204 lines
23 KiB
XML
204 lines
23 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="2E6C046E1E17599C07798E6D9C4A43B6">On the genus Hermippus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Zodariidae, Zodariinae) in India with the description of three new species from the Western Ghats and proposing a new biogeographical hypothesis for the distribution of the genus</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9F19BF0A5ECD96098F32E4ACE8CECD40">Sankaran, Pradeep M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8BD66DE795E31ED830155A1D6C431C22">Jobi, Malamel J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="026FE8EBDE04CA69F3E12821F8BE0472">Joseph, Mathew M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A75E092F43AE4D45FEEEA9A8C7CF2D92">Sebastian, Pothalil A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E832C1F764BDD1FBCBBD96DB04780459">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="7B63D60C052D9AEEC0E865DB1568804A">3893</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C353B0B3FFCF250F22F9FB84FE00FBB3" box="[151,447,1032,1059]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF6E338FFCF250F22F9FB84FE00FBB3" blockId="1.[151,447,1032,1059]" box="[151,447,1032,1059]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">
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<heading id="D0BE5454FFCF250F22F9FB84FE00FBB3" bold="true" box="[151,447,1032,1059]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4998BBFFCF250F22F9FB84FE00FBB3" ID-CoL="4VV8" ID-ENA="1956445" authority="Simon, 1893" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,447,1032,1059]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Hermippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F22F9FB84FE00FBB3" bold="true" box="[151,447,1032,1059]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">
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<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F22F9FB84FEA1FBB2" bold="true" box="[151,286,1032,1058]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Hermippus</emphasis>
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Simon, 1893
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4998BBFFCF250F22F9FBDDFDECFBF6" ID-CoL="4VV8" authority="Simon, 1893a: 424" authorityName="Simon" authorityPageNumber="424" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,595,1104,1126]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Hermippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F22F9FBDDFEB7FBF6" box="[151,264,1105,1126]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Hermippus</emphasis>
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Simon, 1893a: 424, 1893d: 316
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</taxonomicName>
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, 1905a: 172;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE8C529FFCF250F20B1FBDCFC1AFBF6" author="Strand" box="[735,933,1104,1126]" page="668" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" year="1906">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F20B1FBDCFCCEFBF6" author="Strand" box="[735,881,1104,1126]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Strand, E. (1906) Diagnosen nordafrikanischer, hauptsachlich von Carlo Freiherr von Erlanger gesammelter Spinnen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 30, 604 - 637, 655 - 690." type="journal article" year="1906" yearSuffix="b">Strand, 1906b</bibRefCitation>
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: 668
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE8C529FFCF250F21DFFBDDFBCEFBF6" author="Lessert" box="[945,1137,1104,1126]" page="432" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" year="1938">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F21DFFBDDFB82FBF6" author="Lessert" box="[945,1085,1104,1126]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Lessert, R. (1938) de. Araignees du Congo belge (Premiere partie). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaines, 30, 424 - 457." type="journal article" year="1938">Lessert, 1938</bibRefCitation>
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: 432
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 1938: 433;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE8C529FFCF250F269FFBDDFF4FFB14" author="Lawrence" page="146" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" year="1942">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F269FFBDDFA27FBF6" author="Lawrence" box="[1265,1432,1104,1126]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Lawrence, R. F. (1942) A contribution to the araneid fauna of Natal and Zululand. Annals of the Natal Museum, 10, 141 - 190." type="journal article" year="1942">Lawrence, 1942</bibRefCitation>
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: 146
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE8C529FFCF250F2294FBE2FE0CFB14" author="Jocque" box="[250,435,1134,1156]" page="10" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" year="1986">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F2294FBE2FE30FB14" author="Jocque" box="[250,399,1134,1156]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Jocque, R. (1986) A revision of the genus Hermippus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Zodariidae). Journal of Natural History, 20, 7 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938600770021" type="journal article" year="1986" yearSuffix="a">Jocqué, 1986a</bibRefCitation>
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: 10
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 13, 15, 17, 18 & 19,
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE8C529FFCF250F20FEFBE2FCE9FB14" author="Jocque" box="[656,854,1134,1156]" page="110" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" year="1987">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F20FEFBE2FC99FB14" author="Jocque" box="[656,806,1134,1156]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Jocque, R. (1987) The male of Hermippus arjuna (Gravely) (Araneae, Zodariidae). Biol. Jaarb. Dodonaea, 55, 110 - 113." type="journal article" year="1987" yearSuffix="b">Jocqué, 1987b</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 110
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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,
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE8C529FFCF250F210FFBE2FBA2FB14" author="Jocque" box="[865,1053,1134,1156]" page="105" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" year="1989">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F210FFBE2FC54FB14" author="Jocque" box="[865,1003,1134,1156]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Jocque, R. (1989) A new African species and other new records of Hermippus (Araneae, Zodariidae). Biol. Jb. Dodonaea, 56, 105 - 110." type="journal article" year="1989">Jocqué, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 105
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4998BBFFCF250F22F9FB01FE45FB33" authority="Gravely, 1921a: 407" authorityName="Gravely" authorityPageNumber="407" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,506,1165,1187]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Hermippoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F22F9FB01FE98FB33" box="[151,295,1165,1187]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Hermippoides</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE8C529FFCF250F2342FB01FE45FB33" author="Gravely" box="[300,506,1165,1187]" page="407" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" year="1921">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F2342FB01FE75FB33" author="Gravely" box="[300,458,1165,1187]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1921) The spiders and scorpions of Barkuda Island. Records of the Indian Museum Calcutta, 22, 399 - 421." type="journal article" year="1921" yearSuffix="a">Gravely, 1921a</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 407
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF6E338FFCF250F22F9FB43FADBFA50" blockId="1.[151,1437,1231,1976]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">
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The genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C4998BBFFCF250F237DFB5CFE30FB77" ID-CoL="4VV8" box="[275,399,1232,1255]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Hermippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F237DFB5CFE30FB77" box="[275,399,1232,1255]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Hermippus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, which is considered a senior synonym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4998BBFFCF250F211AFB5CFADAFB78" authority="Gravely, 1921 (Jocque 1991)" authorityName="Gravely, 1921 (Jocque" authorityYear="1991" box="[884,1381,1231,1256]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Hermippoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F211AFB5CFBADFB78" box="[884,1042,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Hermippoides</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F2675FB43FB05FB78" author="Gravely" box="[1051,1210,1231,1256]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1921) The spiders and scorpions of Barkuda Island. Records of the Indian Museum Calcutta, 22, 399 - 421." type="journal article" year="1921">Gravely, 1921</bibRefCitation>
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||
(
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F26A7FB5CFAE4FB78" author="Jocque" box="[1225,1371,1232,1256]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Jocque, R. (1991) A generic revision of the spider family Zodariidae (Araneae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 201, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1991">Jocqué 1991</bibRefCitation>
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||
)
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</taxonomicName>
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, was erected by Simon in 1893. The genus was revised by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F2167FB78FC14FA9D" author="Jocque" box="[777,939,1268,1293]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Jocque, R. (1986) A revision of the genus Hermippus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Zodariidae). Journal of Natural History, 20, 7 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938600770021" type="journal article" year="1986">Jocqué (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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and is currently having nine valid species, seven African and two Oriental ones. Of these, three are known only from males, one is known only from female and the rest are known from both sexes (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F2031FAB0FCBDFAC4" author="Platnick" box="[607,770,1340,1365]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Platnick, N. I. (2014) The world spider catalog, version 14.5. American Museum of Natural History. Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / entomology / spiders / catalog / index. html (accessed 10 November 2014)" type="journal article" year="2014">Platnick 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The occurrence of the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C4998BBFFCF250F2634FAB1FB68FAC4" ID-CoL="4VV8" box="[1114,1239,1341,1364]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Hermippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F2634FAB1FB68FAC4" box="[1114,1239,1341,1364]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Hermippus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
in
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<collectingCountry id="F35EA3A8FFCF250F2695FAB0FA8AFAC5" box="[1275,1333,1340,1365]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">India</collectingCountry>
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was first noticed by Simon in 1905. In 1921, Gravely reported a second species for which he raised the genus
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C4998BBFFCF250F2698FAECFA2BFAE8" box="[1270,1428,1376,1400]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Hermippoides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F2698FAECFA2BFAE8" box="[1270,1428,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Hermippoides</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, which is later synonymised with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4998BBFFCF250F206BFA09FD3DFA0C" ID-CoL="4VV8" box="[517,642,1413,1436]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Hermippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F206BFA09FD3DFA0C" box="[517,642,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Hermippus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F20C4FA08FCF3FA0C" author="Jocque" box="[682,844,1412,1436]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Jocque, R. (1991) A generic revision of the spider family Zodariidae (Araneae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 201, 1 - 160." type="journal article" year="1991">Jocqué (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Presently the genus has two representatives in
|
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<collectingCountry id="F35EA3A8FFCF250F2735FA08FA28FA0D" box="[1371,1431,1412,1437]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">India</collectingCountry>
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||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4998BBFFCF250F22F9FA25FE05FA50" ID-CoL="3L2B8" authority="Simon, 1905" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1905" box="[151,442,1447,1472]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Hermippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cruciatus">
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<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F22F9FA25FE9EFA2F" box="[151,289,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">H. cruciatus</emphasis>
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F2346FA2BFE05FA50" author="Simon" box="[296,442,1447,1472]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Simon, E. (1905) Arachnides de Java, recueillis par le Prof. K. Kraepelin en 1904. Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg, 22, 49 - 73." type="journal article" year="1905">Simon, 1905</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, which is reported from
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<collectingCountry id="F35EA3A8FFCF250F20A2FA2BFC85FA50" box="[716,826,1447,1472]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
also (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F2112FA24FBB3FA50" author="Jocque" box="[892,1036,1448,1472]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Jocque, R. (1989) A new African species and other new records of Hermippus (Araneae, Zodariidae). Biol. Jb. Dodonaea, 56, 105 - 110." type="journal article" year="1989">Jocqué 1989</bibRefCitation>
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||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4998BBFFCF250F2625FA25FADFFA50" ID-CoL="3L2B7" authority="Gravely, 1921" authorityName="Gravely" authorityYear="1921" box="[1099,1376,1447,1472]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Hermippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arjuna">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F2625FA25FB07FA2F" box="[1099,1208,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">H. arjuna</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F26D0FA2BFADFFA50" author="Gravely" box="[1214,1376,1447,1472]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Gravely, F. H. (1921) The spiders and scorpions of Barkuda Island. Records of the Indian Museum Calcutta, 22, 399 - 421." type="journal article" year="1921">Gravely, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C353B0B3FFCF250F22A9FA40FE09F805" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF6E338FFCF250F22A9FA40FC46FA75" blockId="1.[151,1437,1231,1976]" box="[199,1017,1484,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F22A9FA40FEDBFA75" bold="true" box="[199,356,1484,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F25D9AFFCF250F22A9FA40FEBDFA75" box="[199,258,1484,1509]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
species:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4998BBFFCF250F2305FA41FD57FA74" authority="Simon, 1893" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1893" box="[363,744,1484,1509]" class="Arachnida" family="Zodariidae" genus="Hermippus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Araneae" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="loricatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F2305FA41FDEDFA74" box="[363,594,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Hermippus loricatus</emphasis>
|
||
Simon, 1893
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by original designation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF6E338FFCF250F22A9FA63FE09F805" blockId="1.[151,1437,1231,1976]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F22A9FA63FDB1F998" bold="true" box="[199,526,1519,1544]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Redefinition and diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Medium to large sized spiders (
|
||
<quantity id="4CB14EDDFFCF250F2113FA63FBBDF998" box="[893,1026,1519,1544]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.075" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="0.65" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" unit="mm" value="10.75" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="6.5">6.5–15 mm</quantity>
|
||
) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F2677FA7CFB13F998" author="Jocque" box="[1049,1196,1519,1544]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Jocque, R. (1986) A revision of the genus Hermippus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Zodariidae). Journal of Natural History, 20, 7 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938600770021" type="journal article" year="1986">Jocqué 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Prosoma broad and dome-shaped without cervical groove and with a fine fovea; the lateral margins of both cephalic and thoracic regions lie more or less in a single plane so that the separation between cephalic and thoracic region is less prominent. Eyes in two rows, both procurved; laterals placed far away from medians; medians lie very close to each other. Chilum well developed. Tarsi laterally compressed, with paired rows of short ventral spines, with two claws and claw tufts; metatarsi and tarsi rebordered; fourth leg always the longest; leg formula 4213 or 4321. Opisthosoma oval with characteristic pattern; males with/ without dorsal scutum. Male palp with small membranous area supporting TA; palpal tibia with unusually modified apophysis/apophyses; cymbium with short ventro-lateral spines, with proximo-lateral flange or ‘wing’ for supporting the main tibial apophysis; embolus long, filiform; conductor long, well developed; TA short. Epigyne simple, with median septum, with wide, medially placed copulatory openings; internal duct system highly sclerotized without complex convolution. [For more details, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F2377F8F0FE13F805" author="Jocque" box="[281,428,1916,1941]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Jocque, R. (1986) A revision of the genus Hermippus Simon, 1893 (Araneae: Zodariidae). Journal of Natural History, 20, 7 - 22. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222938600770021" type="journal article" year="1986">Jocqué 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C353B0B3FFCF250F22A9F813FC91F828" box="[199,814,1951,1976]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF6E338FFCF250F22A9F813FC91F828" blockId="1.[151,1437,1231,1976]" box="[199,814,1951,1976]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93D3F2AFFCF250F22A9F813FEDFF828" bold="true" box="[199,352,1951,1976]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
Africa,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35EA3A8FFCF250F23D2F813FE47F828" box="[444,504,1951,1976]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35EA3A8FFCF250F206AF813FDCDF828" box="[516,626,1951,1976]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="1" pageNumber="115">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD89EC9FFCF250F20EEF813FC9DF828" author="Platnick" box="[640,802,1951,1976]" pageId="1" pageNumber="115" refString="Platnick, N. I. (2014) The world spider catalog, version 14.5. American Museum of Natural History. Available from: http: // research. amnh. org / entomology / spiders / catalog / index. html (accessed 10 November 2014)" type="journal article" year="2014">Platnick 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |