204 lines
28 KiB
XML
204 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="3493D6386C4FDD643A2934A453F49627" ID-CLB-Dataset="45800" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3795.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f0614c34-e456-4231-a5c0-281479168dac" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="252134" ID-ZooBank="77AB3EAA-DA13-4C8D-885D-EB9F5F14DE34" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460418923756" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L. & Foltz, David W." docDate="2014" docId="039F453C955D872FFF0BFA2CFEB5FB6F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03795p372.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3795 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Glabraster A.H. Clark 1916" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="339" masterDocId="FFA63D4495568723FF9CFFD9FFA3FF87" masterDocTitle="New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology" masterLastPageNumber="372" masterPageNumber="327" pageNumber="338" updateTime="1698329523474" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5C06397E93332F399801FB3D7E1A2AFB">New taxa and taxonomic revisions to the Poraniidae (Valvatacea; Asteroidea) with Comments on Feeding Biology</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F0372FE3FFD60FF919956199609C6802">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BE594D77B8158FDB7BD1B400C00470FB">Foltz, David W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B70327A757045FAC64FF1E212AC6E7AB">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039F453C955D872FFF0BFA2CFEB5FB6F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6133835" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119426352" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6133835" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039F453C955D872FFF0BFA2CFEB5FB6F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039F453C955D872FFF0BFA2CFEB5FB6F" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">
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<subSubSection id="C32CA7A1955D8728FF0BFA2CFE84F9B7" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A955D8728FF0BFA2CFE4FF988" blockId="11.[151,492,1525,1584]" box="[151,492,1525,1551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">
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<heading id="D0C14346955D8728FF0BFA2CFE4FF988" bold="true" box="[151,492,1525,1551]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955D8728FF0BFA2CFE4FF988" ID-CoL="7P3NW" authority="A.H. Clark 1916" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,492,1525,1551]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Glabraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955D8728FF0BFA2CFE4FF988" bold="true" box="[151,492,1525,1551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955D8728FF0BFA2CFEB4F988" bold="true" box="[151,279,1525,1551]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Glabraster</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB955D8728FE83FA2CFE4FF988" author="Clark" box="[287,492,1525,1551]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" refString="Clark, A. H. (1916) Seven new genera of echinoderms. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 6, 115 - 222." type="journal article" year="1916">A.H. Clark 1916</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A955D8728FF0BF9CEFE84F9B7" blockId="11.[151,492,1525,1584]" box="[151,295,1559,1584]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">
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<figureCitation id="130DE8AF955D8728FF0BF9CEFF50F9B7" box="[151,243,1559,1584]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[176,1407,218,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1863]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Glabraster antarctica USNM 1081800 South Georgia Island, Scotia Sea (R = 4.6). A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. Dorsolateral showing transverse abactinal plates and marginal plate series. D. USNM 1081968 Dorsolateral showing abactinal spines and marginal plate series (R = 4.3). E. USNM 1081798 McDonald Islands. Abactinal surface (R = 5.6). F. USNM 1081827 Ross Sea (R = 4.1)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252139/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Figure 5</figureCitation>
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A–F
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32CA7A1955D8728FF0BF980FE4BF9E8" box="[151,488,1625,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A955D8728FF0BF980FE4BF9E8" blockId="11.[151,488,1625,1647]" box="[151,488,1625,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB26D304955D8728FF0BF980FE4BF9E8" box="[151,488,1625,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955D8728FF0BF980FE4BF9E8" ID-CoL="7P3NW" authority="A.H. Clark 1916: 122" authorityName="A.H. Clark" authorityPageNumber="122" authorityYear="1916" box="[151,488,1625,1647]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Glabraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955D8728FF0BF980FEA5F9E8" box="[151,262,1625,1647]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Glabraster</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A97D23B955D8728FE90F983FE4BF9E8" author="Clark" box="[268,488,1625,1647]" page="122" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" year="1916">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB955D8728FE90F983FE1BF9E8" author="Clark" box="[268,440,1625,1647]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" refString="Clark, A. H. (1916) Seven new genera of echinoderms. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 6, 115 - 222." type="journal article" year="1916">A.H. Clark 1916</bibRefCitation>
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: 122
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C32CA7A1955D8728FF0BF94CFB63F929" box="[151,1216,1685,1710]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A955D8728FF0BF94CFB63F929" blockId="11.[151,1437,1685,2034]" box="[151,1216,1685,1710]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955D8728FF0BF94CFE97F929" bold="true" box="[151,308,1685,1710]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">
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<typeStatus id="548D4A88955D8728FF0BF94CFF71F929" box="[151,210,1685,1710]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955D8728FEA7F94FFD14F929" authority="Studer 1876" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1876" box="[315,695,1685,1710]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magellanica">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955D8728FEA7F94FFD8AF929" box="[315,553,1685,1710]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Porania magellanica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB955D8728FDB3F94CFD14F929" author="Studer" box="[559,695,1685,1710]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" refString="Studer, T. (1876) Uber Echinodermen aus dem antarktischen Meere und zwei neue Seeigel von den Papua - Inseln gesammelt auf der Reise S. M. S. Corvette Gazelle um die Erde. Monatsbericht der Koniglich - Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1876, 425 - 465." type="journal article" year="1876">Studer 1876</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(a synoym of
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955D8728FCC5F94FFB14F929" authority="Smith 1876" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1876" box="[857,1207,1685,1710]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955D8728FCC5F94FFB8DF92A" box="[857,1070,1686,1709]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Porania antarctica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB955D8728FBA8F94CFB14F929" author="Smith" box="[1076,1207,1685,1710]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" refString="Smith, E. A. (1876) Descriptions of species of Asteriidae and Ophiuridae from Kerguelen Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17), 105 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937608681912" type="journal article" year="1876">Smith 1876</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
)
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C32CA7A1955D872FFF5BF960FEB5FB6F" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="339" pageId="11" pageNumber="338" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A955D8728FF5BF960FD7CF875" blockId="11.[151,1437,1685,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955D8728FF5BF960FEE2F955" bold="true" box="[199,321,1721,1746]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Body weakly pentagonal to strongly stellate (R/r= 1.51–2.85). Arms, triangular in shape, varying from well-developed and elongate, contiguous with body to short and emerging abruptly from well-developed disk. Body generally tumescent. Prominent skin overlying abactinal, marginal and actinal surfaces. Plate outlines obscured in wet specimens. Abactinal plates forming widely-spaced, reticulate pattern. Skin present between widely reticulate plates bearing small ossicles among many of the open spaces. Spines present or absent on abactinal plates. When present, spines are prominent and present individually on each plate. Spines, short with thorn-like or blunt tips tend to be most prominent on plates where confluences of bands are present but they are also present in several individuals on individual abactinal bands. Marginal plates imbricate, differing in size. Superomarginals
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<date id="FF88D2EA955D8728FEC7F803FE03F875" box="[347,416,2010,2034]" pageId="11" pageNumber="338">3x–4x</date>
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larger than inferomarginals.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A955A872FFF5BFF4EFE74FEC7" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
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Superomarginal plates, polylobate in shape, plate boundaries obscured by thickened tissue in wet specimens. Superomarginals with no spines, but spinelets variably present. Inferomarginal plates, irregularly polygonal, rounded and pinch out two to four plates before terminus in larger specimens but form nearly complete series in smaller individuals (R>
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<quantity id="4CCE59CF955A872FFE35FEDDFE5DFE9B" box="[425,510,260,285]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" unit="cm" value="1.5">1.5 cm</quantity>
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). Inferomarginals form actinolateral fringe, with one or two flattened spatulate spines present on each plate.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A955A872FFF5BFE95FD30FE72" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Actinal plates, imbricate, forming transverse series between adambulacrals, plates skin covered, otherwise surficial accessories absent in most (i.e., no granules, no spinelets, etc.). Furrow spine (s) pointed, narrow, sheathed in skin, variably one or two, set within the furrow. Subambulacral spines, one or two, paddle shaped, larger than furrow spines (approximately twice as thick) with blunt tips. Subambulacral tips vary from more widely flattened to strongly cuved (u-shaped in cross section).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A955A872FFF5BFE26FF7CFD03" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFF5BFE26FE70FD9F" bold="true" box="[199,467,511,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Taxonomic comments.</emphasis>
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Our molecular results (
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<figureCitation id="130DE8AF955A872FFD7CFE26FC82FD9F" box="[736,801,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1078,1100]" captionTargetBox="[171,1426,222,1046]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,195,1057]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic Tree. Tree with the highest log likelihood, based on 579 bp of the 16 S rDNA gene, obtained using the Maximum Likelihood method with a heuristic search and the Tamura-Nei model. The percentage bootstrap support values based on 500 replicates are shown next to the branches, when greater than 70 %. The scale bar shows the estimated number of substitutions per site." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252135/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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) support separation of the
