449 lines
82 KiB
XML
449 lines
82 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="C147A7A7517EC3F4B532C005BB7D8B23">New and rare sponges from the deep shelf of the Alboran Island (Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="413E89082356517B5B5BAFFA8F086285">Sitjà, Cèlia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4CEAD4F15393BCD7985FCF05C2FBEBD9">Maldonado, Manuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="3A28573D3E8B1ED545EF5DFEDD602A2C" type="email">maldonado@ceab.csic.es</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="4A2D4569059EEAC51068FD55DBB4E85F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="ECA9C0DAF39D8D7730777FCC4651F314">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DF87B6297DFFC0FF30FF20CBF9FD5B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5042247" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183203047" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5042247" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF87B6297DFFC0FF30FF20CBF9FD5B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DF87B6297DFFC0FF30FF20CBF9FD5B" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
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<subSubSection id="C36C652B297DFFC3FF30FF20C9AFF9B1" box="[151,687,151,178]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC936A0297DFFC3FF30FF20C9AFF9B1" blockId="24.[151,687,151,211]" box="[151,687,151,178]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
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<heading id="D08181CC297DFFC3FF30FF20C9AFF9B1" bold="true" box="[151,687,151,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297DFFC3FF30FF20C9AFF9B1" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1983" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[151,687,151,178]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicata">
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<emphasis id="B902EAB2297DFFC3FF30FF20C9AFF9B1" bold="true" box="[151,687,151,178]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
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<emphasis id="B902EAB2297DFFC3FF30FF20CAA9F9B2" bold="true" box="[151,425,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Rhabdobaris implicata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297DFFC3FE17FF2FC9AFF9B1" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[432,687,152,178]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" pagination="445 - 621" refId="ref25562" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621." type="journal article" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36C652B297DFFC3FF30FF0DCF42F81B" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC936A0297DFFC3FF30FF0DCAC2F9D0" blockId="24.[151,687,151,211]" box="[151,450,186,211]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
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(
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<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FF38FF0DCA31F9D0" box="[159,305,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,249,1920,1942]" captionTargetBox="[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-66@25.[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. (A–B) Neotype (MNCN-Sp23-BV14) of Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 collected from the Alboran Island and photographed on its both sides. Note some ribs (r) on the lamina. (C–D) Holotype of Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp. (MNCN-Sp69 BV21) attached on a small piece of gravel, photographed on its both sides." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908981/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Figs. 11A–B</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FE9BFF0DCA5BF9D0" box="[316,347,186,211]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">12</figureCitation>
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; Table 2)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC936A0297DFFC3FF30FEB5CF42F81B" blockId="24.[151,1090,258,280]" box="[151,1090,258,280]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
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<emphasis id="B902EAB2297DFFC3FF30FEB5CA04F81B" box="[151,260,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Synonymy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297DFFC3FEAEFEB5C9BEF81B" authority="(Pulitzer-Finali, 1983)" baseAuthorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" baseAuthorityYear="1983" box="[265,702,258,280]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicatus">
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<emphasis id="B902EAB2297DFFC3FEAEFEB5CAD3F81B" box="[265,467,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Cerbaris implicatus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297DFFC3FE78FEB5C9B7F81B" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[479,695,258,280]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" pagination="445 - 621" refId="ref25562" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621." type="journal article" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali, 1983</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297DFFC3FD6FFEB5C8D8F81B" author="Alvarez, B. & Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[712,984,258,280]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" pagination="748 - 754" refId="ref23354" refString="Alvarez, B. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (2002) Family Bubaridae Topsent, 1894. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 748 - 754." type="book chapter" year="2002">Alvarez & Van Soest 2002</bibRefCitation>
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, 751–752.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C36C652B297DFFC1FF30FEF2C91DFF41" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC936A0297DFFC3FF30FEF2CF86FB59" blockId="24.[151,1437,325,2006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
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<emphasis id="B902EAB2297DFFC3FF30FEF2CA81F85D" bold="true" box="[151,385,325,350]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" reason="1">Material examined.</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B1E3CFD297DFFC3FE2FFEF2CF81FB59" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3311766301" county="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" elevation="98" location="We" municipality="These" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" specimenCount="3" typeStatus="neotype">
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Only one individual (MNCN-Sp23-BV14) collected from Stn. 14 (
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<tableCitation id="C6F4031B297DFFC3FBD1FEF2CFCCF85D" box="[1142,1228,325,350]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,241,784,807]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="TABLE 1. Information on sampling stations, indicating station number, type of collecting device (DR= dredge; BV= beam trawl), geographical coordinates of starting and end point of sampling transects, depth range (m) during the transect, and bottom type (R= rock, G= gravel, OG= organogenic gravel, RH= rhodolith bed, LS= lava stone bed)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF0966282961FFDFFF30FCA7CE5BFA64" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" tableUuid="DF0966282961FFDFFF30FCA7CE5BFA64">Table 1</tableCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FB7DFEF2CE1BF85D" box="[1242,1307,325,350]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,249,1608,1630]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,770,1580]" captionTargetId="figure-390@2.[151,1436,770,1586]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. (A) Localization of the Alboran Island in the Mediterranean. (B) Distribution of the 25 studied sampling stations over the bathymetric map of the shelf of the Alboran Island." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908943" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908943/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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), a
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<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FAEFFEF2CBADF882" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.6" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="m" value="98.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="96.0">
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<elevation id="005BD193297DFFC3FAEFFEF2CBADF882" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.6" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="m" value="98.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="96.0">96–100 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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deep, gravel bottom on the deep shelf of the island. The collected individual is herein designated the
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<typeStatus id="54CD8802297DFFC3FA9BFEDDCE98F881" box="[1340,1432,362,386]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
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, given that the previously available
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<typeStatus id="54CD8802297DFFC3FD85FE3AC984F8A5" box="[546,644,397,422]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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specimen was entirely acid-dissolved to obtain a spicule slide.
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<location id="8EA9607B297DFFC3FAE9FE39CE72F8A6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF87B6297DFFC0FF30FF20CBF9FD5B:8EA9607B297DFFC3FAE9FE39CE72F8A6" box="[1358,1394,398,421]" county="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" municipality="These" name="We" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">We</location>
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are reasoning herein (see the
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<emphasis id="B902EAB2297DFFC3FE1BFE05C99AF8C9" box="[444,666,433,458]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Taxonomic remarks</emphasis>
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section) that type material in which the macroscopic body features and the skeletal arrangement can be evaluated is crucial to recognize the distinct nature of the monotypic genus
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<emphasis id="B902EAB2297DFFC3FF30FE4ECA36FB11" box="[151,310,505,530]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
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<location id="8EA9607B297DFFC3FF30FE4ECA36FB11" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DF87B6297DFFC0FF30FF20CBF9FD5B:8EA9607B297DFFC3FF30FE4ECA36FB11" box="[151,310,505,530]" county="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature" municipality="These" name="Rhabodobaris" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Rhabodobaris</location>
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</emphasis>
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within the family
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297DFFC3FDABFE4EC97FFB11" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1894" box="[524,639,505,530]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Bubaridae</taxonomicName>
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and, therefore, to support the nomenclatorial restitution of the genus.
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<collectingMunicipality id="6BADACDA297DFFC3FF30FDAACBDAFB35" box="[151,218,541,566]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">These</collectingMunicipality>
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"exceptional circumstances" strongly advice the
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<typeStatus id="54CD8802297DFFC3FC97FDA9C889FB35" box="[816,905,542,566]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
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designation to preserve the stability of the nomenclature, following article 75 of the
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<collectingCounty id="62A84E2C297DFFC3FDCEFDF6CF81FB59" box="[617,1153,577,602]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</collectingCounty>
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC936A0297DFFC3FF60FDD2CF72FBC5" blockId="24.[151,1437,325,2006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
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Comparative material: Original
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<typeStatus id="54CD8802297DFFC3FD93FDD2C996FB7D" box="[564,662,613,638]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297DFFC3FD67FDD2CFBAFB7D" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1983" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[704,1210,613,638]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicata">
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<emphasis id="B902EAB2297DFFC3FD67FDD2C8C4FB7D" box="[704,964,613,638]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Rhabdobaris implicata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297DFFC3FC6AFDD2CFBAFB7D" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[973,1210,613,638]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" pagination="445 - 621" refId="ref25562" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621." type="journal article" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
. The only available material of the original
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<typeStatus id="54CD8802297DFFC3FE05FD3EC904FBA1" box="[418,516,649,674]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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||
is the spicule slide (MSNG-47170) resulting from boiling in nitric acid the small specimen collected off Calvi, N-W of
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<collectingCountry id="F3617630297DFFC3FDE5FD1AC986FBC5" box="[578,646,685,710]" name="France" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Corse</collectingCountry>
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, at
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<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FD0AFD1AC82CFBC6" box="[685,812,685,710]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.49" metricValueMin="1.21" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="m" value="135.0" valueMax="149.0" valueMin="121.0">121–149 m</quantity>
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depth (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297DFFC3FC27FD1ACF66FBC5" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[896,1126,685,710]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" pagination="445 - 621" refId="ref25562" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621." type="journal article" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297DFFC3FF60FD66C934FA9D" blockId="24.[151,1437,325,2006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297DFFC3FF60FD66CAF3FBE9" bold="true" box="[199,499,721,746]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" reason="1">Macroscopic description.</emphasis>
|
||
Stalked, flabellate sponge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FC8DFD66C8B2FBE9" box="[810,946,721,746]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,249,1920,1942]" captionTargetBox="[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-66@25.[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. (A–B) Neotype (MNCN-Sp23-BV14) of Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 collected from the Alboran Island and photographed on its both sides. Note some ribs (r) on the lamina. (C–D) Holotype of Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp. (MNCN-Sp69 BV21) attached on a small piece of gravel, photographed on its both sides." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908981/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 11A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
), with a thin lamina measuring
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FAB3FD66CE63FBEA" box="[1300,1379,721,746]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
long x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FF09FD42CBFFFA0E" box="[174,255,757,782]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FEFAFD42CAA0FA0E" box="[349,416,757,782]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
|
||
thick; the stalk, somewhat compressed, measures
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FC47FD41CF23FA0E" box="[992,1059,758,781]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
in length x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FB08FD42CE07FA0E" box="[1199,1287,757,782]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="2.5">2.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
in wideness. There are 3 and 4 reinforcement ribs at each side of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297DFFC3FD4AFCAEC864FA31" box="[749,868,793,818]" genus="The" pageId="24" pageNumber="160" rank="species" species="lamina">the lamina</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FCD3FCAEC8FDFA31" box="[884,1021,793,818]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,249,1920,1942]" captionTargetBox="[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-66@25.[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. (A–B) Neotype (MNCN-Sp23-BV14) of Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 collected from the Alboran Island and photographed on its both sides. Note some ribs (r) on the lamina. (C–D) Holotype of Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp. (MNCN-Sp69 BV21) attached on a small piece of gravel, photographed on its both sides." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908981/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 11A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
), making
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297DFFC3FBC8FCAECFE5FA31" box="[1135,1253,793,818]" genus="The" pageId="24" pageNumber="160" rank="species" species="lamina">the lamina</taxonomicName>
|
||
poorly flexible. There are no aquiferous openings discernible to the naked eye. The surface of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297DFFC3FBAAFC8ACF83FA55" box="[1037,1155,829,854]" genus="The" pageId="24" pageNumber="160" rank="species" species="lamina">the lamina</taxonomicName>
|
||
is markedly hispid, with long spicules protruding uniformly at moderated density. The stalk is less hispid. The color of the alcoholpreserved specimen is creamy white.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297DFFC3FF60FC1ECE6BFCBA" blockId="24.[151,1437,325,2006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297DFFC3FF60FC1ECA2DFAC1" box="[199,301,937,962]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Skeleton.</emphasis>
|
||
Megascleres are in seven categories: long hispidating styles, rhabdostyles, oxeas, styrongyles, acanthoxeas, acanthostyles, acanthostrongyles. Microscleres are raphides in trichodragmata. Hispidating styles are long, gently conical, nearly straight or softly curved, with a regular round end and a sharp, acerate or hastate point (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FF38FBA2CA29FD2D" box="[159,297,1045,1070]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
). They are
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FE01FBA2C943FD2D" box="[422,579,1045,1070]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1555" metricValueMax="1.557" metricValueMin="0.754" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="1155.5" valueMax="1557.0" valueMin="754.0">754–1557 µm</quantity>
|
||
long and
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FD14FBA2C818FD2D" box="[691,792,1045,1070]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" metricValueMax="1.6" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="12.0" valueMax="16.0" valueMin="8.0">8–16 µm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Rhabdostyles have a slight to marked curvature on their first ¼ of their length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FE56FB8EC984FD51" box="[497,644,1081,1106]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
), rarely becoming regular styles. Other variations occurring in the rhabdostyles are annular or irregular swellings in the vicinity of the round end and polyaxial malformations in the vicinity of the pointing end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FE7AFB36C944FD99" box="[477,580,1153,1178]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
|
||
); the points can be acerate, stepped, or even bifid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FB20FB36CFF0FD99" box="[1159,1264,1153,1178]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Rhabdostyles measure 137–304 x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FE25FB12CAECFDBD" box="[386,492,1189,1214]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" metricValueMax="13.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="9.0" valueMax="13.0" valueMin="5.0">5–13 µm</quantity>
|
||
, although some thinner, growing stages (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FC6DFB12CF33FDBD" box="[970,1075,1189,1214]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
|
||
) can occasionally be observed, measuring 107–212 x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FE28FB7ECAE8FDE1" box="[399,488,1225,1250]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="3.0">3–6 µm</quantity>
|
||
. Oxeas are isodiametric, in a wide range of morphologies, showing from one to three flexion points, and more asymmetrical (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FDC5FB5AC9EDFC05" box="[610,749,1261,1286]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
); they can occasionally be centrotylote, sometimes with the swelling placed asymmetrically. Oxea ends are acerate, conical, mucronate or stepped, with bifid and polyaxonic malformations also occurring (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FE50FA82C983FC4D" box="[503,643,1333,1358]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). Oxeas measure 222–405 x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FC75FA82CF3BFC4D" box="[978,1083,1333,1358]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="7.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="5.0">5–10 µm</quantity>
|
||
, although, as it happens in the rhabdostyles, thinner growing stages (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FDE1FAEEC9ACFC71" box="[582,684,1369,1394]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
|
||
) measuring 185–285 x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FC1DFAEECF12FC71" box="[954,1042,1369,1394]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="1.0">1–3 µm</quantity>
|
||
occasionally occur. Strongyles are curved once or twice, regularly or irregularly (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FD40FACAC859FC95" box="[743,857,1405,1430]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
|
||
), occasionally symmetrically or asymmetrically centrotylote, measuring 160–310 x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FD83FA16C984FCB9" box="[548,644,1441,1466]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.45" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="m" value="14.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="14.0">
|
||
14–
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D70FD29297DFFC3FDF7FA16C984FCB9" box="[592,644,1441,1466]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" type="generic">15 µ</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
. Strongyles are clearly less abundant than rhabdostyles and oxeas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297DFFC3FF60FA72C92DFFD9" blockId="24.[151,1437,325,2006]" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
|
||
The rhabdostyles, the oxeas and the strongyles have "acanthose versions", which usually are slightly smaller and less abundant than their respective smooth counterparts. Acanthorhabdostyles measure 125–187 x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FA91FA5ECE9CFF01" box="[1334,1436,1513,1538]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="11.0" valueMin="6.0">6–11 µm</quantity>
|
||
and show from scarce to abundant small spines, equally or unequally distributed along the spicule and not necessarily confined to one of the ends (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FDC8F986C9DAFF49" box="[623,730,1585,1610]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Acanthoxeas measure 120–280 x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FBD0F986CFD1FF49" box="[1143,1233,1585,1610]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7–9 µm</quantity>
|
||
and show few to abundant spines, often more concentrated towards the ends (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FCF2F9E2C8E1FF6D" box="[853,993,1621,1646]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12A, F</figureCitation>
|
||
). In few acanthoxeas, the spines were relatively thick and blunt, becoming a sort of tubercles. Acanthostrongyles measure 129–409 x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FB42F9CECE50FF91" box="[1253,1360,1657,1682]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="5.0">5–12 µm</quantity>
|
||
, being entirely or partially spiny (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FE6FF92AC931FFB5" box="[456,561,1693,1718]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Microscleres are toxiform raphides, occurring in trichodragmata (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297DFFC3FA88F92ACBADFFD9" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">Fig. 12A, H</figureCitation>
|
||
) that measure 22–50 x
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297DFFC3FE14F976C929FFD9" box="[435,553,1729,1754]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="24" pageNumber="165" unit="mm" value="15.0" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="10.0">10–20 µm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297DFFC1FF60F952C91DFF41" blockId="24.[151,1437,325,2006]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1436,1505,2034]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="167" pageId="24" pageNumber="165">
|
||
The skeletal architecture is plumoreticulate. The stalk contains a compact plumoreticulate skeleton with ascending multispiculate tracts including all categories of choanosomal megascleres (i.e., except the long hispidating styles) embedded in moderate spongin. Nevertheless, in order not to damage the stalk, we only sampled a tiny peripheral portion of stalk tissue and cannot discard the occurrence of a pure axial skeleton in its central region. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297DFFC3FEABF8C2CA84FE8D" box="[268,388,1909,1934]" genus="The" pageId="24" pageNumber="160" rank="species" species="lamina">the lamina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the ascending tracts ramify and reticulate irregularly, compressed in the plane of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297DFFC3FAB9F8C2CE98FE8D" box="[1310,1432,1909,1934]" genus="The" pageId="24" pageNumber="160" rank="species" species="lamina">the lamina</taxonomicName>
|
||
; there are also free oxeas and styles arranged obliquely to the ascending tracts. Long hispidating styles with their round end embedded in the ascending tracts protrude largely the surface of the sponge at
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297DFFC3FBDAF80ACFF6FED5" box="[1149,1270,1981,2006]" genus="The" pageId="24" pageNumber="160" rank="species" species="lamina">the lamina</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Additionally, among the long hispidating styles, there is also a short, dense and uniform hispidation caused mostly by nonacanthose rhabdostyles and oxeas. Likewise, the hispidation of the stalk is only due to these shorter spicules, lacking the long hispidating styles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF096628297CFFC2FF30F837CFDCFED0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908981" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4908981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908981/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="166" startId="25.[151,249,1920,1942]" targetBox="[219,1367,193,1899]" targetPageId="25">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297CFFC2FF30F837CFDCFED0" blockId="25.[151,1436,1920,2003]" pageId="25" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297CFFC2FF30F837CA1EFE95" bold="true" box="[151,286,1920,1942]" pageId="25" pageNumber="166">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
(A–B) Neotype (MNCN-Sp23-BV14) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297CFFC2FD61F837CF85FE95" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1983" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[710,1157,1920,1942]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="25" pageNumber="166" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297CFFC2FD61F837C8AEFE95" box="[710,942,1920,1942]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="166">Rhabdobaris implicata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297CFFC2FC13F837CF85FE95" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[948,1157,1920,1942]" pageId="25" pageNumber="166" pagination="445 - 621" refId="ref25562" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621." type="journal article" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected from the Alboran Island and photographed on its both sides. Note some ribs (r) on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297CFFC2FCF3F828C8C4FEB6" box="[852,964,1951,1973]" genus="The" pageId="25" pageNumber="160" rank="species" species="lamina">the lamina</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (C–D) Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297CFFC2FB03F828CBF4FED0" authority="Sitjà & Maldonado, 2014" authorityName="Sitjà & Maldonado" authorityYear="2014" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" genus="Endectyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="25" pageNumber="166" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="filiformis" status="sp. nov." subGenus="Hemectyon">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297CFFC2FB03F828CBF4FED0" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="166">Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297CFFC2FF5DF80ACA4BFED0" bold="true" box="[250,331,1981,2003]" pageId="25" pageNumber="166">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A23157C9297CFFC2FF5DF80ACA4BFED0" box="[250,331,1981,2003]" pageId="25" pageNumber="166" rank="species">nov. sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(MNCN-Sp69 BV21) attached on a small piece of gravel, photographed on its both sides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF096628297FFFC1FF30FB1ECE40FCB7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" startId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" targetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" targetPageId="26">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297FFFC1FF30FB1ECE40FCB7" blockId="26.[151,1436,1193,1460]" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297FFFC1FF30FB1ECA23FDBC" bold="true" box="[151,291,1193,1215]" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297FFFC1FE8BFB1EC9FAFDBC" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1983" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[300,762,1193,1215]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297FFFC1FE8BFB1EC919FDBC" box="[300,537,1193,1215]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">Rhabdobaris implicata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297FFFC1FD85FB1EC9FAFDBC" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[546,762,1193,1215]" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" pagination="445 - 621" refId="ref25562" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621." type="journal article" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297FFFC1FC72FA37CE9CFC95" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1983" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[981,1436,1408,1430]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297FFFC1FC72FA37CFC0FC95" box="[981,1216,1408,1430]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">Rhabdobaris implicata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297FFFC1FB6EFA37CE9CFC95" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[1225,1436,1408,1430]" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" pagination="445 - 621" refId="ref25562" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621." type="journal article" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C36C652B297FFFC0FF60F9FACBF9FD5B" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297FFFC1FF60F9FAC9F4FFD1" blockId="26.[151,1436,1505,2034]" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297FFFC1FF60F9FAC949FF65" bold="true" box="[199,585,1613,1638]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" reason="1">Distribution and ecology notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Rare species, only known previously from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CD8802297FFFC1FB24F9FACFE5FF65" box="[1155,1253,1613,1638]" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297FFFC1FB5EF9FACBD2FF89" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." pageId="26" pageNumber="167" pagination="445 - 621" refId="ref25562" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621." type="journal article" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a specimen collected at
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297FFFC1FDAEF9C6C98FFF8A" box="[521,655,1649,1674]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.49" metricValueMin="1.21" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="135.0" valueMax="149.0" valueMin="121.0">121–149 m</quantity>
|
||
, off Calvi (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3617630297FFFC1FCBCF9C6C8B1FF89" box="[795,945,1649,1674]" name="Corse Island" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">Corse Island</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Western Mediterranean). Our Alboranian specimen, collected from a
|
||
<quantity id="4C8E9B45297FFFC1FE6AF922C93FFFAE" box="[461,575,1685,1710]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.8" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="9.6" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" unit="m" value="98.0" valueMax="100.0" valueMin="96.0">96–100 m</quantity>
|
||
deep, gravel bottom with a very rich associated invertebrate fauna, provides the second record of the species in the Mediterranean.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297FFFC1FF60F96ACE0BFE61" blockId="26.[151,1436,1505,2034]" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297FFFC1FF60F96ACABFFFF5" bold="true" box="[199,447,1757,1782]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" reason="1">Taxonomic remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The body shape and the spicule complement of the newly collected material matches notably well with the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297FFFC1FD2CF8B6C88CFE19" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[651,908,1793,1818]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297FFFC1FD2CF8B6C88CFE19" box="[651,908,1793,1818]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">Rhabdobaris implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297FFFC1FC11F8B6CFABFE19" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[950,1195,1793,1818]" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" pagination="445 - 621" refId="ref25562" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621." type="journal article" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who indicated that it was a new "stipitate" genus in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297FFFC1FDD6F892C9E8FE3D" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1894" box="[625,744,1829,1854]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Bubaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The only difference is that acanthostrongyles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297FFFC1FAA5F892CE6AFE3D" box="[1282,1386,1829,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="26.[151,249,1193,1215]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,205,1172]" captionTargetId="figure-402@26.[151,1436,193,1172]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 12. Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983: (A) Line drawing summarizing the skeletal complement of the Alboranian specimen (MNCN-Sp23-BV14), consisting of hispidating styles (a), smooth rhabdostyles (b) with a regular or swollen round end (c) and acerate, bifid to polyactinal, or stepped distal end (d), acanthostyles (e), small styles (f), smooth oxeas (g) with acerate, stepped, mucronate or polyactinal ends (h), acanthoxeas (i), developing stages of oxeas (j), strongyles (k), acanthostrongyles (l), and toxiform raphides in trichodragmata (m). (B–D) Light microscope views of an hispidating style (B) and choanosomal rhabdostyles (C), sometimes with abnormal, polyactinal points (po). (D) SEM view of an acanthostyle. (E) Light microscope view of oxeas in various shapes, sometimes showing polyactinal ends (po). (F) SEM micrograph of an acanthoxea. (G) Light microscope view of an acanthostrongyle of the holotype Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 (MSNG-47170). (H) SEM image of two overlapped trichodragmata of toxiform raphides in the Alboranian specimen." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908985" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908985/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">Fig. 12G</figureCitation>
|
||
) are more abundant than acanthoxeas in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CD8802297FFFC1FDF5F8FEC9B7FE61" box="[594,695,1865,1890]" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, while it is the opposite in the Alboranian individual.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297FFFC0FF60F8DAC979FB1B" blockId="26.[151,1436,1505,2034]" lastBlockId="27.[151,1437,151,1112]" lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="168" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297FFFC1FEE2F8DAC9C8FE85" authority="Pulitzer-Finali, 1983" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[325,712,1901,1926]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297FFFC1FEE2F8DACAD6FE85" box="[325,470,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">Rhabdobaris</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297FFFC1FE78F8DAC9C8FE85" author="Pulitzer-Finali, G." box="[479,712,1901,1926]" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" pagination="445 - 621" refId="ref25562" refString="Pulitzer-Finali, G. (1983) A collection of Mediterranean Demospongiae (Porifera) with, in appendix, a list of the Demospongiae hitherto recorded from the Mediterranean Sea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria, 84, 445 - 621." type="journal article" year="1983">Pulitzer-Finali, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was declared a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297FFFC1FBF9F8DACFC2FE85" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1898" box="[1118,1218,1901,1926]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297FFFC1FBF9F8DACFC2FE85" box="[1118,1218,1901,1926]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">Cerbaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297FFFC1FB57F8DACA26FEA9" author="Alvarez, B. & Van Soest, R. W. M." pageId="26" pageNumber="167" pagination="748 - 754" refId="ref23354" refString="Alvarez, B. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (2002) Family Bubaridae Topsent, 1894. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 748 - 754." type="book chapter" year="2002">Alvarez & Van Soest (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
on the argument that they both share the occurrence of acanthose diactines in the basal, choanosomal skeleton. However, the features of the newly collected individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297FFFC1FC3FF801CF22FECD" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[920,1058,1973,1998]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297FFFC1FC3FF801CF22FECD" box="[920,1058,1973,1998]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">R. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
make clear that it does not fit the genus diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297FFFC1FE2DF86ECAEEFEF1" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1898" box="[394,494,2009,2034]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297FFFC1FE2DF86ECAEEFEF1" box="[394,494,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">Cerbaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297FFFC1FD39F86ECF04FEF1" author="Alvarez, B. & Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[670,1028,2009,2034]" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" pagination="748 - 754" refId="ref23354" refString="Alvarez, B. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (2002) Family Bubaridae Topsent, 1894. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 748 - 754." type="book chapter" year="2002">Alvarez & Van Soest (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297FFFC1FBBFF86ECF7CFEF1" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1898" box="[1048,1148,2009,2034]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="26" pageNumber="167" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297FFFC1FBBFF86ECF7CFEF1" box="[1048,1148,2009,2034]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="167">Cerbaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, among other traits, is characterized by encrusting sponges, with a choanosomal skeleton consisting of a basal layer of acanthose and smooth diactines and monactines projecting perpendicularly to the substratum. Therefore, the current diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FF30FF68CBFBF9FB" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,251,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FF30FF68CBFBF9FB" box="[151,251,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Cerbaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reflects several major mismatches relative to the features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FC17FF68CFB2F9FB" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[944,1202,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FC17FF68CFB2F9FB" box="[944,1202,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Rhabdobaris implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: 1)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FB45FF56CE6DF9FB" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[1250,1389,223,248]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FB45FF56CE6DF9FB" box="[1250,1389,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">R. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a stalked, flabellate sponge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134D2A25297EFFC0FE6DFEB3C954F81E" box="[458,596,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="25.[151,249,1920,1942]" captionTargetBox="[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetId="figure-66@25.[219,1367,193,1899]" captionTargetPageId="25" captionText="FIGURE 11. (A–B) Neotype (MNCN-Sp23-BV14) of Rhabdobaris implicata Pulitzer-Finali, 1983 collected from the Alboran Island and photographed on its both sides. Note some ribs (r) on the lamina. (C–D) Holotype of Endectyon (Hemectyon) filiformis nov. sp. (MNCN-Sp69 BV21) attached on a small piece of gravel, photographed on its both sides." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4908981" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4908981/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Fig. 11A–B</figureCitation>
|
||
), rather than an encrusting form; 2) the skeleton is not a basal layer, but consists of a plumoreticulate structure of ascending tracts; 3) it lacks the distinct ceroxas (M-shaped oxeas) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FF30FEFBCBFBF866" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1898" box="[151,251,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FF30FEFBCBFBF866" box="[151,251,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Cerbaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 4)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FE81FEFBC927F866" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[294,551,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FE81FEFBC927F866" box="[294,551,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Rhabdobaris implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has acanthostyles in great abundance, a spicule
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CD8802297EFFC0FBE7FEFBCF70F867" box="[1088,1136,332,356]" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">type</typeStatus>
|
||
often missing in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FA96FEFBCE95F866" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1898" box="[1329,1429,332,357]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FA96FEFBCE95F866" box="[1329,1429,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Cerbaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Altogether, the differences in body shape, spicule complement and skeletal organization advice to re-establish the original genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FE98FE23CAD0F8AE" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[319,464,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FE98FE23CAD0F8AE" box="[319,464,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Rhabdobaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
erected by Pulitzler-Finali (1983) in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FC55FE23CF69F8AE" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1894" box="[1010,1129,404,429]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Bubaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Likewise, the existence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FF30FE00CA28F8D3" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[151,296,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FF30FE00CA28F8D3" box="[151,296,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Rhabdobaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
makes compulsory a modification of the current definition for family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FBFBFE00CFD2F8D3" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1894" box="[1116,1234,439,464]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Bubaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as it is currently defined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297EFFC0FEB2FE6BC954F8F6" author="Alvarez, B. & Van Soest, R. W. M." box="[277,596,476,501]" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" pagination="748 - 754" refId="ref23354" refString="Alvarez, B. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (2002) Family Bubaridae Topsent, 1894. In: Hooper, J. N. A. & Van Soest, R. W. M. (Eds.), Systema Porifera. A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 748 - 754." type="book chapter" year="2002">Alvarez & Van Soest (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
only to host sponges with an encrusting growth habit supported by a basal layer of interlacing choanosomal diactines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297EFFC0FF60FD93CF9CFA5E" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">
|
||
A comparison of the spicule complement of our Alboranian specimen to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FC51FD93CF8FFB38" box="[1014,1167,548,573]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FC51FD93CF5AFB3E" box="[1014,1114,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Cerbaris</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurring in or near the Western Mediterranean region reveals only vague resemblance to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FC04FDF0CF07FB63" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1898" box="[931,1031,583,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FC04FDF0CF07FB63" box="[931,1031,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Cerbaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FB2DFDF0CE08FB63" authorityName="Levi & Vacelet" authorityYear="1958" box="[1162,1288,583,608]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Bubaropsis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bubarida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FB2DFDF0CE08FB63" box="[1162,1288,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Bubaropsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FAB9FDF0CA92FB86" authority="(Levi & Vacelet 1958)" baseAuthorityName="Levi & Vacelet" baseAuthorityYear="1958" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="curvisclera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FAB9FDF0CE9CFB63" box="[1310,1436,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">curvisclera</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297EFFC0FF39FDDBCA8AFB86" author="Levi, C. & Vacelet, J." box="[158,394,620,645]" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" pagination="225 - 246" refId="ref24919" refString="Levi, C. & Vacelet, J. (1958) Eponges recoltees dans l'Atlantique Oriental par le " President Theodore Tissier " (1955 - 1956). Revue des Travaux de l'Institut des Peches Maritimes, 22, 225 - 246." type="journal article" year="1958">Lévi & Vacelet 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Azores and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FDFBFDDBC9C0FB86" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1898" box="[604,704,620,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FDFBFDDBC9C0FB86" box="[604,704,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Cerbaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FC9EFDDBC8CEFB86" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1904" box="[825,974,620,645]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdoploca" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Bubarida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FC9EFDDBC8CEFB86" box="[825,974,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Rhabdoploca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FC78FDDBCF82FB86" box="[991,1154,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">curvispiculifer</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297EFFC0FB36FDDBCE1CFB86" author="Carter, H. J." box="[1169,1308,620,645]" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" pagination="126 - 156" refId="ref23946" refString="Carter, H. J. (1880) Report on Specimens dredged up from the Gulf of Manaar and presented to the Liverpool Free Museum by Capt. W. H. Cawne Warren. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5 - 6, 437 - 457, 35 - 61, 126 - 156." type="journal article" year="1880">Carter 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), originally described from the Indian Ocean (Gulf of Manaar) and subsequently found in Azores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297EFFC0FBC1FD38CE00FBAB" author="Topsent, E." box="[1126,1280,655,680]" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" pagination="1 - 279" refId="ref26012" refString="Topsent, E. (1904) Spongiaires des Acores. Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques accomplies par le Prince Albert I. Monaco, 25, 1 - 279." type="journal article" year="1904">Topsent 1904</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Banyuls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE74B51297EFFC0FF39FD03CA36FBCE" author="Vacelet, J." box="[158,310,692,717]" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" pagination="145 - 219" refId="ref26181" refString="Vacelet, J. (1969) Eponges de la Roche du Large et de l'etage bathyal de Mediterranee (recoltees de la Soucoupe plongeante cousteau et dragages). Memoires du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, serie A, 59, 145 - 219." type="journal article" year="1969">Vacelet 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These two latter
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FDA0FD03C9C4FBCE" box="[519,708,692,717]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FDA0FD03C96BFBCE" box="[519,619,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Cerbaris</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are encrusting forms that also lack the plumoreticulate skeleton. In addition, C.
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FEE7FD60CAE3FBF3" box="[320,483,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">curvispiculifer</emphasis>
|
||
lacks raphides, having a spicule complement that varies across described specimens. For instance, it lacks both smooth and acanthose oxeas in the Indian and North-Atlantic specimens, but not in the Mediterranean material.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FE11FCA8C9A4FA3B" baseAuthorityName="Levi & Vacelet" baseAuthorityYear="1958" box="[438,676,799,824]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="curvisclera">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FE11FCA8C9A4FA3B" box="[438,676,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Cerbaris curvisclera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has raphides and smooth oxeas, but lacks any kind of style or acanthostyle. Therefore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FE0AFCF2C936FA5E" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[429,566,836,861]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="implicata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FE0AFCF2C936FA5E" box="[429,566,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">R. implicata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly distinguishable from these
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FC7FFCF3CF9CFA5E" box="[984,1180,836,861]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Cerbaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FC7FFCF3CF3CFA5E" box="[984,1084,836,861]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Cerbaris</emphasis>
|
||
species.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC936A0297EFFC0FF60FCD0CBF9FD5B" blockId="27.[151,1437,151,1112]" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">
|
||
Although the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FE0CFCD0C93CFA83" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[427,572,871,896]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FE0CFCD0C93CFA83" box="[427,572,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Rhabdobaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is herein restituted within the original family in which it was erected, that is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FF30FC3BCA0DFAA6" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,269,908,933]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Bubaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, there are concerns that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FDE6FC3BC9D2FAA6" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[577,722,908,933]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FDE6FC3BC9D2FAA6" box="[577,722,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Rhabdobaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be a raspailiid. Indeed, the body shape, the spicule complement, and the general skeletal organization match better the traits characterizing the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FAB5FC18CE9CFACB" authorityName="Nardo" authorityYear="1833" box="[1298,1436,943,968]" class="Demospongiae" family="Raspailiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Poecilosclerida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Raspailiidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
than those of the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FE1DFC63C931FAEE" authorityName="Topsent" authorityYear="1894" box="[442,561,980,1005]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="family">Bubaridae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Nevertheless,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FD46FC63C872FAEE" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[737,882,980,1005]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FD46FC63C872FAEE" box="[737,882,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Rhabdobaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks the hispidating bouquets around the long hispidating styles, which typically characterize most—but not all—raspailiids. Therefore, a definitive family assignation may require further inference of the phylogenetic relationships of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C764D23297EFFC0FBE4FBABCFD4FD36" authorityName="Pulitzer-Finali" authorityYear="1983" box="[1091,1236,1052,1077]" class="Demospongiae" family="Bubaridae" genus="Rhabdobaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Halichondrida" pageId="27" pageNumber="168" phylum="Porifera" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B902EAB2297EFFC0FBE4FBABCFD4FD36" box="[1091,1236,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="168">Rhabdobaris</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
using molecular markers.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |