treatments-xml/data/95/00/96/950096170B1B514498DCCF83315443E6.xml

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<mods:title id="21CB75ED81690F45368CFD36E734C625">Order Euryalida (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea), new species and new records from the South China Sea and the Northwest Pacific seamounts</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="90E0AAD61182888AD1164F4B5A7C1A4E">Nethupul, Hasitha</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7319770A63DD8295FE308D76C864022D">Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, 57200 Sanya, China &amp; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="03F8C95F5C49B2FF7773EC8F6C390AE9">Stoehr, Sabine</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3658E3F61C79C6CF8EB1C8E1D6DD05EE">Swedish Museum of Natural History, Dept of Zoology, Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="94A3152DEC12BCE89C0305CDCCB52393">Zhang, Haibin</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2A1DFC8F531F84D4E0CF3EB466FA62D1">Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, 57200 Sanya, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:date id="6592B4D7437883CAD212690301DB0EE2">2022</mods:date>
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<treatment id="950096170B1B514498DCCF83315443E6" ID-GBIF-Taxon="194310893" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A5459AA8-D154-47F1-833F-710652EF9636" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/950096170B1B514498DCCF83315443E6" lastPageNumber="161" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" scope_class="Ophiuroidea" scope_family="Euryalidae" scope_order="Euryalida" scope_phylum="Echinodermata">
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<paragraph id="1431766B812ECF5C81AEE7F07879DA23" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicName id="9A28C5BEF3DA805E70972FB09FCAA6C0" ID-CoL="8VSMT" LSID="http://zoobank.org/A5459AA8-D154-47F1-833F-710652EF9636" authority="Nethupul &amp; Stöhr &amp; Zhang, 2022" authorityName="Nethupul &amp; Stöhr &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2022" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii" status="sp. nov.">Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="1B2430E61500B1D9BB934DEFB6908CCD" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2141E1635365E026F8BF20B431929E35" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<figureCitation id="0664B9B1BF5225EB9FEFE0E2271876C8" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Figures 6</figureCitation>
<figureCitation id="A03CBCEBFA49156606F5B36D9185F92D" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., paratype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0087) A-C lateral arm plate (external, internal) D, E arm spines (middle) F, G arm spine (distal) H skin from dorsal arm base (rounded granular ossicles) I-M vertebrae I proximal view J distal view K lateral view L dorsal view M ventral view. Abbreviations: d dorsal, de depression, dist distal, lac lateral ambulacral canals, mo muscle opening, no nerve opening, pb podial basin, prox proximal, st secondary teeth, v ventral. Scale bars: 500 µm (D, I-M); 300 µm (A-C, E, G); 200 µm (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665883" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">, 7</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="D73B52D1019CCCD939AA7DDF68EBEF4D" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7D08A3B52E4F62164F0C68E88126D81C" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="98E83F1C29FB13123EC0B031B6170632" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<materialsCitation id="B81AC332FB179FB6C40C5ADE755AD212" accessionNumber="OK044292, OL712208" collectingDate="2018-03-29" country="China" county="Northeast of Xisha Islands" elevation="1070" latitude="18.699167" location="South" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="113.55133" municipality="Sea" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
<emphasis id="C8B77ECF58B24F8FCD1928F223D8426A" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<typeStatus id="93AFA1874A2349E1EAE54B4CC6D42156">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCountry id="70134B376614AE84AF32C00E503F5873" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
• 
<specimenCount id="55EB8E85D0DFD08894075A4A3FFD0D70" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
; 
<location id="6615E8D2A676B8CD191E363AA6278108" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:950096170B1B514498DCCF83315443E6:6615E8D2A676B8CD191E363AA6278108" country="China" county="Northeast of Xisha Islands" latitude="18.699167" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="113.55133" municipality="Sea" name="South">South</location>
<collectingCountry id="8CB626CE7C9A91A93BF7030B0CD12052" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
<collectingMunicipality id="75D95BFE1E0B6D8D5FD40B6B1E0B1AC6">Sea</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<collectingCounty id="AEC660B80F3029CB6316AF0E3F3D5E6F">Northeast of Xisha Islands</collectingCounty>
archipelago; 
<geoCoordinate id="34CC1C55DB0142F32E0EF4B9F5DF804D" degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="41.95" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="18.699167">18°41.95'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="1B82C426ADD2C9CD03C615ECC46F383F" degrees="113" direction="east" minutes="33.08" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="113.55133">113°33.08'E</geoCoordinate>
; depth 
<quantity id="DEC23EFB0E1148A616E290124433F3B1" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" unit="m" value="1070.0">
<elevation id="F60DEED2D368D6CC1BE578387BBD7FA6" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" unit="m" value="1070.0">1070 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<collectingDate id="9A2F0D484DDFFC2A73C17BED179A77D5" value="2018-03-29">29 Mar. 2018</collectingDate>
; Collecting event: stn. SC004; 
<normalizedToken id="A9B3DE8929888C4ED0458DDF43D6EBA4" originalValue="’Shenhaiyongshi’">'Shenhaiyongshi'</normalizedToken>
msv leg; preserved in -80 °C; GenBank: 
<accessionNumber id="602BE23407DB972618BBF1B6F5FB67BE" isEnumeration="true">OK044292, OL712208</accessionNumber>
; IDSSE-EEB-SW0086.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F5C9B871331FA1903D40448AFE846E54" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<materialsCitation id="C4B8750494C971B09BE53A16CBE2FF27" collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" country="China" location="China" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="Paratype">
<emphasis id="F47D34869F7636DB721965E019274550" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<typeStatus id="93AB175AE48D9FD767B05ECD27EB8CF5">Paratype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
: 
<collectingCountry id="EA822FDF23139DB6B1EE5F8FFE58F665" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
• 
<specimenCount id="2135C56E72C4D6E6764F4DEB2A7B127D" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
; South
</materialsCitation>
<materialsCitation id="42DB07C8D546E384B3194E304CC4265F" collectingDate="2020-08-04" country="China" elevation="1111" latitude="13.921667" location="Sea" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="115.424" municipality="Southeast of Zhongsha Islands" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="paratype">
<collectingCountry id="AB958EF088DE9B17C5F32EE26A0E871E" name="China">China</collectingCountry>
<location id="8C461235AC7571AE054305A035616DF8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:950096170B1B514498DCCF83315443E6:8C461235AC7571AE054305A035616DF8" country="China" latitude="13.921667" longLatPrecision="13" longitude="115.424" municipality="Southeast of Zhongsha Islands" name="Sea">Sea</location>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="CBA383B0B77DA26038C21A0BAEA73A43">Southeast of Zhongsha Islands</collectingMunicipality>
; 
<geoCoordinate id="BF2F4F9F93462986DA0927AA8A42A241" degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="55.30" orientation="latitude" precision="9" value="13.921667">13°55.30'N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="C13B3700DCEF5338273A92247750256F" degrees="115" direction="east" minutes="25.44" orientation="longitude" precision="9" value="115.424">115°25.44'E</geoCoordinate>
; depth 
<quantity id="7DD0F8059B02F9FBD67DA377A091F92C" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.111" unit="m" value="1111.0">
<elevation id="36D5BB69B1665786F9F767E917B692D2" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.111" unit="m" value="1111.0">1111 m</elevation>
</quantity>
; 
<collectingDate id="C132F65418250E289ECAD396A99ECA28" value="2020-08-04">04 Aug. 2020</collectingDate>
; Collecting event: stn. SC007; 
<normalizedToken id="FBF128DF90FDDAD7CA1224BA1CE1E237" originalValue="‘Shenhaiyongshi’">'Shenhaiyongshi'</normalizedToken>
msv leg; preserved in -80 °C; IDSSE-EEB-SW0087
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="57640DC92BC6F1DE367EA50D1ADC4746" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8DEF1264674C71B20967765F1F32C796" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="5A537C73C2DE0C8897A0783967B2BF2B" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
Disc raised high above the arm, concealed by highly dense, small, rounded, finely rugose granular ossicles (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="67FEAD2A10FA07BC975C62A185C57625" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6A-C</figureCitation>
). Jaws narrow, elongated, concealed by slightly larger, less rounded granular ossicles (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="38E8BD0DB094449E3ED8E9EA8B7D638A" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6E</figureCitation>
). Arm surface concealed by granular ossicles similar to disc, but ventral surface of arm concealed by less rounded, more polygonal granular ossicles (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="12E3C3E43D569419ABEA87E35B36E3FD" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6F-H</figureCitation>
). Inner arm spine cylindrical, slightly club-shaped, with small sharp thorns on more than half its length (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="78D7B10B00C004FE3CEE59156A240248" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6L-N</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="7E38E12FD976355A67FE3D416F78AD71" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" start="Figure 6" startId="F6">
<paragraph id="485C21DCF85B7233D7865D7E9B2761BB" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="96C16024571729BFBA476B4E2B006AF8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Figure 6.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="DF31A7FF0F984E4F9BED36E1D92715E6" authorityName="Nethupul &amp; Stöhr &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2022" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="792985C013151A7F2BD720F5B264B1FE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW0086) 
<emphasis id="E8B16694155BF0A5B63B1D61CC48B3ED" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A</emphasis>
dorsal view 
<emphasis id="DBF6C8776158DD7C5FB8FDACE6991F56" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">B</emphasis>
ventral view 
<emphasis id="6D97B373C4CD415D0D1FC98EB32D85FB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">C</emphasis>
dorsal disc 
<emphasis id="70936D62544A0AFF10503C12B54F95FB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">D</emphasis>
lateral disc 
<emphasis id="76A1088559F375D240B387D19AC879F2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">E</emphasis>
oral frame 
<emphasis id="6A6B50DB52DE0AC762D01D4F1BF1F8F7" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">F</emphasis>
dorsal arm (base) 
<emphasis id="AFE2EFC05AD4E17A81291E09D7EAFF0F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">G</emphasis>
lateral arm (proximal) 
<emphasis id="8A74850E8E1FD496D23DB52F3DDE6364" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">H</emphasis>
dorsal arm (distal) 
<emphasis id="E35662466D5A2B79860F10051C4E4509" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">I</emphasis>
ventral arm (base) 
<emphasis id="EC3EE9721B7BB26A1B9E195EBFCE021B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">J</emphasis>
ventral arm (middle) 
<emphasis id="85364EB4627959D6AD246CBBA2ABA079" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">K</emphasis>
ventral arm (distal) 
<emphasis id="BE5BA0CBC7523C78F8092EEF8F677A7A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">L</emphasis>
arm spine (arm base) 
<emphasis id="48BB89FD9A5A5B67C3DC9B5BC0072540" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">M, N</emphasis>
arm spines (middle) 
<emphasis id="2BAB3027DD007650B1D11E2EF492D1A3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">O, P</emphasis>
arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="9E38F7E30A8C25756C7CC528B34FDBD6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">ars</emphasis>
arm spine, 
<emphasis id="7695B4064D71C232A5DBA9D0E594D927" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">go</emphasis>
granular ossicle, 
<emphasis id="3BA8F7F96F38BA0D4FE4B931CC36369A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">goc</emphasis>
granular ossicles coat, 
<emphasis id="871BD887DD329FA6021AE66ED6F1662D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">gs</emphasis>
genital slit, 
<emphasis id="108F64457056AC098CF966DA4253AC0B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">iars</emphasis>
inner arm spine, 
<emphasis id="6CD381AB43116A3352240F5A8008D805" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">j</emphasis>
jaw, 
<emphasis id="4649AE6CC3EBF5CB16B04C3855879AFC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">oars</emphasis>
outer arm spine, 
<emphasis id="95CB50B860378D60AAF775C24D82B338" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">rs</emphasis>
radial shield, 
<emphasis id="2DC0E876964737B3F1C5754190A5DDB8" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">t</emphasis>
teeth, 
<emphasis id="BB46739CFAC9E2D786DCC7317A745605" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">tp</emphasis>
tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (
<emphasis id="3B7CC628C14AB33A830CE8D1475FB119" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A, B</emphasis>
); 1 mm (
<emphasis id="C56A6B77A40F2FC7A26D285A09550B54" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">C, D, F, I, J</emphasis>
); 500 
<normalizedToken id="05374205C4F491D088264979156D1317" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="731AE3ED9BAB97D35F6DA086A876D49B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">E, G, H, K, M, N, P</emphasis>
); 200 
<normalizedToken id="5A4F20C6E127A5639FA42CC2B5B4BC90" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="26C4B72CB31CF6756BC4E13915A9011E" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">L, O</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="E332E057694276734E846868FD2F0857" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" type="description">
<paragraph id="70BE8F0F7CFF1100D4CC97903780E747" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Description of holotype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="128E1534B55AF0D270E1436BEF0C4DFE" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
Disc diameter 10 mm, length of arms 220 mm, arm base width 3.3-3.5 mm (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="21EB1E9D336FCA6299AF54A9F1A93BF2" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7FD6FD352004F95FBAED31C9ECC791BD" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="EF44E95413086A974C74D37E63B68A3C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="94969329676C38E9357876230795A01F" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Disc</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Disc more or less pentagonal, raised high above arm, and swollen in center (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="093F4794C9FC6B03B6B9D426B8BA207B" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6A</figureCitation>
). Entire disc concealed by highly dense, small, rounded, finely rugose granular ossicles (eight or nine grains in 1 mm; Fig. 
<figureCitation id="ACAB37CCB6386EFBB4E2B682E1A78DDC" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6A-C</figureCitation>
). Granular ossicles similar in size and shape from center to periphery of disc (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="1DD2289C4057C8086294719D0BD502E6" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6C</figureCitation>
). Radial shields wide, straight, close together, but not meeting in center, and completely concealed by dense granulation (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="1316EB2E7FE7E1ECF7F1962886F6F69C" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6C</figureCitation>
). Genital slits narrow, vertical at interradii and densely covered with less rounded granular ossicles (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="185286972AC024D05B94B6DFBB781FB5" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6D</figureCitation>
). Jaws narrow, elongated, concealed by slightly larger less rounded granular ossicles (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="1530E6A9743333A55F46A535494FB7B6" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6E</figureCitation>
). At apex of jaw a blunt, spearhead-shaped tooth, and granular ossicles all over oral plates (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="E03C39BC10B8B64B78EDF059647909B2" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6E</figureCitation>
). Ventral disc densely covered with granular ossicles similar to dorsal disc (seven or nine grains in 1 mm) but less rounded around distal end of jaw and adoral shields (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="8D40E46C52783015AE76C31DF8A20BD9" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6E</figureCitation>
). Adoral shields large, with curved edge, and connected to first arm segment. Oral shields not discernible and adoral shield spine covered by granular ossicles (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="97E01786AF6F2A62C1C276A7FDE4BE46" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="857FA19CA6226A6587CA50F810962CAF" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="1BF08AFDE206005DBC94EFB0CE903BEC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="D4726807B51CBDCF939ED0A1B466DF70" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Arms</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Arm width comparatively large in relation to body size, not arched, sub-cylindrical, width unchanged from base to middle half of arm (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="C4F413147869077DBAD9430E357BEE29" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6A, F</figureCitation>
). From middle to distal end, arm tapering slightly and more cylindrical (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="D3B4AC6E29430739846ACDAC91F7916F" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6F-H</figureCitation>
). Dorsal and lateral arm surface concealed by dense, finely rugose, rounded granular ossicles similar to disc (eight or nine grains in 1 mm), continuing to distal end of arm (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="AB9F541AA59FF8CA71B3BECB7DEA33E9" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6F-H</figureCitation>
). Distal half of dorsal and lateral arm concealed by less rounded, dense granular ossicles (eight or nine grains in 1 mm; Fig. 
<figureCitation id="921B0E5D3DDBAC7B686C2D2D053FE995" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6H</figureCitation>
). Lateral arm plates on proximal to middle half of arm concealed by granular ossicles, including on base of arm spine, but on distal end only lateral arm plates concealed (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="F10CA943EEA7611670CA29793846855A" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6G-K</figureCitation>
). Ventral surface of arm concealed by dense granular ossicles, similar to ventral disc, less rounded and more polygonal, but only covering proximal half of arm (seven or nine grains in 1 mm; Fig. 
<figureCitation id="2249469E7A11C65CF9F4415614E5F3D2" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6I</figureCitation>
). Middle to distal end of ventral arm surface concealed by widely separated, in size decreasing granular ossicles (three or four grains in 1 mm) to completely naked (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="CBDA633BC2D55036484EBE94D0CAFE34" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6J, K</figureCitation>
). First free tentacle pore without arm spine (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="E69BD13B41730240DF563DEA212C4B85" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6I</figureCitation>
). First arm spine appears at second arm segment, with short blunt tentacle scale. Second arm spine appears at nineth or eleventh segment (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="5B3520DB26B082646F1A52405CE9517D" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6I, J</figureCitation>
). Inner arm spine initially tapered to pointed thorny tip, one arm segment in length, middle half cylindrical, less club-shaped, with small sharp thorns on more than half of spine length (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="FB7E6017C37A90920B84EA7D5E1EE9D0" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6L-N</figureCitation>
). Outer spine smaller, with thorny tip (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="80B6EEE81A5FF8E83A001955D87D6BB6" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6M, N</figureCitation>
). Both arm spines similar in size at distal end of arm, and turning into compound hook with 4-5 secondary teeth (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="2129631A130EB4D3B043AF9171FE7CEB" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6O, P</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="42331BE9A48B36E3752DD2C54BB94888" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="C5B732EE6F11CC71730C5B80D0FB6D63" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="746DED0DAAD0975670C24F5092E4C0DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Color</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
In live specimen, reddish brown (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="10AEAB5804F2E13ED58E3C3FAF2BF64F" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="F6" captionText="Figure 6. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., holotype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0086) A dorsal view B ventral view C dorsal disc D lateral disc E oral frame F dorsal arm (base) G lateral arm (proximal) H dorsal arm (distal) I ventral arm (base) J ventral arm (middle) K ventral arm (distal) L arm spine (arm base) M, N arm spines (middle) O, P arm spines (distal). Abbreviations: ars arm spine, go granular ossicle, goc granular ossicles coat, gs genital slit, iars inner arm spine, j jaw, oars outer arm spine, rs radial shield, t teeth, tp tentacle pore. Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, F, I, J); 500 µm (E, G, H, K, M, N, P); 200 µm (L, O)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure6" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665882" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">6</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="AFA1A13200AE716191819491C0CE5671" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" type="ossicle morphology of paratype">
<paragraph id="10DF421AB63D1CAC02D36AF1A1C5F57A" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Ossicle morphology of paratype.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="CF026EEC5600FFABB6AA185A550F41D0" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
Lateral arm plate curved around the vertebrae, with two arm spine articular structures, with completely separate large muscle and nerve openings (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="6DB0E774AA35B0AF720A665348A1587E" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., paratype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0087) A-C lateral arm plate (external, internal) D, E arm spines (middle) F, G arm spine (distal) H skin from dorsal arm base (rounded granular ossicles) I-M vertebrae I proximal view J distal view K lateral view L dorsal view M ventral view. Abbreviations: d dorsal, de depression, dist distal, lac lateral ambulacral canals, mo muscle opening, no nerve opening, pb podial basin, prox proximal, st secondary teeth, v ventral. Scale bars: 500 µm (D, I-M); 300 µm (A-C, E, G); 200 µm (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665883" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">7A</figureCitation>
). A depression on inner side of lateral arm plate (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="7C116AB3EDF4400905F5D169BF0F47D3" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Asteroschema domogranulatum sp. nov., paratype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0090) A, B lateral arm plate (external, internal) C arm spines (middle) D arm spine (distal) E skin from dorsal arm base, insert frame shows polygonal plate-like large ossicle F-J vertebrae F proximal view G distal view H lateral view I dorsal view J ventral view. Abbreviations: d dorsal, de depression, dist distal, iars inner arm spine, lac lateral ambulacral canals, mo muscle opening, no nerve opening, oars outer arm spine, pb podial basin, prox proximal, st secondary teeth, v ventral. Scale bars: 800 µm (F-J); 500 µm (C); 300 µm (B, D, E); 200 µm (A)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure5" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665881" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">5B, C</figureCitation>
). Inner arm spine becoming cylindrical from proximal to middle half of arm, with terminal projection, and thorny surface on upper part of spine (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="3CCA3D2FB46D0B5D0FF758F299024BD9" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., paratype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0087) A-C lateral arm plate (external, internal) D, E arm spines (middle) F, G arm spine (distal) H skin from dorsal arm base (rounded granular ossicles) I-M vertebrae I proximal view J distal view K lateral view L dorsal view M ventral view. Abbreviations: d dorsal, de depression, dist distal, lac lateral ambulacral canals, mo muscle opening, no nerve opening, pb podial basin, prox proximal, st secondary teeth, v ventral. Scale bars: 500 µm (D, I-M); 300 µm (A-C, E, G); 200 µm (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665883" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">7D</figureCitation>
). Outer arm spine nearly half as long as inner one with less thorny tip (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="86E0821947894053EEAF1A71E6C71B8A" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., paratype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0087) A-C lateral arm plate (external, internal) D, E arm spines (middle) F, G arm spine (distal) H skin from dorsal arm base (rounded granular ossicles) I-M vertebrae I proximal view J distal view K lateral view L dorsal view M ventral view. Abbreviations: d dorsal, de depression, dist distal, lac lateral ambulacral canals, mo muscle opening, no nerve opening, pb podial basin, prox proximal, st secondary teeth, v ventral. Scale bars: 500 µm (D, I-M); 300 µm (A-C, E, G); 200 µm (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665883" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">7E</figureCitation>
). Distally both spines compound hook with 3-5 secondary teeth (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="DD2AF144D96C6A3DE002A845A29690F1" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., paratype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0087) A-C lateral arm plate (external, internal) D, E arm spines (middle) F, G arm spine (distal) H skin from dorsal arm base (rounded granular ossicles) I-M vertebrae I proximal view J distal view K lateral view L dorsal view M ventral view. Abbreviations: d dorsal, de depression, dist distal, lac lateral ambulacral canals, mo muscle opening, no nerve opening, pb podial basin, prox proximal, st secondary teeth, v ventral. Scale bars: 500 µm (D, I-M); 300 µm (A-C, E, G); 200 µm (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665883" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">7F, G</figureCitation>
). Arm and disc concealed by rounded granular ossicles (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="0C31F919208E8D6D7506A46FB44E519B" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., paratype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0087) A-C lateral arm plate (external, internal) D, E arm spines (middle) F, G arm spine (distal) H skin from dorsal arm base (rounded granular ossicles) I-M vertebrae I proximal view J distal view K lateral view L dorsal view M ventral view. Abbreviations: d dorsal, de depression, dist distal, lac lateral ambulacral canals, mo muscle opening, no nerve opening, pb podial basin, prox proximal, st secondary teeth, v ventral. Scale bars: 500 µm (D, I-M); 300 µm (A-C, E, G); 200 µm (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665883" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">7H</figureCitation>
). Vertebrae with streptospondylous articulation, with deep slope between proximal and distal end, dorsally a median longitudinal furrow, ventrally with median deep longitudinal groove with lateral ambulacral canals, no oral bridge, podial basins moderate in size (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="F89749147A4B224D45EFA98BE7CCA00B" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., paratype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0087) A-C lateral arm plate (external, internal) D, E arm spines (middle) F, G arm spine (distal) H skin from dorsal arm base (rounded granular ossicles) I-M vertebrae I proximal view J distal view K lateral view L dorsal view M ventral view. Abbreviations: d dorsal, de depression, dist distal, lac lateral ambulacral canals, mo muscle opening, no nerve opening, pb podial basin, prox proximal, st secondary teeth, v ventral. Scale bars: 500 µm (D, I-M); 300 µm (A-C, E, G); 200 µm (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665883" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">7I-M</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<caption id="0C782A33F06131B769399984A25C7B3C" doi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665883" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" start="Figure 7" startId="F7">
<paragraph id="AA7F16787C2EB9861669F55DCF262A13" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<emphasis id="46EAEC3A95F32E8CD81830340E51B5B1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Figure 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="23046930EA56C1D050D3234252241B9E" authorityName="Nethupul &amp; Stöhr &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2022" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="1B132DC5A1EBF040630E34048D215747" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., paratype (IDSSE-EEB-SW0087) 
<emphasis id="541AE906E4007B405E04E744CC34195C" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A-C</emphasis>
lateral arm plate (external, internal) 
<emphasis id="6FE374ADCB78579C7A102E439F2F70BD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">D, E</emphasis>
arm spines (middle) 
<emphasis id="E00B5B534DCEFCEA90EB08823210AD9F" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">F, G</emphasis>
arm spine (distal) 
<emphasis id="36CC11B40409C36C56BC19233CFF7C4A" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">H</emphasis>
skin from dorsal arm base (rounded granular ossicles) 
<emphasis id="36F8261F2E0C9FE27461C32533C29A9B" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">I-M</emphasis>
vertebrae 
<emphasis id="DB84E59286915FBFC428BB12B0B5D983" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">I</emphasis>
proximal view 
<emphasis id="61C30744E319C2E42665F78C738BD613" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">J</emphasis>
distal view 
<emphasis id="0A2B01D53B8FA9B7BDD35D9D58B00380" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">K</emphasis>
lateral view 
<emphasis id="1DCE1A96B994DD97A21586D3B65FA2C1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">L</emphasis>
dorsal view 
<emphasis id="A8E014B8BB93F100DCD1E8925CBF6FB1" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">M</emphasis>
ventral view. Abbreviations: 
<emphasis id="44F6A3474C2753DFD423752F0E921EEB" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">d</emphasis>
dorsal, 
<emphasis id="3FD266346A6EFFE81B7688A8A85442BD" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">de</emphasis>
depression, 
<emphasis id="65F047ECA44F0FF101F6941F53CED0E0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">dist</emphasis>
distal, 
<emphasis id="BA27862AEFD92CA31C28846F167B4DE2" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">lac</emphasis>
lateral ambulacral canals, 
<emphasis id="6E088E0D652EF80A746B5166C14B966D" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">mo</emphasis>
muscle opening, 
<emphasis id="80D818A076AE88C504537C9EC89559C6" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">no</emphasis>
nerve opening, 
<emphasis id="854AA251895C94ED973C87E4D34D9C49" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">pb</emphasis>
podial basin, 
<emphasis id="30606D165B9823F33C7D94B3E0D403B3" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">prox</emphasis>
proximal, 
<emphasis id="7E07BA367CC07E05FE0A6F3CBCE44271" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">st</emphasis>
secondary teeth, 
<emphasis id="6A5DCDEA344D96C1A68740E51981B258" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">v</emphasis>
ventral. Scale bars: 500 
<normalizedToken id="E7879ECD5F9BC5FC82CED883103B6DFC" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="78C39C639B6F6042000A07550EEE1279" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">D, I-M</emphasis>
); 300 
<normalizedToken id="9183B7CA8B7DF54F14ECA773BFD04728" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="840CB4D258504ACC1B0BB668F20066EC" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A-C, E, G</emphasis>
); 200 
<normalizedToken id="4B105B0CC2D20B871D5D5879D9369ACE" originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
(
<emphasis id="9D881C8B5E83B4ACDB569CA669632CD0" bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">F, H</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="12AD5167542D35033EE13B0D6A9C6FD3" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" type="paratype variations">
<paragraph id="0B9A97E6C0077BA490E8425F4FE1D1FE" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Paratype variations.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="96C80ECDF042F72601C3D12D881541AD" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Paratype disc diameter 12 mm, similar to holotype. Second arm spine from segments 10-12 and disc slightly flatter than those of holotype; considered intraspecific variation.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="608FBF3B9EDC91DFEA2F5F5E7A7AECCC" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C75D0564B4089D755720FCEB17F1FBE0" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Distribution and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="77CD3B802BA17413594FAB003BCDC267" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">1070-1111 m depth. Near Xisha and Zhongsha islands in the South China Sea. Attached to sponge host.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3DEE85910EDD6D9CFA079FD06E975D93" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="436CFA0FA7A88651A50236BED5582D77" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="847528A08F5E7BC84D3C27AF1825301D" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
The specific name is dedicated to the manned submersible vessel 
<normalizedToken id="4DCDE4D4ACA6254903C9ACE65F366F9B" originalValue="‘Shenhaiyongshi’">'Shenhaiyongshi'</normalizedToken>
meaning deep sea warrior in Chinese, which collected the specimen.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="DF7A2D6DFEE43423912061A3D31C0927" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" type="remarks">
<paragraph id="C63814B4D234FAF9A8718DEAB50F6BE8" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="40A14FA805E87E4CF4C8D297C779B122" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicName id="1F3DB34364DACB48EF2FD6770053BB85" authorityName="Nethupul &amp; Stöhr &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2022" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="A48960CC11707D82A3A0E4017B879CC9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. concurs with the group of 
<taxonomicName id="7998B6A2B21CA21B68BF1FCC3860CD84" authorityName="Orsted &amp; Lutken in Lutken" authorityYear="1856" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="49E409FCC827AF079A736F19DC256C6C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that has only granular ossicles. This group includes nearly 20 species. Furthermore, they are divided by naked, widely separated granular ossicles on ventral disc and base of arm. Fifteen 
<taxonomicName id="00A3CB2A780F25A491D43CDB3EDC647F" authorityName="Orsted &amp; Lutken in Lutken" authorityYear="1856" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="1D54DE463FBF53BEAAF0057030F47E65" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have dense granular ossicles on the ventral disc. 
<taxonomicName id="0BB6BFCB2E5EF0E3AC224218A835B588" authorityName="Nethupul &amp; Stöhr &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2022" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="AC144BD2672A2B7A81991E76B5ACFCCD" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. is distinguished clearly by its unique dense, rounded, fine granular ossicles on both disc and arms, a thick sub-cylindrical proximal to middle half of the arms without annular bands, and cylindrical outer arm spine with visible thorns at middle arm segments (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="82CFC4E939650DEA9A4D723E1575F0C6" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="F7" captionText="Figure 7. Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii sp. nov., paratype (IDSSE-EEB-SW 0087) A-C lateral arm plate (external, internal) D, E arm spines (middle) F, G arm spine (distal) H skin from dorsal arm base (rounded granular ossicles) I-M vertebrae I proximal view J distal view K lateral view L dorsal view M ventral view. Abbreviations: d dorsal, de depression, dist distal, lac lateral ambulacral canals, mo muscle opening, no nerve opening, pb podial basin, prox proximal, st secondary teeth, v ventral. Scale bars: 500 µm (D, I-M); 300 µm (A-C, E, G); 200 µm (F, H)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure7" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665883" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">7</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0CFD4A8EFAE7CD80BAEAAF3C5B2F7C93" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicName id="849CDE5D6E582A33E970731BD1C21B88" authorityName="A. H. Clark" authorityYear="1949" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema ajax" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ajax">
<emphasis id="3FB805A485627B196F3660DF9184B99E" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema ajax</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="BE8786BB620C0B1A6D524E4B39ED9CC6" lsidName="A. laeve" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="laeve">
<emphasis id="C2A341943E80E16B27B1092BB8DE4459" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. laeve</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Lyman, 1872) are similar to 
<taxonomicName id="1C431D0FDD716436647475AEA2FFA6AC" lsidName="A. shenhaiyongshii" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="1F5E26BDF7180ADCC931EF662A4A1F37" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by having granular ossicles on both dorsal and ventral disc, but are easily differentiated by well-spaced annulated granular bands on the arms, and club-shaped inner arm spine (
<bibRefCitation id="3E2FF4A53300B6D7909BF753A3BE1768" author="Clark, AH" journalOrPublisher="Bishop Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" pagination="3 - 133" refId="B7" refString="Clark, AH, 1949. Ophiuroidea of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 195: 3 - 133" title="Ophiuroidea of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the Bernice P." volume="195" year="1949">Clark A. H. 1949</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="CAB0DE91F5A5D725E86D91B39F1B56D6" author="Lyman, T" journalOrPublisher="Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" pagination="1 - 34" refId="B40" refString="Lyman, T, 1875. Zoological Results of the Hassler Expedition. 2. Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 8: 1 - 34" title="Zoological Results of the Hassler Expedition. 2. Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae." volume="8" year="1875">Lyman 1875</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="DB2D5BE8A18850FA28581815A21C57EB" author="FWRI" journalOrPublisher="Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der wissenschaften" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" publicationUrl="https://www.flickr.com/photos/myfwc/15147472218/in/album-72157639735390743/" refId="B17" refString="FWRI, 2010. FWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute's albums. https://www.flickr.com/photos/myfwc/15147472218/in/album-72157639735390743/" title="FWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute's albums." url="https://www.flickr.com/photos/myfwc/15147472218/in/album-72157639735390743/" year="2010">FWRI 2010</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3C60A51D7821E8D5A8972E6AF46AB859" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicName id="C83CD9A0DFB7B8B609D4195E890EDDFE" authorityName="Lyman" authorityYear="1878" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema arenosum" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="arenosum">
<emphasis id="EAF759939958FAE8A55C40FAD971FA0C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema arenosum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lyman, 1878 is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="584A1A7717D7AD30D7BF50A2AC9E56EE" lsidName="A. shenhaiyongshii" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="065DEA046F7C07CCFAA75DC36DE35FDC" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by having granular ossicles on both dorsal and ventral disc, but differs in having a swollen arm spine, sparser granular coverage (five grains in 1 mm), and a second arm spine from the fourth arm segment. 
<taxonomicName id="CF91BCEB098A319D504A7BBCFFDC5A62" authorityName="Koehler" authorityYear="1907" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema vicinum" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="vicinum">
<emphasis id="EFEDDD2574FA3B77F9BC1A945AF595D4" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema vicinum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Koehler, 1907 differs in its sub-equal arm spines and 
<taxonomicName id="397F6323B8D99211BA13C78EED78CFF8" lsidName="A. sulcatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="sulcatum">
<emphasis id="A9378E52A07F001D75285EE64BFB22DE" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. sulcatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Ljungman, 1872 in its highly dense granular ossicle coverage (9-15 grains in 1 mm). 
<taxonomicName id="569C9151EC87CCF9E6C366F6B0127C17" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1980" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema igloo" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="igloo">
<emphasis id="31F6438C3DCCF8426507A0E168CA6A7A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema igloo</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="73EB6E6F593EE362DE8A652ABE8DCAD9" lsidName="A. domogranulatum" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="domogranulatum">
<emphasis id="9D2EB8F3ECA7F7BBEC446E7711CFEC6A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. domogranulatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. differ from 
<taxonomicName id="9B4B69F74DC7164274A4AD11C95D57F6" lsidName="A. shenhaiyongshii" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="5F51F14000CF49C126DE8B7D0D1DA15B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by large polygonal to domed granular ossicles (four or five grains in 1 mm; Table 
<tableCitation id="555FCB43C2EAC3F6412A24C4A480F48E" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Tabular key to the species of Asteroschema and Ophiocreas. Abbreviations: ASS arm segment, ARS arm spine, GO granular ossicles, RS radial shield, CO conical ossicles, PO plate-like ossicles, TP terminal projection, GS genital slits." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FB8AE5BBB9BA374FFA6C03C1361A84BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" tableUuid="FB8AE5BBB9BA374FFA6C03C1361A84BF">2</tableCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="9CDC469D603590C644DCC59EC8E0B3AF" author="Ljungman, AV" journalOrPublisher="Oefversigt af Kungliga Vetenskapsakademiens Foerhandlingar" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" pagination="615 - 658" refId="B36" refString="Ljungman, AV, 1872. Foerteckning oefver uti Vestindien af Dr A. Goes samt under korvetten Josefinas expedition i Atlantiska Oceanen samlade Ophiurider. Oefversigt af Kungliga Vetenskapsakademiens Foerhandlingar 28: 615 - 658" title="Foerteckning oefver uti Vestindien af Dr A. Goes samt under korvetten Josefinas expedition i Atlantiska Oceanen samlade Ophiurider." volume="28" year="1872">Ljungman 1872</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="1592BF3F856CF6FBC385E857B1224A86" author="Lyman, T" journalOrPublisher="&quot; Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" pagination="217 - 238" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30295874" refId="B41" refString="Lyman, T, 1878. Ophiurans and Astrophytons. Reports on the dredging operations of the US coast survey Str. &quot;Blake. &quot; Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 5: 217 - 238, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30295874" title="Ophiurans and Astrophytons. Reports on the dredging operations of the US coast survey Str. &quot; Blake." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30295874" volume="5" year="1878">Lyman 1878</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="9E08CAB262B2CBFCE72B883A181692BF" author="Koehler, R" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" refId="B26" refString="Koehler, R, 1907. 41 Revision de la collection des ophiures du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Bulletin scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 279-351." title="41 Revision de la collection des ophiures du Museum d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Bulletin scientifique de la France et de la Belgique, 279 - 351." year="1907">Koehler 1907</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="0509DC56127B266E581398363491DA86" author="Pawson, DL" editor="Felder, DL" journalOrPublisher="A &amp; M University, Texas" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" pagination="1177 - 1204" refId="B70" refString="Pawson, DL, Vance, DG, Messing, CG, Solis-Marin, FA, Mah, CL, 2009. Echinodermata of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Felder, DL, DK, Camp, Eds., Gulf of Mexico - Origins, Waters, and Biota. A &amp; M University, Texas: 1177 - 1204" title="Echinodermata of the Gulf of Mexico." volumeTitle="Gulf of Mexico - Origins, Waters, and Biota." year="2009">Pawson et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="715E0A099C1EFF969A09C32B9CA9E4B5" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicName id="11AB16D570A9F83B66D8F981CA3BC65C" authorityName="Matsumoto" authorityYear="1915" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema glaucum" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="glaucum">
<emphasis id="9B54FB02E1B41A77E46D652FC2F1962A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema glaucum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Matsumoto, 1915, and 
<taxonomicName id="7249F639D6CD6544F01F044D0366FD33" lsidName="A. hemigymnum" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="hemigymnum">
<emphasis id="AA95B0620306DA048022B0014D1DA21C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. hemigymnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Matsumoto, 1915 are similar to 
<taxonomicName id="B7B204879A1D0BB0000A0130D0CF25C3" lsidName="A. shenhaiyongshii" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="406704C42E1D1C551C3AE5B2FDBA4A75" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by having granular ossicles on both dorsal and ventral disc, but differ by sparser granular ossicle coverage (five or six grains in 1 mm), club-shaped inner arm spine at the middle arm segments and in 
<taxonomicName id="8F8FAAC946A6597A8C56BC3A6263140D" lsidName="A. hemigymnum" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="hemigymnum">
<emphasis id="5BDE0825493A791466A9DDF73C46C03C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. hemigymnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the ventral disc is covered with pavement-like ossicles. 
<taxonomicName id="8041059E1237E3C9327A44D766994605" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema inoratum" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="inoratum">
<emphasis id="6EBB3613629FE36CCE8081F3653D1298" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema inoratum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Koehler, 1906 is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="24C6707E4012C5B90FA8B2A7B74324F2" lsidName="A. shenhaiyongshii" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="C70BFBAD57F96193A5B477D036A894F5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by having a similar density of the granular coverage on both dorsal and ventral disc, but differs in having granular ossicles on the ventral surface along the arm, a slightly club-shaped inner arm spine at middle arm segments, and both spines not transforming into a compound hook (Table 
<tableCitation id="71C7C2951ED651544BDDA354EDB1A22E" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Tabular key to the species of Asteroschema and Ophiocreas. Abbreviations: ASS arm segment, ARS arm spine, GO granular ossicles, RS radial shield, CO conical ossicles, PO plate-like ossicles, TP terminal projection, GS genital slits." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FB8AE5BBB9BA374FFA6C03C1361A84BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" tableUuid="FB8AE5BBB9BA374FFA6C03C1361A84BF">2</tableCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="019C35E8459C2C25C1CD5F58D76043E2" author="Koehler, R" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" pagination="5 - 35" refId="B25" refString="Koehler, R, 1906. Description des Ophiures nouvelles recueilles par le Travailleur et Talisman pendant les campagnes de 1880, 1881, 1882 et 1883. Memoires de la Societe zoologique de France 19: 5 - 35" title="Description des Ophiures nouvelles recueilles par le Travailleur et Talisman pendant les campagnes de 1880, 1881, 1882 et 1883." volume="19" year="1906">Koehler 1906</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="D7F2705B2D8FD74CA5869D41337594DD" author="Matsumoto, H" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" pagination="43 - 92" refId="B48" refString="Matsumoto, H, 1915. A new classification of the Ophiuroidea: with descriptions of new genera and species. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 128: 43 - 92" title="A new classification of the Ophiuroidea: with descriptions of new genera and species." volume="128" year="1915">Matsumoto 1915</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="0F5B9500F2CB14C79D9A44CE89588C39" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
<taxonomicName id="729DE4A830138E7411961583C1EE1B0E" authorityName="H. L. Clark" authorityYear="1917" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema monobactrum" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="monobactrum">
<emphasis id="167800F02E16B998E1FBFB8495343CB9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema monobactrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
H. L. Clark, 1917 is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="31EACA08CB3A145DC56FB48089BBC046" lsidName="A. shenhaiyongshii" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="4BD9CE5D885E28F30733353705520BD2" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. in having granular ossicles on both dorsal and ventral surface and in start of the second arm spine, but differs by having separate, sparser granular ossicles (seven grains in 1 mm at disc center, five or six grains in 1 mm at periphery of disc and on arm), and by the granular ossicles on both sides distalwards along the arm becoming widely separated to almost naked (H. L. 
<bibRefCitation id="E5797DF0E78AA1291E95C2B01403359F" author="Clark, HL" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" pagination="429 - 453" refId="B11" refString="Clark, HL, 1917. Reports on the Scientific Results of the Albatross Expedition to the Tropical Pacific, 1899-1900 (Part 18). Reports on the Scientific results of the Albatross Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, 1904-1905 (Part 30). Ophiuroidea. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard 61: 429 - 453" title="Reports on the Scientific Results of the Albatross Expedition to the Tropical Pacific, 1899 - 1900 (Part 18). Reports on the Scientific results of the Albatross Expedition to the Eastern Tropical Pacific, 1904 - 1905 (Part 30). Ophiuroidea." volume="61" year="1917">Clark 1917</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="BA3623D5E014411BCB40B5BC6BAA0787" authorityName="Lyman" authorityYear="1879" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema brachiatum" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="brachiatum">
<emphasis id="F7C4110F0914A8B71D87C9464A3A1C5A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema brachiatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lyman, 1879 is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="B868B4CC8275D7A4AF18DB808238679E" lsidName="A. shenhaiyongshii" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="B37606B72A8D393F78D19C43E9511D86" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. in having similar density granular ossicle coverage on both dorsal and ventral disc and arms, but differs by the entire arm being covered by granular ossicles, start of the second arm spine at the fourth arm segment, and a slightly club-shaped inner spine at middle arm segments (
<bibRefCitation id="DD2E032C2930A364A30834342A2F66DA" author="Lyman, T" journalOrPublisher="&quot; Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31068674page/27/mode/1up" refId="B42" refString="Lyman, T, 1879. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31068674page/27/mode/1up" url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31068674page/27/mode/1up" year="1879">Lyman 1879</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="41679D3D9566706A16C68FF53AC0E028" authorityName="Lyman" authorityYear="1879" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema salix" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="salix">
<emphasis id="37A8AAD09C4BE5FFD361355995327C84" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema salix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lyman, 1879, 
<taxonomicName id="2B92C62B77FC1D69BC23B165DB3EE2F8" lsidName="A. tubiferum" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="tubiferum">
<emphasis id="69B52CCFAE4212B18326939AA7EDCC5D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. tubiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Matsumoto, 1911, and 
<taxonomicName id="CFA9FE2AB0F89ABD34038438EF75F94F" lsidName="A. rubrum" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="rubrum">
<emphasis id="0BDB57F1741BC442AEA30619FC8388D9" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. rubrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lyman, 1879 differ from 
<taxonomicName id="0DCBDE647DD99E2B00164FEBB9B0083A" lsidName="A. shenhaiyongshii" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="FE14251135A10442928C5F4A41E958DF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by having separated, sparser granular ossicle coverage, a club-shaped inner spine at middle arm segments, and widely spaced ossicles on the ventral arm surface (
<bibRefCitation id="132B9338789BAF56284A4C5733013F33" author="Lyman, T" journalOrPublisher="&quot; Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31068674page/27/mode/1up" refId="B42" refString="Lyman, T, 1879. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31068674page/27/mode/1up" url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31068674page/27/mode/1up" year="1879">Lyman 1879</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="5CDDE697FCC3BB92813C27006094F1D6" DOI="https://doi.org/10.4044/joma1889.23.258_631" author="Matsumoto, H" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Magazine" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" pagination="617 - 631" refId="B47" refString="Matsumoto, H, 1911. About Japanese Euryalidae. Dobutsugaku Zasshi Tokyo. Zoological Magazine 23: 617 - 631, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4044/joma1889.23.258_631" title="About Japanese Euryalidae. Dobutsugaku Zasshi Tokyo." url="https://doi.org/10.4044/joma1889.23.258_631" volume="23" year="1911">Matsumoto 1911</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="3672FCA6D4A1F673D62BC196C58B4E95" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
Granular ossicle density of 
<taxonomicName id="99DD971693BD7240DF3E823A26A81E22" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="2000" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema wrighti" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="wrighti">
<emphasis id="CDA898CD0908BC68358C0D74CF34AD5D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema wrighti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
McKnight, 2000, 
<taxonomicName id="1EFE4F7FA29A13EB1F057FDA10CC582D" lsidName="A. bidwillae" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="bidwillae">
<emphasis id="4399A279137CB0917BE805984462F8A5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. bidwillae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
McKnight, 2000, and 
<taxonomicName id="E895FEE25A948C7412BA6523747C0DB3" lsidName="A. tenue" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="tenue">
<emphasis id="CA753653FFB3601043A0AC368445E192" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. tenue</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(eight or ten grains in 1 mm) is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="AA0549C140D669333D345F1EC6FB779A" lsidName="A. shenhaiyongshii" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="5D762A29E1388A48EEE6393BD9CAF4C0" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. However, 
<taxonomicName id="F1293A33C139FDC6564F2910C3D1DEF7" authorityName="Lyman" authorityYear="1875" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema tenue" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="tenue">
<emphasis id="46B0130228741A663FCA4D8AD389175C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema tenue</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="CC7A8855A644E21CF125228F31DDB1BD" lsidName="A. shenhaiyongshii" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="EAF420571665562EC03307DE0093988B" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by having a club-shaped inner spine at middle arm segments, and slender long arms, and 
<taxonomicName id="2A30A7C872133D7D6B597A9F99683462" lsidName="A. wrighti" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="wrighti">
<emphasis id="2EB01C50F14E39C352E48E9D7E493FD5" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. wrighti</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs by having a club-shaped inner spine at middle arm segments, widely spaced granular ossicles on the ventral arm, irregular plate-like ossicles on the ventral disc, and smooth outer spines, and by being hexamerous (Table 
<tableCitation id="F3D410FC7A6880726D808EB9D727D88F" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Tabular key to the species of Asteroschema and Ophiocreas. Abbreviations: ASS arm segment, ARS arm spine, GO granular ossicles, RS radial shield, CO conical ossicles, PO plate-like ossicles, TP terminal projection, GS genital slits." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FB8AE5BBB9BA374FFA6C03C1361A84BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" tableUuid="FB8AE5BBB9BA374FFA6C03C1361A84BF">2</tableCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="70631A2C184F5E96A554EFCB6B38508E" author="Lyman, T" journalOrPublisher="Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" pagination="1 - 34" refId="B40" refString="Lyman, T, 1875. Zoological Results of the Hassler Expedition. 2. Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae. Illustrated catalogue of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 8: 1 - 34" title="Zoological Results of the Hassler Expedition. 2. Ophiuridae and Astrophytidae." volume="8" year="1875">Lyman 1875</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="B9460EA5C93823C092E84DEB6F8F85DC" author="McKnight, DG" journalOrPublisher="NIWA N Biodiversity Memoir, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" pagination="1 - 79" refId="B51" refString="McKnight, DG, 2000. The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Basket-stars and Snake-stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalinida). NIWA N Biodiversity Memoir, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington 115: 1 - 79" title="The Marine Fauna of New Zealand: Basket-stars and Snake-stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalinida)." volume="115" year="2000">McKnight 2000</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="49F6163B2DBA6DFC1B9E8FC8D635F45B" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">
Most 
<taxonomicName id="CE2D869A991D20810385A53D189F00BE" authorityName="Lyman" authorityYear="1879" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="30B0128B2493DA7A7B8A2F85B29EBA43" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Ophiocreas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species differ from 
<taxonomicName id="1FD8AE888C0ECFD8EA66FB90D5DFCE1E" authorityName="Nethupul &amp; Stöhr &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2022" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="E69DAC52EE641CCFAD07A4D187D61A36" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. by having naked or micro-granular ossicles in the skin in both disc and arms. (Table 
<tableCitation id="2DA925FF0A6BE26D3BC789E9784FE1CE" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Tabular key to the species of Asteroschema and Ophiocreas. Abbreviations: ASS arm segment, ARS arm spine, GO granular ossicles, RS radial shield, CO conical ossicles, PO plate-like ossicles, TP terminal projection, GS genital slits." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FB8AE5BBB9BA374FFA6C03C1361A84BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" tableUuid="FB8AE5BBB9BA374FFA6C03C1361A84BF">2</tableCitation>
). In our phylogenetic tree of the family 
<taxonomicName id="09098015AF21D0115E5F3E81F5B29156" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Euryalidae</taxonomicName>
, all 
<taxonomicName id="68C0A28A96A193601DF8C2EF7C34BC1A" authorityName="Lyman" authorityYear="1879" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B5EBD1862CD8B542553B5CCDD66B8F8C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Ophiocreas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species cluster with some 
<taxonomicName id="58549ACE45F079E1A1CCD0E028A30820" authorityName="Orsted &amp; Lutken in Lutken" authorityYear="1856" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F715DA0C49A0AA74B6BE538B11565017" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species, but the average genetic distance between 
<taxonomicName id="CE23F09497111FA106EF00F5A7D27A8D" authorityName="Lyman" authorityYear="1879" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Ophiocreas" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ophiocreas" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="0E7BF0A7A6A1CE89564F833B4DFDF86A" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Ophiocreas</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species and 
<taxonomicName id="69E345E3EE2335915060946B6C5066A3" authorityName="Nethupul &amp; Stöhr &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2022" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="A888FA693BB1DF224B5DDF2DE67C190D" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. was 13.61% (Fig. 
<figureCitation id="C54F6C44465354614F5828DA8AABE185" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Family Euryalidae, maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on partial COI and 16 S sequences (bootstrap support values were generated with rapid bootstrapping algorithm for 1,000 replicates; blue = new species; brown = specimens from this study)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1090.76292.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/665878" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">2</figureCitation>
, Suppl. material 2: Table S2). 
<taxonomicName id="E8F334224E1854E6214B1040DBBEAE72" authorityName="Nethupul &amp; Stöhr &amp; Zhang" authorityYear="2022" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="FE66688E8FCAD399C4C82A04AD8B08C6" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov. clusters among 
<taxonomicName id="7390D0C70EA75FB4926E1AA1CA74FF72" authorityName="Lyman" authorityYear="1879" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema rubrum" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rubrum">
<emphasis id="05BAF61A298DB1A12065D3E252ACFB76" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema rubrum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="54E8D83C1805424B8D819B7F25A9F0AD" lsidName="A. salix" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="salix">
<emphasis id="090A1BEBE49CCFEEA203AF179C34BEDB" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. salix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="CD29DC409C492B65E0E0BE4173D3B229" lsidName="A. tubiferum" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="tubiferum">
<emphasis id="D8D52E8EF51270D0AE64F6BD52F42410" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. tubiferum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="1DCE65F6DAA7906E4D3B09D921E33788" lsidName="A. lissum" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="lissum">A. cf. lissum</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="47EB9F9A5885B1312C4278650F37930F" lsidName="A. bidwillae" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="bidwillae">
<emphasis id="02C23EB7E26009944F35662D40F0A87C" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. bidwillae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All these 
<taxonomicName id="14FE7184222BF998D9139137BFEC5C9C" authorityName="Orsted &amp; Lutken in Lutken" authorityYear="1856" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="7777003C6945E7769CF41817F0D22D54" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species have granular ossicles on the dorsal disc and dorsal surface of the arms. 
<taxonomicName id="8C91E805600F647F2F171F6B47DC6510" authorityName="McKnight" authorityYear="2000" class="Ophiuroidea" family="Euryalidae" genus="Asteroschema" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Asteroschema bidwillae" order="Euryalida" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bidwillae">
<emphasis id="E900B531D454ABC0C42AF900DF2CD880" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">Asteroschema bidwillae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
showed a close relationship with 
<taxonomicName id="687079DF8FDD16192F37494ACFCDB5B4" lsidName="A. shenhaiyongshii" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" rank="species" species="shenhaiyongshii">
<emphasis id="B4FA837F4F7BFC37397D4F13B606CBEF" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="161">A. shenhaiyongshii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. nov., and was identified as a sibling species due to similar morphological characters of granular ossicles on the dorsal disc and dorsal surface of the arms, and the shape of the inner arm spines at middle arm segments, but differs by having well-spaced granular ossicles on the ventral disc, a naked proximal ventral arm surface, and by being hexamerous and fissiparous (Table 
<tableCitation id="6715733EF97E54013F7671B3B5D98740" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="T2" captionText="Table 2. Tabular key to the species of Asteroschema and Ophiocreas. Abbreviations: ASS arm segment, ARS arm spine, GO granular ossicles, RS radial shield, CO conical ossicles, PO plate-like ossicles, TP terminal projection, GS genital slits." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FB8AE5BBB9BA374FFA6C03C1361A84BF" pageId="0" pageNumber="161" tableUuid="FB8AE5BBB9BA374FFA6C03C1361A84BF">2</tableCitation>
, Suppl. material 2: Table S2).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>