121 lines
15 KiB
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121 lines
15 KiB
XML
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<mods:titleInfo id="60B243511685F55EED1AC22E397CE094">
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<mods:title id="7095F9FA5AE601A5C3F1E618EC694754">An annotated catalog of the Iranian Dipsocoromorpha, Enicocephalomorpha, Gerromorpha, Leptopodomorpha and Nepomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="D65335B931B4BC61C3C6C3AD9B11765C">Ghahari, Hassan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="62BB7E53CA7AA65FE9F27B05320B127F">Moulet, Pierre</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="32160B1A4384EFFC82E9338C98C47E32">Ostovan, Hadi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="05156BF590F16BA45930C388990CCA7A">Linnavuori, Rauno E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5D1378A862AFEC545CA67A619E502C5B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="C863A1F11EDF55B9DC977FC939E0DAEF">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="90028BCA123233684B8ABF75495605F9">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="F90942664437B501B5771FE135723038" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="F147E8D4D094B5726E74CC5B4734B2BC">3641</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="1CBE0C2B9D75E9C7B58C65386918EB24" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3641.4.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="A94D7D6459717126FF2939B3ADFAFD6F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6148170" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119566676" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6148170" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:A94D7D6459717126FF2939B3ADFAFD6F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/A94D7D6459717126FF2939B3ADFAFD6F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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<subSubSection id="69FE9FF959717126FF2939B3ADFAFD6F" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="215BCC7259717127FF2939B3AB22FA0F" blockId="4.[151,626,1426,1452]" box="[151,626,1426,1452]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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<heading id="7A137B1E59717127FF2939B3AB22FA0F" bold="true" box="[151,626,1426,1452]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="1390106059717127FF2939B3AB22FA0F" bold="true" box="[151,626,1426,1452]" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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Infraorder
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159717127FE9B39B3AB22FA0F" authority="Popov, 1971" authorityName="Popov" authorityYear="1971" box="[293,626,1426,1452]" class="Insecta" genus="Gerromorpha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Gerromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gerromorpha Popov, 1971</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="215BCC7259717126FF2939F8ADEAFF54" blockId="4.[151,1436,1497,2025]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,151,716]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="306" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159717127FF2939F8A87EFA52" box="[151,302,1497,1521]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Gerromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gerromorpha</taxonomicName>
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is sister group to the Panheteroptera, (i.e., Nepomorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Cimicomorpha, and Pentatomomorpha) (Schuh & Slater 1995), and because members of Nepomorpha are found back into the late Triassic, the
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159717127FE903A00A895F99A" box="[302,453,1569,1593]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Gerromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gerromorpha</taxonomicName>
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must be of at least the same age (Damgaard 2008). Usually the gerromorphans (or semiaquatic bugs) are small to medium-sized (1.5 to more than
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), rarely large insects. The body is covered by very minute setae which protect insects against UV rays (Cheng
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<emphasis id="1390106059717127FC183A4BAA8AF922" box="[934,986,1641,1665]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="305">et al</emphasis>
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. 1978). Antennae are 4-segmented and longer than the head, inserted in front of the eyes and completely visible from above. The dorsal head surface has three pairs of trichobothria (long slender setae inserted in deep cuticular pits) near the inner margin of the compound eyes. Usually the rostrum is thin and 4-segmented. The prothorax is differentiated into a large lobe which covers the scutellum and the base of the hemelytra (except, in
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159717127FC0E3AD8AD47F8B2" box="[944,1047,1785,1809]" class="Insecta" family="Hebridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hebridae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159717127FBEE3AD8ADBCF8B2" box="[1104,1260,1785,1809]" class="Insecta" family="Mesoveliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mesoveliidae</taxonomicName>
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). The hind legs are the longest, the fore legs the shortest. In
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159717127FD0B3B3CAA41F896" box="[693,785,1821,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Veliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Veliidae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159717127FCEC3B3CAAE4F896" box="[850,948,1821,1845]" class="Insecta" family="Gerridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gerridae</taxonomicName>
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fore legs are raptorial. The tarsi possess underneath numerous water-repellent setae (the comb) which allow walking on water. Fore wings, when present, lack claval commissure and are not divided into corium, clavus, and membrane. Alary polymorphism is very common (particularly in
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159717127FE133BA8AB41F802" box="[429,529,1929,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Gerridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gerridae</taxonomicName>
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) and according to Andersen (1973) is in relation with sexual activity, but we also know several other reasons for it (e.g., migration). Male genitalia are symmetric; and female ones are plate-like, except in
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159717127FEBD3BF0A8CAF84A" box="[259,410,2001,2025]" class="Insecta" family="Mesoveliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="305" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Mesoveliidae</taxonomicName>
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they are saber-like. All species are predators and consume small arthropods in their biotope but themselves are prey of ripicolous and aquatic arthropods (spiders, ants, beetles, backswimmers), frogs, toads, and birds. Eggs with thin choria are laid in wet biotopes or in the water. Gerromorphans inhabit the surface of both freshwater and saline waters (Schuh & Slater 1995; Andersen & Weir 2004; Chen
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<emphasis id="1390106059707126FB8D3CC0AD34FF5B" box="[1075,1124,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">et al</emphasis>
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. 2005).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="215BCC7259707126FF793D25AD3DFDFC" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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Dufour (1833) separated
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159707126FE513D25ABD6FEBF" box="[495,646,260,284]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Gerromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gerromorpha</taxonomicName>
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(as Amphibicorises) because of their ability to walk on the water; Fieber (1851) changed this name in Gymnocerata. Reuter (1910) created two sections: Hydrobiotica and Anonychia (which respectively represent Nepomorpha +
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159707126FCE73D6DAA84FEC7" box="[857,980,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Ochteridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ochteridae</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159707126FBB83D6DADFEFEC7" box="[1030,1198,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Gelastocoridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Gelastocoridae</taxonomicName>
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+ a large part of
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159707126FF293D4EA87EFE24" box="[151,302,367,391]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Gerromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gerromorpha</taxonomicName>
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and, on the other hand, Geocorisae + a part of
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159707126FCFC3D4EAA89FE24" box="[834,985,367,391]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Gerromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gerromorpha</taxonomicName>
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+ Enicocephalomorpha). Stichel (1955) classified them as Amphibicoriomorpha. Popov (1971) after serious morphological and biological studies divided the
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159707126FF713D99A803FE6C" box="[207,339,440,463]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Heteroptera</taxonomicName>
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into 5 suborders of which Leptopodomorpha included the actual
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159707126FB783D96AC0DFE6C" box="[1222,1373,439,463]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Gerromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gerromorpha</taxonomicName>
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and Leptopodomorpha. Štys & Kerzhner (1975) from their part divided Leptopodomorpha sensu Popov in
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159707126FF293DDEA87EFDB4" box="[151,302,511,535]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Gerromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gerromorpha</taxonomicName>
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and Leptopodomorpha, which is the present classification. The most comprehensive work on
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159707126FF293E05A87EFD9F" box="[151,302,548,572]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Gerromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gerromorpha</taxonomicName>
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is by Andersen (1982), who summarized our knowledge on these insects. Damgaard (2008a, c) with the help of the DNA studies gives another approach of the phylogeny of Gerrromorpha.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="215BCC7259707126FF793E4DADFAFD6F" blockId="5.[151,1436,151,716]" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159707126FF793E4DA80EFD27" box="[199,350,620,644]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Gerromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gerromorpha</taxonomicName>
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are distributed worldwide and it is possible to find them from the equator to subpolar tundra.
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<taxonomicName id="E6E4B7F159707126FF293EAEA87EFD04" box="[151,302,655,679]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" infraOrder="Gerromorpha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="306" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="infraOrder">Gerromorpha</taxonomicName>
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contain 4 superfamilies and 8 families worldwide, including more than 125 genera and about 1600 species. All superfamilies and five families are represented in the Palearctic Region and
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<collectingCountry id="59F38CE259707126FBCB3E94ADF6FD6F" box="[1141,1190,693,716]" name="Iran" pageId="5" pageNumber="306">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |