treatments-xml/data/D6/91/96/D69196C8120B5455B39A41835A35E412.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.68640" ID-GBIF-Dataset="24532054-88d2-4f14-b120-9b07483aced3" ID-PMC="PMC8360823" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-1055-55" ID-Pensoft-UUID="2D80FD1744B85E35AA5DACBB037C0EB4" ID-PubMed="34393572" ID-ZooBank="3C184FA2423E43F5B77A5D06C5639245" ModsDocID="1313-2970-1055-55" checkinTime="1628190709414" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Hou, Yongxiang, Chiba, Hideyuki, Zhu, Lijuan, Chang, Zhou, Ma, Lijun, Huang, Siyao, Wang, Min &amp; Fan, Xiaoling" docDate="2021" docId="D69196C8120B5455B39A41835A35E412" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 1055: 55-67" docOrigin="ZooKeys 1055" docPubDate="2021-08-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1055.68640" docTitle="Pulchroptera Hou, Fan &amp; Chiba 2021, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="3C184FA2-423E-43F5-B77A-5D06C5639245" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="4" id="2D80FD1744B85E35AA5DACBB037C0EB4" lastPageNumber="55" masterDocId="2D80FD1744B85E35AA5DACBB037C0EB4" masterDocTitle="Molecular and morphological evidence reveals a new genus of the subfamily Heteropterinae (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from China" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="55" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1668150836286" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Molecular and morphological evidence reveals a new genus of the subfamily Heteropterinae (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) from China</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hou, Yongxiang</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Chiba, Hideyuki</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9060-6441</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>B. P. Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96817 - 0916, USA</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Zhu, Lijuan</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Chang, Zhou</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
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<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Ma, Lijun</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Huang, Siyao</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9859-9212</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Wang, Min</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">minwang@scau.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fan, Xiaoling</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1176-7667</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">fanxiaol66@scau.edu.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2021-08-05</mods:number>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="183925334" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3C184FA2-423E-43F5-B77A-5D06C5639245" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D69196C8120B5455B39A41835A35E412" lastPageNumber="55" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/3C184FA2-423E-43F5-B77A-5D06C5639245" authority="Hou, Fan &amp; Chiba" authorityName="Hou, Fan &amp; Chiba" authorityYear="2021" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pulchroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchroptera" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">Pulchroptera Hou, Fan &amp; Chiba</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="55">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Male adults of the two skippers. Above: Pulchroptera pulchra (Leech, 1891) comb. nov. from Kunming, Yunnan, China; below: Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771) from Moscow, Russia." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1055.68640.figure2" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574780" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Figures 2</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Wing venation of four genera of Heteropterinae A Pulchroptera pulchra (Leech, 1891) comb. nov. B Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771) C Heteropterus morpheus (Pallas, 1771) D Leptalina unicolor (Bremer &amp; Grey, 1852)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1055.68640.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574781" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">, 3</figureCitation>
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="F4" captionText="Figure 4. Male genitalia of four genera of Heteropterinae A Pulchroptera pulchra (Leech, 1891) comb. nov. B Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771) C Heteropterus morpheus (Pallas, 1771) D Leptalina unicolor (Bremer &amp; Grey, 1852)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1055.68640.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574782" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">, 4</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="type species">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Type species.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Caruel" authorityYear="1939" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pamphila" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pamphila pulchra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Pamphila pulchra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Leech, 1891
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
Forewing length 11-12 mm. Antennae approximately half the length of forewing; nudum 8 on apiculus, dark brown. Palpi on second segment long and erect, yellow with long black hairs; on third segment black, thick, short, and porrect. Wing venation (Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="F3" captionText="Figure 3. Wing venation of four genera of Heteropterinae A Pulchroptera pulchra (Leech, 1891) comb. nov. B Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas, 1771) C Heteropterus morpheus (Pallas, 1771) D Leptalina unicolor (Bremer &amp; Grey, 1852)." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.1055.68640.figure3" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574781" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">3</figureCitation>
): forewing: length of discoidal cell almost equal to 2/3 forewing length, Sc ends at 1/2 forewing length; origin of vein R4 before vein R5; origin of vein M2 in middle of veins M1 and M3; veins CuA1, CuA2, and 1A+2A almost parallel to each other; origin of vein CuA2 nearly midway between vein CuA1 and base. Hindwing: costa longer than dorsum; length of discoidal cell almost equal to 3/5 hindwing; origin of vein Rs midway between base and termen; origin of vein M2 slightly nearer M1 than M3. Wing ground colour and wing patterns: upper side dark brown with small yellow spots in central and submarginal areas; underside light brown, forewing patterns similar to upper side, hindwing with small silvery spots in spaces Rs, M3, CuA1, and CuA2, and with a silvery longitudinal central streak. Mid and hind tibiae each with pair of spurs. Male genitalia: Tegument small and narrow, constricted at middle in dorsal view; uncus deeply bifurcated, V-shaped dorsally; gnathos long and wide, longer than tegument, membranous, undivided from basal 1/3; saccus long; valvae asymmetrical, bifid, distal end of left valva more sclerotized than right valva; aedeagus long, subzonal sheath shorter than suprazonal sheath, ratio of subzonal sheath to suprazonal sheath approximately 1:2, vesica with cornuti; juxta a heart-shaped ring with membranous extensions dorsally.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.1055.68640.figure4" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/574782" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" start="Figure 4" startId="F4">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Figure 4.</emphasis>
Male genitalia of four genera of 
<taxonomicName authorityName="Aurivillius" authorityYear="1925" lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Heteropterinae">Heteropterinae</taxonomicName>
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">A</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pulchroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchroptera pulchra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Pulchroptera pulchra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Leech, 1891) comb. nov. 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">B</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1771" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Carterocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carterocephalus palaemon" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palaemon">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Carterocephalus palaemon</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Pallas, 1771) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">C</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Pallas" authorityYear="1771" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Heteropterus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Heteropterus morpheus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="morpheus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Heteropterus morpheus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Pallas, 1771) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">D</emphasis>
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bremer &amp; Grey" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Leptalina" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leptalina unicolor" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="unicolor">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Leptalina unicolor</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Bremer &amp; Grey, 1852).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="remarks">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Remarks.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
The new genus superficially resembles 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Carterocephalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carterocephalus" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Carterocephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lederer, 1852, although it is distinguishable from the latter with regards to the following characters: hindwing undersides with silver spots, a deeply bifurcated V-shaped uncus, juxta a heart-shaped ring, and valvae asymmetrical.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
The new genus contains only the type species 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pulchroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchroptera pulchra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Pulchroptera pulchra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Leech, 1891) comb. nov., with the nominotypical subspecies and a further subspecies, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pulchroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchroptera pulchra subsp. ops" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pulchra" subSpecies="ops">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Pulchroptera pulchra ops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<normalizedToken originalValue="Grum-Grshimaïlo">Grum-Grshimailo</normalizedToken>
, 1891) comb. nov. According to the description of 
<bibRefCitation author="Evans, WH" journalOrPublisher="British Museum (Natural History), London" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48223970" refId="B6" refString="Evans, WH, 1949. A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia &amp; Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History). London, 502 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48223970" title="A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia &amp; Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History). London, 502 pp." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48223970" year="1949">Evans (1949)</bibRefCitation>
, in 
<taxonomicName authority="pulchra" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pulchroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchroptera pulchra subsp. pulchra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pulchra" subSpecies="pulchra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Pulchroptera pulchra pulchra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. the upper side of the hindwing has a cell spot and the submarginal markings are notably more conspicuous, whereas in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pulchroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchroptera pulchra subsp. ops" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pulchra" subSpecies="ops">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Pulchroptera pulchra ops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov. the upper side of the hindwing lacks a cell spot and has conspicuous submarginal markings. Whether the subspecies status of the latter is valid is subject to further verification.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
The name of the genus is taken from the specific epithet of the type species 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘pulchr-’">'pulchr-'</normalizedToken>
, meaning beautiful, and 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘optera’">'optera'</normalizedToken>
, meaning wing. The gender is feminine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="55" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName authority="pulchra" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pulchroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchroptera pulchra subsp. pulchra" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pulchra" subSpecies="pulchra">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Pulchroptera pulchra pulchra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov.: China (Sichuan, Yunnan)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="55">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pulchroptera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pulchroptera pulchra subsp. ops" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="pulchra" subSpecies="ops">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="55">Pulchroptera pulchra ops</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comb. nov.: China (Gansu, Qinghai, Xizang)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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