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Przewalski 1878
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8D65E6B23A14677740DA7ED2AC966B03" pageNumber="645" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="62D761BC22ADA86C6912BB59283FFC22" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis id="E0B8C91CA44015AC26D9997B0434CE7F" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="645">Distribution:</emphasis>
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Exists in the wild in SW
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<collectingCountry id="68BBF642AB21C33983A1C0CB94280C9A" name="Mongolia">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry id="E6726298B727E8BCD5BA0335E1C7ABC3" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectingRegion id="D4C395D2A29319BD6DE62AD947C7790E" country="China" name="Gansu">Gansu</collectingRegion>
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, Tsinghai, and
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<collectingRegion id="7805669D8D0A4B1E276B1963DB1E47A0" country="China" name="Xinjiang Uygur">Sinkiang</collectingRegion>
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); domesticated in
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<collectingCountry id="0C036BF2968ED1A9159E9CA695134C4F" name="Iran">Iran</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="C4FBDDA6E6F6025A01F118D965869EFB" name="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="0AE5C4A783C39D0AFA63BC048310D4B9" name="Pakistan">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
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, north to
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<collectingCountry id="B7148AD9E0E260C3D2F8FC44EEEF9ED1" name="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="C1C0CC2EF81C64CAF199E6B4C9795A91" name="Mongolia">Mongolia</collectingCountry>
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, and
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<collectingCountry id="F55C790EC9362AF917D1902C3503F09D" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C174222FBCC16B1A31CEBA8992368B" pageNumber="645" type="conservation">
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<paragraph id="7105534357869CA1A3184CB1FE5E82BD" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis id="AE60BF7BA3E09A60ECF76E52F6131350" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="645">Conservation:</emphasis>
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<collectingCountry id="652E1CAD8F2AB8BFC6EFE90674781946" name="United States of America">U.S.</collectingCountry>
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<collectionCode id="C45875C3D9BED436252EDDFD6AA195D8" country="Brazil" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:14319" name="Universidade de São Paulo" type="Herbarium">ESA</collectionCode>
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– Endangered;
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<collectionCode id="966E0D2E28704740134E805B96681854">IUCN</collectionCode>
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– Critically Endangered.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="78AF295226164CE258BF982B146EA57C" pageNumber="645" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="E8D478105EDD361BF60B3CF27AECAD75" pageNumber="645">
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<emphasis id="68E39528768CC2BDCFA056EBE7CEEBE2" inLineHeading="true" pageNumber="645">Discussion:</emphasis>
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Includes
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<taxonomicName id="93BB89E17F5D1C7C4D33D49E54FAA0C3" authority="Przewalski" authorityName="Przewalski" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
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<emphasis id="930872E538020BE22C052DE5E393A483" italics="true" pageNumber="645">ferus</emphasis>
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Przewalski
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</taxonomicName>
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, based on wild specimen;
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<taxonomicName id="C7956C1F0088D3C529281DD6AF71F704" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bactrianus">
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<emphasis id="F3EFD8E1B96C08EC8729B0E93837FD4B" italics="true" pageNumber="645">bactrianus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="6D2EC00211A31FE579FA409BB6207385" author="Linnaeus, C." refId="ref213949" refString="Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp." year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, has priority.
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<bibRefCitation id="A9F398F6B5502A23B2BD2BE927D673DF" author="Abramov, A. V." refId="ref666" refString="Abramov, A. V. 1996. Comments on the proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53: 287." year="1996">Abramov (1996)</bibRefCitation>
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||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8B3633452213BBE55E64068F18D8FBD2" authorityName="Przewalski" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
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<emphasis id="92CD63DA203CD03AF63FC1D653B6161D" italics="true" pageNumber="645">ferus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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dates from Przewalski, 1878, not 1883, and is preoccupied by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7F3DD3D871785F74AFFAC88C7AC6240B" authority="Falk, 1786" authorityName="Falk" authorityYear="1786" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="dromedarius" subSpecies="ferus">
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||
<emphasis id="915771D57803E2C3DB509078258F5AE9" italics="true" pageNumber="645">Camelus dromedarius ferus</emphasis>
|
||
Falk, 1786
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, which is probably a
|
||
<emphasis id="6E2F26C2260443C34A2389EC7D516AEB" italics="true" pageNumber="645">nomen oblitum</emphasis>
|
||
. A.
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||
<bibRefCitation id="C5BEBD01481F946914DC21F93FAC7AD4" author="Gentry, A. & J. Clutton-Brock & C. P. Groves" refId="ref117778" refString="Gentry, A., J. Clutton-Brock, and C. P. Groves. 1996. Case 3010. Proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 53: 28 - 37." year="1996">Gentry et al. (1996)</bibRefCitation>
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||
proposed that majority usage should be confirmed by adoption of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="89C60D20462C783B8BC476141F1F477D" authorityName="Przewalski" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
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||
<emphasis id="74AF51001DAB4AF944847052EE70B137" italics="true" pageNumber="645">C. ferus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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||
as the name for the wild taxon of Bactrian camels. Though it has not been demonstrated that most authors term the wild Bactrian camel
|
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<taxonomicName id="1CCDAFFD61E0F3B87E4A7B4AAF50E7A3" authorityName="Przewalski" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
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||
<emphasis id="AD0EB86C9C3DB52E0003E617C3E473DB" italics="true" pageNumber="645">C. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
rather than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C554260B2F54F7FC42DA6940B14AE2FA" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bactrianus">
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<emphasis id="303C4DECDC767404BBAC17699C55B043" italics="true" pageNumber="645">C. bactrianus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(or
|
||
<emphasis id="1B05C49CE4E7233F48713394DDD394AF" italics="true" pageNumber="645">
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||
C. b.
|
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<taxonomicName id="A3FEF358DAD1F14BD7D781AA8C4411A5" authorityName="Przewalski" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">ferus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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), they asked the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its plenary powers to rule that the name for the wild species is not invalid by virtue of being antedated by the name based on the domestic form. A ruling has now been made in their favour (
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<bibRefCitation id="C25D127053EF145A6EE8AD4BB19DD019" author="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature" refId="ref168639" refString="International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 2003 a. Opinion 2027. Usage of 17 specific names based on wild species which are pre-dated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals (Lepidoptera, Osteichthyes, Mammalia): Conserved. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 60: 81 - 84." year="2003">
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International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2003
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<emphasis id="7C5259044E3BD70A4B1C175E4E65C7CD" italics="true" pageNumber="645">a</emphasis>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but it might still be valid for those who consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="CEA8B5CB79BB6D3CC970C9EA2D0520BB" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bactrianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="828CEE03A0C62BEA6B1EE0A0C4E2F8E9" italics="true" pageNumber="645">C. bactrianus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5E655D2EE39D7DD60D6B4C1210C2076" authorityName="Przewalski" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">
|
||
<emphasis id="DC813261B3051E62159522B313E76433" italics="true" pageNumber="645">C. ferus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to be conspecific to employ the senior name for the name of the species (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="5BF4D985DEED65941CE7E8F6E4E5ACA4" author="Bock, W. J." refId="ref34305" refString="Bock, W. J. 1997. Comments on the proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, 54: 124 - 125." year="1997">Bock, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Domestic and wild camels vary by three base substitutions in the gene fragments studied and it was thought they were genetically differentiated at a level large enough that they could qualify as subspecies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="C7F1E3E2D302EDBA37D986574780A7B7" author="Schaller, G. B." refId="ref318775" refString="Schaller, G. B. 1998. Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 373 pp." year="1998">Schaller, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). By implication, the domestic form has originated from a taxon subspecifically distinct from the extant wild form, in which case the names
|
||
<emphasis id="BA5D351F44E0357D383D1A6806DB1005" italics="true" pageNumber="645">
|
||
C. b.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="08C581E96692E442074187017A5AAFC7" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bactrianus">bactrianus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="1B79AA0AEDE9F8B05C4D8FAF8756893C" italics="true" pageNumber="645">
|
||
C. b.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="583632AED949961555247BF991B130BA" authorityName="Przewalski" authorityYear="1878" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ferus">ferus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
would be applicable to different taxa. Bactrian and one-humped camels produce viable hybrids (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="EDAA676CB19B2BA44E54F8472460C4C0" authority="J. Fischer, 1829" authorityName="J. Fischer" authorityYear="1829" class="Mammalia" family="Camelidae" genus="Camelus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="dromedarius" subSpecies="hybridus">
|
||
<emphasis id="1E27231956E37EE5D5620A20C756CE03" italics="true" pageNumber="645">C. dromedarius hybridus</emphasis>
|
||
J. Fischer, 1829
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, unavailable) but hybrid males are said to be sterile (A. P.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="1B010F9370033689D2CCFA15EB02E36C" author="Gray, A. P." refId="ref127846" refString="Gray, A. P. 1972. Mammalian hybrids. A check-list with bibliography. Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Edinburgh, Technical Communication, 10 (revised): 1 - 262." year="1972">Gray, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |