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<mods:title id="C40E14039E05A273C10369E2DB322EE6">Resurrection and redescription of Squalus suckleyi (Girard, 1854) from the North Pacific, with comments on the Squalus acanthias subgroup (Squaliformes: Squalidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="8B44F403FF8B2271FF0BFC81FEE4F8C9" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5620099" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119396540" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5620099" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:8B44F403FF8B2271FF0BFC81FEE4F8C9" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/8B44F403FF8B2271FF0BFC81FEE4F8C9" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
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<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF0BFC81FD98FBBA" blockId="6.[151,542,151,250]" box="[151,542,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
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<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFF0BFC81FD98FBBA" ID-CoL="6ZFP3" authority="Girard, 1854" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,542,151,177]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFC81FD98FBBA" bold="true" box="[151,542,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFC81FEE4FBBA" bold="true" box="[151,354,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Squalus suckleyi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFEEDFC81FD93FBBA" author="Girard" box="[369,533,151,177]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Girard, C. F. (1854) Characteristics of some cartilaginous fishes of the Pacific coast of North America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 196 - 197." type="journal article" year="1854">Girard, 1854</bibRefCitation>
)
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF0BFCACFE10FBDF" blockId="6.[151,542,151,250]" box="[151,406,186,212]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Spotted spiny dogfish</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF0BFCF6FEC7FBF1" blockId="6.[151,542,151,250]" box="[151,321,224,250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<figureCitation id="9BD65990FF8B227BFF0BFCF6FF5DFBF1" box="[151,219,224,250]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1517,1541]" captionTargetBox="[267,1337,623,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[256,1075,901,1496]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Squalus suckleyi, neotype (CAS 227267, adult male 674 mm TL). A, Lateral view; B, Ventral view of the head." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197824/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
; 
<tableCitation id="4E6F70AEFF8B227BFF76FCF6FEC7FBF1" box="[234,321,224,250]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="4.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1433,354,1947]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 2. Proportional dimensions as percentages of total length for the neotype (CAS 227267), and means and ranges for all 7 measured specimens of Squalus suckleyi and 5 specimens of Squalus acanthias. Means and ranges are also provided." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/5792159DFF892279FF0BFC81FF7BFBF9" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" tableUuid="5792159DFF892279FF0BFC81FF7BFBF9">Table 2</tableCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFF0BFD33FDDBFA37" authority="Girard, 1854" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,605,293,317]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Spinax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi" subGenus="Acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFD33FE4DFA36" bold="true" box="[151,459,293,317]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Spinax (Acanthias) suckleyi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFE4DFD33FDDBFA37" author="Girard" box="[465,605,293,316]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Girard, C. F. (1854) Characteristics of some cartilaginous fishes of the Pacific coast of North America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 196 - 197." type="journal article" year="1854">Girard, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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: p. 196. “Specimens about twenty nine inches long.” (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFB00FD33FAAEFA37" author="Girard" box="[1180,1320,293,316]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Girard, C. F. (1854) Characteristics of some cartilaginous fishes of the Pacific coast of North America. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 7, 196 - 197." type="journal article" year="1854">Girard, 1854</bibRefCitation>
) from Fort Steilacomb, Puget Sound, Washington Territory, 
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.
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<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFD73FEE8FA77" bold="true" box="[151,366,356,381]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFD73FEE0FA76" bold="true" box="[151,358,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFF0BFD73FE80FA76" ID-CoL="6ZDWC" box="[151,262,357,381]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">Acanthias</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFE91FD73FEE0FA76" authority="Suckley, 1860" authorityName="Suckley" authorityYear="1860" box="[269,358,357,381]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Spinax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">suckleyi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFEE9FD73FD89FA77" author="Suckley" box="[373,527,357,380]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Suckley, G. (1860) Report upon the fishes collected on the survey. Pages in Reports of explorations and surveys to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. U. S. Senate, Washington, D. C., 12 (2), 399 pp." type="book" year="1860">Suckley, 1860</bibRefCitation>
: p. 367.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFD93FED8FA97" bold="true" box="[151,350,388,413]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFD93FED0FA96" bold="true" box="[151,342,389,413]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFF0BFD93FE80FA96" ID-CoL="6ZDWC" box="[151,262,389,413]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">Acanthias</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFE91FD93FED0FA96" ID-CoL="8TNB" authority="Girard, 1858" authorityName="Girard" authorityYear="1858" box="[269,342,389,413]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sucklii">sucklii</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFEF8FD93FE76FA97" author="Girard" box="[356,496,389,412]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Girard, C. F. (1858) Fishes. In: General report upon zoology of the several Pacific railroad routes, 1857. In: Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean, 10, 400 pp." type="book" year="1858">Girard, 1858</bibRefCitation>
: p. 368.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFDB3FEE8FAB7" bold="true" box="[151,366,420,445]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFDB3FEE0FAB6" bold="true" box="[151,358,421,445]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFF0BFDB3FE80FAB6" ID-CoL="6ZDWC" box="[151,262,421,445]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="39" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">Acanthias</taxonomicName>
vulgaris
</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFEE9FDB3FD8BFAB7" author="Bleeker" box="[373,525,421,444]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Bleeker, P. (1853) Nalezingen op de ichthyologie van Japan. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wettenschappen, 25, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1853">Bleeker, 1853</bibRefCitation>
: p. 21; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFDC7FDB3FC0EFAB7" author="Ishikawa" box="[603,904,421,444]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Ishikawa, C. &amp; Matsuura, K. (1897) Preliminary catalogue of fishes, including Dipnoi, Cyclostomi and Cephalochorda, in the collection of the natural history department, Imperial Museum. Tokyo, 64 pp." type="book" year="1897">Ishikawa &amp; Matsuura, 1897</bibRefCitation>
: p. 61.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF0BFDD3FE5DF9D7" blockId="6.[151,1436,293,989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFDD3FEEAFAD7" bold="true" box="[151,364,452,477]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFF0BFDD3FEE2FAD6" ID-CoL="6ZDWC" box="[151,356,453,477]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFDD3FEE2FAD6" bold="true" box="[151,356,453,477]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Squalus acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFEE9FDD3FDF1FAD7" author="Jordan" box="[373,631,453,476]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Gilbert, C. H. (1881) List of the fishes of the Pacific coast of the United States, with a table showing the distribution of the species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 3, 452 - 458." type="journal article" year="1881">
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFEE9FDD3FE3AFAD7" box="[373,444,453,476]" name="Jordan" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Gilbert, 1881
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 458; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFD44FDD3FC5CFAD7" author="Jordan" box="[728,986,453,476]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Gilbert, C. H. (1883) Synopsis of the fishes of North America. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 16, 1 - 1018." type="journal article" year="1883">
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFD44FDD3FC99FAD7" box="[728,799,453,476]" name="Jordan" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Gilbert, 1883
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 17; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFBB3FDD3FB56FAD7" author="Schmidt" box="[1071,1232,453,476]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Schmidt, P. J. (1904) Fishes of the eastern seas of the Russian Empire. Scientific results of the Korea - Sakhalin Expedition of the Emperor Russian Geographical Society 1900 - 1901. St. Petersburg. Fishes of the eastern seas of the Russian Empire, 466 pp." type="book chapter" year="1904">Schmidt, 1904</bibRefCitation>
: p. 287; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFAAEFDD3FE86FAF7" author="Pavlenko" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Pavlenko, M. N. (1910) Fishes of Peter the Great Bay. Proceedings in General Natural Sciences of the Imperial University of Kazan, 42, 1 - 95. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="1910">Pavlenko, 1910</bibRefCitation>
: p. 11; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFED7FDF3FE42FAF7" author="Berg" box="[331,452,485,508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Berg, L. S. (1911) Faune de la Russie et des pays limitrophes. Poissons (Marsipobranchii et Pisces). Vol. 1. Marsipobranchii, Selachii et Chondrostei. St. Petersburg. Faune de la Russie et des pays limitrophes. Poissons (Marsipobranchii et Pisces). Vol. III. 1, 1 - 337." type="journal article" year="1911">Berg, 1911</bibRefCitation>
: p. 71; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFD8DFDF3FCBEFAF7" author="Soldatov" box="[529,824,485,508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Soldatov, V. K. &amp; Lindberg, G. U. (1930) A review of the fishes of the seas of the Far East. Izvestiya Tikhookeanskogo Nauchnogo Instuta Rybnogo Khoziaistva [Bulletins of the Pacific Science Institute], 5, 1 - 576. [In Russian, English summary, and new taxa also in English]" type="journal article" year="1930">Soldatov &amp; Lindberg, 1930</bibRefCitation>
: p. 16; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFC19FDF3FB37FAF7" author="Bigelow" box="[901,1201,485,508]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Bigelow, H. B. &amp; Schroeder, W. C. (1934) Canadian Atlantic Fauna. 12. Chordata: 12 d. Marsipobranchii (lampreys), 12 e. Elasmobranchii (sharks &amp; rays), 12 f. Holocephali (chimaeroids). Contribution No. 61 of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 38 pp." type="book" year="1934">Bigelow &amp; Schroeder, 1934</bibRefCitation>
: p. 17, fig. 16; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFACCFDF3FEEBF917" author="Roedel" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Roedel, P. M. &amp; Ripley, W. E (1950) California sharks and rays. California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, 75, 88 pp." type="book" year="1950">Roedel &amp; Ripley, 1950</bibRefCitation>
: p. 27, 61, fig. 45; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFDAEFE13FCA1F917" author="Herald" box="[562,807,517,540]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Herald, E. S. &amp; Ripley, W. E. (1951) The relative abundance of sharks and bat stingrays in San Francisco Bay. California Fish and Game, 37, 315 - 329." type="journal article" year="1951">Herald &amp; Ripley, 1951</bibRefCitation>
: 321–322; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFC07FE13FBABF917" author="Roedel" box="[923,1069,517,540]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Roedel, P. M. (1953) Common ocean fishes of the California coast. California Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, 91, 184 pp." type="book" year="1953">Roedel, 1953</bibRefCitation>
: p. 23, fig. 20; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFB57FE13FAD0F917" author="Okada" box="[1227,1366,517,540]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Okada, Y. (1955) Fishes of Japan, illustrations and descriptions of fishes of Japan. Maruzen Co. Ltd., Tokyo. 434 pp." type="book" year="1955">Okada, 1955</bibRefCitation>
: p. 21, fig.; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFF66FE33FE0BF937" author="Roedel" box="[250,397,549,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Roedel, P. M. (1962) The names of certain marine fishes of California. California Fish and Game, 48, 19 - 34." type="journal article" year="1962">Roedel, 1962</bibRefCitation>
: p. 22; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFE41FE33FDEAF937" author="Jensen" box="[477,620,549,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Jensen, A. C. (1966) Life history of the spiny dogfish. Fishery Bulletin U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 65, 527 - 554." type="journal article" year="1966">Jensen, 1966</bibRefCitation>
: p. 527–554, fig. 1; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFCDAFE33FC41F937" author="Ueno" box="[838,967,549,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Ueno, T. (1971) List of the marine fishes from the waters of Hokkaido and its adjacent regions. Scientific Reports of Hokkaido Fisheries Experimental Station, 13, 61 - 102." type="journal article" year="1971">Ueno, 1971</bibRefCitation>
: p. 69; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFB8BFE33FB31F937" author="Ketchen" box="[1047,1207,549,572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Ketchen, K. S. (1972) Size at maturity, fecundity, and embryonic growth of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in British Columbia water. Journal Fisheries Research Board Canada, 29, 1717 - 1723." type="journal article" year="1972">Ketchen, 1972</bibRefCitation>
: 1717; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFA9AFE33FE86F957" author="Miller" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Miller, D. J. &amp; Lea, R. N. (1972) Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, 157, 235 pp." type="book" year="1972">Miller &amp; Lea, 1972</bibRefCitation>
: pp. 34, 38, fig.; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFE2EFE53FDA1F957" author="Hart" box="[434,551,581,604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Hart, J. L. (1973) Pacific fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research Board, Canada Bulletin, 180, 740 pp." type="book" year="1973">Hart, 1973</bibRefCitation>
: pp. 44–47, fig.; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFD46FE53FCFEF957" author="Ketchen" box="[730,888,581,604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Ketchen, K. S. (1975) Age and growth of dogfish Squalus acanthias in British Columbia waters. Journal Fisheries Research Board Canada, 32, 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="1975">Ketchen, 1975</bibRefCitation>
: 43; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFC36FE53FB15F957" author="Anderson" box="[938,1171,581,604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Anderson, M. E., Cailliet, G. M. &amp; Antrim, B. S. (1979) Notes on some uncommon deep-sea fishes from the Monterey Bay area, California. California Fish and Game, 65, 256 - 264." type="journal article" year="1979">
Anderson 
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFB84FE53FBC0F957" box="[1048,1094,581,604]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
., 1979
</bibRefCitation>
: 257; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFB4EFE53FA1FF957" author="Hubbs" box="[1234,1433,581,604]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Hubbs, C. L., Follett, W. I. &amp; Dempster, L. J. (1979) List of the fishes of California. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 33, 1 - 51." type="journal article" year="1979">
Hubbs 
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFA81FE53FACDF957" box="[1309,1355,581,604]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
., 1979
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 3; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFE9DFE73FE09F977" author="Castro" box="[257,399,613,636]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Castro, J. I. (1983) The sharks of North American waters. Texas A &amp; M U. Press, 180 pp." type="book" year="1983">Castro, 1983</bibRefCitation>
: p. 55, fig.; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFD8AFE73FC93F977" author="Eschmeyer" box="[534,789,613,636]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Eschmeyer, W. N., Herald, E. S., Hammond, H. &amp; Smith, K. P. (1983) A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Field Guide, 28, 1 - 336." type="journal article" year="1983">
Eschmeyer 
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFD0AFE73FD48F977" box="[662,718,613,636]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
, 1983
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 23, pl. 2; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFC36FE73FB01F977" author="Masuda" box="[938,1159,613,636]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Masuda, H., Amaoka, K., Araga, C., Uyeno, T. &amp; Yoshino, T. (1984) The Fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Tokai University Press, 450 pp." type="book" year="1984">
Masuda 
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFB9BFE73FBBEF977" box="[1031,1080,613,636]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
., 1984
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 9, pl. 10–G; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFAA0FE73FE86F997" author="Ketchen" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Ketchen, K. S. (1986) The spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in the northeast Pacific and a history of its utilization. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 88, 68 pp." type="book" year="1986">Ketchen, 1986</bibRefCitation>
: p. 1–88, fig. 1; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFE5DFE93FD2FF997" author="Amaoka" box="[449,681,645,668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Amaoka, K., Nakaya, K. &amp; Yabe, M. (1989) Fishes of Usujiri and adjacent waters in southern Hokkaido, Japan. Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, 40, 254 - 277." type="journal article" year="1989">
Amaoka 
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFDBAFE93FDDFF997" box="[550,601,645,668]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
., 1989
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 256.; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFC8AFE93FC1BF997" author="Orlov" box="[790,925,645,668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Orlov, A. M. (1998) Demersal ichthyofauna of Pacific waters around the Kuril Islands and southeastern Kamchatka. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 24, 144 - 160." type="journal article" year="1998">Orlov, 1998</bibRefCitation>
: tab. 2; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFC60FE93FA9EF997" author="Mecklenburg" box="[1020,1304,645,668]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Mecklenburg, C. W., Mecklenburg, T. A. &amp; Thorsteinson, L. K. (2002) Fishes of Alaska. American Fisheries Society, 1037 pp." type="book" year="2002">
Mecklenburg 
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFB08FE93FB41F997" box="[1172,1223,645,668]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
., 2002
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 88, fig.; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFF5BFEB3FEE7F9B7" author="Nakabo" box="[199,353,677,700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Nakabo, T. (ed.) (2002) Fishes of Japan with pictorial keys to the species. English edition. Tokai University Press, 1749 pp." type="book" year="2002">Nakabo, 2002</bibRefCitation>
: p. 155; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFE22FEB3FDC6F9B7" author="Ebert" box="[446,576,677,700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California. University of California Press, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert, 2003</bibRefCitation>
: p. 63–66, fig.; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFD76FEB3FCDDF9B7" author="Tok" box="[746,859,677,700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Tok, K. S. (2004) The ichthyofauna of the bays of the Sea of Okhotsk of Iturup Island. Journal of Ichthyology, 44 (Suppl. 1), 5129 - 5144." type="journal article" year="2004">Tok, 2004</bibRefCitation>
: tab. 2, p. 132; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFB9EFEB3FB7AF9B7" author="Compagno" box="[1026,1276,677,700]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Compagno, L. J. V., Dando, M. &amp; Fowler, S. (2005) A Field Guide to the Sharks of the World. Harper Collins Publishing Ltd., London, 368 pp." type="book" year="2005">
Compagno 
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFBE3FEB3FB29F9B7" box="[1151,1199,677,700]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">et al</emphasis>
., 2005
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 73, plate 3; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFF5BFED3FE30F9D7" author="Stevenson" box="[199,438,709,732]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Stevenson, D. E., Orr, J. W., Hoff, G. R. &amp; McEachran, J. D. (2007) Sharks, skates and ratfish of Alaska. Alaska Sea Grant." type="book" year="2007">
Stevenson 
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFEA7FED3FEF6F9D7" box="[315,368,709,732]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">et al.</emphasis>
, 2007
</bibRefCitation>
: 20
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF0BFEF3FEA6F817" blockId="6.[151,1436,293,989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFF0BFEF3FD8CF9F7" ID-CoL="6ZFNC" authority="Tanaka, 1908" authorityName="Tanaka" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,522,740,765]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mitsukurii">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFEF3FEF7F9F7" bold="true" box="[151,369,740,765]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFEF3FEEEF9F6" bold="true" box="[151,360,741,765]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Squalus mitsukurii</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFEEBFEF3FD8CF9F7" author="Tanaka" box="[375,522,741,764]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Tanaka, S. (1908) Notes on a collection of fishes made by Prof. Ijima in the southern parts of Sakhalin. Annotationes zoologicae Japonenses, 6, 235 - 254." type="journal article" year="1908">Tanaka, 1908</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: p. 236; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFDF9FEF3FD7EF9F7" author="Tanaka" box="[613,760,741,764]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Tanaka, S. (1917) Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan. Daiichi Shoin, Tokyo, 26, 455 - 474." type="journal article" year="1917">Tanaka, 1917</bibRefCitation>
: pp. 471–474, pl. 130 (368, 369, 370); 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFB04FEF3FAF8F9F7" author="Jordan" box="[1176,1406,741,764]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Metz, C. W. (1913) A catalog of the fishes known from the waters of Korea. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 6, 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1913">
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFB04FEF3FB59F9F7" box="[1176,1247,741,764]" name="Jordan" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Metz, 1913
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 4, fig. 2.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF0BFF33FA99F857" blockId="6.[151,1436,293,989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFF0BFF33FEC9F836" ID-CoL="6ZFP3" box="[151,335,805,829]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFF33FEC9F836" bold="true" box="[151,335,805,829]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Squalus suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFEC1FF33FDD7F837" author="Jordan" box="[349,593,805,828]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Hubbs, C. L. (1925) Record of fishes obtained by David Starr Jordan in Japan, 1922. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum, 10 (2), 93 - 346." type="journal article" year="1925">
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFEC1FF33FE22F837" box="[349,420,805,828]" name="Jordan" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Hubbs, 1925
</bibRefCitation>
: 105; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFD0DFF33FCEAF837" author="Fang" box="[657,876,805,828]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Fang, P. W. &amp; Wang, K. F. (1932) The elasmobranchiate fishes of Shantung coast. Contributions from the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China. (Zoological Series), 8, 213 - 283." type="journal article" year="1932">Fang &amp; Wang, 1932</bibRefCitation>
: p. 246; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFC5AFF33FBE5F837" author="Walford" box="[966,1123,805,828]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Walford, L. A. (1935) The sharks and rays of California. California Fish and Game, 45, 66 pp." type="book" year="1935">Walford, 1935</bibRefCitation>
: p. 42, fig. 40; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFA9EFF33FA1EF837" author="Schultz" box="[1282,1432,805,828]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Schultz, L. P. (1936) Keys to the fishes of Washington, Oregon and closely adjoining regions. University of Washington Publications in Biology, 2, 103 - 228." type="journal article" year="1936">Schultz, 1936</bibRefCitation>
: p. 131; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFE8BFF53FD9BF857" author="Clemens" box="[279,541,837,860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Clemens, W. A. &amp; Wilby, G. V. (1946) Fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin, 68, 368 pp." type="book" year="1946">Clemens &amp; Wilby, 1946</bibRefCitation>
: p. 59, fig. 19; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFD22FF53FCBFF857" author="Mori" box="[702,825,837,860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Mori, T. (1952) Check list of the fishes of Korea. Memories of the Hyogo University of Agriculture, 1 (3), 228 pp." type="book" year="1952">Mori, 1952</bibRefCitation>
: p. 22; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFC1BFF53FB0AF857" author="Clemens" box="[903,1164,837,860]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Clemens, W. A. &amp; Wilby, G. V. (1961) Fishes of the Pacific coast of Canada. 2 nd Edition, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Bulletin, 68, 443 pp." type="book" year="1961">Clemens &amp; Wilby, 1961</bibRefCitation>
: p. 81, fig.22.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF0BFF73FBD1F8B7" blockId="6.[151,1436,293,989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFF0BFF73FE47F877" ID-CoL="8TNB" authority="Gill, 1862" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1862" box="[151,449,868,893]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sucklii">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFF73FECFF877" bold="true" box="[151,329,868,893]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFF73FEC6F876" bold="true" box="[151,320,869,893]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Squalus sucklii</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFECCFF73FE47F877" author="Gill" box="[336,449,869,892]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Gill, T. N. (1862) On the classification of the families and genera of the Squali of California. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 14, 483 - 501." type="journal article" year="1862">Gill, 1862</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: p. 499; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFD82FF73FC94F877" author="Jordan" box="[542,786,869,892]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Starks, E. C. (1895) The fishes of Puget Sound. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 2), 5, 785 - 855." type="journal article" year="1895">
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFD82FF73FDE3F877" box="[542,613,869,892]" name="Jordan" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Starks, 1895
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 789; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFCF3FF73FB09F877" author="Jordan" box="[879,1167,869,892]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1896) A check-list of the fishes and fish-like vertebrates of North and Middle America. Report of the United States Fish Commission, 5, 207 - 584." type="journal article" year="1896">
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFCF3FF73FC30F877" box="[879,950,869,892]" name="Jordan" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Evermann, 1896
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 54; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFB43FF73FE86F897" author="Jordan" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Gilbert, C. H. (1899) The fishes of Bering Sea, pp. 433 - 492. In: D. S. Jordan. Fur seals, and fur-seal islands of the North Pacific Ocean. The fishes of Bering Sea. Pt III." type="book chapter" year="1899">
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFB43FF73FAA0F877" box="[1247,1318,869,892]" name="Jordan" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Gilbert, 1899
</bibRefCitation>
: p. 434; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFEC5FF93FD40F897" author="Evermann" box="[345,710,901,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Evermann, B. W. &amp; Goldsborough, E. L. (1907) The Fishes of Alaska. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries, 26, 219 - 360." type="journal article" year="1907">Evermann &amp; Goldsborough, 1907</bibRefCitation>
: p. 228; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFC83FF93FB97F897" author="Starks" box="[799,1041,901,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Starks, E. C. &amp; Morris, E. L. (1907) The marine fishes of southern California. University of California Publications in Zoology, 3, 159 - 251." type="journal article" year="1907">Starks &amp; Morris, 1907</bibRefCitation>
: p. 168; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFBF6FF93FA80F897" author="Garman" box="[1130,1286,901,924]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Garman, S. (1913) The Plagiostomia. Memoirs Museum Comparative Zoology Harvard, 36, 515 pp." type="book" year="1913">
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFBF6FF93FB45F897" box="[1130,1219,901,924]" name="Germany" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Garman</collectingCountry>
, 1913
</bibRefCitation>
: pp. 194–195; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFF5BFFB3FEDAF8B7" author="Halkett" box="[199,348,933,956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Halkett, A. (1913) Check list of the fishes of the Dominion of Canada and New Foundland. King's Printer. Ottawa. 138 pp." type="book" year="1913">Halkett, 1913</bibRefCitation>
: p. 41; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFE35FFB3FDB4F8B7" author="Starks" box="[425,562,933,956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Starks, E. C. (1917) The sharks of California. California Fish and Game, 3, 145 - 153." type="journal article" year="1917">Starks, 1917</bibRefCitation>
: p. 152, fig. 62; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFD7CFFB3FCEBF8B7" author="Daniel" box="[736,877,933,956]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Daniel, J. F. (1934) The elasmobranch fishes. University of California Press, Berkeley, 332 pp." type="book" year="1934">Daniel, 1934</bibRefCitation>
: pp. 37, 154, fig. 147.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF0BFFD3FDC0F8D7" blockId="6.[151,1436,293,989]" box="[151,582,964,989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFF0BFFD3FE74F8D7" ID-CoL="6ZFRP" authority="Tanaka, 1918" authorityName="Tanaka" authorityYear="1918" box="[151,498,964,989]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wakiyae">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFFD3FEDEF8D7" bold="true" box="[151,344,964,989]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BFFD3FEC9F8D6" bold="true" box="[151,335,965,989]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Squalus wakiyae</emphasis>
:
</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF8B227BFEC3FFD3FE74F8D7" author="Tanaka" box="[351,498,965,988]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" refString="Tanaka, S. (1918) Figures and descriptions of the fishes of Japan including Riukiu Islands, Bonin Islands, Formosa, Kurile Islands, Korea and southern Sakhalin. Figures and Descriptions of the Fishes of Japan, 27, 475 - 494." type="journal article" year="1918">Tanaka, 1918</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
: p. 475.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF0BF81CFD2EFF41" blockId="6.[151,1437,1034,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF0BF81CFE80FF2F" bold="true" box="[151,262,1034,1060]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<typeStatus id="DC56FBB7FF8B227BFF0BF81CFE87FF2F" box="[151,257,1034,1060]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
CAS 227267, adult male 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFDA3F81CFD24FF2F" box="[575,674,1034,1060]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.74" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="674.0">674 mm</quantity>
TL, Hood Canal, Puget Sound, Washington, 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFB5EF81CFA86FF2F" box="[1218,1280,1034,1060]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">USA</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFA91F81CFACCFF2F" box="[1293,1354,1034,1060]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="30.0">30 m</quantity>
depth, 
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, 123° 
<geoCoordinate id="66D923D2FF8B227BFEDBF826FE09FF41" box="[327,399,1069,1098]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-0.083333336">0 5′ W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFE07F826FE5FFF41" box="[411,473,1072,1098]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="55.0">55 m</quantity>
, 0 
<date id="775363D5FF8B227BFE69F826FD22FF41" box="[501,676,1072,1098]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" value="2007-08-03">3 August 2007</date>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4BF7169EFF8B227BFF5AF843FE1DFE7F" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF5AF843FE1DFE7F" blockId="6.[151,1437,1034,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF5AF843FE0CFF64" bold="true" box="[198,394,1109,1135]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Other material.</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="15EB8E9CFF8B227BFE0FF843FDB4FF64" box="[403,562,1109,1135]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" type="generic">11 specimens</specimenCount>
. 
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227268, adult male 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFCF3F843FC57FF64" box="[879,977,1109,1135]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="760.0">760 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFC45F843FB86FF64" box="[985,1024,1109,1135]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">TL</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFB91F843FBC0FF64" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[1037,1094,1109,1135]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">CAS</collectionCode>
227269, adult male 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFAA6F843FA1AFF64" box="[1338,1436,1109,1135]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.909999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="691.0">691 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFF0BF86CFF38FF9F" box="[151,190,1146,1172]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">TL</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFF55F86CFE84FF9F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[201,258,1146,1172]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">CAS</collectionCode>
227270, adult male 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFE6CF86CFDD7FF9F" box="[496,593,1146,1172]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.029999999999999" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="703.0">703 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFDCBF86CFDFBFF9F" box="[599,637,1146,1172]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">TL</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFD15F86CFD44FF9F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[649,706,1146,1172]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">CAS</collectionCode>
227271, adult male 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFC2CF86CFB97FF9F" box="[944,1041,1146,1172]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.05" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="805.0">805 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFB8BF86CFBB8FF9F" box="[1047,1086,1146,1172]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">TL</collectionCode>
, 
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFBD5F86CFB04FF9F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[1097,1154,1146,1172]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">CAS</collectionCode>
227272, adult male 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFAECF86CFF41FFB1" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.25" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="725.0">725 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFF53F8B6FF7EFFB1" box="[207,248,1184,1210]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">TL</collectionCode>
, Central/South Puget Sound, Washington, 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFC89F8B6FCD0FFB1" box="[789,854,1184,1210]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">USA</collectingCountry>
, 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFCF8F8B6FC22FFB1" box="[868,932,1184,1210]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
depth, 
<geoCoordinate id="66D923D2FF8B227BFB9FF8B6FBFFFFB1" box="[1027,1145,1181,1210]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="47.366665">47°22′ N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="66D923D2FF8B227BFB1BF8B6FA97FFB1" box="[1159,1297,1181,1210]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" precision="925" value="-122.4">122°24′ W</geoCoordinate>
, 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFA82F8B6FAF6FFB1" box="[1310,1392,1184,1210]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="m" value="110.0">110 m</quantity>
, 
<date id="775363D5FF8B227BFAE2F8B6FEDBFFD4" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" value="2007-09-28">28 September 2007</date>
; 
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFEF6F8D3FE22FFD4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[362,420,1221,1247]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">CAS</collectionCode>
227273, adult male 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFD06F8D3FD7BFFD4" box="[666,765,1221,1247]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.07" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="707.0">707 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFC99F8D3FCAAFFD4" box="[773,812,1221,1247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">TL</collectionCode>
, North Puget Sound, Washington, 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFB57F8D3FA8FFFD4" box="[1227,1289,1221,1247]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">USA</collectingCountry>
, 2007; 
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFAFEF8D3FA1AFFD4" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[1378,1436,1221,1247]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">CAS</collectionCode>
21424, male 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFEABF8FCFE1AFE0F" box="[311,412,1258,1284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="380.0">380 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFE38F8FCFE4AFE0F" box="[420,460,1258,1284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">TL</collectionCode>
, San Francisco Bay, California; 
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFCC7F8FCFC10FE0F" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[859,918,1258,1284]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">CAS</collectionCode>
25319, female 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFBCAF8FCFB3DFE0F" box="[1110,1211,1258,1284]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.13" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="213.0">213 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFB5FF8FCFB6DFE0F" box="[1219,1259,1258,1284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">TL</collectionCode>
, Puget Sound, Washington State, 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFEEEF906FE36FE21" box="[370,432,1296,1322]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">USA</collectingCountry>
; DAE 990624–01, male 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFD4EF906FCB5FE21" box="[722,819,1296,1322]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="360.0">360 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFCA6F906FCE7FE21" box="[826,865,1296,1322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">TL</collectionCode>
, Monterey Bay, California, 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFB3BF906FB63FE21" box="[1191,1253,1296,1322]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">USA</collectingCountry>
; DAE 990624– 0 2, female 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFE83F923FE04FE44" box="[287,386,1333,1359]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.16" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="316.0">316 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFE17F923FE34FE44" box="[395,434,1333,1359]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">TL</collectionCode>
, Monterey Bay, California, 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFC98F923FCC2FE44" box="[772,836,1333,1359]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">USA</collectingCountry>
; DAE 990624–03, female 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFB1BF923FB6CFE44" box="[1159,1258,1333,1359]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.32" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="332.0">332 mm</quantity>
<collectionCode id="65FCDDD0FF8B227BFB6FF923FA9DFE44" box="[1267,1307,1333,1359]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">TL</collectionCode>
, Monterey Bay, California, 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF8B227BFEC4F94CFE11FE7F" box="[344,407,1370,1396]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">USA</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4BF7169EFF8B227BFF5AF969FBB3FD71" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF5AF969FBB3FD71" blockId="6.[151,1437,1034,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF5AF969FEC0FE92" bold="true" box="[198,326,1407,1433]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
A large-sized, slender bodied 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8B227BFD5CF996FC9BFE92" box="[704,797,1408,1433]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFD5CF996FC9BFE92" box="[704,797,1408,1433]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Squalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the following combination of characters: body slender, trunk height 10.8 (8.3–12.0)% TL; snout rounded, somewhat blunted at apex, relatively short, prenarial length 1.4 (1.3–1.5) times mouth width, preoral length 2.0 (2.1) times prenarial length, 9.1 (8.6– 9.5)% TL; eye moderate-sized, length 3.8 (3.2–3.9)% TL; anterior nasal flap simple, secondary lobe absent; dorsal fins small, raked; first dorsal originates just posterior to free-rear tip of pectoral fin, first dorsal-fin spine moderate, relatively narrow-based; pectoral fin lobe-like, not or weakly falcate; flank denticles broadly unicuspidate to weakly tricuspidate; adult maximum size at least 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF8B227BFC0EFA76FB84FD71" box="[914,1026,1632,1658]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="1300.0">1300 mm</quantity>
TL.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4BF7169EFF8B2275FF5AFA93FC59FD95" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="6" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227BFF5AFA93FD39FC74" blockId="6.[151,1437,1034,2031]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8B227BFF5AFA93FED9FD94" bold="true" box="[198,351,1669,1695]" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Description.</emphasis>
Body fusiform, slender, nape somewhat humped; deepest near first dorsal-fin spine, maximum trunk height equal to trunk width; head short 23.0 (21.1–23.0)% TL; dorsal–caudal space, 11.1 (10.7–11.6)% TL. Head somewhat broad, its width 1.0 (1.0–1.1) times trunk width; depressed forward of spiracles, becoming somewhat subtriangular towards pectoral-fin origin; length 3.8 (3.6–3.9) in pre-vent length; height 0.6 times width. Snout relatively short, rounded, somewhat blunted at apex; prenarial length 1.4 (1.3–1.5) times mouth width, prenarial length 1.2 (1.2–1.3) times eye length, 0.6 times interorbital space; prenarial length 2.0 (2.1–2.1) in preoral length.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF8B227AFF5AFB9CFC09F92C" blockId="6.[151,1437,1034,2031]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,152,551]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="6" pageNumber="28">Eye oval, moderate-sized, length 3.8 (4.1–4.4) in head, 2.3 (1.7–2.2) times its height; strongly notched posteriorly. Spiracle moderate-sized, broadly crescentic, with a shallow lobe-like fold on posterior margin, and about equidistant between snout tip and pectoral-fin origin, 0.5; greatest diameter nearly equidistant to eye-spiracle length. Gill slits directed slightly anterodorsally from bottom to top; first four near equal in size, fifth slightly longer, height of fifth slit 2.2 (2.0–2.6)% TL. Mouth almost transverse, upper jaw weakly concave, width 1.4 (1.4–1.6) in preoral length; upper labial furrows about 1.6 (1.2–1.7) times length of lower furrows; prominent postoral groove, subequal in length to upper labial furrows, extending posterolaterally from angle of jaws. Teeth oblique, bladelike, and similar in upper and lower jaws; upper teeth unicuspid, interlocking, blade-like, cusps directed strongly laterally, low; tooth base broader than length of its cusp; two series of functional teeth in upper jaw, three (sometimes two) series in lower jaw; teeth in upper jaw (range from left to right including median tooth if present) (13–15) – (0–1) – (12–14), total upper tooth counts range from 26–29; lower jaw (11–14) – (9–13), total lower tooth counts range from 20–27. Nostrils small, almost transverse; anterior nasal flap single lobed; lobe broadly triangular and somewhat flattened; internarial space 2.3 (2.3–2.5) in preoral length, 3.5 (3.4–3.5) times nostril length.</paragraph>
<caption id="5792159DFF8A227AFF0BF9FBFF56FD2E" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197824/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" targetBox="[267,1337,623,1484]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="03524515FF8A227AFF0BF9FBFF56FD2E" blockId="7.[151,1436,1517,1573]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8A227AFF0BF9FBFE9CFD0E" bold="true" box="[151,282,1517,1541]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF8A227AFEBEF9F8FE53FD0E" box="[290,469,1518,1541]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF8A227AFEBEF9F8FE53FD0E" box="[290,469,1518,1541]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Squalus suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, neotype (CAS 227267, adult male 674 mm TL). A, Lateral view; B, Ventral view of the head.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="03524515FF8A227AFF5AFA58FD70FDF3" blockId="7.[151,1436,1614,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">Dermal denticles on flank below first dorsal fin very small, loosely spaced and non-imbricate; crowns elevated, quadrate, broadly unicuspidate with pronounced median ridge; median ridge commencing anterior of rest of crown, with a mesial furrow developing anteriorly and converging rapidly towards posterior tip of crown; posterior portion of cusp strongly produced, pungent; lateral portion of crown very short; denticles mostly unicuspidate with some weakly tricuspidate.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF8A2275FF5AFB14FF6EFBF1" blockId="7.[151,1436,1614,2036]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,152,2028]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="7" pageNumber="29">First dorsal fin small, raked, broadly rounded apically; anterior margin relatively straight; upper posterior margin almost straight, not vertical, instead directed very slightly anterodorsally from bottom to top, very weakly concave near free rear tip; free rear tip very thick basally, short; inner margin of fin almost straight; origin posterior to free-rear tip of pectoral fins; first dorsal-fin midpoint pectoral-fin insertion closer to pectoral-fin origin than to pelvic-fin origin; fin-spine origin slightly posterior to pectoral-fin free rear tips; spine base relatively narrow, exposed anteriorly well below junction of spine and soft portion of fin; spine tapering slightly distally, anterior margin almost straight; spine shorter than exposed portion of second dorsalfin spine; pre-first dorsal length 2.9 (2.8–3.0) times in TL; first dorsal-fin length 2.0 (2.0–2.2) times its height, 1.1 (1.0–1.2) times second dorsal-fin length; first dorsal-fin height 2.0 (2.0–2.1) times second dorsal-fin height.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF852275FF5AFD12FC80FAFD" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Second dorsal fin small, strongly raked; anterior margin moderately convex, apex broadly rounded; posterior margin moderately concave; free rear tip moderately elongate, inner margin length 1.5 (1.4–1.6) times fin height; second dorsal-fin length 3.8 (3.7–3.8) times its height; exposed spine length 1.1 (1.0–1.2) in height of fin; fin-spine origin over free rear tip of pelvic fins; exposed second spine broad-based; spine robust, acutely pointed distally, curving slightly posteriorly, tapering rapidly just above point of exposure, spine tip not extending to level of insertion of fin; interdorsal space about equidistant in prepectoral length, 1.5 (1.5– 1.8) in pre-first dorsal length; interdorsal ridge weak.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF852275FF5AFE16FCD9F8C1" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Pectoral fin moderate, anterior margin slightly greater than length, moderately convex; inner margin moderately convex, length 6.5 (5.6–7.4)% TL; apex broadly rounded, lobe-like, not or weakly falcate; posterior margin moderately concave, free rear tip broadly rounded; fin base very short, 2.5 (2.1–2.5) in length of anterior margin. Pelvic fins moderate-sized, anterior and posterior margins nearly straight, apex broadly rounded, free rear tip somewhat acute. Caudal peduncle very long, tapering slightly to caudal fin; subcircular in cross-section anteriorly, slightly depressed and broadly semicircular posteriorly; dorsal precaudal pit weakly developed, ventral pit absent; lateral keels well developed, originating below or slightly posterior to second dorsal-fin insertion, terminating just posterior to lower caudal-fin insertion; pelvic–caudal space 0.9 (0.9–1.1) in pectoral–pelvic space, 1.1 (1.0–1.2) in prepectoral length; dorsal–caudal space 2.0 (1.8– 2.0) in interdorsal length. Caudal fin relatively short, dorsal margin nearly straight, apex broadly rounded; apex of lower lobe narrowly angular; dorsal caudal margin 1.4 (1.3–1.4) in head length; length of lower caudal lobe 1.8 (1.8–1.9) in upper lobe length. Spiral valve count range from non-voucher specimens: 12–13. Vertebral count range from non-voucher specimens: 97–106.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF852275FF5AFFC5FE29FD01" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FF5AFFC5FEBFF8E6" bold="true" box="[198,313,979,1005]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Genetics.</emphasis>
The average length of the COI region sequenced was 650.4 bp, with lengths ranging from 593– 652 bp (the large majority of samples were sequenced for all 652 bp of the DNA barcode region). The neighbour joining tree of K2P distances (
<figureCitation id="9BD65990FF852275FDE3F80AFD63FF3D" box="[639,741,1052,1078]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,256,1895,1919]" captionTargetBox="[151,1433,197,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1436,197,1874]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURE 2. Neighbour joining tree for COI divergences of specimens of Squalus suckleyi and S. acanthias. Kimura 2 parameter distances used and distance bar given. Bootstrap values&gt; 70 % shown. Specimen designations as in Appendix I." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197825/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Figure 2</figureCitation>
) clearly shows separation into two clades, one comprising 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF852275FF0BF856FE92FF52" box="[151,276,1088,1113]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FF0BF856FE92FF52" box="[151,276,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and one comprising 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF852275FD8CF856FD27FF52" box="[528,673,1088,1113]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FD8CF856FD27FF52" box="[528,673,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, with 98% bootstrap support for the two clades. The 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF852275FA82F856FA1AFF52" box="[1310,1436,1088,1113]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FA82F856FA1AFF52" box="[1310,1436,1088,1113]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade included all the North Pacific specimens, from 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FC9BF872FCCCFF75" box="[775,842,1124,1150]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Japan</collectingCountry>
and from the west coast of 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FB0CF872FB6EFF75" box="[1168,1256,1124,1150]" name="Canada" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Canada</collectingCountry>
and the 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FAD0F872FF66FFA9" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">United States</collectingCountry>
. The 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF852275FEBDF89EFE37FFAA" box="[289,433,1160,1185]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FEBDF89EFE37FFAA" box="[289,433,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
clade included all specimens from the North Atlantic (
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FBA7F89EFB10FFA9" box="[1083,1174,1160,1186]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Iceland</collectingCountry>
, the 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FB52F89EFA11FFA9" box="[1230,1431,1160,1186]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">United Kingdom</collectingCountry>
, and the east coast of the 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FE5FF8BAFDEEFFCD" box="[451,616,1196,1222]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">United States</collectingCountry>
), the South Atlantic (
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FCF6F8BAFC53FFCD" box="[874,981,1196,1222]" name="Uruguay" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FB8CF8BAFB0FFFCD" box="[1040,1161,1196,1222]" name="Argentina" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Argentina</collectingCountry>
) and the South Pacific (
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FF3CF8C6FF68FFE1" box="[160,238,1232,1258]" name="Chile" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Chile</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FF61F8C6FE29FFE1" box="[253,431,1232,1258]" name="New Zealand" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FE6DF8C6FDF5FFE1" box="[497,627,1232,1258]" name="Australia" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Australia</collectingCountry>
). Within species genetic diversities were 0.109±0.036% and 0.176±0.041% for 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF852275FEE1F8E2FE79FE06" box="[381,511,1268,1293]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FEE1F8E2FE79FE06" box="[381,511,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF852275FDA0F8E2FD54FE06" box="[572,722,1268,1293]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FDA0F8E2FD54FE06" box="[572,722,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
respectively. There was no evidence of spatial structuring within either clade, although the potential for structuring is limited given the low diversities. The most common haplotype in 
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FE02F92AFDB2FE5E" box="[414,564,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF852275FE02F92AFDB6FE5E" box="[414,560,1340,1365]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">S. acanthias</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
the species with the higher within species diversity, is found in specimens from all localities, from 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FE7DF976FDC5FE71" box="[481,579,1376,1402]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Iceland</collectingCountry>
to Tasmania. Between–species diversity was 5–6 fold greater at 0.765±0.307%. Within the 652 bp COI region, there were four fixed and therefore diagnostic nucleotide base substitutions between the species, all for third-base synonymous mutations. These were, 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF852275FB33F9BEFAAAFECA" box="[1199,1324,1448,1473]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FB33F9BEFAAAFECA" box="[1199,1324,1448,1473]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
followed by 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF852275FF20F9DAFEC8FEEE" box="[188,334,1484,1509]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FF20F9DAFEC8FEEE" box="[188,334,1484,1509]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, at positions 226 A–G, 406 G–A, 514 C–T and 628 G–A (all positions numbered within the 652 bp barcode region).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF852275FF5AFA05FC59FD95" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FF5AFA05FED3FD26" bold="true" box="[198,341,1555,1581]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Coloration.</emphasis>
Gray dorsally, with conspicuous white spots present on their flanks, becoming lighter ventrally; the fins adults and juveniles are without white edges or other prominent markings. Coloration is similar in neonates and younger juveniles except for white-edge along posterior margin of pectoral–fins, on apex and posterior margin of dorsal-fins, and along caudal–fin margins.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4BF7169EFF852275FF5AFABEFA98FCA8" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="03524515FF852275FF5AFABEFA98FCA8" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FF5AFABEFEE1FDC9" bold="true" box="[198,359,1704,1730]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Distribution.</emphasis>
Endemic to the North Pacific, from the Koreas and 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FC5FFABFFB8FFDC8" box="[963,1033,1705,1731]" name="Japan" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Japan</collectingCountry>
, northward to 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FB2CFABFFB78FDC8" box="[1200,1278,1705,1731]" name="Russia" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Russia</collectingCountry>
(Kamchatka, Sea of Okhotsk and Sakhalin), the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands, and eastwards in the Gulf of Alaska, British 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FF6AFAE2FEF7FC05" box="[246,369,1780,1806]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Columbia</collectingCountry>
and Washington south to southern Baja California. In North 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FBE0FAE2FB6DFC05" box="[1148,1259,1780,1806]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">America</collectingCountry>
, 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF852275FB65FAE2FAF8FC06" box="[1273,1406,1780,1805]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FB65FAE2FAF8FC06" box="[1273,1406,1780,1805]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is extremely common off British 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF852275FD84FB0FFD17FC38" box="[536,657,1817,1843]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Columbia</collectingCountry>
and Washington, but decline in abundance off the Oregon and California coasts. It occurs in a wide depth range from very shallow waters in some areas down to depths of at least 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF852275FF49FB72FEB6FC75" box="[213,304,1892,1918]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.236" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" unit="m" value="1236.0">1236 m</quantity>
(
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF852275FEDCFB72FE54FC75" author="Ebert" box="[320,466,1892,1918]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California. University of California Press, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF852275FE7AFB72FD2AFC76" box="[486,684,1892,1917]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FE7AFB72FD2AFC76" box="[486,684,1892,1917]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Squalus suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to prefer water temperatures between 7 and 15°C, and often makes longitudinal and depth migrations to follow this temperature preference (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF852275FB1EFB9FFA97FCA8" author="Ebert" box="[1154,1297,1929,1955]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California. University of California Press, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert, 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4BF7169EFF852277FF5AFBB8FD16FEBD" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="32" pageId="8" pageNumber="30" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="03524515FF852275FF5AFBB8FDF9FCE7" blockId="8.[151,1437,152,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="31999907FF852275FF5AFBB8FED5FCC3" bold="true" box="[198,339,1966,1992]" pageId="8" pageNumber="30">Etymology.</emphasis>
The species name is in honor of George Suckley who collected the specimens used by Charles Girard in his original description.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5792159DFF842274FF0BFB71FF20FCCD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197825/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" targetBox="[151,1433,197,1866]" targetPageId="9">
<paragraph id="03524515FF842274FF0BFB71FF20FCCD" blockId="9.[151,1436,1895,1990]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="31999907FF842274FF0BFB71FE9CFC74" bold="true" box="[151,282,1895,1919]" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Neighbour joining tree for COI divergences of specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF842274FC25FB7EFBEAFC74" box="[953,1132,1896,1919]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF842274FC25FB7EFBEAFC74" box="[953,1132,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">Squalus suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF842274FB3EFB7EFAA1FC74" box="[1186,1319,1896,1919]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="31" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF842274FB3EFB7EFAA1FC74" box="[1186,1319,1896,1919]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="31">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Kimura 2 parameter distances used and distance bar given. Bootstrap values&gt;70% shown. Specimen designations as in Appendix I.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="03524515FF872277FF5AFC81FB46FBB9" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2022]" box="[198,1216,151,178]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FF5AFC81FE1EFBBA" bold="true" box="[198,408,151,177]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Common names.</emphasis>
North Pacific spiny dogfish, spotted spiny dogfish, or spiny dogfish.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF872277FF5AFCABFB48FA4C" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FF5AFCABFD86FBDC" bold="true" box="[198,512,189,215]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Size and sexual maturity.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FD9BFCABFD4CFBDD" box="[519,714,189,214]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FD9BFCABFD4CFBDD" box="[519,714,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Squalus suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a viviparous species with yolk-sac dependency, with litters of up to 20, but with most averaging between 2–12. Litter size and size at birth are correlated with the size of the female. Males mature between 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF872277FDC8FD1EFD7CFA29" box="[596,762,264,290]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="750.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="700.0">700–800 mm</quantity>
total length (TL) and for females 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF872277FB2CFD1EFAE0FA29" box="[1200,1382,264,290]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="900.0" valueMax="1000.0" valueMin="800.0">800–1000 mm</quantity>
TL. Maximum size is about 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF872277FE2CFD3BFDA6FA4C" box="[432,544,301,327]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0699999999999998" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="1070.0">1070 mm</quantity>
for males and at least 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF872277FCBBFD3BFC11FA4C" box="[807,919,301,327]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" unit="mm" value="1300.0">1300 mm</quantity>
for females (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FBAEFD3BFB47FA4C" author="Ebert" box="[1074,1217,301,327]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California. University of California Press, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert, 2003</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF872277FF5AFD44FC9AF9C0" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FF5AFD44FEE2FA67" bold="true" box="[198,356,338,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Life history.</emphasis>
Considerable differences exist in published vital rate estimates for 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FB23FD44FE24FA99" authority="Fordham et al., 2006" authorityName="Fordham et al." authorityYear="2006" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FB23FD44FA1AFA60" box="[1215,1436,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Squalus acanthias</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FF02FD6EFE1CFA99" author="Fordham" box="[158,410,376,402]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Fordham, S., Fowler, S. L., Coelho, R., Goldman, K. J. &amp; Francis, M. (2006) Squalus acanthias. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (www. iucnredlist. org)." type="journal article" year="2006">
Fordham 
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FE8DFD6EFECDFA9A" box="[273,331,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Age and growth studies have shown large discrepancies in growth rates from different geographic locations. For example, in the northwest Atlantic 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FC0DFD8BFB37FABC" box="[913,1201,413,439]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Nammack, M. F., Musick, J. A. &amp; Colvocoresses, J. A. (1985) Life History of Spiny Dogfish off the Northeastern United States. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 114, 367 - 376." type="journal article">
Nammack 
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FB8BFD8BFBD3FABD" box="[1047,1109,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
(1985)
</bibRefCitation>
provided a growth coefficient (k) of 0.11 yr -1 and 0.15 yr -1 for females and males, respectively. In the North Pacific, several age and growth studies have been conducted providing growth coefficients ranging from 0.031 to 0.034 yr -1 for females and from 0.067 to 0.092 yr -1 for males (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FD54FE00FCFEF93B" author="Ketchen" box="[712,888,534,560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Ketchen, K. S. (1975) Age and growth of dogfish Squalus acanthias in British Columbia waters. Journal Fisheries Research Board Canada, 32, 43 - 59." type="journal article" year="1975">Ketchen, 1975</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FC18FE00FBF1F93B" author="Jones" box="[900,1143,534,560]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Jones, B. C. &amp; Geen, G. H. (1977) Age and growth of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia. Fisheries and Marine Service Research Development Technical Report, 699, 16 pp." type="book" year="1977">Jones &amp; Geen, 1977</bibRefCitation>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FB17FE00FF63F95E" author="Saunders" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Saunders, M. W. &amp; McFarlane, G. A. (1993) Age and length at maturity of the female spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Biology Fishes, 38, 49 - 57." type="journal article" year="1993">Saunders &amp; McFarlane (1993)</bibRefCitation>
provided a growth coefficient for 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FDE7FE2DFCD4F95F" box="[635,850,571,596]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FDE7FE2DFCD4F95F" box="[635,850,571,596]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Squalus acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FCE0FE2DFC7EF95F" box="[892,1016,571,596]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FCE0FE2DFC7EF95F" box="[892,1016,571,596]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) off British 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF872277FB17FE2DFB79F95E" box="[1163,1279,571,597]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Columbia</collectingCountry>
for the sexes combined of 0.044 yr -1. Growth coefficients from other geographic locations such as the Black Sea are similar to those from the North Atlantic, ranging from 0.13 to 0.17 yr -1 and 0.17 to 0.2 yr -1 for females and males, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FEAFFEA7FE43F9C0" author="Avsar" box="[307,453,689,715]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Avsar, D. (2001) Age, growth, reproduction and feeding of the spurdog (Squalus acanthia s Linnaeus, 1758) in the southeastern Black Sea. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 52, 269 - 278." type="journal article" year="2001">Avsar, 2001</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FE4CFEA7FC89F9C0" author="Demirhan" box="[464,783,689,715]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Demirhan, S. A. &amp; Seyhan, K. (2007) Life history of spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias (L. 1758), in the southern Black Sea. Fisheries Research, 85, 210 - 216." type="journal article" year="2007">Demirhan &amp; Sehyan, 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF872277FF5AFEC0FEBEF88D" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
Accompanying the differences in growth rates are differences in longevity and in age at first reproduction. In the northwest Atlantic the median age at maturity is 12 and six years for females and males, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FF02FF37FE2BF830" author="Nammack" box="[158,429,801,827]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Nammack, M. F., Musick, J. A. &amp; Colvocoresses, J. A. (1985) Life History of Spiny Dogfish off the Northeastern United States. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 114, 367 - 376." type="journal article" year="1985">
Nammack 
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FEBEFF37FED8F831" box="[290,350,801,826]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
, 1985
</bibRefCitation>
), while median age at maturity in the North Pacific is 35.5 and 18.5 for females and males, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FE17FF50FEAAF88D" author="Saunders" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Saunders, M. W. &amp; McFarlane, G. A. (1993) Age and length at maturity of the female spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, Canada. Environmental Biology Fishes, 38, 49 - 57." type="journal article" year="1993">Saunders &amp; McFarlane, 1993; Cindy Tribuzio, NOAA Fisheries Auke Bay Laboratory, pers. comm.</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF872277FF5AFF87FE20FF80" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
The order of magnitude in the differences in growth rates between the North Pacific and other geographic locations around the world cannot be explained by differences in techniques or be due to a lack of validation. In fact, ages have been validated with OTC and bomb radiocarbon dating for 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FBB1FFCAFB2FF8FE" box="[1069,1193,988,1013]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FBB1FFCAFB2FF8FE" box="[1069,1193,988,1013]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the eastern North Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FF64F817FDD0FF10" author="McFarlane" box="[248,598,1025,1051]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="McFarlane, G. A. &amp; Beamish, R. J. (1987) Validation of the dorsal spine method of age determination for spiny dogfish. In: Age and growth in fish (R. C. Summerfelt &amp; G. E. Hall, eds.), pp. 287 - 300, Iowa State University, Ames, IA." type="book chapter" year="1987">McFarlane &amp; Beamish, 1987</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FDFFF817FC14FF10" author="McFarlane" box="[611,914,1025,1051]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="McFarlane, G. A. &amp; King, J. R. (2009) Re-evaluating the age determination of spiny dogfish using oxytetracycline and fish at liberty up to 20 years. Pages 153 - 160. In: V. F. Gallucci, G. A. McFarlane &amp; G. G. Bargmann (eds). Biology and management of dogfish sharks. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland, 435 pp." type="book chapter" year="2009">McFarlane &amp; King, 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FC03F817FB18FF10" author="Campana" box="[927,1182,1025,1051]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Campana, S., Jones, C., McFarlane, G. A. &amp; Myklevoll, S. (2006) Bomb dating and age validation using the spines of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Environmental Biology Fishes, 77, 327 - 336." type="journal article" year="2006">
Campana 
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FB8AF817FBD4FF11" box="[1046,1106,1025,1050]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
) and for 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FA97F817FA1DFF11" box="[1291,1435,1025,1050]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FA97F817FA1DFF11" box="[1291,1435,1025,1050]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
via bomb radiocarbon in the northwest Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FD4BF830FC5DFF4B" author="Campana" box="[727,987,1062,1088]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="Campana, S., Jones, C., McFarlane, G. A. &amp; Myklevoll, S. (2006) Bomb dating and age validation using the spines of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Environmental Biology Fishes, 77, 327 - 336." type="journal article" year="2006">
Campana 
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FCCCF831FC0AFF4B" box="[848,908,1063,1088]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">et al.</emphasis>
, 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly, the significant differences at median age at maturity that accompany these different growth rates cannot be explained by differing assessment techniques.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF872277FF5AF880FD16FEBD" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2022]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
The reason for such differences in vital rates between the North Pacific and other geographic locations has never been elucidated. Discussions have centered on potential environmental or ecosystem differences, however, no data have been brought to bear for that argument. Our data show a much more parsimonious and viable explanation for these differences; that 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FD39F911FCFDFE2B" box="[677,891,1287,1312]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FD39F911FCFDFE2B" box="[677,891,1287,1312]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Squalus acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group species in the North Pacific constitute a different species (= 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FE1FF93AFE79FE4E" box="[387,511,1324,1350]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FE1FF93AFE17FE4E" box="[387,401,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FE3DF93AFE79FE4E" box="[417,511,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) than 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FDD0F93AFD5AFE4E" box="[588,732,1324,1349]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FDD0F93AFD5AFE4E" box="[588,732,1324,1349]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in other geographic locations. Tagging studies show that 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FA1AF93AFF7FFE61" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FA1AF93AFF7FFE61" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the North Pacific can migrate thousands of miles from British 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF872277FB83F947FB10FE60" box="[1055,1174,1361,1387]" name="United States of America" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Columbia</collectingCountry>
to 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF872277FB23F947FA82FE60" box="[1215,1284,1361,1387]" name="Japan" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Japan</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF872277FADDF947FA1BFE60" box="[1345,1437,1361,1387]" name="Mexico" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF872277FF02F960FE56FE9B" author="McFarlane" box="[158,464,1398,1424]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" refString="McFarlane, G. A. &amp; King, J. R. (2003) Migration patterns of spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) in the North Pacific Ocean. Fishery Bulletin, 101, 358 - 367." type="journal article" year="2003">McFarlane &amp; King, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). This information suggests that 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FCCEF961FC49FE9B" box="[850,975,1399,1424]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FCCEF961FC49FE9B" box="[850,975,1399,1424]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the North Pacific are a single stock, which is supported by our genetic analysis.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="4BF7169EFF872271FF5AF9D6FEE4F8C9" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="03524515FF872276FF5AF9D6FAA6FA67" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,2022]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,152,364]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="33" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FF5AF9D6FEB9FED1" bold="true" box="[198,319,1472,1498]" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Remarks.</emphasis>
The 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FEE7F9D7FDD7FED1" box="[379,593,1473,1498]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FEE7F9D7FDD7FED1" box="[379,593,1473,1498]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Squalus acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
subgroup is one of the more taxonomically problematic shark groups as its members are very similar in external appearance. Differences in external morphology between 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FA91F9F1FA1AFD0B" box="[1293,1436,1511,1536]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FA91F9F1FA1AFD0B" box="[1293,1436,1511,1536]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9BD65990FF872277FF03FA1AFF60FD2D" box="[159,230,1548,1574]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[151,257,1384,1408]" captionTargetBox="[226,1359,433,1344]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[230,1050,749,1358]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Squalus acanthias: A, Lateral view of CSIRO H 1214 (female 678 mm TL); B, Ventral view of head of CSIRO H 4876 – 01 (adult male 616 mm TL)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197826/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) and 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FEB5FA1AFE23FD2E" box="[297,421,1548,1573]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FEB5FA1AFE23FD2E" box="[297,421,1548,1573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="9BD65990FF872277FE2AFA1AFE7CFD2D" box="[438,506,1548,1574]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="7.[151,255,1517,1541]" captionTargetBox="[267,1337,623,1484]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[256,1075,901,1496]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 1. Squalus suckleyi, neotype (CAS 227267, adult male 674 mm TL). A, Lateral view; B, Ventral view of the head." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197824/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
) are subtle and intraspecific variations within individuals of the same maturity class are likely to mask these differences. The broad geographic ranges of these two species, particularly 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FF0BFA41FEA0FD7B" box="[151,294,1623,1648]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FF0BFA41FEA0FD7B" box="[151,294,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are likely to contribute to the intraspecific variation and future research should focus on defining this variation across the known ranges. There are few external morphometric characters to separate these two nominal species, e.g. lower dorsal-fin spines, position of the first dorsal-fin spine relative to the inner rear tip of the pectoral fin. In the present study we found that 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FC97FAD1FC00FDEB" box="[779,902,1735,1760]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FC97FAD1FC00FDEB" box="[779,902,1735,1760]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had a slightly shorter, more broadly–rounded to acute snout than 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FEE3FAFAFD97FC0E" box="[383,529,1772,1797]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FEE3FAFAFD97FC0E" box="[383,529,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which tends to have a slightly longer and more acute snout. Also, we found the following morphometric ratios to differ between 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FC99FB07FC05FC21" box="[773,899,1809,1834]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FC99FB07FC05FC21" box="[773,899,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF872277FC20FB07FBCBFC21" box="[956,1101,1809,1834]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="32" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF872277FC20FB07FBCBFC21" box="[956,1101,1809,1834]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="32">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: pelvic–fin midpoint to first dorsal-fin insertion (PDI) 14.0 (13.2–15.1)% versus 9.3 (8.7–9.8)%, pelvic-fin midpoint to second dorsal-fin insertion (PDO) 7.6 (5.0–9.1)% versus 10.0 (9.3–10.4)%, first dorsal-fin midpoint to pectoral–fin insertion (DPI) 11.2 (9.7–12.4)% versus 9.8 (9.3–10.7)%, and first dorsal-fin midpoint to pelvic–fin origin (DPO) 14.7 (12.0–15.0)% versus 12.4 (10.7–13.5)%. The DPI and DPO ratios found in the present study indicate that although there may be some overlap the first dorsal-fin midpoint is proportionally slightly more posterior to the pectoral-fin insertion and pelvic fin origin. This finding is somewhat consistent with that of 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF862276FAB0FC8EFEE8FBDC" author="Jordan" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Jordan, D. S. &amp; Evermann, B. W. (1896) A check-list of the fishes and fish-like vertebrates of North and Middle America. Report of the United States Fish Commission, 5, 207 - 584." type="journal article" year="1896">
<collectingCountry id="7BFA0585FF862276FAB0FC8EFAFAFBB9" box="[1324,1404,152,178]" name="Jordan" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Jordan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Evermann (1896)
</bibRefCitation>
, although these authors observed that the position of the first dorsal-fin spine was more posterior to the pectoral-fin. Our findings also indicate that the pelvic-fin is proportionally closer to the second dorsal-fin in 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF862276FEB3FD1EFE2AFA2A" box="[303,428,264,289]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF862276FEB3FD1EFE2AFA2A" box="[303,428,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
while in 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF862276FD80FD1EFD2AFA2A" box="[540,684,264,289]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF862276FD80FD1EFD2AFA2A" box="[540,684,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
it is closer to the first dorsal fin. This finding is consistent with those of 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF862276FE9CFD3BFDE6FA4C" author="Bigelow" box="[256,608,301,327]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Bigelow, H. B. &amp; Schroeder, W. C. (1957) A study of the sharks of the suborder Squaloidea. Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology Harvard, 117, 1 - 150." type="journal article" year="1957">Bigelow &amp; Schroeder (1957)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF862276FD00FD3BFCD3FA4C" author="Garrick" box="[668,853,301,327]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Garrick, J. A. F. (1960) Studies on New Zealand Elasmobranchii. Part XII. The species of Squalus from New Zealand and Australia; and a general account and key to the New Zealand Squaloidea. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 88, 519 - 557." type="journal article" year="1960">Garrick (1960)</bibRefCitation>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF862276FCFDFD3BFBE2FA4C" author="Jones" box="[865,1124,301,327]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Jones, B. C. &amp; Geen, G. H. (1976) Taxonomic reevalution of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias L.) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fisheries Research Board Canada, 33, 2500 - 2506." type="journal article" year="1976">Jones &amp; Geen (1976)</bibRefCitation>
found similar results, but concluded that these differences were due to the effects of length and sex for individual specimens.
</paragraph>
<caption id="5792159DFF862276FF0BF97EFDFFFEAB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/197826/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" targetBox="[226,1359,433,1344]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="03524515FF862276FF0BF97EFDFFFEAB" blockId="11.[151,1436,1384,1440]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="31999907FF862276FF0BF97EFE9BFE8B" bold="true" box="[151,285,1384,1408]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF862276FEB8F97FFE6BFE8B" box="[292,493,1385,1408]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF862276FEB8F97FFE6BFE8B" box="[292,493,1385,1408]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Squalus acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: A, Lateral view of 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF862276FD53F97FFC99FE8B" box="[719,799,1385,1408]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Csiro" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">CSIRO</taxonomicName>
H 1214 (female 678 mm TL); B, Ventral view of head of 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF862276FF0BF99FFF60FEAB" box="[151,230,1417,1440]" class="Insecta" family="Tenebrionidae" genus="Csiro" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">CSIRO</taxonomicName>
H 4876–01 (adult male 616 mm TL).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="03524515FF862276FF59F9D8FB0AFD76" blockId="11.[151,1437,1486,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
Although most external morphological characters appeared to overlap between North Pacific and North Atlantic forms, meristic characters such as vertebral counts consistently reveal a distinct separation between these two forms. In the present study we found the total number of vertebral counts to be slightly lower in 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF862276FA1AFA0FFF7FFD5C" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF862276FA1AFA0FFF7FFD5C" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mean = 99, range = 97–106) than those found in 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF862276FCF9FA28FC7DFD5C" box="[869,1019,1598,1623]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF862276FCF9FA28FC7DFD5C" box="[869,1019,1598,1623]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(mean =112, range = 109–116); a finding consistent with other studies (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF862276FDD2FA75FC07FD76" author="Springer" box="[590,897,1635,1661]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Springer, V. G. &amp; Garrick, J. A. F. (1964) A survey of vertebral numbers in sharks. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 116, 73 - 96." type="journal article" year="1964">Springer &amp; Garrick, 1964</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF862276FC11FA75FBF9FD76" author="Jones" box="[909,1151,1635,1661]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Jones, B. C. &amp; Geen, G. H. (1976) Taxonomic reevalution of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias L.) in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Journal of Fisheries Research Board Canada, 33, 2500 - 2506." type="journal article" year="1976">Jones &amp; Geen, 1976</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF862276FF59FA9FFDD6FC88" blockId="11.[151,1437,1486,2035]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
In this study, we designate a recently collected specimen as the 
<typeStatus id="DC56FBB7FF862276FC7BFA9FFBCFFDA8" box="[999,1097,1673,1699]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
for 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF862276FBE3FA9FFAC8FDA9" box="[1151,1358,1673,1698]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF862276FBE3FA9FFAC8FDA9" box="[1151,1358,1673,1698]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Squalus suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(CAS 227267). We have followed the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in designating the 
<typeStatus id="DC56FBB7FF862276FECAFAC5FE45FDE6" box="[342,451,1747,1773]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. The designated 
<typeStatus id="DC56FBB7FF862276FD12FAC5FD6BFDE6" box="[654,749,1747,1773]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
was collected from the 
<typeStatus id="DC56FBB7FF862276FB93FAC5FBC5FDE6" box="[1039,1091,1747,1773]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">type</typeStatus>
locality of Puget Sound, the 
<typeStatus id="DC56FBB7FF862276FF0BFAEFFF78FC18" box="[151,254,1785,1811]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
are lost and not available, a detailed diagnosis and description is provided, and differences between the closest related species (
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF862276FE48FB08FDE5FC3C" box="[468,611,1822,1847]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF862276FE48FB08FDE5FC3C" box="[468,611,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) are provided. Given that the 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF862276FC5CFB08FB13FC3C" box="[960,1173,1822,1847]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF862276FC5CFB08FB13FC3C" box="[960,1173,1822,1847]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Squalus acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group requires further taxonomic revision, particularly the Black Sea population, the designation of a 
<typeStatus id="DC56FBB7FF862276FBAEFB55FB09FC56" box="[1074,1167,1859,1885]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
for this species will be beneficial for future taxonomic work.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF862271FF59FB98FD84FABC" blockId="11.[151,1437,1486,2035]" lastBlockId="12.[151,1438,152,962]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="34" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">
The results of our molecular analysis were congruent with results from other studies comparing within- and between-species diversity at CO 
<quantity id="C415E8F0FF862276FDD4FBA5FDF7FCC6" box="[584,625,1971,1997]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
the genus 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF862276FD73FBA2FCCAFCC6" box="[751,844,1972,1997]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="31999907FF862276FD73FBA2FCCAFCC6" box="[751,844,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">Squalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(5- 
<date id="775363D5FF862276FCEEFBA5FC07FCC6" box="[882,897,1971,1997]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">6</date>
X difference in magnitude; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF862276FB54FBA5FA09FCC6" author="Ward" box="[1224,1423,1971,1997]" pageId="11" pageNumber="33" refString="Ward, R. D., Zemlak, T. S., Innes, B. H., Last, P. R. &amp; Hebert, P. D. N. (2005) DNA barcoding Australia's fish species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 360, 1847 - 1857." type="journal article" year="2005">
Ward 
<emphasis id="31999907FF862276FA92FBA2FAC4FCC6" box="[1294,1346,1972,1997]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="33">et al</emphasis>
. 2005
</bibRefCitation>
). The use of molecular tools in recent years has helped to shed light on many difficult taxonomic questions (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FF03FC8EFEA9FBB9" author="Hillis" box="[159,303,152,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Hillis, D. M. (1987) Molecular Versus Morphological Approaches to Systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18, 23 - 42." type="journal article" year="1987">Hillis 1987</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FEA1FC8EFE4DFBB9" author="Avise" box="[317,459,152,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Avise, J. C. (2004) Molecular Methods, Natural History, and Evolution, 2 nd Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA" type="book" year="2004">Avise 2004</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FE45FC8EFDFCFBB9" author="Hauser" box="[473,634,152,178]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Hauser, L. (2009) The Molecular Ecology of Dogfish Sharks. In: Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks (eds. Gallucci V, McFarlane G, Bargmann G), pp. 229 - 252. American Fisheries Society." type="book chapter" year="2009">Hauser 2009</bibRefCitation>
), including problematic elasmobranchs. Two North Pacific shark species, 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FF62FCABFCCBFBDC" authority="Bigelow &amp; Schroeder, 1944" authorityName="Bigelow &amp; Schroeder" authorityYear="1944" box="[254,845,189,215]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Somniosidae" genus="Somniosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FF62FCABFE75FBDD" box="[254,499,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Somniosus pacificus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FE60FCABFCCBFBDC" author="Bigelow" box="[508,845,189,215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Bigelow, H. B. &amp; Schroeder, W. C. (1944) New sharks from the western North Atlantic. Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 23, 21 - 36." type="journal article" year="1944">Bigelow &amp; Schroeder, 1944</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FC15FCABFAD3FBDC" authority="Hubbs &amp; Follet, 1947" authorityName="Hubbs &amp; Follet" authorityYear="1947" box="[905,1365,189,215]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Lamna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ditropis">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FC15FCABFBC7FBDD" box="[905,1089,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Lamna ditropis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FBD6FCABFAD3FBDC" author="Hubbs" box="[1098,1365,189,215]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Hubbs, C. L. &amp; Follett, W. I. (1947) Lamna ditropis, new species, the salmon shark of the North Pacific. Copeia, 1947, 194." type="journal article" year="1947">Hubbs &amp; Follet, 1947</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, were long thought to be synonymous with the morphologically similar, but taxonomically distinct North Atlantic species 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FF6AFD1EFC94FA29" authority="Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801" authorityName="Bloch &amp; Schneider" authorityYear="1801" box="[246,786,264,290]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Somniosidae" genus="Somniosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="microcephalus">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FF6AFD1EFE42FA2A" box="[246,452,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S. microcephalus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FE48FD1EFC8FFA29" author="Bloch" box="[468,777,264,290]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Bloch, M. E. &amp; Schneider, J. G. (1801) Systema ichthyologiae iconibus ex illustratum. Berlin, vol. 2, 584 pp." type="book" year="1801">Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FCD2FD1EFB25FA29" authority="Bonnaterre, 1788" authorityName="Bonnaterre" authorityYear="1788" box="[846,1187,264,290]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Lamna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nasus">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FCD2FD1EFC35FA2A" box="[846,947,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">L. nasus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FC5FFD1EFB1CFA29" author="Bonnaterre" box="[963,1178,264,290]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Bonnaterre, J. P. (1788) Tableau encyclopedique et methodique des trois regnes de la nature. Ichthyologie. Paris, 215 pp." type="book" year="1788">Bonnaterre, 1788</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, respectively (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FACEFD1EFF51FA4C" author="Ebert" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Ebert, D. A. (2003) Sharks, Rays, and Chimaeras of California. University of California Press, 284 pp." type="book" year="2003">Ebert, 2003</bibRefCitation>
). Interestingly, both these species were not considered to be distinct from their North Atlantic congeners until the middle of the last century while 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FD1BFD44FC80FA60" box="[647,774,338,363]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FD1BFD44FC80FA60" box="[647,774,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S. suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
had been described as distinct nearly 100 years earlier. Subsequent molecular studies have shown both 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FD58FD6EFCCDFA9A" box="[708,843,376,401]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Somniosidae" genus="Somniosus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pacificus">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FD58FD6EFCCDFA9A" box="[708,843,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S. pacificus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FC1EFD6EFC7CFA9A" box="[898,1018,376,401]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Lamnidae" genus="Lamna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lamniformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ditropis">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FC1EFD6EFC7CFA9A" box="[898,1018,376,401]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">L. ditropis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be genetically distinct (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FAB1FD6EFE84FABC" author="Naylor" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Naylor, G. J. P., Martin, A. P., Mattison, E. G. &amp; Brown, W. M. (1997) Interrelationships of lamniform sharks: testing phylogenetic hypotheses with sequence data. In: T. D. Kocher &amp; C. A. Stepien (eds). Molecular Systematics of Fishes, Academic Press, Chapter 13, pp. 199 - 218." type="book chapter" year="1997">
Naylor 
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FA1BFD6EFF28FABD" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
., 1997
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FE92FD8BFE73FABC" author="Murray" box="[270,501,413,439]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Murray, B. W., Wang, J. Y., Yang, S-C., Stevens, J. D., Fisk, A. &amp; Svavarsson, J. (2008) Mitochondrial cytochrome b variation in sleeper sharks (Squaliformes: Somniosidae). Marine Biology, 153, 1015 - 1022." type="journal article" year="2008">
Murray 
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FEF1FD8BFE26FABD" box="[365,416,413,438]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
., 2008
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF812271FF59FDD4FC2EF9B7" blockId="12.[151,1438,152,962]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
The present study is a descendant of 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FDE1FDD4FCD6FAD7" author="Ward" box="[637,848,450,476]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Ward, R. D., Zemlak, T. S., Innes, B. H., Last, P. R. &amp; Hebert, P. D. N. (2005) DNA barcoding Australia's fish species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 360, 1847 - 1857." type="journal article" year="2005">
Ward 
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FD58FDD4FC87FAD0" box="[708,769,450,475]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
(2005
</bibRefCitation>
, 2007), which was part of a large-scale project to revise the taxonomy of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FDA5FDFEFD1CF90A" box="[569,666,488,513]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FDA5FDFEFD1CF90A" box="[569,666,488,513]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Squalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Indo-Australasian region using both morphological and molecular techniques. Despite the lack of evidence in a 1976 allozyme paper (Jones and Green), newer studies have argued for the taxonomic distinction of 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FD2FFE24FCC0F940" box="[691,838,562,587]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FD2FFE24FCC0F940" box="[691,838,562,587]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the North Pacific based on molecular evidence (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FF03FE4EFEBFF979" author="Hauser" box="[159,313,600,626]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Hauser, L. (2009) The Molecular Ecology of Dogfish Sharks. In: Biology and Management of Dogfish Sharks (eds. Gallucci V, McFarlane G, Bargmann G), pp. 229 - 252. American Fisheries Society." type="book chapter" year="2009">Hauser 2009</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FEDAFE4EFDC3F979" author="Verissimo" box="[326,581,600,626]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Verissimo, A., McDowell, JR. &amp; Graves, J. E. (2010) Global population structure of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, a temperate shark with an antitropical distribution. Molecular Ecology, 19, 1651 - 1662." type="journal article" year="2010">
Verissimo 
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FE5FFE4EFE78F97A" box="[451,510,600,625]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
). In particular, a recent analysis of the global population structure of this species using both mitochondrial and nuclear markers recovered a unique genetic clade in the North Pacific (
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FF02FEB4FE18F9B7" author="Verissimo" box="[158,414,674,700]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Verissimo, A., McDowell, JR. &amp; Graves, J. E. (2010) Global population structure of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, a temperate shark with an antitropical distribution. Molecular Ecology, 19, 1651 - 1662." type="journal article" year="2010">
Verissimo 
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FE81FEB4FEDEF9B0" box="[285,344,674,699]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">et al.</emphasis>
2010
</bibRefCitation>
), results that are highly consistent with ours.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="03524515FF812271FF59FEDEFEE4F8C9" blockId="12.[151,1438,152,962]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">
Future research on this subgroup of 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FD07FEDEFC86F9EA" box="[667,768,712,737]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FD07FEDEFC86F9EA" box="[667,768,712,737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Squalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
needs to address the conservation and management implications emanating from the results of this study. 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FC87FEFBFC75F80D" box="[795,1011,749,774]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FC87FEFBFC75F80D" box="[795,1011,749,774]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Squalus acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is currently listed as Vulnerable by the IUCNs 
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FE80FF04FD09F820" box="[284,655,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Red List of Threatened Animals</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="677C38E4FF812271FD02FF04FC1DF827" author="Fordham" box="[670,923,786,812]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Fordham, S., Fowler, S. L., Coelho, R., Goldman, K. J. &amp; Francis, M. (2006) Squalus acanthias. In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (www. iucnredlist. org)." type="journal article" year="2006">
Fordham 
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FC8EFF04FCC3F820" box="[786,837,786,811]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">et al</emphasis>
., 2006
</bibRefCitation>
). The North Pacific populations included in this assessment should now be treated as a separate species, 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FC0BFF2EFBEEF85A" box="[919,1128,824,849]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="suckleyi">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FC0BFF2EFBEEF85A" box="[919,1128,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">Squalus suckleyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and should be assessed separately, while the assessment for 
<taxonomicName id="C4ED3E96FF812271FDE9FF4BFC93F87D" box="[629,789,861,886]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Squalidae" genus="Squalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squaliformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acanthias">
<emphasis id="31999907FF812271FDE9FF4BFC93F87D" box="[629,789,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="34">S. acanthias</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be updated to reflect this change. Current management strategies for these two species, especially in North American waters, should be revised in light of these findings.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>