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<collectingCountry id="F321B4BA955A872FFBCAFE26FB1DFD9F" box="[1110,1214,511,536]" name="Antarctica" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFB5AFDD8FA3FFD9F" box="[1222,1436,513,536]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFB5AFDD8FA3FFD9F" box="[1222,1436,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Porania antarctica</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Arctic/subArctic
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFE5FFDFCFD24FDBA" box="[451,647,548,573]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFE5FFDFCFD24FDBA" box="[451,647,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Porania pulvillus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. This is consistent with several significant morphological differences between the two species, which has historically been perceived as interspecific variation (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB955A872FFB5BFD9EFF70FD03" author="Clark" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman and Hall, London, 820 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark and Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B89F42A955A872FFF5BFD49FC12FCDA" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB955A872FFF5BFD49FE3FFD2F" author="Clark" box="[199,412,655,680]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" refString="Clark, A. H. (1916) Seven new genera of echinoderms. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 6, 115 - 222." type="journal article" year="1916">A.H. Clark (1916)</bibRefCitation>
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created
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFD9FFD56FDDDFD2F" box="[515,638,655,680]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Glabraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFD9FFD56FDDDFD2F" box="[515,638,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Glabraster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to accommodate the southern hemisphere
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFBE9FD48FF6CFD4A" authority="Smith 1876" authorityName="Smith" authorityYear="1876" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFBE9FD48FAEDFD2F" box="[1141,1358,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Porania antarctica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB955A872FFAC5FD56FF6CFD4A" author="Smith" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" refString="Smith, E. A. (1876) Descriptions of species of Asteriidae and Ophiuridae from Kerguelen Island. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17), 105 - 113. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222937608681912" type="journal article" year="1876">Smith 1876</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFE9BFD6CFD25FD4A" authority="Studer 1876" authorityName="Studer" authorityYear="1876" box="[263,646,692,717]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="magellanica">
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<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFE9BFD6CFE55FD4A" box="[263,502,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Porania magellanica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB955A872FFE61FD6DFD25FD4A" author="Studer" box="[509,646,692,717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" refString="Studer, T. (1876) Uber Echinodermen aus dem antarktischen Meere und zwei neue Seeigel von den Papua - Inseln gesammelt auf der Reise S. M. S. Corvette Gazelle um die Erde. Monatsbericht der Koniglich - Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1876, 425 - 465." type="journal article" year="1876">Studer 1876</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(later synonymized). However, according to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB955A872FFB1BFD6DFA34FD4B" author="Clark" box="[1159,1431,692,717]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" refString="Clark, A. M. (1993) An index of names of recent Asteroidea - Part 2, Valvatida. Echinoderm Studies, 4, 187 - 366." type="journal article" year="1993">A.M. Clark (1993: 229)</bibRefCitation>
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,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFF0BFD0EFEB1FD77" box="[151,274,727,752]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Glabraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFF0BFD0EFEB1FD77" box="[151,274,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Glabraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was synonymized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB955A872FFDBDFD0EFD1DFD77" author="Fisher" box="[545,702,727,752]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" refString="Fisher, W. K. (1940) Asteroidea. Discovery Reports, 20, 69 - 306." type="journal article" year="1940">Fisher (1940)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and the name was not used for other citations of “
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFAADFD01FEAAFC93" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFAADFD01FA36FD68" box="[1329,1429,728,751]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">Porania</taxonomicName>
|
||
”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFF0BFD24FEAAFC93" box="[151,265,765,788]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">antarctica</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in the literature [e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA789DB955A872FFD9CFD25FD12FC93" author="Koehler" box="[512,689,764,789]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" refString="Koehler, R. (1920) Echinodermata, Asteroidea. Scientific Reports of the Australiasian Antarctic Expedition, C 8, 1 - 308." type="journal article" year="1920">Koehler (1920)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]. There was apparently no objection to its use in the literature prior to Fisher’s synonymy. The diagnosis of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFDC1FCC6FD7BFCBF" box="[605,728,799,824]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Glabraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFDC1FCC6FD7BFCBF" box="[605,728,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Glabraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is consistent with morphological characters separating it from the northern
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFEBAFC9CFE21FCDB" box="[294,386,837,860]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFEBAFC9CFE21FCDB" box="[294,386,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Porania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
providing us with a basis for reinstating it herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A955A872FFF0BFCB0FF5EFB97" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFF0BFCB0FEC3FC07" box="[151,352,871,896]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFF0BFCB0FEC3FC07" box="[151,352,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Porania pulvillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses an abactinal skeleton composed of tightly reticulate, semi-imbricate, plates when compared against
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFEFBFC55FE42FC22" box="[359,481,908,933]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Glabraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFEFBFC55FE42FC22" box="[359,481,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Glabraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which has a well-defined widely spaced reticulate abactinal skeleton (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF955A872FFA89FC55FAFAFC22" box="[1301,1369,908,933]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[176,1407,218,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1863]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Glabraster antarctica USNM 1081800 South Georgia Island, Scotia Sea (R = 4.6). A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. Dorsolateral showing transverse abactinal plates and marginal plate series. D. USNM 1081968 Dorsolateral showing abactinal spines and marginal plate series (R = 4.3). E. USNM 1081798 McDonald Islands. Abactinal surface (R = 5.6). F. USNM 1081827 Ross Sea (R = 4.1)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252139/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
A–F).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFF0BFC76FE2EFC4F" box="[151,397,943,968]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Glabraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antarctica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFF0BFC76FE2EFC4F" box="[151,397,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Glabraster antarctica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also has adambulacral furrow spines with flattened and blunt tips (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF955A872FFB0CFC76FB77FC4F" box="[1168,1236,943,968]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="14.[151,250,1884,1906]" captionTargetBox="[176,1407,218,1837]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[151,1436,193,1863]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 5. Glabraster antarctica USNM 1081800 South Georgia Island, Scotia Sea (R = 4.6). A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. Dorsolateral showing transverse abactinal plates and marginal plate series. D. USNM 1081968 Dorsolateral showing abactinal spines and marginal plate series (R = 4.3). E. USNM 1081798 McDonald Islands. Abactinal surface (R = 5.6). F. USNM 1081827 Ross Sea (R = 4.1)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252139/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
B), as opposed to those
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFF40FC0CFEF8FC6A" box="[220,347,980,1005]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pulvillus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFF40FC0CFEF8FC6A" box="[220,347,980,1005]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">P. pulvillus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
which are blunt and pointed, but round/oval in cross section, sometimes with cone-like shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="130DE8AF955A872FFF03FC2EFF41FB97" box="[159,226,1015,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="20.[151,250,1898,1920]" captionTargetBox="[222,1338,211,1868]" captionTargetId="figure@20.[214,1354,193,1883]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 6. Porania pulvillus USNM E 08391 P. pulvillus - Scotland. A. Abactinal surface. B. Actinal surface. C. USNM 5533 P. insignis Paralectotype showing densely arranged abactinal skeleton. D. USNM 6385 P. insignis Paralectotype showing widely arranged reticulate skeleton. E. USNM E 46649 P. pulvillus, Nova Scotia, showing denuded abactinals, superomarginals and inferomarginal series. F. Denuded densely arranged / imbricate abactinal plates." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/252140/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
B)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B89F42A955A872FFF5BFBC5FEB5FB6F" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,1256]" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">
|
||
The separation between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFE7FFBC4FD9CFBB3" box="[483,575,1053,1076]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Porania" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFE7FFBC4FD9CFBB3" box="[483,575,1053,1076]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Porania</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFDE0FBC5FD54FBB2" box="[636,759,1052,1077]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Glabraster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9422838955A872FFDE0FBC5FD54FBB2" box="[636,759,1052,1077]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="339">Glabraster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
implies that characters which have been historically been used as support for the two species within a single genus should be attributed either to plesiomorphy (within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C368FA9955A872FFF0BFBBDFEB0FBFA" box="[151,275,1124,1149]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="12" pageNumber="339" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Poraniidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), such as thick skin, smooth skin, distinctive primary plates, or alternatively to convergence (e.g., ventrolateral flange formed by the inferomarginal plates). Both taxa occur in cold-water, low-latitude settings, which provides a plausible setting for similar environmental influence that could result in parallel morphological expression.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |