4002 lines
572 KiB
XML
4002 lines
572 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="262347C098E6017CA512929F8C1C8FBE">Lynx canadensis (Carnivora: Felidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="89F9B7021198A2DE867245400A71B584">LARivièRE, Serge</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="138DA1C82D45E632139DE2A6F9F0792D">Mammalian Species</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="1CD0D07B2948082E0D78AF57CB63C074">2019</mods:date>
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<treatment id="BD6D8798DF64FFBF19601D7278DB442E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4616783" ID-GBIF-Taxon="180588119" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4616783" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BD6D8798DF64FFBF19601D7278DB442E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BD6D8798DF64FFBF19601D7278DB442E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
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<subSubSection id="7DDE6505DF64FFB219601D72783545BF" box="[280,621,1145,1171]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB219601D72783545BF" blockId="0.[280,621,1145,1171]" box="[280,621,1145,1171]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
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<heading id="6E3381E2DF64FFB219601D72783545BF" box="[280,621,1145,1171]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB219601D72783545BF" bold="true" box="[280,621,1145,1171]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
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<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB219601D727B0D45BF" bold="true" box="[280,341,1145,1171]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Lynx</emphasis>
|
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<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB219241D72783545BF" ID-CoL="5HBZT" authority="Kerr, 1792" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[348,621,1145,1171]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB219241D727BBA45BF" bold="true" box="[348,482,1145,1171]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB219911D72783545BF" author="KERR, R." box="[489,621,1145,1171]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" refId="ref19606" refString="KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class 1. Mammalia. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1792">Kerr, 1792</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="7DDE6505DF64FFB2190A1DB9784C45E5" box="[370,532,1202,1225]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB2190A1DB9784C45E5" blockId="0.[370,532,1202,1225]" box="[370,532,1202,1225]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Canadian Lynx</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DDE6505DF64FFB218151DEC7B294632" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB218151DEC7B3C4412" blockId="0.[109,792,1255,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
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||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218151DEC7A2545D2" box="[109,125,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">F</emphasis>
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<insertion id="A841514FDF64FFB218061DEC7AEE45D2" box="[126,182,1255,1278]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
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[
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218FE1DEC7AF345D2" box="[134,171,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">elis</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
</insertion>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218AB1DEC7B5E45D2" box="[211,262,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB219651DEC783845D2" ID-CoL="5HBZT" authority="Kerr, 1792: 157" authorityName="Kerr" authorityPageNumber="157" authorityYear="1792" box="[285,608,1255,1278]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB219651DEC7BCC45D2" box="[285,404,1255,1278]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB219D41DEC783845D2" author="KERR, R." box="[428,608,1255,1278]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" refId="ref19606" refString="KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class 1. Mammalia. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1792">Kerr, 1792:157</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="EA7F882CDF64FFB21A041DEC78E945D2" box="[636,689,1255,1278]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="473BC19CDF64FFB218E51C0C7B544432" box="[157,268,1287,1310]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
“
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF64FFB218DF1C0C7AA64432" box="[167,254,1287,1310]" name="Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
;”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
restricted to
|
||
<quote id="473BC19CDF64FFB219DE1C0C78AA4432" box="[422,754,1287,1310]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
“Eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF64FFB21A751C0C78054432" box="[525,605,1287,1310]" name="Canada" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
[=
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF64FFB21AF41C0C78BA4432" box="[652,738,1287,1310]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
]”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB218E51C2C7B384412" author="MILLER, G. S., JR." box="[157,352,1319,1342]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 455" refId="ref21011" refString="MILLER, G. S., JR. 1912. List of North American land mammals in the United States, National Museum, 1911. Bulletin of the United States National Museum 79: 1 - 455." type="journal article" year="1912">Miller (1912:119)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB218151C4C7B724452" blockId="0.[109,792,1255,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB218151C4C78914472" ID-CoL="5HBZT" authority=": E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803: 120" authorityName="E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire" authorityPageNumber="120" authorityYear="1803" box="[109,713,1351,1374]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218151C4C7B7B4472" box="[109,291,1351,1374]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Felis canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
: É.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB219211C4C78914472" author="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, E." box="[345,713,1351,1374]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" refId="ref18723" refString="GEOFFROY SAINT-HILAIRE, E. 1803. Catalogue des mammiferes du Museum National d'histoire naturelle. Paris, France (printed draft but not published)." type="book" year="1803">Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803:120</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB218151C8C7B724492" blockId="0.[109,792,1255,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218151C8C7AF844B2" box="[109,160,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB218DE1C8C785F44B2" ID-CoL="5HBZT" authority=": Rafinesque, 1817: 46" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityPageNumber="46" authorityYear="1817" box="[166,519,1415,1438]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218DE1C8C7B4544B2" box="[166,285,1415,1438]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB219521C8C785F44B2" author="RAFINESQUE, C. S." box="[298,519,1415,1438]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" pagination="44 - 46" refId="ref23191" refString="RAFINESQUE, C. S. 1817. Description of seven new genera of North American quadrupeds. American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review 2: 44 - 46." type="journal article" year="1817">Rafinesque, 1817:46</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. First use of current name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB218151CCC785644D2" blockId="0.[109,792,1255,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB218151CCC7BA244F2" authority=": Temminck, 1824: 109" authorityName="Temminck" authorityPageNumber="109" authorityYear="1824" box="[109,506,1479,1502]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218151CCC7B5844F2" box="[109,256,1479,1502]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Felis borealis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB219691CCC7BA244F2" author="TEMMINCK, C. J." box="[273,506,1479,1502]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" refId="ref25085" refString="TEMMINCK, C. J. 1824. Monographies de Mammalogie, ou description de quelques genres de mammiferes. dont les especes ont ete observees dans les differens musees de l'Europe. C. C. Vander Hoek, Leiden, The Netherlands." type="book" year="1824">Temminck, 1824:109</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination; part, not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB218BE1CEC785E44D2" authority="Thunberg, 1798" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1798" box="[198,518,1511,1534]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borealis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218BE1CEC7B0E44D2" box="[198,342,1511,1534]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Felis borealis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB219251CEC785E44D2" author="THUNBERG, C. P." box="[349,518,1511,1534]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" refId="ref25158" refString="THUNBERG, C. P. 1798. Beskrifning pa Svenska Djur. Forsta classen om Mammalia eller daggande djuren. J. F. Edman, Uppsala, Sweden." type="book" year="1798">Thunberg, 1798</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB218151F0C79544732" blockId="0.[109,792,1255,1822]" box="[109,780,1543,1566]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218151F0C7AA54732" box="[109,253,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB218DF1F0C7AA54732" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1798" box="[167,253,1543,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="borealis">borealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB2197C1F0C78764732" ID-CoL="5HBZT" authority=": True, 1885: 611" authorityName=": True" authorityPageNumber="611" authorityYear="1885" box="[260,558,1543,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB2197C1F0C7B234732" box="[260,379,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB219F01F0C78764732" author="TRUE, F. W." box="[392,558,1543,1566]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" pagination="587 - 611" refId="ref25259" refString="TRUE, F. W. 1885 [1884]. A provisional list of the mammals of North and Central America and the West Indian Islands. Proceeding United States National Museum 7: 587 - 611." type="journal article" year="1885">True, 1885:611</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB218151F2C7B134772" blockId="0.[109,792,1255,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218151F2C7B734712" box="[109,299,1575,1598]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Lynx subsolanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB219461F2C7BAD4712" author="BANGS, O." box="[318,501,1575,1598]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" pagination="47 - 51" refId="ref16783" refString="BANGS, O. 1897. Notes on the lynxes of eastern North America, with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 11: 47 - 51." type="journal article" year="1897">Bangs, 1897:49</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="EA7F882CDF64FFB21A741F2C78194712" box="[524,577,1575,1598]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="473BC19CDF64FFB21ACF1F2C7B134772" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">“Codroy, Newfoundland.”</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB218151F6C781B47B2" blockId="0.[109,792,1255,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218151F6C7BEF4752" box="[109,439,1639,1662]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB218D71F6C7B7E4752" ID-CoL="5HBZT" authorityName=": True" authorityYear="1885" box="[175,294,1639,1662]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
mollipilosus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB219BE1F6C782A4752" author="STONE, W." box="[454,626,1639,1662]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" pagination="4 - 49" refId="ref24888" refString="STONE, W. 1900. Report on the birds and the mammals collected by the McIlhenny expedition to Pt. Barrow, Alaska. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 52: 4 - 49." type="journal article" year="1900">Stone, 1900:48</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus id="EA7F882CDF64FFB21AFC1F6C78E14752" box="[644,697,1639,1662]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality
|
||
<quote id="473BC19CDF64FFB218E51F8C781B47B2" box="[157,579,1671,1694]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
“Wainwright Inlet, Pt. Barrow,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF64FFB219901F8C786E47B2" box="[488,566,1671,1694]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
.”
|
||
</quote>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB218151FAC7B7247F2" blockId="0.[109,792,1255,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
[
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB2180E1FAC7B634792" box="[118,315,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB218BC1FAC7B634792" ID-CoL="5HBZT" authorityName=": True" authorityYear="1885" box="[196,315,1703,1726]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
]
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB219261FAC7B8D4792" box="[350,469,1703,1726]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">subsolanus</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB2198E1FAC78E24792" author="ELLIOT, D. G." box="[502,698,1703,1726]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" pagination="1 - 471" refId="ref18186" refString="ELLIOT, D. G. 1901. A synopsis of the mammals of North America and the adjacent seas. Field Columbian Museum, Publication 45, Zoological Series 2: 1 - 471." type="book chapter" year="1901">Elliot, 1901:296</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="61BB6606DF64FFB21B301FA47E2A47CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573616" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573616/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" startId="0.[840,875,1711,1732]" targetBox="[852,1511,1147,1698]" targetPageId="0">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB21B301FA47E2A47CD" blockId="0.[840,1522,1711,1761]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB21B301FA479F947E8" bold="true" box="[840,929,1711,1732]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Fig. 1.—</emphasis>
|
||
An adult
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB21B871FA47EF947E8" box="[1023,1185,1711,1732]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB21C4E1FA47EF947E8" ID-CoL="5HBZT" authorityName=": True" authorityYear="1885" box="[1078,1185,1711,1732]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Used with permission of Quebec Ministry of Natural Resources.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF64FFB218151FEC7B294632" blockId="0.[109,792,1255,1822]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF64FFB218151FEC794C47D2" ID-CoL="5HBZT" authority=": Kurten and Rausch, 1959: 44" authorityName="Kurten and Rausch" authorityPageNumber="44" authorityYear="1959" box="[109,788,1767,1790]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="lynx" subGenus="Lynx" subSpecies="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218151FEC7AF847D2" box="[109,160,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Felis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB218C01FEC7AB347D2" box="[184,235,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF64FFB2197A1FEC7BEC47D2" box="[258,436,1767,1790]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="136">lynx canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
: Kurtén and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF64FFB21A2E1FEC794C47D2" author="R. RAUSCH" box="[598,788,1767,1790]" pageId="0" pageNumber="136" pagination="21 - 45" refId="ref20089" refString="KURTeN, B., AND R. RAUSCH. 1959. Biometric comparisons between North American and European mammals. II. A comparison between northern lynxes of Fennoscandia and Alaska. Acta Arctica 11: 21 - 45." type="journal article" year="1959">Rausch, 1959:44</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Name combination.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DDE6505DF65FFB3181519C0794147B1" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB3181519C0788D434E" blockId="1.[109,793,203,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
CONTEXT AND CONTENT. Order
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB319AA19C0786441CE" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" box="[466,572,203,226]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Carnivora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31ADB19C0794C41CE" box="[675,788,203,226]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Feliformia">Feliformia</taxonomicName>
|
||
, family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318C519E07B54402E" box="[189,268,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Felidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB319E819E07B87402E" box="[400,479,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Felinae">Felinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, genus
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31A4019E07832402E" box="[568,618,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31A0419E078F6402E" box="[636,686,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
currently contains four recognized species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB319961800783A400E" authorityName=": True" authorityYear="1885" box="[494,610,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319961800783A400E" box="[494,610,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31A0E180078F9400E" box="[630,673,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lynx">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31A0E180078F9400E" box="[630,673,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">lynx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31ACE1800794A400E" box="[694,786,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31ACE1800794A400E" box="[694,786,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">pardinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318E518207A8A406E" box="[157,210,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318E518207A8A406E" box="[157,210,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—Sunquist and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB319FA18207844406E" author="SUNQUIST, M. E. & F. C. SUNQUIST" box="[386,540,299,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref25021" refString="SUNQUIST, M. E., AND F. C. SUNQUIST. 2009. Family Felidae (cats). Pp. 54 - 168 in Handbook of mammals of the world, vol. 1. Carnivores (D. E. Wilson and R. A. Mittermeier, eds.). Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona, Spain." type="book" year="2009">Sunquist 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31A551820789F406E" author="KITCHNER" box="[557,711,299,322]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref19639" refString="KITCHNER, ET AL. 2017. A revised taxonomy of the Felidae. The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN / SSS Cat Specialist Group. Cat News Special Issue 11. Stampfli Publikationen AG, Bern, Switzerland." type="book" year="2017">Kitchner 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); a generic synonymy and key to the species of
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31A3C1840782E404E" box="[580,630,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
is provided in Larivière and Walton (1997). Three subspecies were recognized by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB318F418807B15408E" author="WOZENCRAFT, C." box="[140,333,395,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref25971" refString="WOZENCRAFT, C. 2005. Order Carnivora. Pp. 532 - 628 in Mammal species of the world (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). 3 rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2005">Wozencraft (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; however, Sunquist and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31A3F188078B5408E" author="SUNQUIST, M. E. & F. C. SUNQUIST" box="[583,749,395,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref25021" refString="SUNQUIST, M. E., AND F. C. SUNQUIST. 2009. Family Felidae (cats). Pp. 54 - 168 in Handbook of mammals of the world, vol. 1. Carnivores (D. E. Wilson and R. A. Mittermeier, eds.). Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona, Spain." type="book" year="2009">Sunquist (2009)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB3181518A07B4940EE" author="BANFIELD, A. F. W." box="[109,273,427,450]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref16757" refString="BANFIELD, A. F. W. 1974. The mammals of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada." type="book" year="1974">Banfield (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
recognized only two (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB3198A18A0783E40EE" authorityName=": True" authorityYear="1885" box="[498,614,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB3198A18A0783E40EE" box="[498,614,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31AED18A0795140EE" box="[661,777,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">subsolanus</emphasis>
|
||
). More recently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB3197318C07BC240CE" authorityName=": True" authorityYear="1885" box="[267,410,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB3197318C07B4240CE" box="[267,282,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB3195E18C07BC240CE" box="[294,410,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been presented as monotypic by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB3181518E07B0E432E" author="KITCHNER" box="[109,342,491,514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref19639" refString="KITCHNER, ET AL. 2017. A revised taxonomy of the Felidae. The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN / SSS Cat Specialist Group. Cat News Special Issue 11. Stampfli Publikationen AG, Bern, Switzerland." type="book" year="2017">Kitchner et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who interpreted the level of morphologic and genetic differences between the taxa as insufficient to support subspecific status for
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319281B207B9C436E" box="[336,452,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">subsolanus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB3198F1B20782E436E" box="[503,630,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">mollipilosus</emphasis>
|
||
. The following three subspecies are those presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31A731B407896434E" author="WOZENCRAFT, C." box="[523,718,587,610]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref25971" refString="WOZENCRAFT, C. 2005. Order Carnivora. Pp. 532 - 628 in Mammal species of the world (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). 3 rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2005">Wozencraft (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB318151B8A781A43B4" blockId="1.[109,590,641,728]" box="[109,578,641,664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318151B8A7AC443B4" box="[109,156,641,664]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. c.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318DB1B8A7B9B43B4" authority="Kerr, 1792: 157" authorityName="Kerr" authorityPageNumber="157" authorityYear="1792" box="[163,451,641,664]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318DB1B8A7B4243B4" box="[163,282,641,664]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB319581B8A7B9B43B4" author="KERR, R." box="[288,451,641,664]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref19606" refString="KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class 1. Mammalia. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1792">Kerr, 1792:157</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB318151BAA78164394" blockId="1.[109,590,641,728]" box="[109,590,673,696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318151BAA7B7D4394" box="[109,293,673,696]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. c. mollipilosus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB319541BAA7B884394" author="STONE, W." box="[300,464,673,696]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="4 - 49" refId="ref24888" refString="STONE, W. 1900. Report on the birds and the mammals collected by the McIlhenny expedition to Pt. Barrow, Alaska. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 52: 4 - 49." type="journal article" year="1900">Stone, 1900:48</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB318151BCA781043F4" blockId="1.[109,590,641,728]" box="[109,584,705,728]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318151BCA7B4243F4" box="[109,282,705,728]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. c. subsolanus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB319581BCA7B9243F4" author="BANGS, O." box="[288,458,705,728]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="47 - 51" refId="ref16783" refString="BANGS, O. 1897. Notes on the lynxes of eastern North America, with descriptions of two new species. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 11: 47 - 51." type="journal article" year="1897">Bangs, 1897:49</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. See above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB318151A0D79414411" blockId="1.[109,793,774,1693]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES. Since
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB319AC1A0D78154231" author="KERR, R." box="[468,589,774,797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref19606" refString="KERR, R. 1792. The animal kingdom, or zoological system of the celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus. Class 1. Mammalia. John Murray, London, United Kingdom." type="book" year="1792">Kerr’s 1792</bibRefCitation>
|
||
description of
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31A9E1A0D7AB84211" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318151A2D7AB84211" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[109,224,806,829]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
its taxonomic placement has been questioned. During the 1970s through the 1990s, some researchers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31A191A4D79494271" author="VAN GELDER, R. G." box="[609,785,838,861]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 25" refId="ref25347" refString="VAN GELDER, R. G. 1977. Mammalian hybrids and generic limits. American Museum Novitates 2635: 1 - 25." type="journal article" year="1977">Van Gelder 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB318151A6D7AAB4251" author="CORBET, G. B." box="[109,243,870,893]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref17952" refString="CORBET, G. B. 1978. The mammals of Palaearctic region: a taxonomic review. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York." type="book" year="1978">Corbet 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB3197D1A6D7BC74251" author="HEMMER, H." box="[261,415,870,893]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="71 - 79" refId="ref19056" refString="HEMMER, H. 1978. The evolutionary systematics of living Felidae: present status and current problems. Carnivore 1: 71 - 79." type="journal article" year="1978">Hemmer 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; McKenna and Bell 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31AB61A6D7AF942B1" author="GROVES, C. P." pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="28 - 39" refId="ref18866" refString="GROVES, C. P. 1982. Cranial and dental characteristics in the systematics of Old World Felidae. Carnivore 5: 28 - 39." type="journal article" year="1982">Groves 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; McCord and Cardoza 1982;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB3199E1A8D78DE42B1" author="TUMLISON, R." box="[486,646,902,925]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref25298" refString="TUMLISON, R. 1987. Felis lynx. Mammalian Species 269: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1987">Tumlison 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) thought that either data were insufficient or that differences between species were not great enough to warrant a separate genus and thus retained
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318B31AED7AA542D1" box="[203,253,998,1021]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
as a subspecies within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31A7A1AED786B42D1" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[514,563,998,1021]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31A7A1AED786B42D1" box="[514,563,998,1021]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Felis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Others (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31AE41AED7AF94531" author="MATYUSHKIN, E. N." pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 279" refId="ref20455" refString="MATYUSHKIN, E. N. 1979. Rysi Golarktiki [Lynx of the Holarctic]. Pp. 76 - 162 in Mlekopitayushchie: issledovaniya po faune Sovetskovo Soyuza [Mammals: investigation on the fauna of the Soviet Union] (O. L. Rossolimo, ed.). Sbornik Trudov Zoologicheskovo Muzeya MGU 13: 1 - 279 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1979">Matyushkin 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB318C81D0D7B414531" author="HALL, E. R." box="[176,281,1030,1053]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="601 - 1181" refId="ref18893" refString="HALL, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 2: 601 - 1181." type="journal article" year="1981">Hall 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB3195F1D0D7B994531" author="WERDELIN, L." box="[295,449,1030,1053]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="37 - 71" refId="ref25756" refString="WERDELIN, L. 1981. The evolution of lynxes. Annales Zoologi Fennici 18: 37 - 71." type="journal article" year="1981">Werdelin 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Garcia-Perea 1992;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31AD91D0D7AF94511" author="WOZENCRAFT, W. C." pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref25914" refString="WOZENCRAFT, W. C. 1993. Order Carnivora: felidae. Pp. 288 - 299 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1993">Wozencraft 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) supported
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319671D2D7B094511" box="[287,337,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
as a distinct genus.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31A5E1D2D78ED4511" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[550,693,1062,1085]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31A5E1D2D786C4511" box="[550,564,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31A3A1D2D78ED4511" box="[578,693,1062,1085]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been considered as conspecific with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB319CC1D4D7BA44571" box="[436,508,1094,1117]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lynx">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319CC1D4D7B9A4571" box="[436,450,1094,1117]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319A91D4D7BA44571" box="[465,508,1094,1117]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">lynx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Kurtén and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31AF11D4D79494571" author="R. RAUSCH" box="[649,785,1094,1117]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="21 - 45" refId="ref20089" refString="KURTeN, B., AND R. RAUSCH. 1959. Biometric comparisons between North American and European mammals. II. A comparison between northern lynxes of Fennoscandia and Alaska. Acta Arctica 11: 21 - 45." type="journal article" year="1959">Rausch 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB318151D6D7AA84551" author="WEIGEL, I." box="[109,240,1126,1149]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref25706" refString="WEIGEL, I. 1961. Das Fellmuster der wildlebenden Katzenarten und der Hauskatze in Vergleichender und Stammesgeschicher Hinsicht. Saugetierkundliche Mitteilungen 9: 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1961">Weigel 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; McCord and Cardoza 1982; Quinn and Parker 1987;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB318151D8D7B4945B1" author="TUMLISON, R." box="[109,273,1158,1181]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref25298" refString="TUMLISON, R. 1987. Felis lynx. Mammalian Species 269: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1987">Tumlison 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and as a distinct species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31A2B1D8D794945B1" author="MATYUSHKIN, E. N." box="[595,785,1158,1181]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 279" refId="ref20455" refString="MATYUSHKIN, E. N. 1979. Rysi Golarktiki [Lynx of the Holarctic]. Pp. 76 - 162 in Mlekopitayushchie: issledovaniya po faune Sovetskovo Soyuza [Mammals: investigation on the fauna of the Soviet Union] (O. L. Rossolimo, ed.). Sbornik Trudov Zoologicheskovo Muzeya MGU 13: 1 - 279 (in Russian)." type="journal article" year="1979">Matyushkin 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Kurtén and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB318941DAD7BD74591" author="E. ANDERSON" box="[236,399,1190,1213]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref20064" refString="KURTeN, B., AND E. ANDERSON. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York." type="book" year="1980">Anderson 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB319E71DAD78624591" author="WERDELIN, L." box="[415,570,1190,1213]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="37 - 71" refId="ref25756" refString="WERDELIN, L. 1981. The evolution of lynxes. Annales Zoologi Fennici 18: 37 - 71." type="journal article" year="1981">Werdelin 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Garcia Perea 1992;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB318151DCD7B7B45F1" author="WOZENCRAFT, W. C." box="[109,291,1222,1245]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref25914" refString="WOZENCRAFT, W. C. 1993. Order Carnivora: felidae. Pp. 288 - 299 in Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." type="book" year="1993">Wozencraft 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). More recently
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB319A41DCD78FA45F1" author="WOZENCRAFT, C." box="[476,674,1222,1245]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref25971" refString="WOZENCRAFT, C. 2005. Order Carnivora. Pp. 532 - 628 in Mammal species of the world (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder, eds.). 3 rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland." type="book" year="2005">Wozencraft (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in his revision of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318AB1DED7B6445D1" authorityName="Bowdich" authorityYear="1821" box="[211,316,1254,1277]" class="Mammalia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Carnivora</taxonomicName>
|
||
, placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB319EB1DED785E45D1" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[403,518,1254,1277]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319EB1DED785E45D1" box="[403,518,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31A291DED78DB45D1" box="[593,643,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
along with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31B7B1DED7AC04431" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lynx">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31B7B1DED794945D1" box="[771,785,1254,1277]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318151C0D7AC04431" box="[109,152,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">lynx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318DD1C0D7B434431" box="[165,283,1286,1309]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318DD1C0D7AEB4431" box="[165,179,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318B81C0D7B434431" box="[192,283,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">pardinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB3192C1C0D7BFC4431" box="[340,420,1286,1309]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB3192C1C0D7B3A4431" box="[340,354,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319171C0D7BFC4431" box="[367,420,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB319AF1C0D78ED4431" author="KITCHNER" box="[471,693,1286,1309]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref19639" refString="KITCHNER, ET AL. 2017. A revised taxonomy of the Felidae. The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN / SSS Cat Specialist Group. Cat News Special Issue 11. Stampfli Publikationen AG, Bern, Switzerland." type="book" year="2017">Kitchner et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in a revision of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318A51C2D7B714411" box="[221,297,1318,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Felidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
presented
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB319EE1C2D787B4411" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[406,547,1318,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319EE1C2D7BFC4411" box="[406,420,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319C81C2D787B4411" box="[432,547,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a monotypic species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB318E01C4D7BB24731" blockId="1.[109,793,774,1693]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Analyses using 16S rRNA and NADH-5 indicated that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318151C6D7B5A4451" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[109,258,1382,1405]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318151C6D7B5A4451" box="[109,258,1382,1405]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB319401C6D7BDA4451" box="[312,386,1382,1405]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lynx">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319401C6D7BDA4451" box="[312,386,1382,1405]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. lynx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are sister taxa with an older ancestor common to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318951C8D7B1844B1" box="[237,320,1414,1437]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318951C8D7B1844B1" box="[237,320,1414,1437]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Johnson and O’Brien 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31A031C8D7ABF4491" author="PECON-SLATTERY, J. & A. J. PEARKS WILKERSON & W. J. MURPHY & S. J. O'BRIEN" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="2299 - 2309" refId="ref22339" refString="PECON-SLATTERY, J., A. J. PEARKS WILKERSON, W. J. MURPHY, AND S. J. O'BRIEN. 2004. Phylogenetic assessment of introns and SINEs within the Y chromosome using the cat family Felidae as a species tree. Molecular Biology and Evolution 21: 2299 - 2309." type="journal article" year="2004">Pecon-Slattery et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB318831CAD7B814491" author="JOHNSON, W. E." box="[251,473,1446,1469]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="73 - 77" refId="ref19476" refString="JOHNSON, W. E., ET AL. 2006. The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment. Science 311: 73 - 77." type="journal article" year="2006">Johnson et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, another analysis using a Y chromosome marker recovered a sister relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318B71CED7B7C44D1" box="[207,292,1510,1533]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318B71CED7B7C44D1" box="[207,292,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB319241CED7BFE44D1" box="[348,422,1510,1533]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lynx">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319241CED7BFE44D1" box="[348,422,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. lynx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the exclusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31AFB1CED7BBD4731" authority="(Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31AFB1CED794044D1" box="[643,792,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Pecon-Slattery and O’Brien 1998)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB318E01F2D794147B1" blockId="1.[109,793,774,1693]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318E01F2D7B1D4711" box="[152,325,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318AE1F2D7B1D4711" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[214,325,1574,1597]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
previously was described under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31AC91F2D7B4E4771" authority="(Tumlison 1987)" baseAuthorityName="Tumlison" baseAuthorityYear="1987" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lynx">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31AC91F2D79404711" box="[689,792,1574,1597]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Felis lynx</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB3180D1F4D7B544771" author="TUMLISON, R." box="[117,268,1606,1629]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref25298" refString="TUMLISON, R. 1987. Felis lynx. Mammalian Species 269: 1 - 8." type="journal article" year="1987">Tumlison 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Other vernacular names include
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF65FFB31A1A1F4D78F64771" box="[610,686,1606,1629]" name="Canada" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
lynx, lynx du
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF65FFB318EA1F6D7A864751" box="[146,222,1638,1661]" name="Canada" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
(French), loup-cervier (French), pishu (Cree), lucivee, lynx, wildcat, link (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF65FFB319521F8D7B9147B1" box="[298,457,1670,1693]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Yukon Territory</collectingRegion>
|
||
and InteriorAlaska), and lynx cat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="5C4B2F65DF65FFB319091FD57F09442E" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DDE6505DF65FFB319091FD57F09442E" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB319091FD5784C47D4" blockId="1.[369,532,1758,1784]" box="[369,532,1758,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<heading id="6E3381E2DF65FFB319091FD5784C47D4" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[369,532,1758,1784]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319091FD5784C47D4" bold="true" box="[369,532,1758,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">DIAGNOSIS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB318E01E2979BC43EE" blockId="1.[109,792,1826,1945]" lastBlockId="1.[840,1523,201,1282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB318E01E297B104615" box="[152,328,1826,1849]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB318A91E297B104615" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[209,328,1826,1849]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="ADFF2A0BDF65FFB3192F1E297BCC4615" box="[343,404,1826,1849]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="0.[840,875,1711,1732]" captionTargetBox="[852,1511,1147,1698]" captionTargetId="figure-411@0.[852,1511,1147,1698]" captionTargetPageId="0" captionText="Fig. 1.—An adult Lynx canadensis. Used with permission of Quebec Ministry of Natural Resources." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573616" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573616/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) is the tallest lynx in North America and can be differentiated from the sympatric bobcat
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31AB81E4979404675" box="[704,792,1858,1881]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31AB81E4978974675" box="[704,719,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31A991E4979404675" box="[737,792,1858,1881]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its larger size (head–body length
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31A671E69789E4655" box="[543,710,1890,1913]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.145" metricValueMax="10.67" metricValueMin="7.62" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="cm" value="91.45" valueMax="106.7" valueMin="76.2">76.2–106.7 cm</quantity>
|
||
versus
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB318151E897ABE46B5" box="[109,230,1922,1945]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.5" metricValueMin="6.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="cm" value="85.0" valueMax="105.0" valueMin="65.0">65–105 cm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB319711E897B0546B5" box="[265,349,1922,1945]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB319711E897B4046B5" box="[265,280,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB3195E1E897B0546B5" box="[294,349,1922,1945]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—Sunquist and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31A731E8978FC46B5" author="SUNQUIST, M. E. & F. C. SUNQUIST" box="[523,676,1922,1945]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref25021" refString="SUNQUIST, M. E., AND F. C. SUNQUIST. 2009. Family Felidae (cats). Pp. 54 - 168 in Handbook of mammals of the world, vol. 1. Carnivores (D. E. Wilson and R. A. Mittermeier, eds.). Lynx Ediciones, Barcelona, Spain." type="book" year="2009">Sunquist 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), its large, widely spreadable and furry feet (feet are smaller, <
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31D0D19C07FEF41CE" box="[1397,1463,203,226]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="cm" value="30.0">30 cm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF65FFB31DCF19C27FE741FB" attach="left" box="[1463,1471,201,215]" fontSize="6" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">2</superScript>
|
||
, and pads are naked in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31C6F19E07E35402E" box="[1047,1133,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31C6F19E07E7E402E" box="[1047,1062,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31C4E19E07E35402E" box="[1078,1133,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), longer legs (height at shoulder>
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31B30180079D4400E" box="[840,908,267,290]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="cm" value="46.0">46 cm</quantity>
|
||
versus <
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31B8018007E65400E" box="[1016,1085,267,290]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="cm" value="45.0">45 cm</quantity>
|
||
for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31C1518007E9A400E" box="[1133,1218,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31C1518007E24400E" box="[1133,1148,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31CF318007E9A400E" box="[1163,1218,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), longer ear tufts (>
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31DD018007FAB400E" box="[1448,1523,267,290]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
versus <
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31BDE182079B6406E" box="[934,1006,299,322]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="cm" value="2.5">2.5 cm</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31C7518207E07406E" box="[1037,1119,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31C7518207E44406E" box="[1037,1052,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31C5018207E07406E" box="[1064,1119,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), shorter tail (<0.5 length of hind foot versus> 0.5 length of hind foot in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31CC418407F48404E" box="[1212,1296,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31CC418407E93404E" box="[1212,1227,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31CA118407F48404E" box="[1241,1296,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and more imprecise spotting on the belly fur (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31C2918607F5040AE" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[1105,1288,363,386]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Larivière and Walton 1997;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31BE818807E6F408E" author="REZENDES, P." box="[912,1079,395,418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref23336" refString="REZENDES, P. 1999. Tracking and the art of seeing. Firefly Books Ltd., Willowdale, Ontario, Canada." type="book" year="1999">Rezendes 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On average,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31C9C18807F24408E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1252,1404,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31C9C18807F24408E" box="[1252,1404,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is heavier (mean body weight, males:
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31C1718A07EF640EE" box="[1135,1198,427,450]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="kg" value="10.0">10 kg</quantity>
|
||
; females:
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31D6118A07F0540EE" box="[1305,1373,427,450]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="8.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="kg" value="8.5">8.5 kg</quantity>
|
||
) than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31DD818A07FAB40EE" box="[1440,1523,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31DD818A07FAB40EE" box="[1440,1523,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(mean body weight, males:
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31C0E18C07EE540CE" box="[1142,1213,459,482]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="kg" value="9.6">9.6 kg</quantity>
|
||
; females: 6.8 kg—Anderson and Lovallo 2003) although the opposite has been noted in some areas (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31BEA1B007E0F430E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[914,1111,523,546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31C111B007F66430E" author="BUSKIRK, S. W. & L. F. RUGGIERO & C. J. KREBS" box="[1129,1342,523,546]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref17522" refString="BUSKIRK, S. W., L. F. RUGGIERO, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pp. 83 - 100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Buskirk et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The tip of the tail of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31BEA1B207E7F436E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[914,1063,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31BEA1B207E7F436E" box="[914,1063,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is black all around and that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31DFB1B207F80436E" box="[1411,1496,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31DFB1B207F80436E" box="[1411,1496,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is black on the dorsal surface only (Larivière and Walton 1997). Pelage of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31BC61B607E0F43AE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[958,1111,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31BC61B607E0F43AE" box="[958,1111,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
typically is more grayish (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31DEA1B607925438E" author="WERDELIN, L." pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="37 - 71" refId="ref25756" refString="WERDELIN, L. 1981. The evolution of lynxes. Annales Zoologi Fennici 18: 37 - 71." type="journal article" year="1981">Werdelin 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Sunquist and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31C641B807EED438E" author="SUNQUIST, M. & F. SUNQUIST" box="[1052,1205,651,674]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref24962" refString="SUNQUIST, M., AND F. SUNQUIST. 2002. Lynx: Canada lynx, Eurasian lynx, Iberian lynx, Bobcat. Pp. 155 - 163 in Wild cats of the world (M. Sunquist and F. Sunquist, eds.). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2002">Sunquist 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Anderson and Lovallo 2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31B301BA0798C43EE" author="HANSEN, K." box="[840,980,683,706]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref18926" refString="HANSEN, K. 2007. Bobcat: master of survival. Oxford University Press, New York." type="book" year="2007">Hansen 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB31B0B1BC07F09442E" blockId="1.[840,1523,201,1282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Because of geographic variation across populations and even within a single region, distinguishing the skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31D271BE07FAB422E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1375,1523,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31D271BE07F36422E" box="[1375,1390,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31D041BE07FAB422E" box="[1404,1523,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31BAA1A007E7E420E" box="[978,1062,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31BAA1A0079B9420E" box="[978,993,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31B971A007E7E420E" box="[1007,1062,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other felids often requires a combination of generalizations (characters that do not always hold across the entire geographic range) and specific measurements. The skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31BDC1A607E6242AE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[932,1082,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31BDC1A607E6242AE" box="[932,1082,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="ADFF2A0BDF65FFB31C331A607ED442AE" box="[1099,1164,875,898]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[109,144,1812,1833]" captionTargetBox="[154,747,200,1799]" captionTargetId="figure-618@2.[154,747,200,1799]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of Lynx canadensis from Quebec (adult male, 5.5 years of age, captured in Baie Comeau on November 1982, mammalogy collection of Laval University Department of Biology). Greatest length of cranium is 123.86 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573618/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
) differs from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31D011A607F9742AE" box="[1401,1487,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31D011A607F9742AE" box="[1401,1487,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its typically larger size, relatively smaller auditory bullae, wider interorbital breadth (>
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31C4F1AA07EDC42EE" box="[1079,1156,939,962]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
), larger presphenoid (>
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31D071AA07FE342EE" box="[1407,1467,939,962]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
at its widest portion), typically smaller and more anterior position of the postorbital processes of the frontal bones, longer upper carnassial (>
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31BCA1D0079A6450E" box="[946,1022,1035,1058]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and by the separation of the anterior condyloid foramen from the foramen lacerum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31CAA1D207F3B456E" author="JACKSON, H. H. T." box="[1234,1379,1067,1090]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref19398" refString="JACKSON, H. H. T. 1961. Mammals of Wisconsin. The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison." type="book" year="1961">Jackson 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31D0B1D207925454E" author="HOFFMEISTER, D. F." pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref19116" refString="HOFFMEISTER, D. F. 1989. Mammals of Illinois. University of Illinois Press, Urbana." type="book" year="1989">Hoffmeister 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31BF61D407E79454E" author="ELBROCH, M." box="[910,1057,1099,1122]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref18163" refString="ELBROCH, M. 2006. Animals skulls: a guide to North American species. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania." type="book" year="2006">Elbroch 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The skull of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31CB11D407F06454E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1225,1374,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31CB11D407F06454E" box="[1225,1374,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can typically be differentiated from other felids by the narrower nasal branch of the premaxilla, the thinner, less depressed, and sharper postorbital processes, less deeply notched suborbital margins of the palate, and closeness to the canine and more forward placement of the first large upper premolar (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31CD31DE07F1A442E" author="POCOCK, R. I." box="[1195,1346,1259,1282]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="329 - 350" refId="ref22567" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1917 a. The classification of existing Felidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8 20: 329 - 350." type="journal article" year="1917">Pocock 1917a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="5C4B2F65DF65FFB11B931C3678FF458E" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DDE6505DF65FFB11B931C3678FF458E" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB31B931C367F08447B" blockId="1.[1003,1360,1341,1367]" box="[1003,1360,1341,1367]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<heading id="6E3381E2DF65FFB31B931C367F08447B" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,1341,1367]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31B931C367F08447B" bold="true" box="[1003,1360,1341,1367]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">GENERAL CHARACTERS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB31B0B1C8A7F8547F4" blockId="1.[840,1523,1409,1944]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31B0B1C8A7E7244B4" box="[883,1066,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31BCB1C8A7E7244B4" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[947,1066,1409,1432]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a medium-sized (
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF65FFB31D611C8A7F2044B4" box="[1305,1400,1409,1432]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" unit="kg" value="10.0" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="6.0">6–14 kg</quantity>
|
||
) felid that possesses a round head, short nose, long, pointed ears, long limbs, large feet, and short tail (Sunquist and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31D3F1CCA7FBB44F4" author="SUNQUIST, M. & F. SUNQUIST" box="[1351,1507,1473,1496]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref24962" refString="SUNQUIST, M., AND F. SUNQUIST. 2002. Lynx: Canada lynx, Eurasian lynx, Iberian lynx, Bobcat. Pp. 155 - 163 in Wild cats of the world (M. Sunquist and F. Sunquist, eds.). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois." type="book" year="2002">Sunquist 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pelage is gray to silver-gray, with a blueish tinge in young animals. Summer pelage is darker (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31CB71F0A7F2C4734" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[1231,1396,1537,1560]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31DA51F0A79E74714" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31DA51F0A7FB44734" box="[1501,1516,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31B301F2A79E74714" box="[840,959,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have the blue or dilute mutation characterized by bluish-gray replacing black in the pelage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31D681F4A7FD04774" author="JONES, S. V. H." box="[1296,1416,1601,1624]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="172 - 177" refId="ref19549" refString="JONES, S. V. H. 1923. Color variations in wild animals. Journal of Mammalogy 4: 172 - 177." type="journal article" year="1923">Jones 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31DEF1F4A79254754" author="SCHWARZ, E." pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="376" refId="ref23861" refString="SCHWARZ, E. 1938. Blue or dilute mutation in Alaskan lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 19: 376." type="journal article" year="1938">Schwarz 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31BF51F6A7E504754" author="DENIS, A." box="[909,1032,1633,1656]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref17979" refString="DENIS, A. 1964. The lynx. Pp. 88 - 89 in Cats of the world (B. Campbell, ed.). Constable, London, England." type="book" year="1964">Denis 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). White fur occurs on eyelids, inside of ears, chin, throat, and dorsum. The outside fur of the ears is brown with a white central spot and the facial ruff is well developed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31B291FCA79E247F4" author="HALL, E. R." box="[849,954,1729,1752]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="601 - 1181" refId="ref18893" refString="HALL, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 2: 601 - 1181." type="journal article" year="1981">Hall 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pads become fully furred in winter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31D2B1FCA7F9547F4" author="DENIS, A." box="[1363,1485,1729,1752]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref17979" refString="DENIS, A. 1964. The lynx. Pp. 88 - 89 in Cats of the world (B. Campbell, ed.). Constable, London, England." type="book" year="1964">Denis 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF65FFB01B0B1FEA7F2F424E" blockId="1.[840,1523,1409,1944]" lastBlockId="2.[840,1524,203,1954]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="138" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">
|
||
Males are larger than females. Mean (except where noted) body mass (kg;
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31C781E0A7E554634" box="[1024,1037,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">n</emphasis>
|
||
, range or
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31CF11E0A7EF24634" box="[1161,1194,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">SD</emphasis>
|
||
) of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF65FFB31CA71E0A7F2F4634" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1247,1399,1793,1816]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF65FFB31CA71E0A7F2F4634" box="[1247,1399,1793,1816]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males and females, respectively, was: 12.53 (7, 9.98–13.15), 10.14 (14, 8.16–11.11) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF65FFB31B8A1E4A7E644674" box="[1010,1084,1857,1880]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31C371E4A7E8A4674" author="BERRIE, P. M." box="[1103,1234,1857,1880]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" refId="ref16971" refString="BERRIE, P. M. 1971. Report on lynx studies. Annual Project Segment Report 10. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska." type="book" year="1971">Berrie 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31C9D1E4A7FBA4674" author="STEPHENSON, R. O. & D. V. GRANGAARD & J. BURCH" box="[1253,1506,1857,1880]" pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="255 - 262" refId="ref24794" refString="STEPHENSON, R. O., D. V. GRANGAARD, AND J. BURCH. 1991. Lynx, Felis lynx, predation on red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, caribou, Rangifer tarandus, and Dall sheep, Ovis dalli, in Alaska. Canadian Field- Naturalist 105: 255 - 262." type="journal article" year="1991">Stephenson et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 10.55 (5, 9.08–11.80), 8.70 (3, 7.50–9.50) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF65FFB31D4F1E6A7FDF4654" box="[1335,1415,1889,1912]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF65FFB31DE01E6A798C46B4" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." pageId="1" pageNumber="137" pagination="699 - 705" refId="ref26347" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1975. Differentiation of the Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis subsolana, in Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology 53: 699 - 705." type="journal article" year="1975">van Zyll de Jong 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 15 (single male), 12.3 (2, 10.9, 13.6) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF65FFB31DF41E8A7FAA46B4" box="[1420,1522,1921,1944]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="1" pageNumber="137">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Carbyn and Patriquin 1983); 10.9 (7, 9.1–12.2), 9.9 (16, 5.4– 12.7) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01BDB19E07E51402E" box="[931,1033,235,258]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Michigan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01C6119E07EEC402E" author="ERICKSON, A. W." box="[1049,1204,235,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="132 - 133" refId="ref18282" refString="ERICKSON, A. W. 1955. A recent record of lynx in Michigan. Journal of Mammalogy 36: 132 - 133." type="journal article" year="1955">Erickson 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01CBB19E07F23402E" author="BEYER, D. E., JR. & B. J. ROELL & J. H. HAMMILL & R. D. EARLE" box="[1219,1403,235,258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="234 - 240" refId="ref17029" refString="BEYER, D. E., JR., B. J. ROELL, J. H. HAMMILL, AND R. D. EARLE. 2001. Records of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in the upper peninsula of Michigan, 1940 - 1997. Canadian Field-Naturalist 115: 234 - 240." type="journal article" year="2001">Beyer et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 10.6 (18, 6.0–13.2), 9.1 (26, 5.9–15.0) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01CD118007F42400E" box="[1193,1306,267,290]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01D5318007FFE400E" author="MECH, L. D." box="[1323,1446,267,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="676 - 677" refId="ref20860" refString="MECH, L. D. 1977. Record movement of a Canadian lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 58: 676 - 677." type="journal article" year="1977">Mech 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01DCE18007FB3400E" author="MECH, L. D." box="[1462,1515,267,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref20884" refString="MECH, L. D. 1980. Age, sex, reproduction, and spatial organization of lynxes colonizing northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="1980">1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01B30182079A3406E" author="MOEN, R. & J. M. RASMUSSEN & C. L. BURDETT & K. M. PELICAN" box="[840,1019,299,322]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="13 - 22" refId="ref21168" refString="MOEN, R., J. M. RASMUSSEN, C. L. BURDETT, AND K. M. PELICAN. 2010. Hematology, serum chemistry, and body mass of free-ranging and captive Canada lynx in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46: 13 - 22." type="journal article" year="2010">Moen et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); mean not given (83, 4.1–9.0), mean not given (71, 2.2–8.2) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01B8618407EDC404E" box="[1022,1156,331,354]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01CEE18407F04404E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[1174,1372,331,354]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 9.05 (31, ± 1.19), 7.08 (15, ± 1.36) in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01CFC18607F3040AE" box="[1156,1384,363,386]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Murray and Boutin 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01BA618807ECF408E" author="POOLE, K. G. & B. T. ELKIN & T. PISZ & K. E. ELKIN & D. ROBERTSON & M. L. SABOURIN" box="[990,1175,395,418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="365 - 368" refId="ref22740" refString="POOLE, K. G., B. T. ELKIN, T. PISZ, K. E. ELKIN, D. ROBERTSON, AND M. L. SABOURIN. 1998. Surgical plating of a fractured radius and ulna in a wild Canada lynx. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34: 365 - 368." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01BA618807E43408E" box="[990,1051,395,418]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 12.3 (1), 8.6 (1) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01DFB18807FAB408E" box="[1411,1523,395,418]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01B2918A079B640EE" author="SCHORGER, A. W." box="[849,1006,427,450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="186 - 187" refId="ref23835" refString="SCHORGER, A. W. 1947. Canada lynx taken in Sank County, Wisconsin. Journal of Mammalogy 28: 186 - 187." type="journal article" year="1947">Schorger 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01B8618A07EF040EE" author="DOLL, A. D. & D. S. BALSER & R. F. WENDT" box="[1022,1192,427,450]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="414" refId="ref18077" refString="DOLL, A. D., D. S. BALSER, AND R. F. WENDT. 1957. Recent records of Canada lynx in Wisconsin. Journal of Mammalogy 38: 414." type="journal article" year="1957">Doll et al. 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 10.7 (93, 6.4–17.3), 8.6 (91, 5.0–11.8) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01BAB18C07E0F40CE" box="[979,1111,459,482]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01C1018C07F5F40CE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[1128,1287,459,482]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and 11.3 (27, range not given), 10.0 (19, range not given) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01D6318E07F38432E" box="[1307,1376,491,514]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01D0D18E07F99432E" box="[1397,1473,491,514]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01BA51B007E86430E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & E. J. HOFER" box="[989,1246,523,546]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="150 - 162" refId="ref21939" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, AND E. J. HOFER. 1997. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80: 150 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">O’Donoghue et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additional body masses (kg) of individual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF66FFB01C641B207EED436E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1052,1205,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF66FFB01C641B207EED436E" box="[1052,1205,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were: 15.9 (adult, male) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01B301B407E58434E" box="[840,1024,587,610]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01C771B407E92434E" author="POSZIG, D. & C. D. APPS & A. DIBB" box="[1039,1226,587,610]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref22875" refString="POSZIG, D., C. D. APPS, AND A. DIBB. 2004. Predation on two mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, by a Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Canadian Field-Naturalist 118: 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="2004">Poszig et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 12.3 (adult, male) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01DC61B407FAA434E" box="[1470,1522,587,610]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Iowa</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01B291B607E5B43AE" author="RASMUSSEN, J. L." box="[849,1027,619,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="370 - 371" refId="ref23254" refString="RASMUSSEN, J. L. 1969. A recent record of the lynx in Iowa. Journal of Mammalogy 50: 370 - 371." type="journal article" year="1969">Rasmussen 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 12.7 (adult, male) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01C881B607F6C43AE" box="[1264,1332,619,642]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01D3A1B607FE443AE" author="FULLER, A. K." box="[1346,1468,619,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="395 - 398" refId="ref18642" refString="FULLER, A. K. 2004. Canada lynx predation on white-tailed deer. Northeastern Naturalist 11: 395 - 398." type="journal article" year="2004">Fuller 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 8.2 (kitten) in November in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01C341B807EEA438E" box="[1100,1202,651,674]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Carbyn and Patriquin 1983); 10.0 (adult, male), 7.0 (adult, female), 4.0 (juvenile, female) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01B301BC079FF43CE" box="[840,935,715,738]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01BC11BC07ED543CE" author="KOEHLER, G. M. & M. G. HORNOCKER & H. S. HASH" box="[953,1165,715,738]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="441 - 442" refId="ref19774" refString="KOEHLER, G. M., M. G. HORNOCKER, AND H. S. HASH. 1979. Lynx movements and habitat use in Montana. Canadian Field-Naturalist 93: 441 - 442." type="journal article" year="1979">Koehler et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 15.0 (adult, male), 9.9 (kitten, male), 4.5 (kitten, female) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01CFF1BE07EA8422E" box="[1159,1264,747,770]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01D791BE07FF3422E" author="BLANCHARD, W. E." box="[1281,1451,747,770]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="450 - 451" refId="ref17179" refString="BLANCHARD, W. E. 1959. Lynx from western Wyoming. Journal of Mammalogy 40: 450 - 451." type="journal article" year="1959">Blanchard 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 7.80 (yearling, female), 3.75 (kitten, male) in January, 3.75 (kitten, female) in January, 5.50 (kitten, female) in April,
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF66FFB01D261A207FF1426E" box="[1374,1449,811,834]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7271999999999998" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" unit="in" value="6.8">6.80 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01DD51A207FAA426E" box="[1453,1522,811,834]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01B291A407E0A424E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & E. HOFER & F. I. DOYLE" box="[849,1106,843,866]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="6 - 9" refId="ref22086" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., E. HOFER, AND F. I. DOYLE. 1995. Predator versus predator. Natural History 104: 6 - 9." type="journal article" year="1995">O’Donoghue et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01CA71A407F73424E" box="[1247,1323,843,866]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF66FFB11B0B1A6078C2406E" blockId="2.[840,1524,203,1954]" lastBlockId="3.[109,793,203,1186]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="139" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">
|
||
Mean measurements (mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF66FFB01CDC1A607EE942AE" box="[1188,1201,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">n</emphasis>
|
||
, range or
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF66FFB01D541A607F1542AE" box="[1324,1357,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">SD</emphasis>
|
||
) of males and females, respectively, were: total length 1,030 (4, 995–1,050), 980 (7, 950–1,010); length of tail 140 (4, 100–150), 110 (8, 100– 140); length of hind foot 250 (4, 230–260), 230 (8, 220–240) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01B301AE079CA452E" box="[840,914,1003,1026]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01BD91AE07E47452E" author="BERRIE, P. M." box="[929,1055,1003,1026]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" refId="ref16971" refString="BERRIE, P. M. 1971. Report on lynx studies. Annual Project Segment Report 10. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska." type="book" year="1971">Berrie 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); total length 920 (12, 850–1,050), 860 (11, 780–950); length of tail 110 (12, 100–120), 100 (11, 80–110); length of hind foot 230 (12, 220–250), 220 (11, 210–240) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01B301D4079C0454E" box="[840,920,1099,1122]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01BD11D407EC2454E" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." box="[937,1178,1099,1122]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="699 - 705" refId="ref26347" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1975. Differentiation of the Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis subsolana, in Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Zoology 53: 699 - 705." type="journal article" year="1975">van Zyll de Jong 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); total length 892.6 (96, 736.6– 1,066.8), 844.0 (89, 762.0–965.2); length of tail 104.6 (96, 50.8–127.0), 97.0 (95, 76.2–121.9); length of hind foot 234.2 (95, 203.2–260.4), 223.0 (89, 190.5–247.7) in Newfoundland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01B291DC079AA45CE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[849,1010,1227,1250]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); height at chest 467 (30, ± 10.4), 422 (15, ± 6.3) in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01BC01DE07EC3442E" box="[952,1179,1259,1282]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Murray and Boutin 1991); total length 852.8 (120, ± 3.21), 812.7 (118, ± 3.00) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01D281C007FF9440E" box="[1360,1441,1291,1314]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Quinn and Gardner 1984).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01C5B1C207EF8446E" author="HALL, E. R." box="[1059,1184,1323,1346]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="601 - 1181" refId="ref18893" refString="HALL, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 2: 601 - 1181." type="journal article" year="1981">Hall (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented the following ranges of measurements (mm, mixed sexes, sample size not specified): total length (825–954), length of tail (95–125), length of hind foot (203–250).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01BBD1C807ECB448E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[965,1171,1419,1442]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported the following ranges of measurements (mm) for
|
||
<specimenCount id="23C2FD07DF66FFB01C2B1CA07EEB44EE" box="[1107,1203,1451,1474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" type="male">83 males</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="23C2FD07DF66FFB01C921CA07F3A44EE" box="[1258,1378,1451,1474]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" type="female">71 females</specimenCount>
|
||
, respectively, from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01BF91CC07E5E44CE" box="[897,1030,1483,1506]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
: total length 770–950, 740–910; length of hind foot 132–158, 122–148; height at shoulder 430–530, 410–520. Additional measurements (mm) of individual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF66FFB01D201F007FAB470E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1368,1523,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF66FFB01D201F007FAB470E" box="[1368,1523,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were: total length 965.0 (adult, male), length of tail 152 (adult, male), length of hind foot 140 (adult, male) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01D4F1F407F33474E" box="[1335,1387,1611,1634]" country="United States of America" name="Iowa" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Iowa</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01D031F40792547AE" author="RASMUSSEN, J. L." pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="370 - 371" refId="ref23254" refString="RASMUSSEN, J. L. 1969. A recent record of the lynx in Iowa. Journal of Mammalogy 50: 370 - 371." type="journal article" year="1969">Rasmussen 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); total length 1,219.2 (adult, male) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01D651F607FDB47AE" box="[1309,1411,1643,1666]" country="United States of America" name="Michigan" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Michigan</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01DEC1F607925478E" author="ERICKSON, A. W." pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="132 - 133" refId="ref18282" refString="ERICKSON, A. W. 1955. A recent record of lynx in Michigan. Journal of Mammalogy 36: 132 - 133." type="journal article" year="1955">Erickson 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); total length 840.0 (adult, female), length of hind foot 220.0 (adult, female), length of ear 65.0 (adult, female), neck circumference 205.0 (adult, female) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01C911FC07F0247CE" box="[1257,1370,1739,1762]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01D121FC07FBA47CE" author="MECH, L. D." box="[1386,1506,1739,1762]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="676 - 677" refId="ref20860" refString="MECH, L. D. 1977. Record movement of a Canadian lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 58: 676 - 677." type="journal article" year="1977">Mech 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); total length 830.0 (adult, female), length of hind foot 211.0 (adult, female), length of tail 90.0 (adult, female), length of ear 62 (adult, female) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01C491E207EF9466E" box="[1073,1185,1835,1858]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01CCA1E207F06466E" author="DOLL, A. D. & D. S. BALSER & R. F. WENDT" box="[1202,1374,1835,1858]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="414" refId="ref18077" refString="DOLL, A. D., D. S. BALSER, AND R. F. WENDT. 1957. Recent records of Canada lynx in Wisconsin. Journal of Mammalogy 38: 414." type="journal article" year="1957">Doll et al. 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); total length 978.0 (adult, male), length of hind foot 241.0 (adult, male), height of shoulder 603.0 (adult, male), length of ear tuft 48.0 (adult, male) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF66FFB01B811E807E31468E" box="[1017,1129,1931,1954]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF66FFB01C031E807F40468E" author="SCHORGER, A. W." box="[1147,1304,1931,1954]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" pagination="186 - 187" refId="ref23835" refString="SCHORGER, A. W. 1947. Canada lynx taken in Sank County, Wisconsin. Journal of Mammalogy 28: 186 - 187." type="journal article" year="1947">Schorger 1947</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); total length 968.0 (kitten, male), 759.0 (kitten, female), length of tail 127.0 (kitten, male), 86.0 (kitten, female), length of hind foot 260.0 (kitten, male), 221.0 (kitten, female), length of ear 86.0 (kitten, male), 76.0 (kitten, female) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB1191018207B89406E" box="[360,465,299,322]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11999182078D2406E" author="BLANCHARD, W. E." box="[481,650,299,322]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="450 - 451" refId="ref17179" refString="BLANCHARD, W. E. 1959. Lynx from western Wyoming. Journal of Mammalogy 40: 450 - 451." type="journal article" year="1959">Blanchard 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="61BB6606DF66FFB018151E1F7B1446B3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573618" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573618" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573618/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" startId="2.[109,144,1812,1833]" targetBox="[154,747,200,1799]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF66FFB018151E1F7B1446B3" blockId="2.[109,792,1812,1951]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF66FFB018151E1F7A9E4605" bold="true" box="[109,198,1812,1833]" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">Fig. 2.—</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull and lateral view of mandible of
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF66FFB018951E397BD7466B" box="[237,399,1842,1863]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="138">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF66FFB0195C1E397BD7466B" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[292,399,1842,1863]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="2" pageNumber="138" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
from Quebec (adult male, 5.5 years of age, captured in Baie Comeau on November 1982, mammalogy collection of Laval University Department of Biology). Greatest length of cranium is 123.86 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF67FFB118E0184078FF458E" blockId="3.[109,793,203,1186]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Mean skull measurements (mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB1199418407BA1404E" box="[492,505,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">n</emphasis>
|
||
, range or
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11A1B184078DB404E" box="[611,643,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">SD</emphasis>
|
||
) of males and females, respectively, were: greatest length of skull 129 (23, ± 4.10), 122 (13, ± 2.95); basilar length 108 (24, ± 4.01), 101 (13, ± 2.48); zygomatic breadth 94 (24, ± 3.22), 89 (12, ± 1.89); maxillary toothrow 40 (24, ± 1.22), 37 (15, ± 0.86); canine width 35 (22, ± 2.75), 32 (15, ± 0.99) in Newfoundland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11A6018E078E9432E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[536,689,491,514]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); greatest length of skull130.28 (9, 117.41–135.82), 124.09 (9, 117.60– 129.30); condylobasal length 118.02 (125, 104.04–126.48), 112.86 (135, 98.99–126.24); basilar length, 106.62 (1), 102.61 (4, 99.49–105.66); palatilar length 47.56 (9, 41.94–49.54), 45.20 (9, 42.68–47.66); zygomatic breadth 91.84 (11, 83.02–96.50), 87.51 (13, 82.18–91.40); interorbital breadth 29.40 (11, 26.54–32.40), 27.83 (13, 25.83–30.18); braincase breadth 57.92 (10, 55.48– 60.30), 56.93 (13, 54.24–58.78); mastoidal breadth 55.21 (10, 49.52–59.04), 53.10 (9, 51.07–55.38); maxillary toothrow 39.69 (2, 39.1, 40.27), 40.46 (4, 39.19–42.90); mandible length 84.90 (10, 76.58–88.24), 81.95 (13, 78.50–87.14—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11A3E1A40788C424E" author="ELBROCH, M." box="[582,724,843,866]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" refId="ref18163" refString="ELBROCH, M. 2006. Animals skulls: a guide to North American species. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania." type="book" year="2006">Elbroch 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11A931A407AEB42AE" author="HALL, E. R." pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="601 - 1181" refId="ref18893" refString="HALL, E. R. 1981. The mammals of North America. 2 nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 2: 601 - 1181." type="journal article" year="1981">Hall (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented the following ranges of skull measurements (mm, mixed sexes, sample size unknown) greatest length of skull (120– 136), zygomatic breadth (82–93), alveolar length of maxillary toothrow (38.1–41.6). In juveniles, the sagittal crest is not developed, the humerus is small (males <
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF67FFB1199E1AE07866452E" box="[486,574,1003,1026]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="140.0">140 mm</quantity>
|
||
, females <
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF67FFB11ACB1AE07955452E" box="[691,781,1003,1026]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and the epiphyseal suture is not ossified (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11A4A1D007888450E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[562,720,1035,1058]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Foot measurements (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB1196B1D207B78456E" box="[275,288,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">n</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB119481D207B08456E" box="[304,336,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">SD</emphasis>
|
||
) of males and females, respectively, were: foot area
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF67FFB118A81D407B69454E" box="[208,305,1099,1122]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.864" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="cm" value="286.4">286.4 cm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF67FFB119491D427B61457B" attach="left" box="[305,313,1097,1111]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">2</superScript>
|
||
(30, ± 28.4),
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF67FFB119B01D407871454E" box="[456,553,1099,1122]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.756" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="cm" value="275.6">275.6 cm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF67FFB11A511D427869457B" attach="left" box="[553,561,1097,1111]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">2</superScript>
|
||
(15, ± 27.7) and footloading:
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF67FFB118BE1D607B5C45AE" box="[198,260,1131,1154]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.16" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="g" value="31.6">31.6 g</quantity>
|
||
/cm
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF67FFB119531D627B6B455B" attach="left" box="[299,307,1129,1143]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">2</superScript>
|
||
(30, ± 5.2),
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF67FFB119D31D607BB045AE" box="[427,488,1131,1154]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.59" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" unit="g" value="25.9">25.9 g</quantity>
|
||
/cm
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF67FFB11A681D627840455B" attach="left" box="[528,536,1129,1143]" fontSize="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">2</superScript>
|
||
(15, ± 5.5) for specimens in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB118D51D807BD1458E" box="[173,393,1163,1186]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Murray and Boutin 1991).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="5C4B2F65DF67FFB1192E1DD67E1140EE" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DDE6505DF67FFB1192E1DD67E1140EE" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF67FFB1192E1DD6787645DB" blockId="3.[342,558,1245,1271]" box="[342,558,1245,1271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<heading id="6E3381E2DF67FFB1192E1DD6787645DB" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[342,558,1245,1271]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB1192E1DD6787645DB" bold="true" box="[342,558,1245,1271]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">DISTRIBUTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF67FFB118E01C2A7E1140EE" blockId="3.[109,793,1313,1944]" lastBlockId="3.[840,1523,203,450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
The geographic range of
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB119E71C2A78124414" box="[415,586,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB119AF1C2A78124414" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[471,586,1313,1336]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
extends throughout the boreal forests of most of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF67FFB119C31C4A78514474" box="[443,521,1345,1368]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
and across the northern parts of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF67FFB1188C1C6A7BDA4454" box="[244,386,1377,1400]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="ADFF2A0BDF67FFB119ED1C6A7B8D4454" box="[405,469,1377,1400]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="4.[109,143,1057,1078]" captionTargetBox="[257,1375,203,1043]" captionTargetId="figure-509@4.[254,1377,200,1044]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 3.—Geographic distribution of Lynx canadensis in North America. Subspecies are: 1, L. c. canadensis; 2, L. c. mollipilosus; 3, L. c. subsolanus. Map drawn with information from Slough and Mowat (1996), Schwartz et al. (2002), Anderson and Lovallo (2003), Poole (2003), Hoving et al. (2005)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573620/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). The northern distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB118151C8A7AA244B4" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[109,250,1409,1432]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB118151C8A7AA244B4" box="[109,250,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is limited by tree line in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB119881C8A786244B4" box="[496,570,1409,1432]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Labrador,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11AD41C8A7A824494" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB118911CAA7B1C4494" box="[233,324,1441,1464]" country="Canada" name="Nunavut" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Nunavut</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB1192C1CAA7BFE4494" box="[340,422,1441,1464]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB1199B1CAA78714494" box="[483,553,1441,1464]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
, whereas it is limited by snowfall and competition with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB119A31CCA787644F4" box="[475,558,1473,1496]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB119A31CCA7BB144F4" box="[475,489,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB119811CCA787644F4" box="[505,558,1473,1496]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the coyote
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11AA31CCA7AEE44D4" authorityName="Say" authorityYear="1823" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11AA31CCA7AEE44D4" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Canis latrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the south (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB119371CEA784544D4" author="BUSKIRK, S. W. & L. F. RUGGIERO & C. J. KREBS" box="[335,541,1505,1528]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" refId="ref17522" refString="BUSKIRK, S. W., L. F. RUGGIERO, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pp. 83 - 100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Buskirk et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11A551CEA795144D4" author="BUSKIRK, S. W. & L. F. RUGGIERO & C. J. KREBS" box="[557,777,1505,1528]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" refId="ref17522" refString="BUSKIRK, S. W., L. F. RUGGIERO, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pp. 83 - 100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Ruggiero et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The northern limit of its range has not changed significantly for at least the past two centuries, but the southern limit has been pushed northward in the Great Plains,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB119D41F4A7BA64774" box="[428,510,1601,1624]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11A4D1F4A78DC4774" box="[565,644,1601,1624]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11AEB1F4A79514774" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[659,777,1601,1624]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="360 - 376" refId="ref22711" refString="POOLE, K. G. 2003. A review of the Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 117: 360 - 376." type="journal article" year="2003">Poole 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF67FFB118F21F6A7A824754" box="[138,218,1633,1656]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB1189C1F6A7B2B4754" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[228,371,1633,1656]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB1189C1F6A7AAA4754" box="[228,242,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB119781F6A7B2B4754" box="[256,371,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is present in all provinces and territories except
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB118CE1F8A7BCE47B4" box="[182,406,1665,1688]" country="Canada" name="Prince Edward Island" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Prince Edward Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
. It is also absent from mainland
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11A991F8A7AE84794" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the Canadian west coast, and the southern Prairie. However, historically,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB118951FCA7B2547F4" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[237,381,1729,1752]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB118951FCA7B2547F4" box="[237,381,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurred in mainland
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11A131FCA78B347F4" box="[619,747,1729,1752]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB118151FEA7B0147D4" box="[109,345,1761,1784]" country="Canada" name="Prince Edward Island" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Prince Edward Island</collectingRegion>
|
||
. In the continental
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF67FFB11A4C1FEA789E47D4" box="[564,710,1761,1784]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
, it was formerly found in 24 states and as far south as
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11A171E0A78FA4634" box="[623,674,1793,1816]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
during the mid-1800s (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB118931E2A7B8C4614" author="MCKELVEY, K. S. & K. B. AUBRY & Y. K. ORTEGA" box="[235,468,1825,1848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" refId="ref20666" refString="MCKELVEY, K. S., K. B. AUBRY, AND Y. K. ORTEGA. 2000 a. History and distribution of lynx in the contiguous United States. Pp. 207 - 264 in Ecology and conservation of the lynx in the United States (F. L. Ruggerio, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">McKelvey et al. 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Currently,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11A2E1E2A78BC4614" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[598,740,1825,1848]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11A2E1E2A78BC4614" box="[598,740,1825,1848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
only occurs in some southern extensions of boreal forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11AD41E4A7AA84654" author="MCKELVEY, K. S. & K. B. AUBRY & Y. K. ORTEGA" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" refId="ref20666" refString="MCKELVEY, K. S., K. B. AUBRY, AND Y. K. ORTEGA. 2000 a. History and distribution of lynx in the contiguous United States. Pp. 207 - 264 in Ecology and conservation of the lynx in the United States (F. L. Ruggerio, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">McKelvey et al. 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB1197B1E6A7B8C4654" author="HOVING, C. L. & R. A. JOSEPH & W. B. KROHN" box="[259,468,1889,1912]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="363 - 382" refId="ref19323" refString="HOVING, C. L., R. A. JOSEPH, AND W. B. KROHN. 2003. Recent and historical distributions of Canada lynx in Maine and the northeast. Northeastern Naturalist 10: 363 - 382." type="journal article" year="2003">Hoving et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) in northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11A141E6A78E94654" box="[620,689,1889,1912]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
, northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB118151E8A7A8546B4" box="[109,221,1921,1944]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
, western
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB119441E8A7BC746B4" box="[316,415,1921,1944]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11A741E8A783346B4" box="[524,619,1921,1944]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Northern
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11AAF1E8A794D46B4" box="[727,789,1921,1944]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
, north-central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11BA919C07E1741CE" box="[977,1103,203,226]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and north-central
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11D7519C07F0641CE" box="[1293,1374,203,226]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11D1E19C07FAB41CE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1382,1523,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11D1E19C07FAB41CE" box="[1382,1523,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
individuals have been sighted in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11CCB19E07F4F402E" box="[1203,1303,235,258]" country="United States of America" name="Nebraska" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Nebraska</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11D5E19E07FDA402E" box="[1318,1410,235,258]" country="United States of America" name="Vermont" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Vermont</collectingRegion>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11DBA19E079E2400E" country="United States of America" name="New Hampshire" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">New Hampshire</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Hoffman and Genoways 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11D7D18007FBC400E" author="LEON-KILPATRICK, S." box="[1285,1508,267,290]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" refId="ref20252" refString="LEON-KILPATRICK, S. 2015. Uncovering the mystery of New England's lynx. Endangered Species Bulletin, Spring 2015." type="journal volume" year="2015">Leon-Kilpatrick 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Except for
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11BC318207E5B406E" box="[955,1027,299,322]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
where it is abundant, the largest populations in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF67FFB11B15184079AF404E" box="[877,1015,331,354]" name="United States of America" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
are found in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11C0518407E98404E" box="[1149,1216,331,354]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11C8818407F08404E" box="[1264,1360,331,354]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The occasional appearance of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11BA718607E3540AE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[991,1133,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11BA718607E3540AE" box="[991,1133,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in other states probably represents an increase of dispersers from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF67FFB11C1118807EEF408E" box="[1129,1207,395,418]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
during the peak of abundance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11B2818A07E6240EE" author="MCKELVEY, K. S. & K. B. AUBRY & Y. K. ORTEGA" box="[848,1082,427,450]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" refId="ref20666" refString="MCKELVEY, K. S., K. B. AUBRY, AND Y. K. ORTEGA. 2000 a. History and distribution of lynx in the contiguous United States. Pp. 207 - 264 in Ecology and conservation of the lynx in the United States (F. L. Ruggerio, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">McKelvey et al. 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DDE6505DF67FFB71C5E18F67E4F454E" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" type="description">
|
||
<subSection id="5C4B2F65DF67FFB11C5E18F67EA34794" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF67FFB11C5E18F67F4D433B" blockId="3.[1062,1301,509,535]" box="[1062,1301,509,535]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<heading id="6E3381E2DF67FFB11C5E18F67F4D433B" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,509,535]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11C5E18F67F4D433B" bold="true" box="[1062,1301,509,535]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">FOSSIL RECORD</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF67FFB11B0B1B4A7EB94254" blockId="3.[840,1524,577,1720]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
There are two different hypotheses concerning lynx evolution, one based on fossils and morphology, and a more recent one based on genetics. The hypothesis based on fossils and morphology suggests that the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11C381BAA7E2A4394" box="[1088,1138,673,696]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
probably originated in Africa during the early or mid-Pliocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11C2E1BCA7EB543F4" author="WERDELIN, L." box="[1110,1261,705,728]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="37 - 71" refId="ref25756" refString="WERDELIN, L. 1981. The evolution of lynxes. Annales Zoologi Fennici 18: 37 - 71." type="journal article" year="1981">Werdelin 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lynx ancestor,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11DB91BCA799543D4" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Lynx issiodorensis</emphasis>
|
||
migrated into the Northern Hemisphere during the Villafranchian and gave rise to the Eurasian lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11D2F1A0A7FC74234" baseAuthorityName="Tumlison" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[1367,1439,769,792]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lynx">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11D2F1A0A7FC74234" box="[1367,1439,769,792]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. lynx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Asia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11B281A2A79B24214" author="WERDELIN, L." box="[848,1002,801,824]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="37 - 71" refId="ref25756" refString="WERDELIN, L. 1981. The evolution of lynxes. Annales Zoologi Fennici 18: 37 - 71." type="journal article" year="1981">Werdelin 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11C781A2A7E104214" baseAuthorityName="Tumlison" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[1024,1096,801,824]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lynx">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11C781A2A7E104214" box="[1024,1096,801,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. lynx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
then spread eastwards in North America giving rise to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11BA21A4A7E324274" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[986,1130,833,856]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11BA21A4A7E324274" box="[986,1130,833,856]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably during the Sangamonian or the early Wisconsinan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11C411A6A7E8A4254" author="WERDELIN, L." box="[1081,1234,865,888]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="37 - 71" refId="ref25756" refString="WERDELIN, L. 1981. The evolution of lynxes. Annales Zoologi Fennici 18: 37 - 71." type="journal article" year="1981">Werdelin 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF67FFB11B0B1A8A7FE245F4" blockId="3.[840,1524,577,1720]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
In contrast, the genetic hypothesis states that the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11DB91A8A7FAA42B4" box="[1473,1522,897,920]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
probably originated in North America around 6.7 million years ago (Mattern and McLennan 2000;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11CEE1ACA7F3D42F4" author="JOHNSON, W. E." box="[1174,1381,961,984]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="73 - 77" refId="ref19476" refString="JOHNSON, W. E., ET AL. 2006. The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment. Science 311: 73 - 77." type="journal article" year="2006">Johnson et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A common ancestor to five felid lineages (domestic cat [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11D4A1AEA7F3B42D4" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[1330,1379,993,1016]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11D4A1AEA7F3B42D4" box="[1330,1379,993,1016]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Felis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], leopard cat [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11B281D0A799E4534" box="[848,966,1025,1048]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Otocolobus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11B281D0A799E4534" box="[848,966,1025,1048]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Otocolobus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11C781D0A7EDA4534" box="[1024,1154,1025,1048]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Prionailurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11C781D0A7EDA4534" box="[1024,1154,1025,1048]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Prionailurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], lynx [
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11CA41D0A7F554534" box="[1244,1293,1025,1048]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
], ocelot [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11D0F1D0A7FBB4534" box="[1399,1507,1025,1048]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11D0F1D0A7FBB4534" box="[1399,1507,1025,1048]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Leopardus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], and puma [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11BBE1D2A7E7D4514" authorityName="Brookes" authorityYear="1828" box="[966,1061,1057,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Acinonyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11BBE1D2A7E7D4514" box="[966,1061,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Acinonyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11C191D2A7EC54514" authorityName="Jardine" authorityYear="1834" box="[1121,1181,1057,1080]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11C191D2A7EC54514" box="[1121,1181,1057,1080]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Puma</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) migrated from Asia to North America across the Bering land bridge 8.5–8.0 million years ago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11B281D6A7E774554" author="JANCZEWSKI, D. N. & W. S. MODI & J. C. STEPHENS & S. J. O'BRIEN" box="[848,1071,1121,1144]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="690 - 707" refId="ref19420" refString="JANCZEWSKI, D. N., W. S. MODI, J. C. STEPHENS, AND S. J. O'BRIEN. 1995. Molecular evolution of mitochondrial 12 S RNA and cytochrome b sequences in the pantherine lineage of Felidae. Molecular Biology and Evolution 12: 690 - 707." type="journal article" year="1995">Janczewski et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11C431D6A7EA24554" author="JOHNSON, W. E." box="[1083,1274,1121,1144]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="73 - 77" refId="ref19476" refString="JOHNSON, W. E., ET AL. 2006. The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment. Science 311: 73 - 77." type="journal article" year="2006">Johnson et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This common ancestor gave rise to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11BBE1D8A7E4E45B4" box="[966,1046,1153,1176]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11BBE1D8A7E4E45B4" box="[966,1046,1153,1176]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
3.24 million years ago and then differentiated into
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11B011DAA7E504594" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[889,1032,1185,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11B011DAA7E504594" box="[889,1032,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the progenitors of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11D7B1DAA7F134594" baseAuthorityName="Tumlison" baseAuthorityYear="1987" box="[1283,1355,1185,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lynx">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11D7B1DAA7F134594" box="[1283,1355,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. lynx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the Iberian lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11B031DCA79A845F4" box="[891,1008,1217,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11B031DCA79A845F4" box="[891,1008,1217,1240]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L. pardinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
1.61 million years ago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11C9F1DCA7FF345F4" author="JOHNSON, W. E." box="[1255,1451,1217,1240]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="73 - 77" refId="ref19476" refString="JOHNSON, W. E., ET AL. 2006. The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment. Science 311: 73 - 77." type="journal article" year="2006">Johnson et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF67FFB11B0B1DEA7EA34794" blockId="3.[840,1524,577,1720]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11B0B1DEA7E7245D4" box="[883,1066,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11BCB1DEA7E7245D4" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[947,1066,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
was present in refugia in Beringia and south of the ice edge (Kurtén and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11C831C0A7FF14434" author="E. ANDERSON" box="[1275,1449,1281,1304]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" refId="ref20064" refString="KURTeN, B., AND E. ANDERSON. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York." type="book" year="1980">Anderson 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The oldest fossil, found in the southern refugium, dates from the Sangamonian interglacial, 130,000–115,000 years ago (Kurtén and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11B0C1C6A7E404454" author="E. ANDERSON" box="[884,1048,1377,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" refId="ref20064" refString="KURTeN, B., AND E. ANDERSON. 1980. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York." type="book" year="1980">Anderson 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Fossils of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11CE51C6A7F694454" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1181,1329,1377,1400]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11CE51C6A7EF44454" box="[1181,1196,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11CC21C6A7F694454" box="[1210,1329,1377,1400]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are reported from the late Pleistocene deposits at Bighill Creek Formation and near Medicine Hat,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11B911CAA7E614494" box="[1001,1081,1441,1464]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Wilson and Churcher 1984;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11D061CAA792544F4" author="HARRINGTON, C. R." pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="375 - 387" refId="ref19001" refString="HARRINGTON, C. R. 1990. Vertebrates of the last interglacial in Canada: a review with new data. Geographie Physique et Quaternaire 44: 375 - 387." type="journal article" year="1990">Harrington 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), near American Falls,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11CF21CCA7E9F44F4" box="[1162,1223,1473,1496]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Idaho</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11CA31CCA7F0744F4" author="PINSOF, J. D." box="[1243,1375,1473,1496]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="1 - 216" refId="ref22442" refString="PINSOF, J. D. 1998. The American Falls local fauna: late Pleistocene (Sangamonia) vertebrates from southeastern Idaho. Pp. 121 - 145 in Papers on the vertebrate paleontology of Idaho honoring John A. White (W. A. Akersten, H. G. McDonald, D. J. Meldran, and M. E. T. Flint, eds.). Idaho Museum of Natural History, Pocatello. Occasional Paper 36: 1 - 216." type="journal article" year="1998">Pinsof 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), near Silver Creek,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11BEE1CEA799244D4" box="[918,970,1505,1528]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Utah</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11BA21CEA7E0144D4" author="MILLER, W. E." box="[986,1113,1505,1528]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="387 - 424" refId="ref21051" refString="MILLER, W. E. 1976. Late Pleistocene vertebrates of the Silver Creek local fauna from north central Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 36: 387 - 424." type="journal article" year="1976">Miller 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and from the Aftonian deposits near Delight,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF67FFB11BD01F0A7E7F4734" box="[936,1063,1537,1560]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Fry and Gustafson 1974).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11D251F0A7FAB4734" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1373,1523,1537,1560]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11D251F0A7F344734" box="[1373,1388,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11D041F0A7FAB4734" box="[1404,1523,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
started utilizing the snowshoe hare
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11C981F2A7FF14714" authorityName="Erxleben" authorityYear="1777" box="[1248,1449,1569,1592]" class="Mammalia" family="Leporidae" genus="Lepus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lagomorpha" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americanus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11C981F2A7FF14714" box="[1248,1449,1569,1592]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Lepus americanus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as its main prey probably in the late Pleistocene or early Holocene (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11B291F6A7ED04754" author="BREITENMOSER, U. & B. G. SLOUGH & C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN" box="[849,1160,1633,1656]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="551 - 554" refId="ref17353" refString="BREITENMOSER, U., B. G. SLOUGH, AND C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN. 1993. Predators of cyclic prey: is the Canada lynx victim or profiteer of the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 66: 551 - 554." type="journal article" year="1993">Breitenmoser et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It probably immigrated to Newfoundland early in the postglacial period (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11D311F8A7FB147B4" author="CAMERON, A. W." box="[1353,1513,1665,1688]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="175 - 176" refId="ref17618" refString="CAMERON, A. W. 1958. Mammals of the islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Bulletin of the National Museum of Canada 154: 175 - 176." type="journal article" year="1958">Cameron 1958</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but was rare until 1896 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11C351FAA7EB34794" author="BERGERUD, A. T." box="[1101,1259,1697,1720]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="242 - 258" refId="ref16922" refString="BERGERUD, A. T. 1967. The distribution and abundance of arctic hares in Newfoundland. Canadian Field-Naturalist 81: 242 - 258." type="journal article" year="1967">Bergerud 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="5C4B2F65DF67FFB71B841FF7795D43AE" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="141" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF67FFB11B841FF77F66463A" blockId="3.[1020,1342,1788,1814]" box="[1020,1342,1788,1814]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<heading id="6E3381E2DF67FFB11B841FF77F66463A" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,1788,1814]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11B841FF77F66463A" bold="true" box="[1020,1342,1788,1814]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">FORM AND FUNCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF67FFB61B0B1E3478904437" blockId="3.[840,1523,1855,1942]" lastBlockId="4.[109,793,1156,1915]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="140" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11B0B1E3479EF467B" bold="true" box="[883,951,1855,1879]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">Form.</emphasis>
|
||
—Dental formula of
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF67FFB11CE41E347F08467A" box="[1180,1360,1855,1878]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="139">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF67FFB11CAF1E347F08467A" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1239,1360,1855,1878]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 1/1 total of 28, and deciduous dentition formula is I 3/3, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 0/0 total of 24 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF67FFB11D721E747FF646BA" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[1290,1454,1919,1942]" pageId="3" pageNumber="139" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The external morphology of the brain, especially the position and shape of the sulci, is different from other species of felids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB6180E1DCF7B4445F7" author="RADINSKY, L." box="[118,284,1220,1243]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="214 - 254" refId="ref23170" refString="RADINSKY, L. 1975. Evolution of the felid brain. Brain Behavior Evolution 11: 214 - 254." type="journal article" year="1975">Radinsky 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB6194E1DCE7B9645F0" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[310,462,1220,1244]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB6194E1DCE7B1D45F0" box="[310,325,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB6192D1DCE7B9645F0" box="[341,462,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to have a rounder and larger brain than most felids and the mean endocast volume of the brain of four specimens is
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF60FFB619C11C0F7BA44437" box="[441,508,1284,1307]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="cm" value="70.0">70 cm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF60FFB619841C08785C443D" attach="left" box="[508,516,1283,1297]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">3</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61A6C1C0F78EF4437" author="RADINSKY, L." box="[532,695,1284,1307]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="214 - 254" refId="ref23170" refString="RADINSKY, L. 1975. Evolution of the felid brain. Brain Behavior Evolution 11: 214 - 254." type="journal article" year="1975">Radinsky 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="61BB6606DF60FFB618151D2A7FAB4578" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4573620" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4573620" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4573620/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" startId="4.[109,143,1057,1078]" targetBox="[257,1375,203,1043]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF60FFB618151D2A7FAB4578" blockId="4.[109,1523,1057,1108]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB618151D2A7A9C451A" bold="true" box="[109,196,1057,1078]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Fig. 3.—</emphasis>
|
||
Geographic distribution of
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB619BE1D29783B451B" box="[454,611,1058,1079]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB619811D29783B451B" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[505,611,1058,1079]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
in North America. Subspecies are: 1,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61BB51D297E3E451B" box="[973,1126,1058,1079]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
|
||
L. c.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB61B851D297E3E451B" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1021,1126,1058,1079]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
; 2,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61CF31D297F77451B" box="[1163,1327,1058,1079]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">L. c. mollipilosus</emphasis>
|
||
; 3,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61D2B1D297FB4451B" box="[1363,1516,1058,1079]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">L. c. subsolanus</emphasis>
|
||
. Map drawn with information from Slough and Mowat (1996),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61ACD1D3479DB4578" author="SCHWARTZ, M. K. & L. S. MILLS & K. S. MCKELVEY & L. F. RUGGLERO & F. W. ALLENDORF" box="[693,899,1087,1108]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="520 - 522" refId="ref23882" refString="SCHWARTZ, M. K., L. S. MILLS, K. S. MCKELVEY, L. F. RUGGLERO, AND F. W. ALLENDORF. 2002. DNA reveals high dispersal synchronizing the population dynamics of Canada lynx. Nature 415: 520 - 522." type="journal article" year="2002">Schwartz et al. (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Anderson and Lovallo (2003),
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61CD31D347F7E4578" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[1195,1318,1087,1108]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="360 - 376" refId="ref22711" refString="POOLE, K. G. 2003. A review of the Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in Canada. Canadian Field-Naturalist 117: 360 - 376." type="journal article" year="2003">Poole (2003)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61D481D347FB54578" author="HOVING, C. L. & D. J. HARRISON & W. B. KROHN & R. A. JOSEPH & M. O'BRIEN" box="[1328,1517,1087,1108]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="739 - 751" refId="ref19270" refString="HOVING, C. L., D. J. HARRISON, W. B. KROHN, R. A. JOSEPH, AND M. O'BRIEN. 2005. Broad-scale predictors of Canada lynx occurrence in eastern North America. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 739 - 751." type="journal article" year="2005">Hoving et al. (2005)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF60FFB618E01C2F7BD84757" blockId="4.[109,793,1156,1915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
|
||
The temporal ridges on the parietal bones have a lyre shape with a width of 72% and 69% of the braincase for males and females, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB6190A1C6F78424457" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[370,538,1380,1403]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In adults, the temporal ridges join together to form the sagittal crest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61ACD1C8F7AFB4497" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sagittal crest and the lambdoidal ridge increase in dimension with age and size, the ossification of the humerus is completed by the end of the second year, and the skeletal growth of males around the 34th month (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61A4D1F0F788E4737" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[565,726,1540,1563]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The auditory bulla is broader in the anterior portion of the inner chamber and narrower in its posterior portion compared to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB618F31F6E7B234757" authority="(Pocock 1916)" baseAuthorityName="Pocock" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[139,379,1636,1660]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lynx">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB618F31F6E7A8C4750" box="[139,212,1637,1660]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">L. lynx</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB6189C1F6F7B284757" author="POCOCK, R. I." box="[228,368,1636,1659]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="326 - 334" refId="ref22532" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1916. The structure of the auditory bulla in existing species of Felidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8 18: 326 - 334." type="journal article" year="1916">Pocock 1916</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF60FFB618E01F8E794047D7" blockId="4.[109,793,1156,1915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB618E01F8E7B1147B0" box="[152,329,1669,1692]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB618AD1F8E7B1147B0" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[213,329,1669,1692]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is digitigrade with sharp, retractile claws. Front and hind feet have four functional toes. The plantar pad of the front foot is short compared to its width and the claw sheaths are well developed. Toes are united by a deep web (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61A0E1FEF795147D7" author="POCOCK, R. I." box="[630,777,1764,1787]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="113 - 136" refId="ref22597" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1917 b. On the external characters of the Felidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8 19: 113 - 136." type="journal article" year="1917">Pocock 1917b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF60FFB618E01E0F784F4657" blockId="4.[109,793,1156,1915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB618951E0E7BD94630" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[237,385,1797,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB618951E0E7BD94630" box="[237,385,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have four mammae (two inguinal and two abdominal) and males have a small baculum. Bregmatic bones occur rarely (1/472 and 0/617 museum specimens examined—Pratt 1942;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB619141E6F785F4657" author="MANVILLE, R. H." box="[364,519,1892,1915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="1254" refId="ref20406" refString="MANVILLE, R. H. 1959. Bregmatic bones in North American lynx. Science 130: 1254." type="journal article" year="1959">Manville 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF60FFB61B0B1D8F7EC84497" blockId="4.[840,1523,1156,1915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61B0B1D8F79BC45B0" bold="true" box="[883,996,1156,1180]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">Function.</emphasis>
|
||
—Basal metabolism in
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61C921D8E7FFA45B0" box="[1258,1442,1157,1180]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB61D5D1D8E7FFA45B0" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1317,1442,1157,1180]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is similar in winter and summer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61C051DAF7F674597" author="CASEY, T. M. & P. C. WITHERS & K. K. CASEY" box="[1149,1343,1188,1211]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="331 - 341" refId="ref17838" refString="CASEY, T. M., P. C. WITHERS, AND K. K. CASEY. 1979. Metabolic and respiratory responses of Arctic mammals to ambient temperature during the summer. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 64: 331 - 341." type="journal article" year="1979">Casey et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB61D201DAE7FAB4590" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1368,1523,1188,1212]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61D201DAE7F3F4590" box="[1368,1383,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61D0E1DAE7FAB4590" box="[1398,1523,1189,1212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maintains its body temperature at 38.8°C and increases its respiratory frequency in response to increasing temperature ranging from 20 respirations per minute at −20°C to 30 respirations per minute at 20°C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61D6D1C2F7FBA4417" author="CASEY, T. M. & P. C. WITHERS & K. K. CASEY" box="[1301,1506,1316,1339]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="331 - 341" refId="ref17838" refString="CASEY, T. M., P. C. WITHERS, AND K. K. CASEY. 1979. Metabolic and respiratory responses of Arctic mammals to ambient temperature during the summer. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 64: 331 - 341." type="journal article" year="1979">Casey et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males have higher concentrations of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites at the onset of the breeding season, whereas the increase occurs toward the end of the breeding season for females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61BC81CAF7E274497" author="FANSON, K. V. & N. C. WIELEBNOWSKI & T. M. SHENK & J. R. LUCAS" box="[944,1151,1444,1467]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="157 - 165" refId="ref18349" refString="FANSON, K. V., N. C. WIELEBNOWSKI, T. M. SHENK, AND J. R. LUCAS. 2012. Comparative patterns of adrenal activity in captive and wild Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). Journal of Comparative Physiology B 182: 157 - 165." type="journal article" year="2012">Fanson et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF60FFB61B0B1CCF79944657" blockId="4.[840,1523,1156,1915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">
|
||
The webbing uniting the toes helps
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB61C851CCE7FCC44F0" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1277,1428,1477,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61C851CCE7FCC44F0" box="[1277,1428,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
walk on snow (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61BEB1CEF7E6A44D7" author="POCOCK, R. I." box="[915,1074,1508,1531]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="113 - 136" refId="ref22597" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1917 b. On the external characters of the Felidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8 19: 113 - 136." type="journal article" year="1917">Pocock 1917b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males and females have similar mean foot-loads (ratio of body mass to foot area) but yearlings have a lower foot-load than adults (Murray and Boutin 1991). The large paws, long limbs, and low foot-load of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB61D2F1F4E7FAB4770" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1367,1523,1605,1628]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61D2F1F4E7FAB4770" box="[1367,1523,1605,1628]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
likely provide an advantage for travel in deep snow compared to other predators which have smaller limbs and paws (Koehler and Brittell 1990; Murray and Boutin 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61DE41FAF799A47F7" author="BUSKIRK, S. W. & L. F. RUGGIERO & C. J. KREBS" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" refId="ref17522" refString="BUSKIRK, S. W., L. F. RUGGIERO, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pp. 83 - 100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Buskirk et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB61BA41FCE7E2E47F0" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[988,1142,1732,1756]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61BA41FCE79B347F0" box="[988,1003,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61B841FCE7E2E47F0" box="[1020,1142,1733,1756]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has both long legs and low footloading (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61BD51FEF7EDE47D7" author="BUSKIRK, S. W. & L. F. RUGGIERO & C. J. KREBS" box="[941,1158,1764,1787]" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" refId="ref17522" refString="BUSKIRK, S. W., L. F. RUGGIERO, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pp. 83 - 100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Buskirk et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Snow hardness affects sinking depth of lynx but not snow depth and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB61C8D1E0E7FD54630" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1269,1421,1797,1820]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61C8D1E0E7FD54630" box="[1269,1421,1797,1820]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sinks on average
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF60FFB61BDC1E2F79B74617" box="[932,1007,1828,1851]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="cm" value="7.7">7.7 cm</quantity>
|
||
in snow (Murray and Boutin 1991). One male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF60FFB61B301E4E79BB4670" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[840,995,1861,1884]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF60FFB61B301E4E79BB4670" box="[840,995,1861,1884]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="140">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
penetrated from
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF60FFB61CD61E4F7F774677" box="[1198,1327,1860,1883]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.15" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="0.9" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" unit="cm" value="11.5" valueMax="14.0" valueMin="9.0">9 to 14 cm</quantity>
|
||
in snow (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF60FFB61DD11E4F79E44657" author="POSZIG, D. & C. D. APPS & A. DIBB" pageId="4" pageNumber="140" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref22875" refString="POSZIG, D., C. D. APPS, AND A. DIBB. 2004. Predation on two mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, by a Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Canadian Field-Naturalist 118: 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="2004">Poszig et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB718E019C07B66432E" blockId="5.[109,793,203,642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Yearlings have lower body fat than adults (Brand and Keith 1979;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB718CC19E07B21402E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[180,377,235,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females have less subcutaneous fat than males and yearlings have less renal fat than adults because of the higher energy requirement during growth (Brand and Keith 1979). Renal and subcutaneous fat seem to be affected only by snowshoe hare abundance during late winter (Brand and Keith 1979). Fat reserves generally decline from November to January and increase from January to February (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71AEE18A07AFA40CE" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Blood parameters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB719E118C0787440CE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[409,556,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB719E118C0787440CE" box="[409,556,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are available (Weaver and Johnson 1995).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB718E01B00795D43AE" blockId="5.[109,793,203,642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Evidences from captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB719E21B007875430E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[410,557,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB719E21B007875430E" box="[410,557,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showed that olfaction might be poorly developed but auditory and visual senses are good (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB718CE1B407B3B434E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[182,355,587,610]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB719051B40784B434E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[381,531,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB719051B407BD4434E" box="[381,396,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB719E41B40784B434E" box="[412,531,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a solid mandibular symphysis allowing it to cut flesh proficiently (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71A1B1B6078AD43AE" author="SCAPINO, R." box="[611,757,619,642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="339 - 375" refId="ref23745" refString="SCAPINO, R. 1981. Morphological investigation into functions of the jaw symphysis in carnivorans. Journal of Morphology 167: 339 - 375." type="journal article" year="1981">Scapino 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="5C4B2F65DF61FFB718B71BB67E4F454E" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB718B71BB678EE43FB" blockId="5.[207,694,701,727]" box="[207,694,701,727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<heading id="6E3381E2DF61FFB718B71BB678EE43FB" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[207,694,701,727]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB718B71BB678EE43FB" bold="true" box="[207,694,701,727]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">ONTOGENY AND REPRODUCTION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB718E01A0B7BEF45B4" blockId="5.[109,793,768,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB718E01A0B7B524234" bold="true" box="[152,266,768,792]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Ontogeny.</emphasis>
|
||
—Kittens of
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB719E41A0A780A4234" box="[412,594,769,792]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB719A11A0A780A4234" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[473,594,769,792]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
are born reddishbrown with stripes and spots (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB719A81A2A78294214" author="MERRIAM, C. H." box="[464,625,801,824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="10 - 13" refId="ref20981" refString="MERRIAM, C. H. 1886. Description of a newly born lynx. Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick 5: 10 - 13." type="journal article" year="1886">Merriam 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71AFD1A2A795F4214" author="DENIS, A." box="[645,775,801,824]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" refId="ref17979" refString="DENIS, A. 1964. The lynx. Pp. 88 - 89 in Cats of the world (B. Campbell, ed.). Constable, London, England." type="book" year="1964">Denis 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); newborns have eyes closed, no teeth, poorly developed ear tufts, ears folded forward, but pelage well developed with guard hairs and underhairs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB719271A8A785942B4" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[351,513,897,920]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The pelage of newborn kittens has longitudinal streaks more apparent on the back than the flanks, with dark horizontal bars on the front legs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71AC11ACA7AFB42D4" author="MERRIAM, C. H." pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="10 - 13" refId="ref20981" refString="MERRIAM, C. H. 1886. Description of a newly born lynx. Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick 5: 10 - 13." type="journal article" year="1886">Merriam 1886</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB718CC1AEA7B0E42D4" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[180,342,993,1016]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Eyes open after 10 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71AF21AEA795042D4" author="DENIS, A." box="[650,776,993,1016]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" refId="ref17979" refString="DENIS, A. 1964. The lynx. Pp. 88 - 89 in Cats of the world (B. Campbell, ed.). Constable, London, England." type="book" year="1964">Denis 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mass of three newborns was
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF61FFB719D51D0A7BB24534" box="[429,490,1025,1048]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.75" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" unit="g" value="175.0">175 g</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB719831D0A78104534" box="[507,584,1025,1048]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996),
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF61FFB718151D2A7AF54514" box="[109,173,1057,1080]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.97" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" unit="g" value="197.0">197 g</quantity>
|
||
, and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF61FFB718911D2A7B7E4514" box="[233,294,1057,1080]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.11" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" unit="g" value="211.0">211 g</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB7194F1D2A7B814514" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[311,473,1057,1080]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Kittens gain
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF61FFB71A061D2A78914514" box="[638,713,1057,1080]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.5" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" unit="kg" value="6.5" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="5.0">5–8 kg</quantity>
|
||
during the first 300 days of life and may double their weight within 300 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB718A51D6A7BC94554" author="MOEN, R. & J. M. RASMUSSEN & C. L. BURDETT & K. M. PELICAN" box="[221,401,1121,1144]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="13 - 22" refId="ref21168" refString="MOEN, R., J. M. RASMUSSEN, C. L. BURDETT, AND K. M. PELICAN. 2010. Hematology, serum chemistry, and body mass of free-ranging and captive Canada lynx in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 46: 13 - 22." type="journal article" year="2010">Moen et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Lengths of two neonates were 163 and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF61FFB718E41D8A7AAD45B4" box="[156,245,1153,1176]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.58" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" unit="mm" value="158.0">158 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB7197D1D8A7BFE45B4" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[261,422,1153,1176]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB718E01DAA7BA644F4" blockId="5.[109,793,768,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB718E01DAA7B1F4594" box="[152,327,1185,1208]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB718A81DAA7B1F4594" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[208,327,1185,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
often gives birth and rears young in different dens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB718C81DCA7B6145F4" author="SLOUGH, B. G." box="[176,313,1217,1240]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="605 - 608" refId="ref24188" refString="SLOUGH, B. G. 1999. Characteristics of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, maternal dens and denning habitat. Canadian-Field Naturalist 113: 605 - 608." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB718C81DCA7AA445F4" box="[176,252,1217,1240]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB719311DCA784C45F4" author="SQUIRES, J. R. & N. J. DECESARE & J. A. KOLBE & L. F. RUGGIERO" box="[329,532,1217,1240]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="1497 - 1506" refId="ref24309" refString="SQUIRES, J. R., N. J. DECESARE, J. A. KOLBE, AND L. F. RUGGIERO. 2008. Hierarchical den selection of Canada lynx in western Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1506." type="journal article" year="2008">Squires et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71AFC1DCA794145F4" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[644,793,1217,1240]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71AFC1DCA794145F4" box="[644,793,1217,1240]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
use dens from birth until the kittens are foraging at about 6–8 weeks old (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB718961C0A7B204434" author="SLOUGH, B. G." box="[238,376,1281,1304]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="605 - 608" refId="ref24188" refString="SLOUGH, B. G. 1999. Characteristics of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, maternal dens and denning habitat. Canadian-Field Naturalist 113: 605 - 608." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB718961C0A7B624434" box="[238,314,1281,1304]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and decrease their movements while denning (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB718AD1C2A7BC94414" author="MOEN, R. & C. L. BURDETT & G. J. NIEMI" box="[213,401,1313,1336]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="1507 - 1513" refId="ref21126" refString="MOEN, R., C. L. BURDETT, AND G. J. NIEMI. 2008. Movement and habitat use of Canada lynx during denning in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1507 - 1513." type="journal article" year="2008">Moen et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Kittens usually stay close to their dens the first 7 days after parturition and start gradually following their mother further away until they reach their mother’s predenning movements around 50 days after parturition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71AA21C8A7ABE4494" author="MOEN, R. & C. L. BURDETT & G. J. NIEMI" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="1507 - 1513" refId="ref21126" refString="MOEN, R., C. L. BURDETT, AND G. J. NIEMI. 2008. Movement and habitat use of Canada lynx during denning in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1507 - 1513." type="journal article" year="2008">Moen et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They can hunt by themselves by the spring following their birth (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB7194F1CCA7BB644F4" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[311,494,1473,1496]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB718E01CEA7B534674" blockId="5.[109,793,768,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB718E01CEA7B1444D4" box="[152,332,1505,1528]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB718AD1CEA7B1444D4" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[213,332,1505,1528]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
reaches adult size during its second year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB7180E1F0A7B4B4734" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[118,275,1537,1560]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB719591F0A7B834734" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[289,475,1537,1560]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The environment during the growing period is important for adult body size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71A011F2A7AFA4774" author="YOM-TOV, Y. & S. YOM-TOV & D. MACDONALD & E. YOM-TOV" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="239 - 244" refId="ref26135" refString="YOM-TOV, Y., S. YOM-TOV, D. MACDONALD, AND E. YOM-TOV. 2007. Population cycles and changes in body size of the lynx in Alaska. Oecologia 152: 239 - 244." type="journal article" year="2007">Yom-Tov et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB718C01F4A7B134774" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[184,331,1601,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB718C01F4A7A9F4774" box="[184,199,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB718AC1F4A7B134774" box="[212,331,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reaches sexual maturity sooner during high snowshoe hare densities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB719F91F6A78634754" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[385,571,1633,1656]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71A321F6A79504754" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[586,776,1633,1656]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB718B91F8A7B0A47B4" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[193,338,1665,1688]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB718B91F8A7B0A47B4" box="[193,338,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can conceive during their first year at about 9–10 months of age but usually do not give birth before their second breeding season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB719071FCA786647F4" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[383,574,1729,1752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71A361FCA794847F4" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[590,784,1729,1752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB718151FEA7B2A47D4" author="BREITENMOSER, U. & B. G. SLOUGH & C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN" box="[109,370,1761,1784]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="551 - 554" refId="ref17353" refString="BREITENMOSER, U., B. G. SLOUGH, AND C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN. 1993. Predators of cyclic prey: is the Canada lynx victim or profiteer of the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 66: 551 - 554." type="journal article" year="1993">Breitenmoser et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB719F81FEA786B47D4" author="MOEN, R. & C. L. BURDETT & G. J. NIEMI" box="[384,563,1761,1784]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="1507 - 1513" refId="ref21126" refString="MOEN, R., C. L. BURDETT, AND G. J. NIEMI. 2008. Movement and habitat use of Canada lynx during denning in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1507 - 1513." type="journal article" year="2008">Moen et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71AFE1FEA794147D4" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[646,793,1761,1784]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71AFE1FEA794147D4" box="[646,793,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
generally do not breed before their second year and gametogenesis is reduced during summer and autumn (Anderson and Lovallo 2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB718E01E6B7F3B406E" blockId="5.[109,793,768,1944]" lastBlockId="5.[840,1523,203,1122]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB718E01E6B78524654" box="[152,522,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB718E01E6B7B6F4654" bold="true" box="[152,311,1888,1912]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Reproduction.</emphasis>
|
||
—Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB719E91E6A78524654" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[401,522,1889,1912]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is capable of ovulating spontaneously but female ovarian activity increases between February and April (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71C4A19C07F5B41CE" author="FANSON, K. V. & N. C. WIELEBNOWSKI & T. M. SHENK & J. H. VASHON & J. R. SQUIRES & J. R. LUCAS" box="[1074,1283,203,226]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="217 - 224" refId="ref18404" refString="FANSON, K. V., N. C. WIELEBNOWSKI, T. M. SHENK, J. H. VASHON, J. R. SQUIRES, AND J. R. LUCAS. 2010. Patterns of ovarian and luteal activities in captive and wild Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). General and Comparative Endocrinology 169: 217 - 224." type="journal article" year="2010">Fanson et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Breeding occurs in March and April (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71C6F19E07EE3402E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[1047,1211,235,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71CB519E07F14402E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[1229,1356,235,258]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71CB519E07F53402E" box="[1229,1291,235,258]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but may take place as late as May in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71C3118007EC3400E" box="[1097,1179,267,290]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71CD318007F3F400E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[1195,1383,267,290]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Pair bonds are short, and males do not provide parental care.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB71B0B18407E83424E" blockId="5.[840,1523,203,1122]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Pregnancy rate ranges from 30% to 100% (Brand and Keith 1979; Quinn and Thompson 1987;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71CAE18607F7A40AE" box="[1238,1314,363,386]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71B3018807E46408E" author="VASHON, J. & S. MCLELLAN & S. CROWLEY & A. MEEHAN & K. LAUSTSEN" box="[840,1054,395,418]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" refId="ref25501" refString="VASHON, J., S. MCLELLAN, S. CROWLEY, A. MEEHAN, AND K. LAUSTSEN. 2012. Canada lynx assessment. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Research and Assessment Section, Bangor, Maine. 107 pp." type="book" year="2012">Vashon et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Productivity of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71C9B18807F22408E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1251,1402,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71C9B18807F22408E" box="[1251,1402,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is directly linked to snowshoe hare numbers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71CCF18A07F3240EE" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[1207,1386,427,450]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), with larger litters observed in years of higher snowshoe hare density (Brand and Keith 1979;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71B8018E07E1C432E" box="[1016,1092,491,514]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). At all densities, adult females produce higher litter size and have higher pregnancy rates than do yearlings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71C321B207F5E436E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[1098,1286,555,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71D6D1B207FBB436E" author="MOWAT, G. & S. BOUTIN & B. G. SLOUGH" box="[1301,1507,555,578]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="430 - 440" refId="ref21355" refString="MOWAT, G., S. BOUTIN, AND B. G. SLOUGH. 1996 a. Using placental scar counts to estimate litter size and pregnancy rate in lynx. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 430 - 440." type="journal article" year="1996">Mowat et al. 1996a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females can have one litter per year but during low snowshoe hare densities, interbirth intervals may be 2 years (Anderson and Lovallo 2003). In the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71C231B807EFB438E" box="[1115,1187,651,674]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
, adult females reproduced each year except the second and third years following snowshoe hare decline. In contrast, yearling females reproduced only during years of high snowshoe hare density (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71CA41BE07F70422E" box="[1244,1320,747,770]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). Similarly, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71BA81A007E7B420E" box="[976,1059,779,802]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
, 73% of adult females gave birth in years of high snowshoe hare abundance compared to 33% in snowshoe hare scarcity (Brand and Keith 1979).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB71B0B1A607E4F454E" blockId="5.[840,1523,203,1122]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Gestation lasts 61–70 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71CCB1A607F6A42AE" author="DENIS, A." box="[1203,1330,875,898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" refId="ref17979" refString="DENIS, A. 1964. The lynx. Pp. 88 - 89 in Cats of the world (B. Campbell, ed.). Constable, London, England." type="book" year="1964">Denis 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71D3D1A607FBB42AE" author="HEMMER, H." box="[1349,1507,875,898]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="143 - 165" refId="ref19033" refString="HEMMER, H. 1976. Gestation period and postnatal development in felids. The World's Cats 3: 143 - 165." type="journal article" year="1976">Hemmer 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Young are born in late May to early June (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71C861A807FC2428E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[1278,1434,907,930]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71DDF1A80792542EE" author="SLOUGH, B. G." pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="605 - 608" refId="ref24188" refString="SLOUGH, B. G. 1999. Characteristics of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, maternal dens and denning habitat. Canadian-Field Naturalist 113: 605 - 608." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71DDF1A807FAB428E" box="[1447,1523,907,930]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71BCC1AA07E1E42EE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[948,1094,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71BCC1AA07E1E42EE" box="[948,1094,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can give birth 6 weeks later than normal during years when snowshoe hare abundance is elevated (Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71B001AE0799C452E" box="[888,964,1003,1026]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998). Litter size ranges from 1 to 8 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71D0B1AE07925450E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71BF51D007E12450E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[909,1098,1035,1058]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71CA51D007F71450E" box="[1245,1321,1035,1058]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71D0E1D007925456E" author="MOEN, R. & C. L. BURDETT & G. J. NIEMI" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="1507 - 1513" refId="ref21126" refString="MOEN, R., C. L. BURDETT, AND G. J. NIEMI. 2008. Movement and habitat use of Canada lynx during denning in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1507 - 1513." type="journal article" year="2008">Moen et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Corpora lutea persist for more than one breeding season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71B291D407E5F454E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[849,1031,1099,1122]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DDE6505DF61FFBE1C2A1D967BA3448E" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="148" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<subSection id="5C4B2F65DF61FFB81C2A1D967BBC47EE" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB71C2A1D967EB0459B" blockId="5.[1106,1256,1181,1207]" box="[1106,1256,1181,1207]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<heading id="6E3381E2DF61FFB71C2A1D967EB0459B" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,1181,1207]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71C2A1D967EB0459B" bold="true" box="[1106,1256,1181,1207]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">ECOLOGY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB71B0B1DEB7FC14774" blockId="5.[840,1523,1248,1944]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71B0B1DEB7F2C45D4" box="[883,1396,1248,1272]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71B0B1DEB7EFA45D4" bold="true" box="[883,1186,1248,1272]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Population characteristics.</emphasis>
|
||
—Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71C831DEA7F2C45D4" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1275,1396,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a snowshoe hare specialist, and its ecology, morphology, and behavior reflect closely that of its main prey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71CAF1C2A7FB44414" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[1239,1516,1313,1336]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="169 - 183" refId="ref21982" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 a. Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 82: 169 - 183." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71B301C4A79D44474" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[840,908,1345,1368]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mortality is higher during winter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71D4F1C4A7FEF4474" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[1335,1463,1345,1368]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71D4F1C4A7F2D4474" box="[1335,1397,1345,1368]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), especially the first winter of low snowshoe hare density (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71DCD1C6A792644B4" author="POOLE, K. G." pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71DCD1C6A7FAB4454" box="[1461,1523,1377,1400]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71BF41C8A798144B4" box="[908,985,1409,1432]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996) and death from starvation often coincided with temperatures below −35°C (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71D591CAA7FC44494" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[1313,1436,1441,1464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71D591CAA7F074494" box="[1313,1375,1441,1464]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) during this period of decreased snowshoe hare density. It can survive through two 10-year density cycle peaks (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71D671CEA79264734" author="BREITENMOSER, U. & B. G. SLOUGH & C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="551 - 554" refId="ref17353" refString="BREITENMOSER, U., B. G. SLOUGH, AND C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN. 1993. Predators of cyclic prey: is the Canada lynx victim or profiteer of the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 66: 551 - 554." type="journal article" year="1993">Breitenmoser et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In some areas
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71C4E1F0A7E954734" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1078,1229,1537,1560]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71C4E1F0A7E954734" box="[1078,1229,1537,1560]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cycles may be affected by disease (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71BDE1F2A7E704714" author="GILPIN, M. E." box="[934,1064,1569,1592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="727 - 730" refId="ref18797" refString="GILPIN, M. E. 1973. Do hares eat lynx? American Naturalist 107: 727 - 730." type="journal article" year="1973">Gilpin 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71CFF1F2A7F4A4714" author="FINERTY, J. P." box="[1159,1298,1569,1592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="453 - 455" refId="ref18471" refString="FINERTY, J. P. 1979. Cycles in Canada lynx. American Naturalist 114: 453 - 455." type="journal article" year="1979">Finerty 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71D3D1F2A7FBA4714" author="VIK, J. O. & C. N. BRINCH & S. BOUTIN & N. C. STENSETH" box="[1349,1506,1569,1592]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="267 - 274" refId="ref25549" refString="VIK, J. O., C. N. BRINCH, S. BOUTIN, AND N. C. STENSETH. 2008. Interlinking hare and lynx dynamics using a century's worth of annual data. Population Ecology 50: 267 - 274." type="journal article" year="2008">Vik et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or intrinsic self-regulation factors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71CBF1F4A7FD14774" author="ZHIBIN, Z. & Y. TAO & L. ZHENQING" box="[1223,1417,1601,1624]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="83 - 89" refId="ref26231" refString="ZHIBIN, Z., Y. TAO, AND L. ZHENQING. 2007. Factors affecting hare-lynx dynamics in the classic time series of the Hudson Bay Company, Canada. Climate Research 34: 83 - 89." type="journal article" year="2007">Zhibin et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF61FFB41B0B1F6A7B51402E" blockId="5.[840,1523,1248,1944]" lastBlockId="6.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="142" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71B0B1F6A7E7B4754" box="[883,1059,1633,1656]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71BD41F6A7E7B4754" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[940,1059,1633,1656]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be killed by coyote (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71D561F6A792547B4" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & E. HOFER & F. I. DOYLE" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="6 - 9" refId="ref22086" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., E. HOFER, AND F. I. DOYLE. 1995. Predator versus predator. Natural History 104: 6 - 9." type="journal article" year="1995">O’Donoghue et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), wolverine
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71C721F8A7E2047B4" authority="gulo" box="[1034,1144,1665,1688]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Gulo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gulo">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71C721F8A7E2047B4" box="[1034,1144,1665,1688]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Gulo gulo</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71CF31F8A7FCE47B4" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & E. HOFER & F. I. DOYLE" box="[1163,1430,1665,1688]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="6 - 9" refId="ref22086" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., E. HOFER, AND F. I. DOYLE. 1995. Predator versus predator. Natural History 104: 6 - 9." type="journal article" year="1995">O’Donoghue et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71DDF1F8A7FAB47B4" box="[1447,1523,1665,1688]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996), wolf
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71C361FAA7FB54794" authority="(O'Donoghue et al. 1995)" baseAuthorityName="O'Donoghue" baseAuthorityYear="1995" box="[1102,1517,1697,1720]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lupus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71C361FAA7E964794" box="[1102,1230,1697,1720]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Canis lupus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71CA61FAA7FBB4794" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & E. HOFER & F. I. DOYLE" box="[1246,1507,1697,1720]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="6 - 9" refId="ref22086" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., E. HOFER, AND F. I. DOYLE. 1995. Predator versus predator. Natural History 104: 6 - 9." type="journal article" year="1995">O’Donoghue et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, mountain lion
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71B901FCA7F2247F4" authority="(Koehler et al. 1979)" baseAuthorityName="Koehler" baseAuthorityYear="1979" box="[1000,1402,1729,1752]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Puma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="concolor">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71B901FCA7ED547F4" box="[1000,1165,1729,1752]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Puma concolor</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71CE71FCA7F2847F4" author="KOEHLER, G. M. & M. G. HORNOCKER & H. S. HASH" box="[1183,1392,1729,1752]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="441 - 442" refId="ref19774" refString="KOEHLER, G. M., M. G. HORNOCKER, AND H. S. HASH. 1979. Lynx movements and habitat use in Montana. Canadian Field-Naturalist 93: 441 - 442." type="journal article" year="1979">Koehler et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and fisher
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71B301FEA7EB547D4" authority="(Vashon et al. 2012)" baseAuthorityName="Vashon" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[840,1261,1761,1784]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Pekania" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pennanti">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71B301FEA7E5B47D4" box="[840,1027,1761,1784]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Pekania pennanti</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71C6B1FEA7EBD47D4" author="VASHON, J. & S. MCLELLAN & S. CROWLEY & A. MEEHAN & K. LAUSTSEN" box="[1043,1253,1761,1784]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" refId="ref25501" refString="VASHON, J., S. MCLELLAN, S. CROWLEY, A. MEEHAN, AND K. LAUSTSEN. 2012. Canada lynx assessment. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Research and Assessment Section, Bangor, Maine. 107 pp." type="book" year="2012">Vashon et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Collision with vehicles can also be a significant cause of mortality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71D5B1E0A7FC64634" author="KLOOR, K." box="[1315,1438,1793,1816]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="320 - 321" refId="ref19685" refString="KLOOR, K. 1999. Lynx and biologists try to recover after disastrous start. Science 285: 320 - 321." type="journal article" year="1999">Kloor 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Steury and Murray 2004) and is an important factor in reintroduction failure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71BE41E4A7E0B4674" author="AUBRY, K. B. & G. M. KOEHLER & J. R. SQUIRES" box="[924,1107,1857,1880]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" refId="ref16632" refString="AUBRY, K. B., G. M. KOEHLER, AND, J. R. SQUIRES. 2000. Ecology of Canada lynx in southern boreal forests. Pp. 373 - 396 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Aubry et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71C111E4A7EA34674" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1129,1275,1857,1880]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71C111E4A7E204674" box="[1129,1144,1857,1880]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71CFC1E4A7EA34674" box="[1156,1275,1857,1880]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may also die from cannibalism (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71BC01E6A7E6A4654" author="ELSEY, C. A." box="[952,1074,1889,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="129" refId="ref18222" refString="ELSEY, C. A. 1954. A case of cannibalism in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). Journal of Mammalogy 35: 129." type="journal article" year="1954">Elsey 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71C3D1E6A7F0B4654" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & E. HOFER & F. I. DOYLE" box="[1093,1363,1889,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="6 - 9" refId="ref22086" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., E. HOFER, AND F. I. DOYLE. 1995. Predator versus predator. Natural History 104: 6 - 9." type="journal article" year="1995">O’Donoghue et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF61FFB71D1E1E6A7FBB4654" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[1382,1507,1889,1912]" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" pagination="497 - 505" refId="ref22684" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1997. Dispersal patterns of lynx in the Northwest Territories. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 497 - 505." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF61FFB71D1E1E6A7FFB4654" box="[1382,1443,1889,1912]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The oldest
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF61FFB71BBB1E8A7E0046B4" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[963,1112,1921,1944]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="141" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF61FFB71BBB1E8A7E0046B4" box="[963,1112,1921,1944]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="141">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in captivity died at 26.9 years of age (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB4180E19C07ABC41CE" author="RICH, M. S." box="[118,228,203,226]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="365" refId="ref23360" refString="RICH, M. S. 1983. The longevity record for Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792. Zoologische Garten 53: 365." type="journal article" year="1983">Rich 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it can live up to 16 years in the wild (Kolbe and Squires 2006).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF62FFB418E018007BB7426E" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB418E018007B16400E" box="[152,334,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB418AF18007B16400E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[215,334,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is highly susceptible to trapping (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41AA318007AFA406E" author="MECH, L. D." pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref20884" refString="MECH, L. D. 1980. Age, sex, reproduction, and spatial organization of lynxes colonizing northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="1980">Mech 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Carbyn and Patriquin 1983;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB4198E18207898406E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[502,704,299,322]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41AAB18207AB2404E" author="BAILEY, T. N. & E. E. BANGS & M. R. PORTNER & J. C. MALLOY & R. J. MCAVINCHEY" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="279 - 290" refId="ref16701" refString="BAILEY, T. N., E. E. BANGS, M. R. PORTNER, J. C. MALLOY, AND R. J. MCAVINCHEY. 1986. An apparent overexploited lynx population on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 50: 279 - 290." type="journal article" year="1986">Bailey et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Quinn and Thompson 1987), particularly males (Quinn and Thompson 1987). Furthermore,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41A35186078BA40AE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[589,738,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41A35186078BA40AE" box="[589,738,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be more vulnerable to trapping during periods when snowshoe hare density is low (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB4192618A0787F40EE" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[350,551,427,450]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Trapping mortality, where trapping is legal, seems density dependent (Brand and Keith 1979) and is thought to be additive rather than compensatory (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB418B81B007BDA430E" author="BAILEY, T. N. & E. E. BANGS & M. R. PORTNER & J. C. MALLOY & R. J. MCAVINCHEY" box="[192,386,523,546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="279 - 290" refId="ref16701" refString="BAILEY, T. N., E. E. BANGS, M. R. PORTNER, J. C. MALLOY, AND R. J. MCAVINCHEY. 1986. An apparent overexploited lynx population on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 50: 279 - 290." type="journal article" year="1986">Bailey et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Quinn and Thompson 1987;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB41AB41B007940430E" box="[716,792,523,546]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996), especially during high and declining snowshoe hare densities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB419321B407B9C434E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[330,452,587,610]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB419321B407BDF434E" box="[330,391,587,610]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, during the first two winters of low snowshoe hare density, trapping may be partly compensatory (Ward and Krebs 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41A761B8078DF438E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[526,647,651,674]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB41A761B807813438E" box="[526,587,651,674]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB41AE61B8078B2438E" box="[670,746,651,674]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat (1996) proposed that local extinctions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41AFB1BA0794043EE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[643,792,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41AFB1BA0794043EE" box="[643,792,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations may be prevented by establishing a system of untrapped versus trapped areas. These untrapped areas would allow
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB418CA1A007B11420E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[178,329,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB418CA1A007B11420E" box="[178,329,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations to respond more naturally to decreasing snowshoe hare densities.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF62FFB418E01A407B2A474E" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB418E01A407B11424E" box="[152,329,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB418AA1A407B11424E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[210,329,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
populations undergo density cycles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41AA01A407A8342AE" author="KREBS, C. J." pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="1112 - 1115" refId="ref20034" refString="KREBS, C. J., ET AL. 1995. Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science 269: 1112 - 1115." type="journal article" year="1995">Krebs et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Cycles have been detected in more than 200 years of fur sales from the Hudson’s Bay Company (Elton and Nicholson 1942). It follows a periodicity between 9 and 11 years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41AAF1AA07A8442CE" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB418921AC07BC642CE" author="KREBS, C. J." box="[234,414,971,994]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="1112 - 1115" refId="ref20034" refString="KREBS, C. J., ET AL. 1995. Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science 269: 1112 - 1115." type="journal article" year="1995">Krebs et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Korpimäki and Krebs 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41AA21AC07AB9452E" author="RANTA, E. & V. KAITALA & J. LINDSTROM" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="454 - 460" refId="ref23221" refString="RANTA, E., V. KAITALA, AND J. LINDSTROM. 1997. Dynamics of Canadian lynx populations in space and time. Ecography 20: 454 - 460." type="journal article" year="1997">Ranta et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with an average of 9.6 years (Elton and Nicholson 1942). The interval between two lynx cycles is more constant than the amplitude of each cycle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB419A41D207835456E" author="MORAN & P. A" box="[476,621,1067,1090]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="163 - 173" refId="ref21251" refString="MORAN P. A. P. 1953 a. The statistical analysis of the Canadian lynx cycle. I. Structure and prediction. Australian Journal of Zoology 1: 163 - 173." type="journal article" year="1953">Moran 1953a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41A031D207950456E" author="BULMER, M. G." box="[635,776,1067,1090]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="701 - 718" refId="ref17396" refString="BULMER, M. G. 1974. A statistical analysis of the 10 - year cycle in Canada. Journal of Animal Ecology 43: 701 - 718." type="journal article" year="1974">Bulmer 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Across
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF62FFB418B81D407B4B454E" box="[192,275,1099,1122]" name="Canada" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the cycle in density is not geographically synchronous but can be separated into three regions: the Atlantic, the Continental, and the Pacific (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB419A21D8078E7458E" author="STENSETH, N. C." box="[474,703,1163,1186]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="6056 - 6061" refId="ref24641" refString="STENSETH, N. C., ET AL. 2004 a. The effect of climatic forcing on population synchrony and genetic structuring of the Canada lynx. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 6056 - 6061." type="journal article" year="2004">Stenseth et al. 2004a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These regions match the three climatic-based geographic regions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB4180E1DC07B1645CE" author="STENSETH, N. C." box="[118,334,1227,1250]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="1071 - 1073" refId="ref24610" refString="STENSETH, N. C., ET AL. 1999. Common dynamic structure of Canada lynx populations within three climatic regions. Science 285: 1071 - 1073." type="journal article" year="1999">Stenseth et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the border between the Atlantic and the Continental region is correlated with the geographic pattern of warm spells (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB4195F1C00784A440E" author="STENSETH, N. C." box="[295,530,1291,1314]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="10632 - 10634" refId="ref24689" refString="STENSETH, N. C., ET AL. 2004 b. Snow conditions may create an invisible barrier for lynx. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 10632 - 10634." type="journal article" year="2004">Stenseth et al. 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The cycle reaches its peak first in the central provinces (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB419A01C207828446E" box="[472,624,1323,1346]" country="Canada" name="Saskatchewan" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Saskatchewan</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB41ADA1C207955446E" box="[674,781,1323,1346]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
|
||
), then 1 year later in the western provinces (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB41A491C4078B3444E" box="[561,747,1355,1378]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB418151C607AE744AE" box="[109,191,1387,1410]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
) and 2 years later in the eastern provinces (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB41AEF1C6078B244AE" box="[663,746,1387,1410]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Quebec—Butler 1953). The cycle may be synchronized by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41B7A1C807ABC44EE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41B7A1C807949448E" box="[770,785,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB418151CA07ABC44EE" box="[109,228,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dispersal patterns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB419BD1CA0781044EE" author="BUTLER, L." box="[453,584,1451,1474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="242 - 262" refId="ref17592" refString="BUTLER, L. 1953. The nature of cycles in populations of Canadian mammals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 31: 242 - 262." type="journal article" year="1953">Butler 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41A241CA0788B44EE" author="LACK, D." box="[604,723,1451,1474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="25 - 37" refId="ref20173" refString="LACK, D. 1954. Cyclic mortality, Journal of Wildlife Management 18: 25 - 37." type="journal article" year="1954">Lack 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The cycle is caused by a high postnatal mortality, reduced reproduction rates among yearlings (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB419E41CE0780E472E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[412,598,1515,1538]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Brand and Keith 1979;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB418CC1F007B21470E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[180,377,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and changes in recruitment (Stuart- Smith and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB418921F207B2A476E" author="BOUTIN, S." box="[234,370,1579,1602]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="69 - 80" refId="ref17242" refString="BOUTIN, S., ET AL. 1995. Population changes of the vertebrate community during a snowshoe hare cycle in Canada's boreal forest. Oikos 74: 69 - 80." type="journal article" year="1995">Boutin 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), combined with high adult mortality (Brand and Keith 1979).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF62FFB418E01F607FDD450E" blockId="6.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">
|
||
Autoregressive (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB4192F1F607B8047AE" author="TONG, H." box="[343,472,1643,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="432 - 436" refId="ref25189" refString="TONG, H. 1977. Some comments on the Canadian lynx data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A 140: 432 - 436." type="journal article" year="1977">Tong 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), fixed frequency (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41AA91F607AF7478E" author="MORAN & P. A" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="163 - 173" refId="ref21251" refString="MORAN P. A. P. 1953 a. The statistical analysis of the Canadian lynx cycle. I. Structure and prediction. Australian Journal of Zoology 1: 163 - 173." type="journal article" year="1953">Moran 1953a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and a combination of both models (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41A461F80788F478E" author="BHANSALI, R. J." box="[574,727,1675,1698]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="199 - 209" refId="ref17087" refString="BHANSALI, R. J. 1979. A mixed spectrum analysis of the lynx data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 142: 199 - 209." type="journal article" year="1979">Bhansali 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have been used to analyze
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB419251FA07BAB47EE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[349,499,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB419251FA07BAB47EE" box="[349,499,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
data, to explain the cyclic fluctuation in mathematical terms. Autoregressive models can describe random changes in frequency, phase, or amplitude of oscillations, whereas fixed frequency models assume a fixed predetermined period. Several models have been tested such as using (1) the logarithms of the total animals trapped to reduce both the degree of asymmetry of the oscillations in the original data and the effect of ignoring the fact that the real population abundance is not exactly proportional to the number of animals caught (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41BE619E07E75402E" author="MORAN & P. A" box="[926,1069,235,258]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="163 - 173" refId="ref21251" refString="MORAN P. A. P. 1953 a. The statistical analysis of the Canadian lynx cycle. I. Structure and prediction. Australian Journal of Zoology 1: 163 - 173." type="journal article" year="1953">Moran 1953a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (2) a pure Autoregressive model of order 11 without a fixed component (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41CED18007F5E400E" author="TONG, H." box="[1173,1286,267,290]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="432 - 436" refId="ref25189" refString="TONG, H. 1977. Some comments on the Canadian lynx data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A 140: 432 - 436." type="journal article" year="1977">Tong 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (3) a pure sine wave of a period of 9.63 years superposed with a first-order (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41DDB18207925404E" author="BULMER, M. G." pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="701 - 718" refId="ref17396" refString="BULMER, M. G. 1974. A statistical analysis of the 10 - year cycle in Canada. Journal of Animal Ecology 43: 701 - 718." type="journal article" year="1974">Bulmer 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or (4) second-order Autoregressive process (Campbell and Walker 1977), (5) an Autoregressive model of order 2 combined with a sine wave of a period of 9.5 years (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41DED1880792540EE" author="BHANSALI, R. J." pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="199 - 209" refId="ref17087" refString="BHANSALI, R. J. 1979. A mixed spectrum analysis of the lynx data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 142: 199 - 209." type="journal article" year="1979">Bhansali 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (6) a self-exciting threshold Autoregressive model, that allows more flexibility in model parameters by switching from one regime to another when a threshold is reached, with two regimes of order 7 and 2 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41C0B1B007E8D430E" author="LAI, D." box="[1139,1237,523,546]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="409 - 423" refId="ref20192" refString="LAI, D. 1996. Comparison study of AR models on the Canadian lynx data: a close look at BDS statistic. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis 22: 409 - 423." type="journal article" year="1996">Lai 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or (7) with two regimes of order 2 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41BAA1B207EEC436E" author="STENSETH, N. C." box="[978,1204,555,578]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="15430 - 15435" refId="ref24564" refString="STENSETH, N. C., ET AL. 1998. From pattern to processes: phase and density dependencies in the Canadian lynx cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95: 15430 - 15435." type="journal article" year="1998">Stenseth et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The previously mentioned models assumed the oscillations to be an autonomous phenomenon and external factors as perturbations only. Other models describe the oscillations as being generated by external factors. Examples of these models follow: (1) a stepwise multiple regression analysis including precipitation in May and temperature in June, September, and October (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41CE31BE07F4F422E" author="ARDITI, R." box="[1179,1303,747,770]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="219 - 233" refId="ref16600" refString="ARDITI, R. 1979. Relation of the Canadian lynx cycle to a combination of weather variables: a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Oecologia 41: 219 - 233." type="journal article" year="1979">Arditi 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (2) a three-dimensional phase portrait with a deterministic period of 20 years with noise superimposed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41C561A207E9D426E" author="SCHAFFER, W. M." box="[1070,1221,811,834]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="798 - 820" refId="ref23771" refString="SCHAFFER, W. M. 1984. Stretching and folding in lynx fur return: evidence for a strange attractor in nature? American Naturalist 123: 798 - 820." type="journal article" year="1984">Schaffer 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (3) a model incorporating plant–herbivore and prey–predator interactions as density ratios (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41B291A6079A642AE" author="AKCAKAYA, H. R." box="[849,1022,875,898]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="119 - 142" refId="ref16391" refString="AKCAKAYA, H. R. 1992. Population cycles of mammals: evidence for a ratio-dependant predation hypothesis. Ecological Monograph 62: 119 - 142." type="journal article" year="1992">Akçakaya 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), (4) a bivariate time-series model fitted to snowshoe hare and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41C591A807EEE428E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1057,1206,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41C591A807E68428E" box="[1057,1072,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41C471A807EEE428E" box="[1087,1206,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
data to consider within- and between-population interactions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41CD71AA07F1342EE" author="VIK, J. O. & C. N. BRINCH & S. BOUTIN & N. C. STENSETH" box="[1199,1355,939,962]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="267 - 274" refId="ref25549" refString="VIK, J. O., C. N. BRINCH, S. BOUTIN, AND N. C. STENSETH. 2008. Interlinking hare and lynx dynamics using a century's worth of annual data. Population Ecology 50: 267 - 274." type="journal article" year="2008">Vik et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and (5) a uniform phase evolution and chaotic amplitude model to evaluate the presence of a bifurcation process caused by increase trapping pressure or alternative prey (Gamarra and Solé 2000).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF62FFB41B0B1D207FE447AE" blockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41BD01D207E19456E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[936,1089,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41BD01D207E19456E" box="[936,1089,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
density cycle is primarily induced by fluctuations in snowshoe hare density (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41D791D407FDD454E" author="BUTLER, L." box="[1281,1413,1099,1122]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="242 - 262" refId="ref17592" refString="BUTLER, L. 1953. The nature of cycles in populations of Canadian mammals. Canadian Journal of Zoology 31: 242 - 262." type="journal article" year="1953">Butler 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41DE01D4079E045AE" author="STENSETH, N. C. & W. FALCK & O. N. BJORNSTAD & C. J. KREBS" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="5147 - 5152" refId="ref24731" refString="STENSETH, N. C., W. FALCK, O. N. BJORNSTAD, AND C. J. KREBS. 1997. Population regulation in snowshoe hare and Canadian lynx: asymmetric food web configuration between hare and lynx. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94: 5147 - 5152." type="journal article" year="1997">Stenseth et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41BBE1D607E3B45AE" author="VIK, J. O. & C. N. BRINCH & S. BOUTIN & N. C. STENSETH" box="[966,1123,1131,1154]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="267 - 274" refId="ref25549" refString="VIK, J. O., C. N. BRINCH, S. BOUTIN, AND N. C. STENSETH. 2008. Interlinking hare and lynx dynamics using a century's worth of annual data. Population Ecology 50: 267 - 274." type="journal article" year="2008">Vik et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and usually follows 1 or 2 years behind the snowshoe hare cycle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41CED1D807F7A458E" author="BULMER, M. G." box="[1173,1314,1163,1186]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="701 - 718" refId="ref17396" refString="BULMER, M. G. 1974. A statistical analysis of the 10 - year cycle in Canada. Journal of Animal Ecology 43: 701 - 718." type="journal article" year="1974">Bulmer 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41D491D807FB3458E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[1329,1515,1163,1186]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Boutin et al. 1995;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41C651DA07F7C45EE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & E. J. HOFER" box="[1053,1316,1195,1218]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="150 - 162" refId="ref21939" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, AND E. J. HOFER. 1997. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80: 150 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">O’Donoghue et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Between the low and peak abundance periods for snowshoe hare,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41D251DC07FAB45CE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1373,1523,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41D251DC07F3445CE" box="[1373,1388,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41D041DC07FAB45CE" box="[1404,1523,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
density increased from 7.5 to 17 times in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB41D661DE07F3B442E" box="[1310,1379,1259,1282]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Boutin et al. 1995;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB41BF31C00798F440E" box="[907,983,1291,1314]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41CE51C007FC4440E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & E. J. HOFER" box="[1181,1436,1291,1314]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="150 - 162" refId="ref21939" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, AND E. J. HOFER. 1997. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80: 150 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">O’Donoghue et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and 10 times in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB41BB71C207EED446E" box="[975,1205,1323,1346]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41CBD1C207F67446E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[1221,1343,1323,1346]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF62FFB41CBD1C207F5A446E" box="[1221,1282,1323,1346]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The speed and magnitude of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41B991C407E2F444E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[993,1143,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41B991C4079A8444E" box="[993,1008,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41C781C407E2F444E" box="[1024,1143,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recovery from low snowshoe hare densities depends on the number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41CAE1C607F3444AE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1238,1388,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41CAE1C607EBD44AE" box="[1238,1253,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41C8D1C607F3444AE" box="[1269,1388,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that survive the years of snowshoe hare scarcity (Brand and Keith 1979). The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41B301CA0798644EE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[840,990,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41B301CA0790F44EE" box="[840,855,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41B1F1CA0798644EE" box="[871,990,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cycle is more obvious in northern environments but is still apparent in the southern portion of its geographic distribution, likely due to dispersal of northern individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41B291F007E13470E" author="MCKELVEY, K. S. & S. W. BUSKIRK & C. J. KREBS" box="[849,1099,1547,1570]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" refId="ref20738" refString="MCKELVEY, K. S., S. W. BUSKIRK, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000 b. Theoretical insights into the population viability of lynx. Pp. 21 - 37 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">McKelvey et al. 2000b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41C1C1F007EA1470E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1124,1273,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41C1C1F007E2B470E" box="[1124,1139,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41CFA1F007EA1470E" box="[1154,1273,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
dynamics might differ in populations in southern latitudes because fluctuation in snowshoe hares is more stable than in the north (Koehler 1990) because alternate preys are more abundant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41D7A1F607FF447AE" author="ROTH, J. D. & J. D. MARSHALL & D. L. MURRAY & D. M. NICKERSON & T. D. STEURY" box="[1282,1452,1643,1666]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="2736 - 2743" refId="ref23439" refString="ROTH, J. D., J. D. MARSHALL, D. L. MURRAY, D. M. NICKERSON, AND T. D. STEURY. 2007. Geographical gradients in diet affect population dynamics of Canada lynx. Ecology 88: 2736 - 2743." type="journal article" year="2007">Roth et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF62FFB51B0B1F807801430E" blockId="6.[840,1524,203,1954]" lastBlockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="143" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">
|
||
The cycle in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41B8E1F807ED0478E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1014,1160,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41B8E1F807ED0478E" box="[1014,1160,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also may be influenced by weather (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41B291FA079B847EE" author="MORAN, P. A. P." box="[849,992,1707,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="291 - 298" refId="ref21286" refString="MORAN, P. A. P. 1953 b. The statistical analysis of the Canadian lynx cycle. II. Synchronization and meteorology. Australian Journal of Zoology 1: 291 - 298." type="journal article" year="1953">Moran 1953b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41B931FA07E3D47EE" author="ARDITI, R." box="[1003,1125,1707,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="219 - 233" refId="ref16600" refString="ARDITI, R. 1979. Relation of the Canadian lynx cycle to a combination of weather variables: a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Oecologia 41: 219 - 233." type="journal article" year="1979">Arditi 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41C091FA07F6547EE" author="STENSETH, N. C." box="[1137,1341,1707,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="1071 - 1073" refId="ref24610" refString="STENSETH, N. C., ET AL. 1999. Common dynamic structure of Canada lynx populations within three climatic regions. Science 285: 1071 - 1073." type="journal article" year="1999">Stenseth et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41D301FA07FBB47EE" author="YAN, C. & N. C. STENSETH & C. J. KREBS & Z. ZHANG" box="[1352,1507,1707,1730]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="3263 - 3271" refId="ref26091" refString="YAN, C., N. C. STENSETH, C. J. KREBS, AND Z. ZHANG. 2013. Linking climate change to population cycles of hares and lynx. Global Change Biology 19: 3263 - 3271." type="journal article" year="2013">Yan et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sunspot numbers are not correlated with the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41D211FC07FAB47CE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1369,1523,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41D211FC07F3047CE" box="[1369,1384,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41D041FC07FAB47CE" box="[1404,1523,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cycle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41BEA1FE07E4F462E" author="MORAN, P. A. P." box="[914,1047,1771,1794]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="115 - 116" refId="ref21221" refString="MORAN, P. A. P. 1949. The statistical analysis of the sunspot and lynx cycle. Journal of Animal Ecology 18: 115 - 116." type="journal article" year="1949">Moran 1949</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but solar activity could indirectly, through the effects of the climate cycle on the ecosystem, modulate the snowshoe hare cycle and thus the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41CC31E207F17466E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1211,1359,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41CC31E207E92466E" box="[1211,1226,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41CA01E207F17466E" box="[1240,1359,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cycle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41DD81E2079EF464E" author="SINCLAIR, A. R. E." pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="173 - 198" refId="ref24144" refString="SINCLAIR, A. R. E., ET AL. 1993. Can the solar cycle and climate synchronize the snowshoe hare cycle in Canada? Evidence from tree rings and ice cores. American Naturalist 141: 173 - 198." type="journal article" year="1993">Sinclair et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Forest fire, through plant succession favoring snowshoe hares (Fox and Bryant 1984;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41CC81E607F3546AE" author="TROSTEL, K. & A. R. E. SINCLAIR & C. WALTERS & C. J. KREBS" box="[1200,1389,1899,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="185 - 193" refId="ref25216" refString="TROSTEL, K., A. R. E. SINCLAIR, C. WALTERS, AND C. J. KREBS. 1987. Can predation cause the 10 - year hare cycle? Oecologia 74: 185 - 193." type="journal article" year="1987">Trostel et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF62FFB41D031E607925468E" author="KREBS, C. J." pageId="6" pageNumber="142" pagination="1112 - 1115" refId="ref20034" refString="KREBS, C. J., ET AL. 1995. Impact of food and predation on the snowshoe hare cycle. Science 269: 1112 - 1115." type="journal article" year="1995">Krebs et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and snowfall may also cause oscillation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF62FFB41D271E807FAB468E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1375,1523,1931,1954]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41D271E807F36468E" box="[1375,1390,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF62FFB41D041E807FAB468E" box="[1404,1523,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="142">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
densities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB518A519C07B1C41CE" author="FOX, J. F." box="[221,324,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="349 - 374" refId="ref18551" refString="FOX, J. F. 1978. Forest fires and snowshoe hare-Canada lynx cycle. Oecologia 31: 349 - 374." type="journal article" year="1978">Fox 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally, climate can affect
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51AFB19C0794041CE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[643,792,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51AFB19C078CA41CE" box="[643,658,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51AD919C0794041CE" box="[673,792,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population cycles by the relationship of foot-loading to snowfall, by affecting snowshoe hare, and by affecting forest composition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB5180E18207B1F406E" author="HOVING, C. L. & R. A. JOSEPH & W. B. KROHN" box="[118,327,299,322]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="363 - 382" refId="ref19323" refString="HOVING, C. L., R. A. JOSEPH, AND W. B. KROHN. 2003. Recent and historical distributions of Canada lynx in Maine and the northeast. Northeastern Naturalist 10: 363 - 382." type="journal article" year="2003">Hoving et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, it has not been shown that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51B7A18207ABC404E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51B7A18207949406E" box="[770,785,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB5181518407ABC404E" box="[109,228,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cycles result from cycle in fur prices (de Vos and Matel 1952; Gamarra and Solé 2000) that modulate trapper harvest effort (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB5189018807B3F408E" author="GILPIN, M. E." box="[232,359,395,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="727 - 730" refId="ref18797" refString="GILPIN, M. E. 1973. Do hares eat lynx? American Naturalist 107: 727 - 730." type="journal article" year="1973">Gilpin 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB5190C18807841408E" author="WEINSTEIN, M. S." box="[372,537,395,418]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="806 - 808" refId="ref25734" refString="WEINSTEIN, M. S. 1977. Hares, lynx and trappers. American Naturalist 111: 806 - 808." type="journal article" year="1977">Weinstein 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The southern range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB5181518A07B5940EE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[109,257,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB5181518A07B5940EE" box="[109,257,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to have contracted during the last decade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB5180E18C07B7540CE" author="BAYNE, E. M. & S. BOUTIN & R. A. MOSES" box="[118,301,459,482]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1189 - 1197" refId="ref16839" refString="BAYNE, E. M., S. BOUTIN, AND R. A. MOSES. 2008. Ecological factors influencing the spatial pattern of Canada lynx relative to its southern range edge in Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 86: 1189 - 1197." type="journal article" year="2008">Bayne et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it has been suggested that climate change may have a negative impact on the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51AFD18E07940432E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[645,792,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51AFD18E07940432E" box="[645,792,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB518811B007BD9430E" author="CARROLL, C." box="[249,385,523,546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1092 - 1104" refId="ref17797" refString="CARROLL, C. 2007. Interacting effects of climate change, landscape conversion, and harvest on carnivore populations at the range margin: marten and lynx in the northern Appalachians. Conservation Biology 21: 1092 - 1104." type="journal article" year="2007">Carroll 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB519F71B007811430E" author="BAYNE, E. M. & S. BOUTIN & R. A. MOSES" box="[399,585,523,546]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1189 - 1197" refId="ref16839" refString="BAYNE, E. M., S. BOUTIN, AND R. A. MOSES. 2008. Ecological factors influencing the spatial pattern of Canada lynx relative to its southern range edge in Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 86: 1189 - 1197." type="journal article" year="2008">Bayne et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF63FFB518E01B2078E344EE" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">
|
||
Age and sex ratios of the harvest data usually differ from the population data and will change seasonally and dependently of the cycle (Quinn and Thompson 1985). Yearlings are overrepresented in harvest, especially in autumn and winter, while kittens are underrepresented but increased after December, when they become more independent (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51A7E1BC0780A43CE" box="[518,594,715,738]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). Among yearlings, males are more vulnerable to trapping due to their higher mobility (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB519181A007853420E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[352,523,779,802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51A631A0078CE420E" author="MECH, L. D." box="[539,662,779,802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref20884" refString="MECH, L. D. 1980. Age, sex, reproduction, and spatial organization of lynxes colonizing northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="1980">Mech 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Quinn and Thompson 1987). Sex and age ratios of the harvest vary with the cycle, with kittens being absent during the decline and numerous during the peak (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB519FA1A60781842AE" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[386,576,875,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51A291A60794842AE" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[593,784,875,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Brand and Keith 1979;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB519171A807BB1428E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[367,489,907,930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB519171A807BF4428E" box="[367,428,907,930]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most studies of harvested populations have observed sex bias toward males (Quinn and Gardner 1984), but an even sex ratio or a bias toward females have also been observed (Brand and Keith 1979;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51AEA1AE07AFA450E" author="BAILEY, T. N. & E. E. BANGS & M. R. PORTNER & J. C. MALLOY & R. J. MCAVINCHEY" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="279 - 290" refId="ref16701" refString="BAILEY, T. N., E. E. BANGS, M. R. PORTNER, J. C. MALLOY, AND R. J. MCAVINCHEY. 1986. An apparent overexploited lynx population on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 50: 279 - 290." type="journal article" year="1986">Bailey et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Quinn and Thompson 1987). It seems that during peak densities in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB5188B1D207BD1456E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[243,393,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB5188B1D207BD1456E" box="[243,393,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations, males are predominant and during low densities, females are predominant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51AE91D407950454E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[657,776,1099,1122]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51AE91D407896454E" box="[657,718,1099,1122]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Through the cycle, sex ratios usually do not significantly differ from equality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB519721D807B99458E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[266,449,1163,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB519B51D80781C458E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[461,580,1163,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB519B51D807852458E" box="[461,522,1163,1186]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51A291D8078C5458E" box="[593,669,1163,1186]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). Sex ratios (males:females;
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB519941DA07BA145EE" box="[492,505,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">n</emphasis>
|
||
in parenthesis) were: for kittens 50:50 (8), for yearlings 33:67 (15), and for adults 0:100 (7) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB518C11DE07B72442E" box="[185,298,1259,1282]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB519471DE07BE5442E" author="MECH, L. D." box="[319,445,1259,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref20884" refString="MECH, L. D. 1980. Age, sex, reproduction, and spatial organization of lynxes colonizing northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="1980">Mech 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 57:43 (58) in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51AD11DE07A84440E" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB518881C007B35440E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[240,365,1291,1314]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB518881C007B75440E" box="[240,301,1291,1314]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); for kittens 69:31 (16), for yearlings 57:43 (70), and for adults 50:50 (60) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51A411C2078E7446E" box="[569,703,1323,1346]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51AAB1C207AB9444E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); for kittens 52:48 (178), for yearlings 62:38 (484), and for adults 54:46 (314) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB519B91C60784A44AE" box="[449,530,1387,1410]" country="Canada" name="Ontario" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Ontario</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Quinn and Thompson 1987); for kittens 51:49 (158), for yearlings 65:35 (401), and for adults 49:51 (329) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB519291CA07BCE44EE" box="[337,406,1451,1474]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB519DD1CA07BA944EE" box="[421,497,1451,1474]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF63FFB518E01CC07B6A466E" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">
|
||
During snowshoe hare scarcity, age distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB518151CE07B5B472E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[109,259,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB518151CE07B5B472E" box="[109,259,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shifts toward an older cohort due to a lower recruitment (Brand and Keith 1979;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB5198C1F007818470E" box="[500,576,1547,1570]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). The main cause of the decrease in recruitment is kitten mortality ranging from 40% to 100% (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB519871F40789F474E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[511,711,1611,1634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51AA31F407AFA47AE" author="POOLE, K. G." pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51AA31F407940474E" box="[731,792,1611,1634]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB518C81F607B2647AE" author="MOWAT, G. & B. G. SLOUGH & S. BOUTIN" box="[176,382,1643,1666]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="441 - 452" refId="ref21538" refString="MOWAT, G., B. G. SLOUGH, AND S. BOUTIN. 1996 b. Lynx recruitment during a snowshoe hare population peak and decline in southwest Yukon. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 441 - 452." type="journal article" year="1996">Mowat et al. 1996b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During periods when snowshoe hare density is low,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB519681F807BFC478E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[272,420,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB519681F807BFC478E" box="[272,420,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
either does not conceive or aborts litters (Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB519451FA07BD147EE" box="[317,393,1707,1730]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998) and survivorship of kittens of yearling females is lower than that of kittens of adult females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB5180E1FE07B1B462E" author="MOWAT, G. & B. G. SLOUGH & S. BOUTIN" box="[118,323,1771,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="441 - 452" refId="ref21538" refString="MOWAT, G., B. G. SLOUGH, AND S. BOUTIN. 1996 b. Lynx recruitment during a snowshoe hare population peak and decline in southwest Yukon. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 441 - 452." type="journal article" year="1996">Mowat et al. 1996b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB519291FE07BC5462E" box="[337,413,1771,1794]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). When snowshoe hares are abundant, late born kittens can survive winter (Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB518E31E207ABF466E" box="[155,231,1835,1858]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF63FFB518E01E407990438E" blockId="7.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="7.[840,1523,201,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB518E01E407B14464E" box="[152,332,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB518AD1E407B14464E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[213,332,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
densities vary greatly during a snowshoe hare cycle ranging from 2.0 to 44.9/
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51A711E60780446AE" box="[521,604,1899,1922]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF63FFB51A241E62783C465B" attach="left" box="[604,612,1897,1911]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">2</superScript>
|
||
. Densities were 20/
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB518E91E807ABD468E" box="[145,229,1931,1954]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF63FFB5189D1E827AB546BB" attach="left" box="[229,237,1929,1943]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">2</superScript>
|
||
during periods of high snowshoe hare density in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51B3019C079CA41CE" box="[840,914,203,226]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51BDE19C07E2841CE" author="BAILEY, T. N. & E. E. BANGS & M. R. PORTNER & J. C. MALLOY & R. J. MCAVINCHEY" box="[934,1136,203,226]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="279 - 290" refId="ref16701" refString="BAILEY, T. N., E. E. BANGS, M. R. PORTNER, J. C. MALLOY, AND R. J. MCAVINCHEY. 1986. An apparent overexploited lynx population on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 50: 279 - 290." type="journal article" year="1986">Bailey et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 2–10/
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51CB019C07F4541CE" box="[1224,1309,203,226]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51D6519C27F1D41CE" box="[1309,1349,201,226]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF63FFB51D6519C27F7D41FB" attach="left" box="[1309,1317,201,215]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51D3719C07FC741CE" box="[1359,1439,203,226]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51DCB19C079E6402E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51BA819E07ECA402E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[976,1170,235,258]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 9.2–13.0/
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51D6A19E07F3D402E" box="[1298,1381,235,258]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF63FFB51D1D19E27F3541DB" attach="left" box="[1381,1389,233,247]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">2</superScript>
|
||
during a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51DA519E079E7400E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51DA519E07FB4402E" box="[1501,1516,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51B30180079E7400E" box="[840,959,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
peak in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51C5D18007E31400E" box="[1061,1129,267,290]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51C0518007F01400E" author="VASHON, J. H." box="[1149,1369,267,290]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" refId="ref25427" refString="VASHON, J. H., ET AL. 2008 a. Spatial ecology of a Canada lynx population in northern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1487." type="journal volume" year="2008">Vashon et al. 2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 3.9–7.8/
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51DB418007932406E" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51B12182279CA406E" box="[874,914,297,322]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF63FFB51B121822792A401B" attach="left" box="[874,882,297,311]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
Newfoundland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51C3718207EAA406E" author="BERGERUD, A. T." box="[1103,1266,299,322]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="3 - 55" refId="ref16948" refString="BERGERUD, A. T. 1971. The population dynamics of Newfoundland caribou. Wildlife Monographs 25: 3 - 55." type="journal article" year="1971">Bergerud 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 3–30/
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51D3218207FC7406E" box="[1354,1439,299,322]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51DE718227F9F406E" box="[1439,1479,297,322]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF63FFB51DE718227FFF401B" attach="left" box="[1439,1447,297,311]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51B3018407E76404E" box="[840,1070,331,354]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51C4718407EE1404E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[1087,1209,331,354]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51C4718407E24404E" box="[1087,1148,331,354]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 20/
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51C8D18407F1E404E" box="[1269,1350,331,354]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF63FFB51D3E18427F16407B" attach="left" box="[1350,1358,329,343]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">2</superScript>
|
||
during periods of high snowshoe hare density in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51CB518607F0C40AE" box="[1229,1364,363,386]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51D1118607925408E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 5.9–14.5/
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51C7818807E0F408E" box="[1024,1111,395,418]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51C2F18827EDA408E" box="[1111,1154,393,418]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF63FFB51C2F18827E0740BB" attach="left" box="[1111,1119,393,407]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51CE818807EB9408E" box="[1168,1249,395,418]" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Quebec</collectingRegion>
|
||
(in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51D6218807F3E408E" box="[1306,1382,395,418]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996), 2.3/
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51BC418A07E5440EE" box="[956,1036,427,450]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF63FFB51C7418A27E4C409B" attach="left" box="[1036,1044,425,439]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">2</superScript>
|
||
during periods of low snowshoe hare density in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51B1C18C079BB40CE" box="[868,995,459,482]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Koehler 1990), and 2.0–44.9/
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51D4B18C07FDB40CE" box="[1331,1411,459,482]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51DFB18C27FF040CE" box="[1411,1448,457,482]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="in" value="2.0">
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF63FFB51DFB18C27FD340FB" attach="left" box="[1411,1419,457,471]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">2</superScript>
|
||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51DD518C07FAA40CE" box="[1453,1522,459,482]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51B2918E079C5432E" box="[849,925,491,514]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51C0C18E07FD8432E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & E. J. HOFER" box="[1140,1408,491,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="150 - 162" refId="ref21939" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, AND E. J. HOFER. 1997. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80: 150 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">O’Donoghue et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51DEA18E079ED430E" author="BOONSTRA, R. & D. HIK & G. R. SINGLETON & A. TINNIKOV" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="371 - 394" refId="ref17201" refString="BOONSTRA, R., D. HIK, G. R. SINGLETON, AND A. TINNIKOV. 1998. The impact of predator-induced stress on the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology Monographs 79: 371 - 394." type="journal article" year="1998">Boonstra et al. 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51BB21B007E04430E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[970,1116,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51BB21B007E04430E" box="[970,1116,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
density may be limited in the southern portion of its distribution where the snowshoe hare is restricted by habitat availability (Koehler 1990), thus its densities are typically higher in the north portion of its distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51D1F1B6079E0438E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & E. J. HOFER" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="150 - 162" refId="ref21939" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, AND E. J. HOFER. 1997. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80: 150 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">O’Donoghue et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF63FFB51B0B1BA07EBD472E" blockId="7.[840,1523,201,1954]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51B0B1BA07E9343EE" box="[883,1227,683,707]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51B0B1BA079AA43EF" bold="true" box="[883,1010,683,707]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Space use.</emphasis>
|
||
—Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51C2A1BA07E9343EE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1106,1227,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
occupies habitats where snowshoe hares are abundant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51CCA1BC07FDE43CE" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[1202,1414,715,738]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Koehler 1990;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51BEA1BE07E00422E" author="POOLE, K. G. & L. A. WAKELYN & P. N. NICKLEN" box="[914,1112,747,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="845 - 850" refId="ref22834" refString="POOLE, K. G., L. A. WAKELYN, AND P. N. NICKLEN. 1996. Habitat selection by lynx in the Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 845 - 850." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51BEA1BE07988422E" box="[914,976,747,770]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51C141BE07FD6422E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[1132,1422,747,770]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="169 - 183" refId="ref21982" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 a. Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 82: 169 - 183." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51DDA1BE079E5420E" author="HOVING, C. L. & D. J. HARRISON & W. B. KROHN & R. A. JOSEPH & M. O'BRIEN" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="739 - 751" refId="ref19270" refString="HOVING, C. L., D. J. HARRISON, W. B. KROHN, R. A. JOSEPH, AND M. O'BRIEN. 2005. Broad-scale predictors of Canada lynx occurrence in eastern North America. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 739 - 751." type="journal article" year="2005">Hoving et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51BB61A007EC9420E" author="BAYNE, E. M. & S. BOUTIN & R. A. MOSES" box="[974,1169,779,802]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1189 - 1197" refId="ref16839" refString="BAYNE, E. M., S. BOUTIN, AND R. A. MOSES. 2008. Ecological factors influencing the spatial pattern of Canada lynx relative to its southern range edge in Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 86: 1189 - 1197." type="journal article" year="2008">Bayne et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Usually,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51D741A007FFB420E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1292,1443,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51D741A007FFB420E" box="[1292,1443,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in dense coniferous forests with moderate canopy and understory cover, and elevation between 1,525 and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51D391A407FC3424E" box="[1345,1435,843,866]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.829" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="m" value="1829.0">1,829 m</quantity>
|
||
but can live at elevations up to
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51C331A607EFE42AE" box="[1099,1190,875,898]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="m" value="2400.0">2,400 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51CCF1A607FD442AE" author="KOEHLER, G. M. & M. G. HORNOCKER & H. S. HASH" box="[1207,1420,875,898]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="441 - 442" refId="ref19774" refString="KOEHLER, G. M., M. G. HORNOCKER, AND H. S. HASH. 1979. Lynx movements and habitat use in Montana. Canadian Field-Naturalist 93: 441 - 442." type="journal article" year="1979">Koehler et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Koehler and Brittell 1990;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51C691A807E88428E" author="PARAGI, T. F. & W. N. JOHNSON & D. D. KATNIK" box="[1041,1232,907,930]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="77 - 86" refId="ref22206" refString="PARAGI, T. F., W. N. JOHNSON, AND D. D. KATNIK. 1997. Selection of post-fire seres by lynx and snowshoe hares in the Alaskan taiga. Northwestern Naturalist 78: 77 - 86." type="journal article" year="1997">Paragi et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51D191A807FF6428E" box="[1377,1454,907,930]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51B301AA07E4242EE" author="KOEHLER, G. M. & B. T. MALETZKE & J. A. VON KIENAST & K. B. AUBRY & R. B. WIELGUS & R. H. NANEY" box="[840,1050,939,962]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1518 - 1524" refId="ref19812" refString="KOEHLER, G. M., B. T. MALETZKE, J. A. VON KIENAST, K. B. AUBRY, R. B. WIELGUS, AND R. H. NANEY. 2008. Habitat fragmentation and the persistence of lynx populations in Washington State. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1518 - 1524." type="journal article" year="2008">Koehler et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It avoids deciduous forests, open habitat, steep slopes, and recent burns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51CED1AC07F0342CE" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE" box="[1173,1371,971,994]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1444 - 1451" refId="ref21659" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, AND M. O'DONOGHUE. 1994. Winter habitat selection by lynx and coyotes in relation to snowshoe hare abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1444 - 1451." type="journal article" year="1994">Murray et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51D111AC07926452E" author="HOVING, C. L. & D. J. HARRISON & W. B. KROHN & R. A. JOSEPH & M. O'BRIEN" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="739 - 751" refId="ref19270" refString="HOVING, C. L., D. J. HARRISON, W. B. KROHN, R. A. JOSEPH, AND M. O'BRIEN. 2005. Broad-scale predictors of Canada lynx occurrence in eastern North America. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 739 - 751." type="journal article" year="2005">Hoving et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51BF51AE07E07452E" author="KOEHLER, G. M. & B. T. MALETZKE & J. A. VON KIENAST & K. B. AUBRY & R. B. WIELGUS & R. H. NANEY" box="[909,1119,1003,1026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1518 - 1524" refId="ref19812" refString="KOEHLER, G. M., B. T. MALETZKE, J. A. VON KIENAST, K. B. AUBRY, R. B. WIELGUS, AND R. H. NANEY. 2008. Habitat fragmentation and the persistence of lynx populations in Washington State. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1518 - 1524." type="journal article" year="2008">Koehler et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51C151AE07F1C452E" author="VASHON, J. H." box="[1133,1348,1003,1026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1488 - 1496" refId="ref25461" refString="VASHON, J. H., ET AL. 2008 b. Diurnal habitat relationship of Canada lynx in an intensively managed private forest landscape in northern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1488 - 1496." type="journal article" year="2008">Vashon et al. 2008b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51D241AE07FAB452E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1372,1523,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51D241AE07FAB452E" box="[1372,1523,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also selects early and late successional habitat like 15- to 30-year-old burns or 15- to 25-year-old forests regenerating from clear cutting and tends to avoid recent clear-cuts and partial harvests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51BA11D607EFE45AE" author="KOEHLER, G. M. & M. G. HORNOCKER & H. S. HASH" box="[985,1190,1131,1154]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="441 - 442" refId="ref19774" refString="KOEHLER, G. M., M. G. HORNOCKER, AND H. S. HASH. 1979. Lynx movements and habitat use in Montana. Canadian Field-Naturalist 93: 441 - 442." type="journal article" year="1979">Koehler et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51CCC1D607F2945AE" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[1204,1393,1131,1154]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51D071D607926458E" author="THOMPSON, I. D." pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="251 - 261" refId="ref25130" refString="THOMPSON, I. D. 1988. Habitat needs of furbearers in relation to logging in boreal Ontario. Forestry Chronicle 64: 251 - 261." type="journal article" year="1988">Thompson 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51BF51D807E1E458E" author="POOLE, K. G. & L. A. WAKELYN & P. N. NICKLEN" box="[909,1094,1163,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="845 - 850" refId="ref22834" refString="POOLE, K. G., L. A. WAKELYN, AND P. N. NICKLEN. 1996. Habitat selection by lynx in the Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 845 - 850." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51BF51D807993458E" box="[909,971,1163,1186]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51C2D1D807F4D458E" author="PARAGI, T. F. & W. N. JOHNSON & D. D. KATNIK" box="[1109,1301,1163,1186]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="77 - 86" refId="ref22206" refString="PARAGI, T. F., W. N. JOHNSON, AND D. D. KATNIK. 1997. Selection of post-fire seres by lynx and snowshoe hares in the Alaskan taiga. Northwestern Naturalist 78: 77 - 86." type="journal article" year="1997">Paragi et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51DDE1D807FAB458E" box="[1446,1523,1163,1186]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
2003;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51BF71DA07E0745EE" author="HOVING, C. L. & D. J. HARRISON & W. B. KROHN & W. J. JAKUBAS & M. A. MCCOLLOUGH" box="[911,1119,1195,1218]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="285 - 294" refId="ref19215" refString="HOVING, C. L., D. J. HARRISON, W. B. KROHN, W. J. JAKUBAS, AND M. A. MCCOLLOUGH. 2004. Canada lynx habitat and forest succession in northern Maine, United States. Wildlife Biology 10: 285 - 294." type="journal article" year="2004">Hoving et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mature forest is used for denning, travel corridors, cover, socialization, or to seek alternate prey (Koehler 1990;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51B801DE07EE6442E" author="PARAGI, T. F. & W. N. JOHNSON & D. D. KATNIK" box="[1016,1214,1259,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="77 - 86" refId="ref22206" refString="PARAGI, T. F., W. N. JOHNSON, AND D. D. KATNIK. 1997. Selection of post-fire seres by lynx and snowshoe hares in the Alaskan taiga. Northwestern Naturalist 78: 77 - 86." type="journal article" year="1997">Paragi et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51CB71DE07FB2442E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[1231,1514,1259,1282]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="169 - 183" refId="ref21982" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 a. Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 82: 169 - 183." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but it will also den in young forest if that is the densest cover available (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51BC21C207E2F446E" author="ORGAN, J. F." box="[954,1143,1323,1346]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1514 - 1517" refId="ref22171" refString="ORGAN, J. F., ET AL. 2008. Within-stand selection of Canada lynx natal dens in northwest Maine, USA. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1514 - 1517." type="journal article" year="2008">Organ et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Deep snow areas are also important to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51BEE1C407E76444E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[918,1070,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51BEE1C407E76444E" box="[918,1070,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably because snowshoe hares prefer these areas and competition with other predators is diminished (Murray and Boutin 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51C0C1C807F1A448E" author="HOVING, C. L. & D. J. HARRISON & W. B. KROHN & R. A. JOSEPH & M. O'BRIEN" box="[1140,1346,1419,1442]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="739 - 751" refId="ref19270" refString="HOVING, C. L., D. J. HARRISON, W. B. KROHN, R. A. JOSEPH, AND M. O'BRIEN. 2005. Broad-scale predictors of Canada lynx occurrence in eastern North America. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 739 - 751." type="journal article" year="2005">Hoving et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51D231C807FAB448E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1371,1523,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51D231C807F32448E" box="[1371,1386,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51D021C807FAB448E" box="[1402,1523,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more selective in its habitat use in winter than summer, or when snowshoe hares are scarce (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51CB71CC07FCB44CE" author="POOLE, K. G. & L. A. WAKELYN & P. N. NICKLEN" box="[1231,1427,1483,1506]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="845 - 850" refId="ref22834" refString="POOLE, K. G., L. A. WAKELYN, AND P. N. NICKLEN. 1996. Habitat selection by lynx in the Northwest Territories. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 845 - 850." type="journal article" year="1996">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51CB71CC07F5544CE" box="[1231,1293,1483,1506]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. 1996
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51DDF1CC079E2472E" author="MOWAT, G. & K. G. POOLE & M. O'DONOGHUE" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" refId="ref21398" refString="MOWAT, G., K. G. POOLE, AND M. O'DONOGHUE. 2000. Ecology of the lynx in northern Canada and Alaska. Pp. 265 - 306 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Mowat et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51C321CE07ECF472E" box="[1098,1175,1515,1538]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF63FFBA1B0B1F0078E440AE" blockId="7.[840,1523,201,1954]" lastBlockId="8.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51B0B1F007E7E470E" box="[883,1062,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51BD71F007E7E470E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[943,1062,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
natal and maternal dens are usually fairly close together (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51B8B1F207E9B476E" author="SQUIRES, J. R. & N. J. DECESARE & J. A. KOLBE & L. F. RUGGIERO" box="[1011,1219,1579,1602]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1497 - 1506" refId="ref24309" refString="SQUIRES, J. R., N. J. DECESARE, J. A. KOLBE, AND L. F. RUGGIERO. 2008. Hierarchical den selection of Canada lynx in western Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1506." type="journal article" year="2008">Squires et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), distances range from
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51DB31F207999474E" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4035" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="0.10699999999999998" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="m" value="1403.5" valueMax="2700.0" valueMin="107.0">107 to 2,700 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51BAB1F407EC8474E" author="MOEN, R. & C. L. BURDETT & G. J. NIEMI" box="[979,1168,1611,1634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1507 - 1513" refId="ref21126" refString="MOEN, R., C. L. BURDETT, AND G. J. NIEMI. 2008. Movement and habitat use of Canada lynx during denning in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1507 - 1513." type="journal article" year="2008">Moen et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51CD91F407F3A474E" author="ORGAN, J. F." box="[1185,1378,1611,1634]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1514 - 1517" refId="ref22171" refString="ORGAN, J. F., ET AL. 2008. Within-stand selection of Canada lynx natal dens in northwest Maine, USA. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1514 - 1517." type="journal article" year="2008">Organ et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51D0B1F40792547AE" author="OLSON, L. E. & J. R. SQUIRES & N. J. DECESARE & J. A. KOLBE" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="455 - 462" refId="ref22116" refString="OLSON, L. E., J. R. SQUIRES, N. J. DECESARE, AND J. A. KOLBE. 2011. Den use and activity patterns in female Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Northwest Science 85: 455 - 462." type="journal article" year="2011">Olson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Maternal dens typically occur in coarse woody debris, deadfalls or wind-thrown trees, boulder fields, slash piles, and live trees (Koehler 1990;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51C2F1FA07E8647EE" author="SLOUGH, B. G." box="[1111,1246,1707,1730]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="605 - 608" refId="ref24188" refString="SLOUGH, B. G. 1999. Characteristics of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, maternal dens and denning habitat. Canadian-Field Naturalist 113: 605 - 608." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51C2F1FA07EFB47EE" box="[1111,1187,1707,1730]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Gilbert and Pierce 2005;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51B301FC07E5D47CE" author="ORGAN, J. F." box="[840,1029,1739,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1514 - 1517" refId="ref22171" refString="ORGAN, J. F., ET AL. 2008. Within-stand selection of Canada lynx natal dens in northwest Maine, USA. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1514 - 1517." type="journal article" year="2008">Organ et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51C6D1FC07EB947CE" author="SQUIRES, J. R. & N. J. DECESARE & J. A. KOLBE & L. F. RUGGIERO" box="[1045,1249,1739,1762]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1497 - 1506" refId="ref24309" refString="SQUIRES, J. R., N. J. DECESARE, J. A. KOLBE, AND L. F. RUGGIERO. 2008. Hierarchical den selection of Canada lynx in western Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1506." type="journal article" year="2008">Squires et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF63FFB51D601FC07F2247CE" box="[1304,1402,1739,1762]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
, dens were usually located on northeastern slopes averaging 24°, in concave or drainage-like areas, had higher horizontal cover and log volume than the surrounding area, abundant woody debris, and were away from forest edges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51CFF1E407F13464E" author="SQUIRES, J. R. & N. J. DECESARE & J. A. KOLBE & L. F. RUGGIERO" box="[1159,1355,1867,1890]" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1497 - 1506" refId="ref24309" refString="SQUIRES, J. R., N. J. DECESARE, J. A. KOLBE, AND L. F. RUGGIERO. 2008. Hierarchical den selection of Canada lynx in western Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1506." type="journal article" year="2008">Squires et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF63FFB51D191E407FAB464E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1377,1523,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51D191E407F28464E" box="[1377,1392,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF63FFB51D041E407FAB464E" box="[1404,1523,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="143">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
prefers habitat with less than
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF63FFB51CF11E607EEB46AE" box="[1161,1203,1899,1922]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="143" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
|
||
visibility for denning (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF63FFB51DC91E6079E6468E" author="ORGAN, J. F." pageId="7" pageNumber="143" pagination="1514 - 1517" refId="ref22171" refString="ORGAN, J. F., ET AL. 2008. Within-stand selection of Canada lynx natal dens in northwest Maine, USA. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1514 - 1517." type="journal article" year="2008">Organ et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Den chambers are usually lined with forest litter and needles and average
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA190419C07BE741CE" box="[380,447,203,226]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="cm" value="80.0">80 cm</quantity>
|
||
width,
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1A6A19C0780D41CE" box="[530,597,203,226]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="cm" value="71.0">71 cm</quantity>
|
||
depth, and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1AAD19C0794041CE" box="[725,792,203,226]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="cm" value="45.0">45 cm</quantity>
|
||
height (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA18C719E07BDC402E" author="SQUIRES, J. R. & N. J. DECESARE & J. A. KOLBE & L. F. RUGGIERO" box="[191,388,235,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="1497 - 1506" refId="ref24309" refString="SQUIRES, J. R., N. J. DECESARE, J. A. KOLBE, AND L. F. RUGGIERO. 2008. Hierarchical den selection of Canada lynx in western Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1506." type="journal article" year="2008">Squires et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Relocation of dens may be common (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA180E18007B58400E" author="SLOUGH, B. G." box="[118,256,267,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="605 - 608" refId="ref24188" refString="SLOUGH, B. G. 1999. Characteristics of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, maternal dens and denning habitat. Canadian-Field Naturalist 113: 605 - 608." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA180E18007A9A400E" box="[118,194,267,290]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but each den is usually used only once (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1AB418007AFA406E" author="SLOUGH, B. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="605 - 608" refId="ref24188" refString="SLOUGH, B. G. 1999. Characteristics of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, maternal dens and denning habitat. Canadian-Field Naturalist 113: 605 - 608." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1AB418007940400E" box="[716,792,267,290]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA18C918207B2F406E" author="SQUIRES, J. R. & N. J. DECESARE & J. A. KOLBE & L. F. RUGGIERO" box="[177,375,299,322]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="1497 - 1506" refId="ref24309" refString="SQUIRES, J. R., N. J. DECESARE, J. A. KOLBE, AND L. F. RUGGIERO. 2008. Hierarchical den selection of Canada lynx in western Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1506." type="journal article" year="2008">Squires et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Dens of neighboring females or dens used the following year can be as close as
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1A571840782A404E" box="[559,626,331,354]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="m" value="300.0">300 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1AF918407950404E" author="SLOUGH, B. G." box="[641,776,331,354]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="605 - 608" refId="ref24188" refString="SLOUGH, B. G. 1999. Characteristics of Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, maternal dens and denning habitat. Canadian-Field Naturalist 113: 605 - 608." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1AF918407895404E" box="[641,717,331,354]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA181518607B5840AE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[109,256,363,386]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA181518607B5840AE" box="[109,256,363,386]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may use caves for rest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1A7A186078F440AE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[514,684,363,386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6CFFBA18E018807882420E" blockId="8.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">
|
||
Home range size is correlated with snowshoe hare densities but not in a linear pattern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA19F118A0781840EE" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[393,576,427,450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1A3618A078C240EE" box="[590,666,427,450]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA18CE18C07BDF40CE" author="MOWAT, G. & K. G. POOLE & M. O'DONOGHUE" box="[182,391,459,482]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" refId="ref21398" refString="MOWAT, G., K. G. POOLE, AND M. O'DONOGHUE. 2000. Ecology of the lynx in northern Canada and Alaska. Pp. 265 - 306 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Mowat et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Home ranges increase during the second year of snowshoe hare decline (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1A4618E078D2432E" box="[574,650,491,514]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996) or during the first full year of snowshoe hare scarcity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA180E1B207AB6436E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[118,238,555,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA180E1B207AEB436E" box="[118,179,555,578]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At the end of the first winter of low snowshoe hare densities,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA18AF1B407B32434E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[215,362,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA18AF1B407B32434E" box="[215,362,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
either disperses or dies if its home range does not encompass a prey refugium (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1A701B6078D943AE" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[520,641,619,642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1A701B60781D43AE" box="[520,581,619,642]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1AE81B60789D43AE" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[656,709,619,642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="632 - 641" refId="ref22659" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1995. Spatial organisation of a lynx population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 632 - 641." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1AAB1B60795043AE" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[723,776,619,642]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="497 - 505" refId="ref22684" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1997. Dispersal patterns of lynx in the Northwest Territories. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 497 - 505." type="journal article" year="1997">1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A resident
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA189F1B807B24438E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[231,380,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA189F1B807B24438E" box="[231,380,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
maintain its home range year to year (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA180E1BA07B1043EE" author="KOEHLER, G. M. & M. G. HORNOCKER & H. S. HASH" box="[118,328,683,706]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="441 - 442" refId="ref19774" refString="KOEHLER, G. M., M. G. HORNOCKER, AND H. S. HASH. 1979. Lynx movements and habitat use in Montana. Canadian Field-Naturalist 93: 441 - 442." type="journal article" year="1979">Koehler et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA19211BA07B8C43EE" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[345,468,683,706]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="632 - 641" refId="ref22659" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1995. Spatial organisation of a lynx population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 632 - 641." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA19211BA07BCE43EE" box="[345,406,683,706]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however, a threshold below which prey densities cannot support any size of home range has been estimated at 0.5 snowshoe hare/ha and this results in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA18151A007B58420E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[109,256,779,802]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA18151A007B58420E" box="[109,256,779,802]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
becoming nomadic (Ward and Krebs 1985).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6CFFBA18E01A207BB8472E" blockId="8.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA18E01A207B14426E" box="[152,332,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA18AD1A207B14426E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[213,332,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
home ranges may also vary according to sex, season, topography, and age. Home ranges of males are generally larger than females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA19C71A60786242AE" author="MECH, L. D." box="[447,570,875,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref20884" refString="MECH, L. D. 1980. Age, sex, reproduction, and spatial organization of lynxes colonizing northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="1980">Mech 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1A341A60794842AE" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[588,784,875,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA18151A807B19428E" author="VASHON, J. H." box="[109,321,907,930]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="1488 - 1496" refId="ref25461" refString="VASHON, J. H., ET AL. 2008 b. Diurnal habitat relationship of Canada lynx in an intensively managed private forest landscape in northern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1488 - 1496." type="journal article" year="2008">Vashon et al. 2008b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and males may select mature conifer more than females because they travel more (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1A531AA0795042EE" author="VASHON, J. H." box="[555,776,939,962]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="1488 - 1496" refId="ref25461" refString="VASHON, J. H., ET AL. 2008 b. Diurnal habitat relationship of Canada lynx in an intensively managed private forest landscape in northern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1488 - 1496." type="journal article" year="2008">Vashon et al. 2008b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Home ranges are usually larger in winter than in summer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1AAB1AC07ABE452E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA18811AE07B95452E" author="BURDETT, C. L. & R. A. MOEN & G. J. NIEMI & L. D. MECH" box="[249,461,1003,1026]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="457 - 467" refId="ref17471" refString="BURDETT, C. L., R. A. MOEN, G. J. NIEMI, AND L. D. MECH. 2007. Defining space use and movements of Canada lynx with global positioning system telemetry. Journal of Mammalogy 88: 457 - 467." type="journal article" year="2007">Burdett et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) because male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA1AF91AE07940452E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[641,792,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1AF91AE078C8452E" box="[641,656,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1AD91AE07940452E" box="[673,792,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
travel more during the breeding season (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1A4B1D007957450E" author="VASHON, J. H." box="[563,783,1035,1058]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" refId="ref25427" refString="VASHON, J. H., ET AL. 2008 a. Spatial ecology of a Canada lynx population in northern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1487." type="journal volume" year="2008">Vashon et al. 2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and females decrease their movements during parturition (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA180E1D407B1E454E" author="BURDETT, C. L. & R. A. MOEN & G. J. NIEMI & L. D. MECH" box="[118,326,1099,1122]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="457 - 467" refId="ref17471" refString="BURDETT, C. L., R. A. MOEN, G. J. NIEMI, AND L. D. MECH. 2007. Defining space use and movements of Canada lynx with global positioning system telemetry. Journal of Mammalogy 88: 457 - 467." type="journal article" year="2007">Burdett et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The shape of home ranges is influenced by topography (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA19661D607B9345AE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[286,459,1131,1154]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In Newfoundland, the home range of an individual coincided almost exactly with a band of 10–20 years old growth timber (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA19B11DA0782B45EE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[457,627,1195,1218]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females tend to select areas with higher densities of snowshoe hares (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1AB01DC07ABE442E" author="VASHON, J. & S. MCLELLAN & S. CROWLEY & A. MEEHAN & K. LAUSTSEN" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" refId="ref25501" refString="VASHON, J., S. MCLELLAN, S. CROWLEY, A. MEEHAN, AND K. LAUSTSEN. 2012. Canada lynx assessment. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Research and Assessment Section, Bangor, Maine. 107 pp." type="book" year="2012">Vashon et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and those with kittens tend to have smaller home ranges than adults travelling alone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA199F1C0078C8440E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[487,656,1291,1314]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1AE51C007AFA446E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and yearlings have less home range fidelity (Quinn and Thompson 1985). Overlapping home ranges occur more frequently with females but males usually exclude other males, especially in the core area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA19FE1C80781A448E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[390,578,1419,1442]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1A2B1C807948448E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[595,784,1419,1442]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA18151CA07B1D44EE" author="VASHON, J. H." box="[109,325,1451,1474]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" refId="ref25427" refString="VASHON, J. H., ET AL. 2008 a. Spatial ecology of a Canada lynx population in northern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1487." type="journal volume" year="2008">Vashon et al. 2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Home range overlap between sexes may be common (Ward and Krebs 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA19801CC0782A44CE" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[504,626,1483,1506]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="632 - 641" refId="ref22659" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1995. Spatial organisation of a lynx population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 632 - 641." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA19801CC0786D44CE" box="[504,565,1483,1506]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or rare (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1AA31CC07AFA472E" author="MECH, L. D." pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref20884" refString="MECH, L. D. 1980. Age, sex, reproduction, and spatial organization of lynxes colonizing northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="1980">Mech 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Carbyn and Patriquin 1983).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6CFFBA18E01F0079D5406E" blockId="8.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="8.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">
|
||
Home ranges of males and females average about 150 and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA18151F207AEB476E" box="[109,179,1579,1602]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="75.0">75 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF6CFFBA18CB1F227AE3471B" attach="left" box="[179,187,1577,1591]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">2</superScript>
|
||
, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA19251F207847476E" author="AUBRY, K. B. & G. M. KOEHLER & J. R. SQUIRES" box="[349,543,1579,1602]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" refId="ref16632" refString="AUBRY, K. B., G. M. KOEHLER, AND, J. R. SQUIRES. 2000. Ecology of Canada lynx in southern boreal forests. Pp. 373 - 396 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Aubry et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Average home range size (km
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF6CFFBA18B11F427A89477B" attach="left" box="[201,209,1609,1623]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">2</superScript>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA18A71F407AB4474E" box="[223,236,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">n</emphasis>
|
||
in parenthesis) for adult males and females, respectively, were: 423.5 (2), 69.5 (2) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA19921F60786C47AE" box="[490,564,1643,1666]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1A3E1F60795F47AE" author="BAILEY, T. N. & E. E. BANGS & M. R. PORTNER & J. C. MALLOY & R. J. MCAVINCHEY" box="[582,775,1643,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="279 - 290" refId="ref16701" refString="BAILEY, T. N., E. E. BANGS, M. R. PORTNER, J. C. MALLOY, AND R. J. MCAVINCHEY. 1986. An apparent overexploited lynx population on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 50: 279 - 290." type="journal article" year="1986">Bailey et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 145–243 (8), 17–122 (12) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA19CE1F80787F478E" box="[438,551,1675,1698]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1A421F8078EE478E" author="MECH, L. D." box="[570,694,1675,1698]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref20884" refString="MECH, L. D. 1980. Age, sex, reproduction, and spatial organization of lynxes colonizing northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="1980">Mech 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1AB01F807AB247EE" author="BURDETT, C. L. & R. A. MOEN & G. J. NIEMI & L. D. MECH" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="457 - 467" refId="ref17471" refString="BURDETT, C. L., R. A. MOEN, G. J. NIEMI, AND L. D. MECH. 2007. Defining space use and movements of Canada lynx with global positioning system telemetry. Journal of Mammalogy 88: 457 - 467." type="journal article" year="2007">Burdett et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 19.4 (2), 15.5 (1) in Newfoundland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1ACE1FA07AF747CE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 25.4 (30), 24.4 (24) in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA199E1FC0789347CE" box="[486,715,1739,1762]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1AA31FC07AFA462E" author="POOLE, K. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1AA31FC0794047CE" box="[731,792,1739,1762]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 18.6 (1) and 12.3 (1) in summer, 32.3 (1) and 25.6 (1) in winter in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA18AE1E007B02460E" box="[214,346,1803,1826]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA19131E007872460E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[363,554,1803,1826]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 53.6 (11), 25.7 (11) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA18F41E207A88466E" box="[140,208,1835,1858]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA189B1E207BE6466E" author="VASHON, J. H." box="[227,446,1835,1858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" refId="ref25427" refString="VASHON, J. H., ET AL. 2008 a. Spatial ecology of a Canada lynx population in northern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1487." type="journal volume" year="2008">Vashon et al. 2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 69 (5), 39 (2) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1AE11E207940466E" box="[665,792,1835,1858]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Koehler 1990); 60.0 (46), 54.0 (51) in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1A3E1E4078D3464E" box="[582,651,1867,1890]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1AE51E4078B1464E" box="[669,745,1867,1890]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). A single male in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA19C31E60784246AE" box="[443,538,1899,1922]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
had a home range of
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1A851E607AD7468E" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="36.0">36 km</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF6CFFBA18F71E827ACF46BB" attach="left" box="[143,151,1929,1943]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA18DF1E807B2B468E" author="KOEHLER, G. M. & M. G. HORNOCKER & H. S. HASH" box="[167,371,1931,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="441 - 442" refId="ref19774" refString="KOEHLER, G. M., M. G. HORNOCKER, AND H. S. HASH. 1979. Lynx movements and habitat use in Montana. Canadian Field-Naturalist 93: 441 - 442." type="journal article" year="1979">Koehler et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Home range core areas in km
|
||
<superScript id="C2B19BC6DF6CFFBA1ABC1E82789446BB" attach="left" box="[708,716,1929,1943]" fontSize="6" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">2</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1AA41E8078B1468E" box="[732,745,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">n</emphasis>
|
||
) for adult males and adult females, respectively, were: 17.3 (11), 5.3 (11) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1BE119E07985402E" box="[921,989,235,258]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1B9519E07E99402E" author="VASHON, J. H." box="[1005,1217,235,258]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" refId="ref25427" refString="VASHON, J. H., ET AL. 2008 a. Spatial ecology of a Canada lynx population in northern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1487." type="journal volume" year="2008">Vashon et al. 2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 37 (4), 5 (2) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1DFA19E07FAB402E" box="[1410,1523,235,258]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1B2918007E4D400E" author="BURDETT, C. L. & R. A. MOEN & G. J. NIEMI & L. D. MECH" box="[849,1045,267,290]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="457 - 467" refId="ref17471" refString="BURDETT, C. L., R. A. MOEN, G. J. NIEMI, AND L. D. MECH. 2007. Defining space use and movements of Canada lynx with global positioning system telemetry. Journal of Mammalogy 88: 457 - 467." type="journal article" year="2007">Burdett et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 6.6 (1), 5.3 (1) in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1C9D18007F3E400E" box="[1253,1382,267,290]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1D0D18007925406E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6CFFBA1B0B18407E98428E" blockId="8.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">
|
||
Daily movements of male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA1CFA18407F4A404E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1154,1298,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1CFA18407EC9404E" box="[1154,1169,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1CE318407F4A404E" box="[1179,1298,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are greater than those of females (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1BAB18607EDB40AE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[979,1155,363,386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1CEE18607F4C40AE" author="MECH, L. D." box="[1174,1300,363,386]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref20884" refString="MECH, L. D. 1980. Age, sex, reproduction, and spatial organization of lynxes colonizing northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="1980">Mech 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Daily movements (km; ranges or means) for males and females, respectively, were: 3.8 and 3.0 in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1C5E18A07E8740EE" box="[1062,1247,427,450]" country="Canada" name="British Columbia" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">British Columbia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C9718A07F3C40EE" author="APPS, C. D." box="[1263,1380,427,450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" refId="ref16534" refString="APPS, C. D. 2000. Space-use, diet, demographics, and topographic associations of lynx in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains: a study. Pp. 351 - 371 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Apps 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 3.8 and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1DA918A0790540CE" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.652" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="3.8">3.8 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1B1A18C0799040CE" box="[866,968,459,482]" country="Canada" name="Manitoba" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Manitoba</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Carbyn and Patriquin 1983), 2.5–3.3 and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1DF118C07FAB40CE" box="[1417,1523,459,482]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.128" metricValueMax="9.906" metricValueMin="6.35" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="3.2" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="2.5">2.5–3.9 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1B3018E079FF432E" box="[840,935,491,514]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Squires and Laurion 2000), 2.0–3.3 and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1D1918E07F94432E" box="[1377,1484,491,514]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.207" metricValueMax="6.858" metricValueMin="3.5559999999999996" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="2.05" valueMax="2.7" valueMin="1.4">1.4–2.7 in</quantity>
|
||
the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1B301B007E76430E" box="[840,1070,523,546]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C471B007EE0430E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[1087,1208,523,546]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1C471B007E24430E" box="[1087,1148,523,546]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 8.8 and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1D511B007F3F430E" box="[1321,1383,523,546]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9304" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="7.6">7.6 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1D171B007FAB430E" box="[1391,1523,523,546]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1B291B207E4A436E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[849,1042,555,578]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 0.7–9.5 and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1CCB1B207F79436E" box="[1203,1313,555,578]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.111999999999999" metricValueMax="13.462" metricValueMin="0.762" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="2.8" valueMax="5.3" valueMin="0.3">0.3–5.3 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1D501B207FC9436E" box="[1320,1425,555,578]" country="United States of America" name="Wyoming" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Wyoming</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Squires and Laurion 2000).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA1C661B407EE9434E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1054,1201,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1C661B407EE9434E" box="[1054,1201,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
travels on average for 99 min (ranging from 11 to 274 min) at an average speed of
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1DFE1B607F8643AE" box="[1414,1502,619,642]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="1.09">1.09 km</quantity>
|
||
/h (ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1B9A1B807ED0438E" box="[994,1160,651,674]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.105" metricValueMax="1.46" metricValueMin="0.75" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="1.105" valueMax="1.46" valueMin="0.75">0.75 to 1.46 km</quantity>
|
||
/h) and this rate does not differ between low and high snowshoe hare densities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1D561BA079D343CE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Daily movements of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA1CFA1BC07F4E43CE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1154,1302,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1CFA1BC07F4E43CE" box="[1154,1302,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are typically greater in summer than in winter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C001BE07F18422E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[1144,1344,747,770]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), though movement increases when snowshoe hare densities are low (Ward and Krebs 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1BAC1A207E15426E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[980,1101,811,834]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1BAC1A207E49426E" box="[980,1041,811,834]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Daily movements increased from
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1DA91A2079F7424E" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.85" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="3.85" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="2.2">2.2 to 5.5 km</quantity>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1B811A407E66424E" box="[1017,1086,843,866]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Ward and Krebs 1985) and from 3.0 to
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1B301A6079DE42AE" box="[840,902,875,898]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2606" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="in" value="8.9">8.9 in</quantity>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1BF51A60798542AE" box="[909,989,875,898]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Nellis and Keith 1968;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C941A607FF042AE" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[1260,1448,875,898]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) when snowshoe hare densities decreased.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6CFFBA1B0B1AA07F1F44CE" blockId="8.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">
|
||
Dispersal increases during periods of snowshoe hare decline (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1B291AC079C542CE" box="[849,925,971,994]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C0B1AC07F2742CE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & E. J. HOFER" box="[1139,1407,971,994]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="150 - 162" refId="ref21939" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, AND E. J. HOFER. 1997. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80: 150 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">O’Donoghue et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is no difference in dispersal distance between sexes, age classes, or resident status (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C691D007ED3450E" author="MECH, L. D." box="[1041,1163,1035,1058]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="261 - 267" refId="ref20884" refString="MECH, L. D. 1980. Age, sex, reproduction, and spatial organization of lynxes colonizing northeastern Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 61: 261 - 267." type="journal article" year="1980">Mech 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1CE31D007EBF450E" box="[1179,1255,1035,1058]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1DCE1D007925456E" author="POOLE, K. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="497 - 505" refId="ref22684" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1997. Dispersal patterns of lynx in the Northwest Territories. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 497 - 505." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1DCE1D007FAB450E" box="[1462,1523,1035,1058]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Dispersal occurs mainly during March through June and rarely in September and October (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1CB61D407F42454E" box="[1230,1306,1099,1122]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). During increasing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA1C631D607EEC45AE" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1051,1204,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1C631D607E7245AE" box="[1051,1066,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1C451D607EEC45AE" box="[1085,1204,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations, immigration is greater than emigration (
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1C271D807EF3458E" box="[1119,1195,1163,1186]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). Dispersal distance ranged up to
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1C291DA07EF245EE" box="[1105,1194,1195,1218]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.03" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="103.0">103 km</quantity>
|
||
in Newfoundland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1DE91DA079D145CE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1BB61DC07E6B45CE" box="[974,1075,1227,1250]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="1100.0">1,100 km</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1C2D1DC07EC245CE" box="[1109,1178,1227,1250]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1CD21DC07EAE45CE" box="[1194,1270,1227,1250]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). The longest recorded dispersals for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA1CD31DE07F1B442E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[1195,1347,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1CD31DE07F1B442E" box="[1195,1347,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1D041DE07F8A442E" box="[1404,1490,1259,1282]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.64" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="164.0">164 km</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1B301C0079C0440E" box="[840,920,1291,1314]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Nellis and Wetmore 1969),
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1CAF1C007F71440E" box="[1239,1321,1291,1314]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.029999999999999" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="403.0">403 km</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1D371C007FCB440E" box="[1359,1427,1291,1314]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1DDA1C0079E6446E" author="VASHON, J. & S. MCLELLAN & S. CROWLEY & A. MEEHAN & K. LAUSTSEN" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" refId="ref25501" refString="VASHON, J., S. MCLELLAN, S. CROWLEY, A. MEEHAN, AND K. LAUSTSEN. 2012. Canada lynx assessment. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Research and Assessment Section, Bangor, Maine. 107 pp." type="book" year="2012">Vashon et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1BAA1C207E7C446E" box="[978,1060,1323,1346]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.83" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="483.0">483 km</quantity>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1C311C207EE2446E" box="[1097,1210,1323,1346]" country="United States of America" name="Minnesota" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Minnesota</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1CB21C207F1C446E" author="MECH, L. D." box="[1226,1348,1323,1346]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="676 - 677" refId="ref20860" refString="MECH, L. D. 1977. Record movement of a Canadian lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 58: 676 - 677." type="journal article" year="1977">Mech 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1D231C207FF5446E" box="[1371,1453,1323,1346]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.3" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="930.0">930 km</quantity>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1B301C407E75444E" box="[840,1069,1355,1378]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C461C407EEF444E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[1086,1207,1355,1378]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="497 - 505" refId="ref22684" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1997. Dispersal patterns of lynx in the Northwest Territories. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 497 - 505." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1C461C407E23444E" box="[1086,1147,1355,1378]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1C851C407F3B444E" box="[1277,1379,1355,1378]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="1100.0">1,100 km</quantity>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1DD51C407FAA444E" box="[1453,1522,1355,1378]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1B291C6079C544AE" box="[849,925,1387,1410]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). During dispersal, daily travel of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA1B301C807986448E" baseAuthorityName="Pecon-Slattery and O'Brien" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[840,990,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1B301C807986448E" box="[840,990,1419,1442]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
varies from
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6CFFBA1C151C807F48448E" box="[1133,1296,1419,1442]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.195" metricValueMax="2.36" metricValueMin="0.03" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" unit="km" value="11.95" valueMax="23.6" valueMin="0.3">0.3 to 23.6 km</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1D5B1C807F37448E" box="[1315,1391,1419,1442]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1BF61CA07E5144EE" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[910,1033,1451,1474]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="497 - 505" refId="ref22684" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1997. Dispersal patterns of lynx in the Northwest Territories. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 497 - 505." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1BF61CA0799344EE" box="[910,971,1451,1474]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Highways might be a barrier to movement for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA1B161CC07F1A44CE" authority="(Alexander and Waters 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Alexander and Waters" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[878,1346,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1B161CC07E5944CE" box="[878,1025,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Alexander and Waters 2000)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6CFFBB1B0B1CE0784C400E" blockId="8.[840,1523,203,1954]" lastBlockId="9.[109,793,203,1954]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1B0B1CE07E2E472E" box="[883,1142,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1B0B1CE079F0472F" bold="true" box="[883,936,1515,1539]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Diet.</emphasis>
|
||
—Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA1B851CE07E2E472E" baseAuthorityName="Alexander and Waters" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1021,1142,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a strict carnivore. Throughout its range, diet is comprised from 35% to 100% of snowshoe hares (Brand and Keith 1979;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C2D1F207F34476E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[1109,1388,1579,1602]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="169 - 183" refId="ref21982" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 a. Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 82: 169 - 183." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Snowshoe hares compose 35–99% of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA1C141F407F59474E" baseAuthorityName="Alexander and Waters" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1132,1281,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1C141F407F59474E" box="[1132,1281,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diet in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1D291F407FFB474E" box="[1361,1443,1611,1634]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Nellis and Keith 1968;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C7E1F607E9147AE" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[1030,1225,1643,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1CA31F607FC747AE" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[1243,1439,1643,1666]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Brand and Keith 1979), 89% in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1C1C1F807EF1478E" box="[1124,1193,1675,1698]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Maine</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1CC11F807FD6478E" author="VASHON, J. & S. MCLELLAN & S. CROWLEY & A. MEEHAN & K. LAUSTSEN" box="[1209,1422,1675,1698]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" refId="ref25501" refString="VASHON, J., S. MCLELLAN, S. CROWLEY, A. MEEHAN, AND K. LAUSTSEN. 2012. Canada lynx assessment. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Research and Assessment Section, Bangor, Maine. 107 pp." type="book" year="2012">Vashon et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 96% in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1B301FA079F047EE" box="[840,936,1707,1730]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Squires and Ruggiero 2007), 73% in Newfoundland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1B291FC07E5B47CE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[849,1027,1739,1762]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 52–83% in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1CB41FC07FE047CE" box="[1228,1464,1739,1762]" country="Canada" name="Northwest Territories" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Northwest Territories</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1DB41FC07E45462E" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="18 - 23" refId="ref26272" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1966 a. Food habits of the lynx in Alberta and the Mackenzie district, N. W. T. Canadian Field-Naturalist 80: 18 - 23." type="journal article" year="1966">van Zyll de Jong 1966a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C551FE07EFE462E" author="MORE, G." box="[1069,1190,1771,1794]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="499 - 500" refId="ref21322" refString="MORE, G. 1976. Some winter food habits of lynx (Felis lynx) in the southern Mackenzie District, Northwest Territories. Canadian Field-Naturalist 90: 499 - 500." type="journal article" year="1976">More 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 97% in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1D6D1FE07FC3462E" box="[1301,1435,1771,1794]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1DD41FE079E1460E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 79% in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1C5B1E007EFC460E" box="[1059,1188,1803,1826]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Washington</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Koehler 1990), and 38–100% in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6CFFBA1BF61E20798C466E" box="[910,980,1835,1858]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1B9F1E207EEF466E" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE" box="[999,1207,1835,1858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="1444 - 1451" refId="ref21659" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, AND M. O'DONOGHUE. 1994. Winter habitat selection by lynx and coyotes in relation to snowshoe hare abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1444 - 1451." type="journal article" year="1994">Murray et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1CB01E207FBB466E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[1224,1507,1835,1858]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6CFFBA1B301E4079BB464E" baseAuthorityName="Alexander and Waters" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[840,995,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6CFFBA1B301E4079BB464E" box="[840,995,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="144">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
depends more on snowshoe hares during the winter than summer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C491E607E8746AE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[1073,1247,1899,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1C951E607FB346AE" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." box="[1261,1515,1899,1922]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="18 - 23" refId="ref26272" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1966 a. Food habits of the lynx in Alberta and the Mackenzie district, N. W. T. Canadian Field-Naturalist 80: 18 - 23." type="journal article" year="1966">van Zyll de Jong 1966a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6CFFBA1B301E807E40468E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[840,1048,1931,1954]" pageId="8" pageNumber="144" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and shifts to alternate prey during the snowshoe hare decline (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB190119C0786241CE" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[377,570,203,226]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1A3319C07AE9402E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or during the summer months in the southern portions of its distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB194018007850400E" author="VASHON, J. & S. MCLELLAN & S. CROWLEY & A. MEEHAN & K. LAUSTSEN" box="[312,520,267,290]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" refId="ref25501" refString="VASHON, J., S. MCLELLAN, S. CROWLEY, A. MEEHAN, AND K. LAUSTSEN. 2012. Canada lynx assessment. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Research and Assessment Section, Bangor, Maine. 107 pp." type="book" year="2012">Vashon et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6DFFBB18E018207832420E" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
The two main alternate prey eaten by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1A2B182078B4406E" baseAuthorityName="Alexander and Waters" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[595,748,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1A2B182078B4406E" box="[595,748,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are ruffed grouse (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB197318407B9A404E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[267,450,331,354]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Bonasa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="umbellus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB197318407B9A404E" box="[267,450,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Bonasa umbellus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and red squirrel (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1AF118407ABD40AE" baseAuthorityName="Erxleben" baseAuthorityYear="1777" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Tamiasciurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1AF118407ABD40AE" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Tamiasciurus hudsonicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB19781860787D40AE" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." box="[256,549,363,386]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="18 - 23" refId="ref26272" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1966 a. Food habits of the lynx in Alberta and the Mackenzie district, N. W. T. Canadian Field-Naturalist 80: 18 - 23." type="journal article" year="1966">van Zyll de Jong 1966a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1A4518607AE8408E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB18BA18807BC4408E" author="VASHON, J. & S. MCLELLAN & S. CROWLEY & A. MEEHAN & K. LAUSTSEN" box="[194,412,395,418]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" refId="ref25501" refString="VASHON, J., S. MCLELLAN, S. CROWLEY, A. MEEHAN, AND K. LAUSTSEN. 2012. Canada lynx assessment. Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife, Research and Assessment Section, Bangor, Maine. 107 pp." type="book" year="2012">Vashon et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other mammalian prey may include squirrels (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB196718A0784D40EE" box="[287,533,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB196718A07BCF40EE" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1908" box="[287,407,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Glaucomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Glaucomys</taxonomicName>
|
||
sabrinus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
northern flying squirrel,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB181518C07BE740CE" box="[109,447,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB181518C07B5840CE" box="[109,256,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spermophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
columbianus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Columbian ground squirrel,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB181518E07B29432E" box="[109,369,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB181518E07B58432E" box="[109,256,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spermophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
parryii—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Arctic ground squirrel,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1AFD18E07B5F430E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1AFD18E07940432E" box="[645,792,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Sciuridae" genus="Spermophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Spermophilus</taxonomicName>
|
||
richardsonii—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Richardson’s ground squirrel), mice (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1AE21B007B5F436E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1AE21B007940430E" authorityName="Gloger" authorityYear="1841" box="[666,792,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Peromyscus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Peromyscus</taxonomicName>
|
||
maniculatus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
North American deermouse,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1A301B207A9F434E" class="Mammalia" family="Dipodidae" genus="Zapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hudsoniusmeadow">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1A301B207A9F434E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Zapus hudsoniusmeadow</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
jumping mouse), shrews (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1A7C1B4078E7434E" box="[516,703,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1A7C1B407867434E" box="[516,575,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sorex</taxonomicName>
|
||
cinereus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
cinereus shrew), and voles (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB192A1B60782343AE" box="[338,635,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB192A1B607BE943AE" authorityName="Schrank" authorityYear="1798" box="[338,433,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
|
||
pennsylvanicus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
meadow vole,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB18151B807B6C438E" box="[109,308,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB18151B807A98438E" box="[109,192,651,674]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Myodes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Myodes</taxonomicName>
|
||
gapperi—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
southern red-backed vole—van
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1AF61B807AF743EE" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="18 - 23" refId="ref26272" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1966 a. Food habits of the lynx in Alberta and the Mackenzie district, N. W. T. Canadian Field-Naturalist 80: 18 - 23." type="journal article" year="1966">Zyll de Jong 1966a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB18B91BA07BDE43EE" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[193,390,683,706]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB19E11BA078EF43EE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[409,695,683,706]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Larger rodents such as muskrat (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB19F41BC0780443CE" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[396,604,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Muridae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="zibethicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB19F41BC0780443CE" box="[396,604,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Ondatra zibethicus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), beaver (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1AB71BC07ABC422E" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1AB71BC07ABC422E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Castor canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and porcupine (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB19D31BE07827422E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[427,639,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Erethizontidae" genus="Erethizon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorsatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB19D31BE07827422E" box="[427,639,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Erethizon dorsatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) also may be consumed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB18911A007BCD420E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[233,405,779,802]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB19DA1A007802420E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH" box="[418,602,779,802]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="827 - 849" refId="ref17275" refString="BRAND, C. J., AND L. B. KEITH. 1979. Lynx demography during a snowshoe hare decline in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 43: 827 - 849." type="journal article" year="1979">Brand et al. 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6DFFBB18E01A207AEB454E" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
Additional species of birds such as grouse (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1AD81A207AA3424E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1AD81A207940426E" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1885" box="[672,792,811,834]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Canachites" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Canachites</taxonomicName>
|
||
canadensis—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
spruce grouse,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB19C21A407881424E" box="[442,729,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB19C21A407813424E" box="[442,587,843,866]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Dendragapus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Dendragapus</taxonomicName>
|
||
obscurus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
dusky grouse,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB18B51A607BA442AE" box="[205,508,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB18B51A607B1242AE" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[205,330,875,898]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Pedioecetes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pedioecetes</taxonomicName>
|
||
phasianellus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
sharp-tailed grouse), fox sparrow (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB18AA1A807BDB428E" baseAuthorityName="Merrem" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[210,387,907,930]" class="Aves" family="Emberizidae" genus="Passerella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="iliaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB18AA1A807BDB428E" box="[210,387,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Passerella iliaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), chickadees (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1A661A807834428E" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[542,620,907,930]" class="Aves" family="Paridae" genus="Poecile" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1A661A807834428E" box="[542,620,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Poecile</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), grey partridge (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB180E1AA07B5042EE" authority="perdix" box="[118,264,939,962]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Perdix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perdix">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB180E1AA07B5042EE" box="[118,264,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Perdix perdix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), ducks (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB190C1AA0781642EE" box="[372,590,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB190C1AA07BF142EE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[372,425,939,962]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Anas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Anas</taxonomicName>
|
||
carolinensis—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
green-winged teal,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB18151AC07B0242CE" box="[109,346,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB18151AC07AFA42CE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[109,162,971,994]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Anas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Anas</taxonomicName>
|
||
platyrhynchos—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
mallard,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB19C31AC0783442CE" box="[443,620,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB19C31AC07BA842CE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[443,496,971,994]" class="Aves" family="Anatidae" genus="Anas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anseriformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Anas</taxonomicName>
|
||
rubripes—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
American black duck), willow ptarmigan (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB19ED1AE07809452E" authority="lagopus" box="[405,593,1003,1026]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Lagopus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lagopus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB19ED1AE07809452E" box="[405,593,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Lagopus lagopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), northern flicker (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB180E1D007B74450E" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[118,300,1035,1058]" class="Aves" family="Picidae" genus="Colaptes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Piciformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="auratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB180E1D007B74450E" box="[118,300,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Colaptes auratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) also may be eaten (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1A7F1D0078EA450E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[519,690,1035,1058]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1AB81D007B48456E" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="18 - 23" refId="ref26272" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1966 a. Food habits of the lynx in Alberta and the Mackenzie district, N. W. T. Canadian Field-Naturalist 80: 18 - 23." type="journal article" year="1966">van Zyll de Jong 1966a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Nellis and Keith 1968; Squires and Ruggiero 2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6DFFBB18E01D60780347EE" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB18E01D607B1145AE" box="[152,329,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB18AA1D607B1145AE" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[210,329,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
may prey on white-tailed deer (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1AE71D607AA5458E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1AE71D60794045AE" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1832" box="[671,792,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Odocoileus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Odocoileus</taxonomicName>
|
||
virginianus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB18861D807B80458E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[254,472,1163,1186]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB19891D80782F458E" author="FULLER, A. K." box="[497,631,1163,1186]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="395 - 398" refId="ref18642" refString="FULLER, A. K. 2004. Canada lynx predation on white-tailed deer. Northeastern Naturalist 11: 395 - 398." type="journal article" year="2004">Fuller 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Squires and Ruggiero 2007), reindeer (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB19F31DA0783D45EE" box="[395,613,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB19F31DA07BB045EE" box="[395,488,1195,1218]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Rangifer" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Rangifer</taxonomicName>
|
||
tarandus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1A1D1DA0794945EE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[613,785,1195,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB18151DC07B4A45CE" author="BERGERUD, A. T." box="[109,274,1227,1250]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="3 - 55" refId="ref16948" refString="BERGERUD, A. T. 1971. The population dynamics of Newfoundland caribou. Wildlife Monographs 25: 3 - 55." type="journal article" year="1971">Bergerud 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB195F1DC0787345CE" author="STEPHENSON, R. O. & D. V. GRANGAARD & J. BURCH" box="[295,555,1227,1250]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="255 - 262" refId="ref24794" refString="STEPHENSON, R. O., D. V. GRANGAARD, AND J. BURCH. 1991. Lynx, Felis lynx, predation on red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, caribou, Rangifer tarandus, and Dall sheep, Ovis dalli, in Alaska. Canadian Field- Naturalist 105: 255 - 262." type="journal article" year="1991">Stephenson et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Dall’s sheep (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1A9F1DC07AEE442E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1A9F1DC0794045CE" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[743,792,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ovis</taxonomicName>
|
||
dalli—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB18CE1DE07B98442E" author="STEPHENSON, R. O. & D. V. GRANGAARD & J. BURCH" box="[182,448,1259,1282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="255 - 262" refId="ref24794" refString="STEPHENSON, R. O., D. V. GRANGAARD, AND J. BURCH. 1991. Lynx, Felis lynx, predation on red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, caribou, Rangifer tarandus, and Dall sheep, Ovis dalli, in Alaska. Canadian Field- Naturalist 105: 255 - 262." type="journal article" year="1991">Stephenson et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and mule deer (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1AE61DE07AB3440E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1AE61DE0794F442E" authorityName="Rafinesque" authorityYear="1832" box="[670,791,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Odocoileus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Odocoileus</taxonomicName>
|
||
hemionus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB18931C007BF0440E" author="POSZIG, D. & C. D. APPS & A. DIBB" box="[235,424,1291,1314]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref22875" refString="POSZIG, D., C. D. APPS, AND A. DIBB. 2004. Predation on two mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, by a Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Canadian Field-Naturalist 118: 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="2004">Poszig et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). On occasion,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1A291C0078BC440E" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[593,740,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1A291C0078BC440E" box="[593,740,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may kill and eat other carnivores such as red fox (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1A131C207940446E" box="[619,792,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1A131C2078EA446E" box="[619,690,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Vulpes</taxonomicName>
|
||
vulpes—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB18151C407B32444E" author="STEPHENSON, R. O. & D. V. GRANGAARD & J. BURCH" box="[109,362,1355,1378]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="255 - 262" refId="ref24794" refString="STEPHENSON, R. O., D. V. GRANGAARD, AND J. BURCH. 1991. Lynx, Felis lynx, predation on red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, caribou, Rangifer tarandus, and Dall sheep, Ovis dalli, in Alaska. Canadian Field- Naturalist 105: 255 - 262." type="journal article" year="1991">Stephenson et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB19041C4078CF444E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[380,663,1355,1378]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), American marten (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB18AB1C607BE344AE" box="[211,443,1387,1410]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB18AB1C607B4744AE" box="[211,287,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Martes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Martes</taxonomicName>
|
||
americana—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB19C31C60786244AE" author="APPS, C. D." box="[443,570,1387,1410]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" refId="ref16534" refString="APPS, C. D. 2000. Space-use, diet, demographics, and topographic associations of lynx in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains: a study. Pp. 351 - 371 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Apps 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), ermine (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1ABA1C607A84448E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1ABA1C60794044AE" box="[706,792,1387,1410]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
|
||
erminea—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB18A41C807BB6448E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[220,494,1419,1442]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and least weasel (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1ABA1C807A9444EE" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1ABA1C807940448E" box="[706,792,1419,1442]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustela" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Mustela</taxonomicName>
|
||
nivalis—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Squires and Ruggiero 2007). It may also kill domestic animals such as domestic cats (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB19CC1CC078F944CE" box="[436,673,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB19CC1CC0781444CE" box="[436,588,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silvestris">Felis silvestris</taxonomicName>
|
||
catus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1AD91CC07AFA472E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), domestic cows (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB191E1CE07BA9472E" box="[358,497,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB191E1CE07BD6472E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[358,398,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Bos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Bos</taxonomicName>
|
||
taurus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB19891CE078C4472E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[497,668,1515,1538]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), red sheep (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB180E1F007AA5470E" box="[118,253,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB180E1F007AFF470E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[118,167,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Ovis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ovis</taxonomicName>
|
||
aries—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB18851F007BF3470E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[253,427,1547,1570]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), chickens (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1A4A1F007883470E" box="[562,731,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1A4A1F007821470E" box="[562,633,1547,1570]" class="Aves" family="Phasianidae" genus="Gallus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Galliformes" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Gallus</taxonomicName>
|
||
gallus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1AA31F007AFA476E" author="MECH, L. D." pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="151 - 152" refId="ref20838" refString="MECH, L. D. 1973. Canadian lynx invasion of Minnesota. Biological Conservation 5: 151 - 152." type="journal article" year="1973">Mech 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6DFFBB19401F207BDC476E" box="[312,388,1579,1602]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998), goats (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1A5F1F207895476E" box="[551,717,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1A5F1F207833476E" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[551,619,1579,1602]" class="Mammalia" family="Bovidae" genus="Capra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Capra</taxonomicName>
|
||
hircus—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6DFFBB18E41F407AB0474E" box="[156,232,1611,1634]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998), and domestic dogs (
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1A6E1F407883474E" box="[534,731,1611,1634]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1A6E1F40780C474E" box="[534,596,1611,1634]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Canis</taxonomicName>
|
||
familiaris—
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1AA31F407AFA47AE" author="MECH, L. D." pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="151 - 152" refId="ref20838" refString="MECH, L. D. 1973. Canadian lynx invasion of Minnesota. Biological Conservation 5: 151 - 152." type="journal article" year="1973">Mech 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6DFFBB194B1F607B2747AE" box="[307,383,1643,1666]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB19AC1F60783047AE" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[468,616,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB19AC1F60783047AE" box="[468,616,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may eat carrion (Nellis and Keith 1968;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB190A1F807868478E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[370,560,1675,1698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1A471F807950478E" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE" box="[575,776,1675,1698]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="1444 - 1451" refId="ref21659" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, AND M. O'DONOGHUE. 1994. Winter habitat selection by lynx and coyotes in relation to snowshoe hare abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1444 - 1451." type="journal article" year="1994">Murray et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Other food includes insects (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB19D81FA0781347EE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[416,587,1707,1730]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6DFFBB18E01FC07E0C430E" blockId="9.[109,793,203,1954]" lastBlockId="9.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB18E01FC07B1247CE" box="[152,330,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB18AB1FC07B1247CE" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[211,330,1739,1762]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
needs 0.4 snowshoe hares per day to meet its daily metabolic requirements (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB198C1FE0789B462E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[500,707,1771,1794]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Food requirements have been estimated to be
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6DFFBB1A6E1E007809460E" box="[534,593,1803,1826]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" unit="g" value="600.0">600 g</quantity>
|
||
per day for adults,
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6DFFBB18151E207AF2466E" box="[109,170,1835,1858]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" unit="g" value="400.0">400 g</quantity>
|
||
for juveniles in winter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB19CA1E207833466E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[434,619,1835,1858]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6DFFBB1AC91E2078B6466E" box="[689,750,1835,1858]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="6.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" unit="g" value="620.0">620 g</quantity>
|
||
per day for captive adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB19031E407875464E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[379,557,1867,1890]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Consumption rates vary according to prey availability and were evaluated for snowshoe hares and range from
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6DFFBB19EB1E807B97468E" box="[403,463,1931,1954]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.2" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" unit="g" value="320.0">320 g</quantity>
|
||
per day during periods of low snowshoe hare density to
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6DFFBB1C1B19C07EF941CE" box="[1123,1185,203,226]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="9.6" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" unit="g" value="960.0">960 g</quantity>
|
||
per day during high snowshoe hare density (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1BA519E07EC1402E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[989,1177,235,258]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1CCA19E07F1F402E" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1202,1351,235,258]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1CCA19E07F1F402E" box="[1202,1351,235,258]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
eats about 0.2– 0.8 snowshoe hares per day in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6DFFBB1CE218007EB2400E" box="[1178,1258,267,290]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Nellis and Keith 1968;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1B3018207E5E406E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[840,1030,299,322]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), between 0.47 and 0.56 snowshoe hares per day in Newfoundland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1C3218407EA1404E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[1098,1273,331,354]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), about one snowshoe hare per day in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6DFFBB1B9218607E3340AE" box="[1002,1131,363,386]" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1C0118607F6940AE" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[1145,1329,363,386]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and between 0.3 and 1.2 snowshoe hares per day in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6DFFBB1CA318807F78408E" box="[1243,1312,395,418]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1D57188079D340EE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The shift to alternate prey during periods of snowshoe hare decline does not compensate for the decrease in biomass of snowshoe hares killed and thus lynx consume 37% less in biomass (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1BF51B007E1C430E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[909,1092,523,546]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6DFFBB1B0B1B207EE942AE" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1B0B1B207ED7436F" bold="true" box="[883,1167,555,579]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Diseases and parasites.</emphasis>
|
||
—In a free-ranging situation,
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1B301B407E5D434E" box="[840,1029,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1BF41B407E5D434E" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[908,1029,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
appears to rarely encounter common feline pathogens or infectious diseases (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1D601B607FBA43AE" author="BIEK, R. & R. L. ZARNKE & C. GILLIN & M. WILD & J. R. SQUIRES & M. POSS" box="[1304,1506,619,642]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="840 - 845" refId="ref17119" refString="BIEK, R., R. L. ZARNKE, C. GILLIN, M. WILD, J. R. SQUIRES, AND M. POSS. 2002. Serologic survey for viral and bacterial infections in western populations of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38: 840 - 845." type="journal article" year="2002">Biek et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nevertheless, adults can be infected by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1D761B807E4D43EE" authority="(Macri et al. 1997)" baseAuthorityName="Macri" baseAuthorityYear="1997" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Enterobacteriaceae" genus="Salmonella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Enterobacteriales" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="arizonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1D761B807FAA438E" box="[1294,1522,651,674]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Salmonella arizonae</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1B291BA07E5343EE" author="MACRI, N. P. & G. W. STEVENSON & C. C. WU" box="[849,1035,683,706]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="908 - 911" refId="ref20310" refString="MACRI, N. P., G. W. STEVENSON, AND C. C. WU. 1997. Salmonella arizonae sepsis in a lynx. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33: 908 - 911." type="journal article" year="1997">Macri et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, feline coronavirus, canine distemper virus, feline calcivirus, feline herpesvirus,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1C8E1BC07FB443CE" box="[1270,1516,715,738]" class="Gammaproteobacteria" family="Francisellaceae" genus="Francisella" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Thiotrichales" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="species" species="tularensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1C8E1BC07FB443CE" box="[1270,1516,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Francisella tularensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1B301BE079B1422E" box="[840,1001,747,770]" class="Insecta" family="Mantidae" genus="Yersinia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Mantodea" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pestis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1B301BE079B1422E" box="[840,1001,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Yersinia pestis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, oral papillomatosis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1C9C1BE07FC7422E" author="WILD, M. A. & T. M. SHENK & T. R. SPRAKER" box="[1252,1439,747,770]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="646 - 650" refId="ref25776" refString="WILD, M. A., T. M. SHENK, AND T. R. SPRAKER. 2006. Plague as a mortality factor in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 42: 646 - 650." type="journal article" year="2006">Wild et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Wolfe and Spraker 2007;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1C631A007F58420E" author="DEVINEAU, O. & T. M. SHENK & G. C. WHITE & P. F. DOHERTY, JR. & P. M. LUKACS & R. H. KAHN" box="[1051,1280,779,802]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="524 - 531" refId="ref18013" refString="DEVINEAU, O., T. M. SHENK, G. C. WHITE, P. F. DOHERTY, JR., P. M. LUKACS, AND R. H. KAHN. 2010. Evaluating the Canada lynx reintroduction programme in Colorado: patterns in mortality. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 524 - 531." type="journal article" year="2010">Devineau et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or feline parvovirus (FVP) which is more common in southern populations and in males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1BEF1A407E1A424E" author="BIEK, R. & R. L. ZARNKE & C. GILLIN & M. WILD & J. R. SQUIRES & M. POSS" box="[919,1090,843,866]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="840 - 845" refId="ref17119" refString="BIEK, R., R. L. ZARNKE, C. GILLIN, M. WILD, J. R. SQUIRES, AND M. POSS. 2002. Serologic survey for viral and bacterial infections in western populations of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38: 840 - 845." type="journal article" year="2002">Biek et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adult lynx can also be affected by hypothyroidism (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1B911A607EF942AE" author="GREER, L. L. & M. TROUTMAN & M. D. MCCRACKEN & E. C. RAMSAY" box="[1001,1185,875,898]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="287 - 291" refId="ref18818" refString="GREER, L. L., M. TROUTMAN, M. D. MCCRACKEN, AND E. C. RAMSAY. 2003. Adult-onset hypothyroidism in a lynx (Lynx canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34: 287 - 291." type="journal article" year="2003">Greer et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6DFFBB1B0B1A807FCD44AE" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
Although parasite prevalence and abundance may be high, parasites do not seem to negatively influence the physical condition of individual
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1C521AC07FB642CE" authority="(van Zyll de Jong 1966 b)" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1066,1518,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1C521AC07E9A42CE" box="[1066,1218,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1CAD1AC07FBB42CE" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." box="[1237,1507,971,994]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="499 - 509" refId="ref26310" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1966 b. Parasites of the Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis (Kerr). Canadian Journal of Zoology 44: 499 - 509." type="journal article" year="1966">van Zyll de Jong 1966b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1B301AE07987452E" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[840,991,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1B301AE07987452E" box="[840,991,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is frequently infected by helminths particularly in the small intestine but also in the stomach and the lungs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1DB51D007E43456E" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="499 - 509" refId="ref26310" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1966 b. Parasites of the Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis (Kerr). Canadian Journal of Zoology 44: 499 - 509." type="journal article" year="1966">van Zyll de Jong 1966b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1C531D207EBE456E" author="SMITH, J. D. & E. M. ADDISON & D. G. JOACHIM & L. M. SMITH & N. W. S. QUINN" box="[1067,1254,1067,1090]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="358 - 364" refId="ref24250" refString="SMITH, J. D., E. M. ADDISON, D. G. JOACHIM, L. M. SMITH, AND N. W. S. QUINN. 1986. Helminth parasites of Canada lynx (Felis canadensis) from northern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 358 - 364." type="journal article" year="1986">Smith et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1C861D207FCB456E" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1278,1427,1067,1090]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1C861D207FCB456E" box="[1278,1427,1067,1090]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can also be host to protozoans, nematodes, cestodes, trematodes, and acanthocephalans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1C6C1D607EE045AE" author="CHITWOOD, B. G." box="[1044,1208,1131,1154]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="63" refId="ref17886" refString="CHITWOOD, B. G. 1933. Note on a genus and species of nematode from Lynx canadensis. Journal of Parasitology 20: 63." type="journal article" year="1933">Chitwood 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1CBF1D607FD345AE" author="RAUSCH, R. & B. B. BABERO & R. V. RAUSCH & E. L. SCHILLER" box="[1223,1419,1131,1154]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="259 - 271" refId="ref23280" refString="RAUSCH, R., B. B. BABERO, R. V. RAUSCH, AND E. L. SCHILLER. 1956. Studies on the helminth fauna of Alaska. XXVII. The occurrence of larvae of Trichinella spiralis in Alaskan mammals. Journal of Parasitology 42: 259 - 271." type="journal article" year="1956">Rausch et al. 1956</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1DE21D6079BE458E" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="499 - 509" refId="ref26310" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1966 b. Parasites of the Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis (Kerr). Canadian Journal of Zoology 44: 499 - 509." type="journal article" year="1966">van Zyll de Jong 1966b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1B8D1D807ED3458E" author="SCHMIDT, G." box="[1013,1163,1163,1186]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="930" refId="ref23803" refString="SCHMIDT, G., D. 1968. Oncicola canis (Kaupp, 1909) (Acanthocephala) from Felis lynx in Alaska. Journal of Parasitology 54: 930." type="journal article" year="1968">Schmidt 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1CE21D807F0E458E" author="FOREST, T. W. & N. ABOU-MADI & B. A. SUMMERS & S. J. TORNQUIST & B. J. COOPER" box="[1178,1366,1163,1186]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="383 - 387" refId="ref18492" refString="FOREST, T. W., N. ABOU-MADI, B. A. SUMMERS, S. J. TORNQUIST, AND B. J. COOPER. 2000. Sarcocystis neurona - like encephalitis in a Canada lynx (Felis Lynx canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31: 383 - 387." type="journal article" year="2000">Forest et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1D1E1D80792545EE" author="LABELLE, P." pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="1194 - 1196" refId="ref20130" refString="LABELLE, P., ET AL. 2001. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in lynx (Lynx canadensis) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) from Quebec, Canada. The Journal of Parasitology 87: 1194 - 1196." type="journal article" year="2001">Labelle et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1BF71DA07E0E45EE" author="SIMON, A. & M. BIGRAS POULIN & A. N. ROUSSEAU & J. P. DUBEY & N. H. OGDEN" box="[911,1110,1195,1218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="39 - 48" refId="ref24084" refString="SIMON, A., M. BIGRAS POULIN, A. N. ROUSSEAU, J. P. DUBEY, AND N. H. OGDEN. 2013. Spatiotemporal dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii infections in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in western Quebec, Canada. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 49: 39 - 48." type="journal article" year="2013">Simon et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The nematode
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1D6D1DA07F8F45EE" authorityName="Britov & Boev" authorityYear="1972" box="[1301,1495,1195,1218]" class="Adenophorea" family="Trichinellidae" genus="Trichinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Trichocephalida" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="nativa">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1D6D1DA07F8F45EE" box="[1301,1495,1195,1218]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Trichinella nativa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread in wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1C6F1DC07EF145CE" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1047,1193,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1C6F1DC07EF145CE" box="[1047,1193,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its prevalence is correlated with age (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1BCB1DE07E2E442E" author="ZARNKE, R. L. & A. A. GAJADHAR & G. B. TIFFIN & J. M. VER HOEF" box="[947,1142,1259,1282]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="314 - 318" refId="ref26175" refString="ZARNKE, R. L., A. A. GAJADHAR, G. B. TIFFIN, AND J. M. VER HOEF. 1995. Prevalence of Trichinella native in lynx (Felis lynx) from Alaska, 1988 - 1993. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31: 314 - 318." type="journal article" year="1995">Zarnke et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1CF41DE07F78442E" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[1164,1312,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1CF41DE07F78442E" box="[1164,1312,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be infected by ectoparasites such as fleas and louse (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1C941C007FDD440E" author="HOPKINS, G. H. E." box="[1260,1413,1291,1314]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="75 - 95" refId="ref19182" refString="HOPKINS, G. H. E. 1960. Notes on some mallophaga from mammals. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology 10: 75 - 95." type="journal article" year="1960">Hopkins 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1DEF1C0079BF446E" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="499 - 509" refId="ref26310" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1966 b. Parasites of the Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis (Kerr). Canadian Journal of Zoology 44: 499 - 509." type="journal article" year="1966">van Zyll de Jong 1966b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The low occurrence of fleas may be related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1B301C407986444E" baseAuthorityName="van Zyll de Jong" baseAuthorityYear="1966" box="[840,990,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1B301C407986444E" box="[840,990,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
behavior which, instead of using dens regularly, beds on snowshoe hare trails (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1CF21C607FDC44AE" author="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G." box="[1162,1412,1387,1410]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="499 - 509" refId="ref26310" refString="VAN ZYLL DE JONG, C. G. 1966 b. Parasites of the Canada lynx, Felis (Lynx) canadensis (Kerr). Canadian Journal of Zoology 44: 499 - 509." type="journal article" year="1966">van Zyll de Jong 1966b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6DFFBB1B0B1C807E35468E" blockId="9.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1B0B1C807ECA448F" bold="true" box="[883,1170,1419,1443]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">Interspecific interactions.</emphasis>
|
||
—Where both species co-occur, exploitation competition may occur between
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1D311CA07F9944EE" box="[1353,1473,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1DF11CA07F9944EE" box="[1417,1473,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">rufus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1B301CC07E8A44CE" authority="(Buskirk et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Buskirk" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[840,1234,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1B301CC0790F44CE" box="[840,855,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1B1F1CC079B844CE" box="[871,992,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1B8B1CC07E9144CE" author="BUSKIRK, S. W. & L. F. RUGGIERO & C. J. KREBS" box="[1011,1225,1483,1506]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" refId="ref17522" refString="BUSKIRK, S. W., L. F. RUGGIERO, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pp. 83 - 100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Buskirk et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because the diets of both predators include snowshoe hares.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1CA91CE07F32472E" box="[1233,1386,1515,1538]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1CA91CE07F32472E" box="[1233,1386,1515,1538]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations may decline when
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1C491F007ED7470E" box="[1073,1167,1547,1570]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1C491F007E18470E" box="[1073,1088,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1C2F1F007ED7470E" box="[1111,1167,1547,1570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations increase (de Vos and Matel 1952;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1C6F1F207EB5476E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[1047,1261,1579,1602]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1D7B1F207FBB476E" author="HOVING, C. L. & R. A. JOSEPH & W. B. KROHN" box="[1283,1507,1579,1602]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="363 - 382" refId="ref19323" refString="HOVING, C. L., R. A. JOSEPH, AND W. B. KROHN. 2003. Recent and historical distributions of Canada lynx in Maine and the northeast. Northeastern Naturalist 10: 363 - 382." type="journal article" year="2003">Hoving et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Furthermore, exploitation competition may occur between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1B301F60798547AE" box="[840,989,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1B301F60798547AE" box="[840,989,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and birds of prey or coyote (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1D6D1F607FBB47AE" author="BUSKIRK, S. W. & L. F. RUGGIERO & C. J. KREBS" box="[1301,1507,1643,1666]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" refId="ref17522" refString="BUSKIRK, S. W., L. F. RUGGIERO, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pp. 83 - 100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Buskirk et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1BC01F807E16478E" box="[952,1102,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1BC01F807E16478E" box="[952,1102,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is positively associated with the presence of large canids such as wolf (Litvaitis and Harrison 1989) as they may dampen coyote populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1D691FC07FBB47CE" author="BUSKIRK, S. W. & L. F. RUGGIERO & C. J. KREBS" box="[1297,1507,1739,1762]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" refId="ref17522" refString="BUSKIRK, S. W., L. F. RUGGIERO, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pp. 83 - 100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Buskirk et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1B301FE079BB462E" box="[840,995,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1B301FE079BB462E" box="[840,995,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be affected by human activity and roads that provide access to generalist predators (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1D511E007FB3460E" author="AUBRY, K. B. & G. M. KOEHLER & J. R. SQUIRES" box="[1321,1515,1803,1826]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" refId="ref16632" refString="AUBRY, K. B., G. M. KOEHLER, AND, J. R. SQUIRES. 2000. Ecology of Canada lynx in southern boreal forests. Pp. 373 - 396 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Aubry et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1B301E207E58466E" author="BAYNE, E. M. & S. BOUTIN & R. A. MOSES" box="[840,1024,1835,1858]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="1189 - 1197" refId="ref16839" refString="BAYNE, E. M., S. BOUTIN, AND R. A. MOSES. 2008. Ecological factors influencing the spatial pattern of Canada lynx relative to its southern range edge in Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 86: 1189 - 1197." type="journal article" year="2008">Bayne et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), competition with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6DFFBB1CAA1E207F7D466E" box="[1234,1317,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1CAA1E207EB9466E" box="[1234,1249,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6DFFBB1C951E207F7D466E" box="[1261,1317,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="145">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or other carnivores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1B291E407E7C464E" author="BUSKIRK, S. W. & L. F. RUGGIERO & C. J. KREBS" box="[849,1060,1867,1890]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" refId="ref17522" refString="BUSKIRK, S. W., L. F. RUGGIERO, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pp. 83 - 100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Buskirk et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1C4C1E407EAE464E" author="BAYNE, E. M. & S. BOUTIN & R. A. MOSES" box="[1076,1270,1867,1890]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" pagination="1189 - 1197" refId="ref16839" refString="BAYNE, E. M., S. BOUTIN, AND R. A. MOSES. 2008. Ecological factors influencing the spatial pattern of Canada lynx relative to its southern range edge in Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 86: 1189 - 1197." type="journal article" year="2008">Bayne et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and changes in landscape features facilitating generalist predators (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1D1F1E607926468E" author="AUBRY, K. B. & G. M. KOEHLER & J. R. SQUIRES" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" refId="ref16632" refString="AUBRY, K. B., G. M. KOEHLER, AND, J. R. SQUIRES. 2000. Ecology of Canada lynx in southern boreal forests. Pp. 373 - 396 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Aubry et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6DFFBB1BF51E807E05468E" author="BUSKIRK, S. W. & L. F. RUGGIERO & C. J. KREBS" box="[909,1117,1931,1954]" pageId="9" pageNumber="145" refId="ref17522" refString="BUSKIRK, S. W., L. F. RUGGIERO, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pp. 83 - 100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Buskirk et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB818E019C078BF436E" blockId="10.[109,793,203,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB818E019C07B6341CF" bold="true" box="[152,315,203,227]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Miscellaneous.</emphasis>
|
||
—Presence of
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB8198C19C078E841CE" box="[500,688,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81A4319C078E841CE" box="[571,688,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can be detected via DNA analysis of hairs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81A7819E078E0402E" author="MILLS, L. S. & K. PILGRIM & M. K. SCHWARTZ & K. MCKELVEY" box="[512,696,235,258]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="285 - 289" refId="ref21082" refString="MILLS, L. S., K. PILGRIM, M. K. SCHWARTZ, AND K. MCKELVEY. 2000. Identifying lynx and other North American felids based on MtDNA analysis. Conservation Genetics 1: 285 - 289." type="journal article" year="2000">Mills et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81AB119E07ABA400E" author="PILGRIM, K. L. & K. S. MCKELVEY & A. E. RIDDLE & M. K. SCHWARTZ" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="60 - 691" refId="ref22396" refString="PILGRIM, K. L., K. S. MCKELVEY, A. E. RIDDLE, AND M. K. SCHWARTZ. 2005. Felid sex identification based on noninvasive genetic samples. Molecular Ecology Notes 5: 60 - 691." type="journal article" year="2005">Pilgrim et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB8188B18007BB8400E" author="MCKELVEY, K. S." box="[243,480,267,290]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="451 - 455" refId="ref20627" refString="MCKELVEY, K. S., ET AL. 2006. DNA analysis of hair and scat collected along snow tracks to document the presence of Canada lynx. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34: 451 - 455." type="journal article" year="2006">McKelvey et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or during winter via snowtracking (Koehler 1990; Koehler and Brittell 1990).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81AF018207940406E" box="[648,792,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81AF018207940406E" box="[648,792,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is considered easy to capture, and can be harvested with kill-type traps, snares, or restraining traps (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB819A7186078D240AE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[479,650,363,386]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81AE218607AFA408E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB818CB18807B23408E" author="MOWAT, G. & B. G. SLOUGH & R. RIVARD" box="[179,379,395,418]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="644 - 650" refId="ref21581" refString="MOWAT, G., B. G. SLOUGH, AND R. RIVARD. 1994. A comparison of three live capturing devises for lynx: capture efficiency and injuries. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22: 644 - 650." type="journal article" year="1994">Mowat et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB819F418807808408E" author="PROULX, G. & A. J. KOLENOSKY & P. J. COLE & R. K. DRESCHER" box="[396,592,395,418]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="57 - 61" refId="ref22950" refString="PROULX, G., A. J. KOLENOSKY, P. J. COLE, AND R. K. DRESCHER. 1995. A humane killing trap for lynx (Felis lynx): the Conibear 330 ™ with clamping bars. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 31: 57 - 61." type="journal article" year="1995">Proulx et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81A11188078A5408E" box="[617,765,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81A11188078A5408E" box="[617,765,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is attracted by flesh bait such as meat of snowshoe hares, beaver (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB8180E18C07B6140CE" box="[118,313,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB8180E18C07B6140CE" box="[118,313,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Castor canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), or game birds, and lured with scents such as catnip oil (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB818A718E07BE5432E" author="MCDANIEL, G. W. & K. S. MCKELVEY & J. R. SQUIRES & L. R. RUGGIERO" box="[223,445,491,514]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="119 - 123" refId="ref20580" refString="MCDANIEL, G. W., K. S. MCKELVEY, J. R. SQUIRES, AND L. R. RUGGIERO. 2000. Efficacy of lures and hair snares to detect lynx. Wildlife Society Bulletin 28: 119 - 123." type="journal article" year="2000">McDaniel et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB819AB18E0783B432E" box="[467,611,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB819AB18E0783B432E" box="[467,611,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be captured incidentally in traps set for red fox, coyote, American marten, or fisher (de Vos and Matel 1952; Quinn and Thompson 1987).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB818E01B407940428E" blockId="10.[109,793,203,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB818E01B407B1F434E" box="[152,327,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB818AB1B407B1F434E" box="[211,327,587,610]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has long been prized for its soft and valuable fur, and wherever it is common,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81A781B6078CA43AE" box="[512,658,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81A781B6078CA43AE" box="[512,658,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is harvested for its pelt (Quinn and Thompson 1987;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81A601B8078D7438E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[536,655,651,674]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">Poole 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It has been harvested for fur since 1700 and before the 20th century, a distinction between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB819671BC07BF643CE" box="[287,430,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB819671BC07BF643CE" box="[287,430,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB819A71BC0786843CE" box="[479,560,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB819A71BC07BB643CE" box="[479,494,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB819821BC0786843CE" box="[506,560,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was not always made. The highest number of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB819151BE07858422E" box="[365,512,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB819151BE07858422E" box="[365,512,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
harvested was reached in 1867 with a total of 95,801 individuals. The average pelt price in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF6EFFB818151A207AE4426E" box="[109,188,811,834]" name="Canada" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
has fluctuated greatly, decreasing from $
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6EFFB81A131A207897426E" box="[619,719,811,834]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.080766" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" unit="in" value="121.29">121.29 in</quantity>
|
||
1943– 1944 to $
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6EFFB818B61A407B40424E" box="[206,280,843,866]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.36906" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" unit="in" value="5.39">5.39 in</quantity>
|
||
1953–1954 before increasing from $
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6EFFB81AE21A407888424E" box="[666,720,843,866]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.112" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" unit="in" value="28.0">28 in</quantity>
|
||
1970– 1971 to $
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6EFFB818A01A607B4742AE" box="[216,287,875,898]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.8514" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" unit="in" value="191.0">191 in</quantity>
|
||
1978–1979 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB819CB1A60782F42AE" author="NOVAK, M." box="[435,631,875,898]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" refId="ref21901" refString="NOVAK, M., ET AL. 1987. Furbearer harvests in North America 1600 - 1984 in wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ontario Trappers Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada." type="book" year="1987">Novak et al. 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The meat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB818151A807AA4428E" box="[109,252,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB818151A807AA4428E" box="[109,252,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is succulent and highly prized locally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81AEA1A807951428E" author="DENIS, A." box="[658,777,907,930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" refId="ref17979" refString="DENIS, A. 1964. The lynx. Pp. 88 - 89 in Cats of the world (B. Campbell, ed.). Constable, London, England." type="book" year="1964">Denis 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB818E01AA0787F44EE" blockId="10.[109,793,203,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Age and sex structure of the harvest can be changed by modifying the period of the open harvest season (Quinn and Thompson 1985). Two strategies have been suggested to manage
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB818151D007B5E450E" box="[109,262,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB818151D007B5E450E" box="[109,262,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: first, its tracking strategy suggests limiting or eliminating trapping for a period of 3–4 years during periods of low snowshoe hare density (second year after the peak in harvest—Parker et al. 1983; Ward and Krebs 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81AEE1D60795745AE" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[662,783,1131,1154]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6EFFB81AEE1D60788B45AE" box="[662,723,1131,1154]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) to allow greater harvest during peak (Brand and Keith 1979). The second strategy consists of maintaining untrapped refugium all year long or at least during periods of low snowshoe hare density (Ward and Krebs 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB819E71DE07805442E" author="BAILEY, T. N. & E. E. BANGS & M. R. PORTNER & J. C. MALLOY & R. J. MCAVINCHEY" box="[415,605,1259,1282]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="279 - 290" refId="ref16701" refString="BAILEY, T. N., E. E. BANGS, M. R. PORTNER, J. C. MALLOY, AND R. J. MCAVINCHEY. 1986. An apparent overexploited lynx population on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management 50: 279 - 290." type="journal article" year="1986">Bailey et al. 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) without suspension of trapping (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB819551C007BF0440E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[301,424,1291,1314]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6EFFB819551C007B32440E" box="[301,362,1291,1314]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB819BA1C00780F440E" box="[450,599,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB819BA1C00780F440E" box="[450,599,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
harvest may also be regulated by quotas (Quinn and Thompson 1987). Managers should monitor
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB819631C407BE8444E" box="[283,432,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB819631C407B72444E" box="[283,298,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB819411C407BE8444E" box="[313,432,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
recruitment instead of snowshoe hare trends to make decisions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB819CB1C60782644AE" author="MOWAT, G. & B. G. SLOUGH & S. BOUTIN" box="[435,638,1387,1410]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="441 - 452" refId="ref21538" refString="MOWAT, G., B. G. SLOUGH, AND S. BOUTIN. 1996 b. Lynx recruitment during a snowshoe hare population peak and decline in southwest Yukon. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 441 - 452." type="journal article" year="1996">Mowat et al. 1996b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) which can be done using the total length of the pelt measured from tip of nose to base of tail (Quinn and Gardner 1984).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB818E01CC07BBC47EE" blockId="10.[109,793,203,1730]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB818E01CC07B1644CE" box="[152,334,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB818AF1CC07B1644CE" box="[215,334,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
may be aged by tooth replacement and cranial characteristics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB819111CE07850472E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[361,520,1515,1538]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), tooth cementum layers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB8180E1F007B74470E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[118,300,1547,1570]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Chubbs and Phillips 1993), or ossification of epiphyseal plates of long bones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB819A21F207822476E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[474,634,1579,1602]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Kittens may be differentiated from yearlings and adults by the presence of an apical root foramen in canines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB819B31F60783247AE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[459,618,1643,1666]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="36 - 47" refId="ref23718" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1964. Physical characteristics of the Newfoundland lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 45: 36 - 47." type="journal article" year="1964">Saunders 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or by the total length of the pelt, measured from tip of nose to base of tail (<81 cm—Quinn and Gardner 1984).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="5C4B2F65DF6EFFB8191F1E0F7FB2454E" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB8191F1E0F78474632" blockId="10.[359,543,1796,1822]" box="[359,543,1796,1822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<heading id="6E3381E2DF6EFFB8191F1E0F78474632" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[359,543,1796,1822]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB8191F1E0F78474632" bold="true" box="[359,543,1796,1822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">HUSBANDRY</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB818E01E4C7FCF40AE" blockId="10.[109,793,1863,1950]" lastBlockId="10.[840,1523,203,1122]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Recommended minimum enclosure size per
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81A131E4C79404672" box="[619,792,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81ADC1E4C79404672" box="[676,792,1863,1886]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is 4 by 2 by
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6EFFB818931E6C7B7F4652" box="[235,295,1895,1918]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" unit="m" value="2.5">2.5 m</quantity>
|
||
(l by w by h) and floor area should be increased by 50% for each additional cat (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB819C51E8C781946B2" author="MELLEN, J. D." box="[445,577,1927,1950]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" refId="ref20952" refString="MELLEN, J. D. 1997. Minimum husbandry guidelines for mammals: small felids. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD." type="book" year="1997">Mellen 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Individuals should have access to at least 75% of the vertical space (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81D1A19C07FB241CE" author="MELLEN, J. D." box="[1378,1514,203,226]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" refId="ref20952" refString="MELLEN, J. D. 1997. Minimum husbandry guidelines for mammals: small felids. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD." type="book" year="1997">Mellen 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) along with several hiding locations (Fanson and Wielebnowski 2013). Clawing activity should be stimulated by providing rotting logs in the enclosure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81C5218207EF6406E" author="MELLEN, J. D." box="[1066,1198,299,322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" refId="ref20952" refString="MELLEN, J. D. 1997. Minimum husbandry guidelines for mammals: small felids. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD." type="book" year="1997">Mellen 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Feeding
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81D6418207FF3406E" box="[1308,1451,299,322]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81D6418207F73406E" box="[1308,1323,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81D4F18207FF3406E" box="[1335,1451,299,322]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
2 days per week with bones with meat attached, helps stimulate teeth and gums; fasting days are not recommended (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81D7A18607FDF40AE" author="MELLEN, J. D." box="[1282,1415,363,386]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" refId="ref20952" refString="MELLEN, J. D. 1997. Minimum husbandry guidelines for mammals: small felids. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD." type="book" year="1997">Mellen 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB81B0B18807F0F432E" blockId="10.[840,1523,203,1122]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
In captivity,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81C7318807EFF408E" box="[1035,1191,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81C7318807EFF408E" box="[1035,1191,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems less likely to reproduce when maintained in groups larger than as a pair (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81DDF18A0792540CE" author="MELLEN, J. D." pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="95 - 110" refId="ref20916" refString="MELLEN, J. D. 1991. Factors influencing reproductive success in small captive exotic felids (Felis spp.): a multiple regression analysis. Zoo Biology 10: 95 - 110." type="journal article" year="1991">Mellen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, interactions between the cats and their keepers increased successful reproduction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81CC718E07F1F432E" author="MELLEN, J. D." box="[1215,1351,491,514]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="95 - 110" refId="ref20916" refString="MELLEN, J. D. 1991. Factors influencing reproductive success in small captive exotic felids (Felis spp.): a multiple regression analysis. Zoo Biology 10: 95 - 110." type="journal article" year="1991">Mellen 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB81B0B1B007E5D43CE" blockId="10.[840,1523,203,1122]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Captive born kittens should never be intentionally handreared but if done, they should remain with their mother until at least 8–10 days of age (Edwards and Hawes 1997; P. Andrews, in litt.). Kittens can be feed with commercial milk replacers and electrolytes can be given to weak neonates (P. Andrews, in litt.). Solid food can be gradually introduced at 7–8 weeks (P. Andrews, in litt.).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB81B0B1BE07FB2454E" blockId="10.[840,1523,203,1122]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
For research,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81C7E1BE07EC1422E" box="[1030,1177,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81C7E1BE07EC1422E" box="[1030,1177,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be chemically immobilized using ketamine (Ward and Krebs 1985; Koehler 1990), phencyclidine hydrochloride (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81C461A207EE5426E" author="BERRIE, P. M." box="[1086,1213,811,834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="994 - 996" refId="ref17001" refString="BERRIE, P. M. 1972. Sex differences in response to phencyclidine hydrochloride in lynx. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 994 - 996." type="journal article" year="1972">Berrie 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81BC91A407E20424E" author="SQUIRES, J. R. & K. S. MCKELVEY & L. F. RUGGIERO" box="[945,1144,843,866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="583 - 589" refId="ref24484" refString="SQUIRES, J. R., K. S. MCKELVEY, AND L. F. RUGGIERO. 2004. A snowtracking protocol used to delineate local lynx, Lynx canadensis, distributions. Canadian-Field Naturalist 118: 583 - 589." type="journal article" year="2004">Squires et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81CFF1A407F16424E" author="BURDETT, C. L. & R. A. MOEN & G. J. NIEMI & L. D. MECH" box="[1159,1358,843,866]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="457 - 467" refId="ref17471" refString="BURDETT, C. L., R. A. MOEN, G. J. NIEMI, AND L. D. MECH. 2007. Defining space use and movements of Canada lynx with global positioning system telemetry. Journal of Mammalogy 88: 457 - 467." type="journal article" year="2007">Burdett et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), ketamine and medetomidine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81B8B1A607E8842AE" author="ROCKHILL, A. P. & S. K. CHINNADURAI & R. A. POWELL & C. S. DEPERNO" box="[1011,1232,875,898]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="580 - 585" refId="ref23384" refString="ROCKHILL, A. P., S. K. CHINNADURAI, R. A. POWELL, AND C. S. DEPERNO. 2011. A comparison of two field chemical immobilization techniques for Bobcats (Lynx rufus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 42: 580 - 585." type="journal article" year="2011">Rockhill et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81CF51A807F66428E" author="POOLE, K. G. & G. MOWAT & B. G. SLOUGH" box="[1165,1342,907,930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="136 - 140" refId="ref22800" refString="POOLE, K. G., G. MOWAT, AND B. G. SLOUGH. 1993. Chemical immobilization of lynx. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22: 136 - 140." type="journal article" year="1993">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6EFFB81CF51A807E91428E" box="[1165,1225,907,930]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. 1993
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81D301A807F25428E" author="POOLE, K. G. & B. T. ELKIN & T. PISZ & K. E. ELKIN & D. ROBERTSON & M. L. SABOURIN" box="[1352,1405,907,930]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="365 - 368" refId="ref22740" refString="POOLE, K. G., B. T. ELKIN, T. PISZ, K. E. ELKIN, D. ROBERTSON, AND M. L. SABOURIN. 1998. Surgical plating of a fractured radius and ulna in a wild Canada lynx. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34: 365 - 368." type="journal article" year="1998">1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), ketamine hydrochloride and midazolam hydrochloride (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81D551AA07FBB42EE" author="FOREST, T. W. & N. ABOU-MADI & B. A. SUMMERS & S. J. TORNQUIST & B. J. COOPER" box="[1325,1507,939,962]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="383 - 387" refId="ref18492" refString="FOREST, T. W., N. ABOU-MADI, B. A. SUMMERS, S. J. TORNQUIST, AND B. J. COOPER. 2000. Sarcocystis neurona - like encephalitis in a Canada lynx (Felis Lynx canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 31: 383 - 387." type="journal article" year="2000">Forest et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or phencyclidine hydrochloride and promazine hydrochloride (Carbyn and Patriquin 1983).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81CE91AE07F7D452E" box="[1169,1317,1003,1026]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81CE91AE07F7D452E" box="[1169,1317,1003,1026]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be euthanized with yohimbine (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81B871D007EEB450E" author="GREER, L. L. & M. TROUTMAN & M. D. MCCRACKEN & E. C. RAMSAY" box="[1023,1203,1035,1058]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="287 - 291" refId="ref18818" refString="GREER, L. L., M. TROUTMAN, M. D. MCCRACKEN, AND E. C. RAMSAY. 2003. Adult-onset hypothyroidism in a lynx (Lynx canadensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 34: 287 - 291." type="journal article" year="2003">Greer et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or pentobarbital (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81D031D007925456E" author="POOLE, K. G. & B. T. ELKIN & T. PISZ & K. E. ELKIN & D. ROBERTSON & M. L. SABOURIN" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="365 - 368" refId="ref22740" refString="POOLE, K. G., B. T. ELKIN, T. PISZ, K. E. ELKIN, D. ROBERTSON, AND M. L. SABOURIN. 1998. Surgical plating of a fractured radius and ulna in a wild Canada lynx. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34: 365 - 368." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6EFFB81D031D007FEF450E" box="[1403,1463,1035,1058]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
et al. 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Vaccination with porcine zone pellucida does not work for contraception in captive
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81C331D407FBE454E" authority="(Harrenstien et al. 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Harrenstien" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1099,1510,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81C331D407E83454E" box="[1099,1243,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81C931D407F83454E" author="HARRENSTIEN, L. A. & L. MUNSON & L. M. CHASSY & I. K. M. LIU & J. F. KIRKPATRICK" box="[1259,1499,1099,1122]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="271 - 279" refId="ref18945" refString="HARRENSTIEN, L. A., L. MUNSON, L. M. CHASSY, I. K. M. LIU, AND J. F. KIRKPATRICK. 2004. Effects of porcine zona pellucida immunocontraceptives in zoo felids. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 35: 271 - 279." type="journal article" year="2004">Harrenstien et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="5C4B2F65DF6EFFBE1C281DAA7BA3448E" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="148" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB81C281DAA7EB34597" blockId="10.[1104,1259,1185,1211]" box="[1104,1259,1185,1211]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<heading id="6E3381E2DF6EFFB81C281DAA7EB34597" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1104,1259,1185,1211]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81C281DAA7EB34597" bold="true" box="[1104,1259,1185,1211]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">BEHAVIOR</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB81B0B1DEF7FB94770" blockId="10.[840,1523,1252,1948]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81B0B1DEF7F4145D0" box="[883,1305,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81B0B1DEF7E1445D0" bold="true" box="[883,1100,1252,1276]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Grouping behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81CD81DEE7F4145D0" box="[1184,1305,1253,1276]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is generally solitary except mother-kit groups (Carbyn and Patriquin 1983;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81DD41C0E79E04410" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6EFFB81C3D1C2E7ECA4410" box="[1093,1170,1317,1340]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998). Hunting groups are more efficient in killing snowshoe hares (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81CAB1C4E7FB24470" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[1235,1514,1349,1372]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="169 - 183" refId="ref21982" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 a. Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 82: 169 - 183." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and success increases with group size (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81C9F1C6E7FF94450" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[1255,1441,1381,1404]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Adult groups of 2–5 individuals occur especially, during low snowshoe hare densities (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81C4B1CAE7E984490" author="BARASH, D. P." box="[1075,1216,1445,1468]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="480" refId="ref16818" refString="BARASH, D. P. 1971. Cooperative hunting in the lynx. Journal of Mammalogy 52: 480." type="journal article" year="1971">Barash 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6EFFB81D251CAE7FF24490" box="[1373,1450,1445,1468]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81B301CCE7E0344F0" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[840,1115,1477,1500]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="169 - 183" refId="ref21982" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 a. Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 82: 169 - 183." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81C0A1CCE7F5044F0" box="[1138,1288,1477,1500]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81C0A1CCE7F5044F0" box="[1138,1288,1477,1500]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups usually travel single file in areas where prey are scarce and spread apart when entering habitat with an abundance of prey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81D421F0E7FB34730" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[1338,1515,1541,1564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81B301F2E7E564710" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[840,1038,1573,1596]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During hunting, individuals fan out up to
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6EFFB81B301F4E79274770" box="[840,895,1605,1628]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
apart and reunite after a kill (Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6EFFB81D3F1F4E7FCC4770" box="[1351,1428,1605,1628]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6EFFB91B0B1F6F7BA9430E" blockId="10.[840,1523,1252,1948]" lastBlockId="11.[109,792,203,1954]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81B0B1F6F7F024750" box="[883,1370,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6EFFB81B0B1F6F7ED84750" bold="true" box="[883,1152,1636,1660]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Reproductive behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6EFFB81C991F6E7F024750" box="[1249,1370,1637,1660]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
kittens stay with their mother generally until the next breeding season (Carbyn and Patriquin 1983). Kittens spend a lot of time playing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81BD21FCE7E0F47F0" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[938,1111,1733,1756]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and related females maintain a bond (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81B291FEE7E3147D0" author="BREITENMOSER, U. & B. G. SLOUGH & C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN" box="[849,1129,1765,1788]" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="551 - 554" refId="ref17353" refString="BREITENMOSER, U., B. G. SLOUGH, AND C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN. 1993. Predators of cyclic prey: is the Canada lynx victim or profiteer of the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 66: 551 - 554." type="journal article" year="1993">Breitenmoser et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6EFFB81C051FEE7E9247D0" box="[1149,1226,1765,1788]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996; Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6EFFB81B0E1E0E799B4630" box="[886,963,1797,1820]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998). Litter mates may stay together after leaving their mother (Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6EFFB81C151E2E7EE24610" box="[1133,1210,1829,1852]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998) but female offspring tend to remain within their mother’s home range while young males disperse away from their mother’s area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6EFFB81D181E6E799F46B0" author="BREITENMOSER, U. & B. G. SLOUGH & C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN" pageId="10" pageNumber="146" pagination="551 - 554" refId="ref17353" refString="BREITENMOSER, U., B. G. SLOUGH, AND C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN. 1993. Predators of cyclic prey: is the Canada lynx victim or profiteer of the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 66: 551 - 554." type="journal article" year="1993">Breitenmoser et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6EFFB81BA51E8E7E7246B0" box="[989,1066,1925,1948]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="10" pageNumber="146">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). Female kittens can even stay with their mother if the mother has given birth again (Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB9188219E07B1F402E" box="[250,327,235,258]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998). After a snowshoe hare crash, male and female offspring are tolerated in the mother’s home range (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB9180E18207BD3406E" author="BREITENMOSER, U. & B. G. SLOUGH & C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN" box="[118,395,299,322]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="551 - 554" refId="ref17353" refString="BREITENMOSER, U., B. G. SLOUGH, AND C. BREITENMOSER-WuRSTEN. 1993. Predators of cyclic prey: is the Canada lynx victim or profiteer of the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 66: 551 - 554." type="journal article" year="1993">Breitenmoser et al. 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB919E418207BB1406E" box="[412,489,299,322]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996). Kittens have been observed to disperse in March (Quinn and Thompson 1985;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB918CB18607B7740AE" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[179,303,363,386]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="632 - 641" refId="ref22659" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1995. Spatial organisation of a lynx population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 632 - 641." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB918CB18607AA940AE" box="[179,241,363,386]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), April (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB919F71860783D40AE" author="MOWAT, G. & B. G. SLOUGH & S. BOUTIN" box="[399,613,363,386]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="441 - 452" refId="ref21538" refString="MOWAT, G., B. G. SLOUGH, AND S. BOUTIN. 1996 b. Lynx recruitment during a snowshoe hare population peak and decline in southwest Yukon. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 441 - 452." type="journal article" year="1996">Mowat et al. 1996b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), May, October, and November (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB9195E18807BFD408E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[294,421,395,418]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="497 - 505" refId="ref22684" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1997. Dispersal patterns of lynx in the Northwest Territories. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 497 - 505." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB9195E18807B3C408E" box="[294,356,395,418]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Kittens generally disperse 2–5 weeks before their first birthday (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB9199A18A0780640EE" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[482,606,427,450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="632 - 641" refId="ref22659" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1995. Spatial organisation of a lynx population. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 632 - 641." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB9199A18A0787840EE" box="[482,544,427,450]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the earliest kitten dispersal was at 10 months of age (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91A3018C0794840CE" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[584,784,459,482]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB9181518E07B1B432E" author="MOWAT, G. & B. G. SLOUGH & S. BOUTIN" box="[109,323,491,514]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="441 - 452" refId="ref21538" refString="MOWAT, G., B. G. SLOUGH, AND S. BOUTIN. 1996 b. Lynx recruitment during a snowshoe hare population peak and decline in southwest Yukon. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 441 - 452." type="journal article" year="1996">Mowat et al. 1996b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB9192A18E07BC7432E" box="[338,415,491,514]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996) while the latest was at 17 months old (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB9191D1B007BB8430E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[357,480,523,546]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="497 - 505" refId="ref22684" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1997. Dispersal patterns of lynx in the Northwest Territories. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 497 - 505." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB9191D1B007BFB430E" box="[357,419,523,546]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6FFFB918E01B207892420E" blockId="11.[109,792,203,1954]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB918E01B207B0A436F" bold="true" box="[152,338,555,579]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Communication.</emphasis>
|
||
—Adult
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB919C81B20783A436E" box="[432,610,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB919921B20783A436E" box="[490,610,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
mark their home ranges using feces, sprayed urine, or anal secretions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91ACD1B407AF743AE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Urine scent marks are made every
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6FFFB91A3C1B6078FC43AE" box="[580,676,619,642]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.8" metricValueMax="9.1" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" unit="m" value="68.0" valueMax="91.0" valueMin="45.0">45–91 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91ACD1B607AF7438E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Kittens bury scat, contrary to adults (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91A241B807950438E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[604,776,651,674]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB918151BA07B5443EE" box="[109,268,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB918151BA07B5443EE" box="[109,268,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also communicate by using three different vocalizations: long wailing calls during the mating period (March–April), warning growls when captured, or 5–10 short barks when in family groups (Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB91A491A007825420E" box="[561,637,779,802]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6FFFB918E01A20783F460E" blockId="11.[109,792,203,1954]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB918E01A207BEF426F" bold="true" box="[152,439,811,835]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Miscellaneous behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
—Hunting behavior of
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91A9C1A207ABE424E" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB918151A407ABE424E" box="[109,230,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
varies according to snowshoe hare densities. During snowshoe hare abundance,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB919E11A60786842AE" box="[409,560,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB919E11A60786842AE" box="[409,560,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
uses more snowshoe hare trails and kills more than required (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91A3D1A807AE842EE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="169 - 183" refId="ref21982" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 a. Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 82: 169 - 183." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB918C41AA07B5842EE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[188,256,939,962]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB9196C1AA07BF042EE" box="[276,424,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB9196C1AA07BF042EE" box="[276,424,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may cache snowshoe hares during years of great abundance (Nellis and Keith 1968) and return to caches within 2 days (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB919241AE07836452E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[348,622,1003,1026]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During snowshoe hare decline,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB9193B1D007B84450E" box="[323,476,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB9193B1D007B84450E" box="[323,476,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not increase its active time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB918D71D207B9F456E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[175,455,1067,1090]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but may increase its foraging time and concentrate its foraging effort in areas of high snowshoe hare densities (Ward and Krebs 1985). During a decline,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB918151D807B5A458E" box="[109,258,1163,1186]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB918151D807B5A458E" box="[109,258,1163,1186]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
uses four times more hunting beds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91AF21D807AB345EE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="169 - 183" refId="ref21982" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 a. Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 82: 169 - 183." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and chases are longer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB9198C1DA0795045EE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[500,776,1195,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During declines in snowshoe hare density,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91A331DC078BB45CE" box="[587,739,1227,1250]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91A331DC078BB45CE" box="[587,739,1227,1250]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also expands its home range (Ward and Krebs 1985) and becomes more territorial (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB919591C007BAA440E" author="STENSETH, N. C. & W. FALCK & O. N. BJORNSTAD & C. J. KREBS" box="[289,498,1291,1314]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="5147 - 5152" refId="ref24731" refString="STENSETH, N. C., W. FALCK, O. N. BJORNSTAD, AND C. J. KREBS. 1997. Population regulation in snowshoe hare and Canadian lynx: asymmetric food web configuration between hare and lynx. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94: 5147 - 5152." type="journal article" year="1997">Stenseth et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, below a certain density of snowshoe hares,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB919D31C20781D446E" box="[427,581,1323,1346]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB919D31C20781D446E" box="[427,581,1323,1346]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
becomes nomadic and concentrates in abundant snowshoe hare pockets (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91ACB1C407AFB44AE" author="BERGERUD, A. T." pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="3 - 55" refId="ref16948" refString="BERGERUD, A. T. 1971. The population dynamics of Newfoundland caribou. Wildlife Monographs 25: 3 - 55." type="journal article" year="1971">Bergerud 1971</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB918CC1C607B2B44AE" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[180,371,1387,1410]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Ward and Krebs 1985) or where carrion is abundant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB919511C807B8F448E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[297,471,1419,1442]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). They also become more tolerant of others (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB9195A1CA07BBD44EE" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[290,485,1451,1474]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Most adult
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91AF81CA0794044EE" box="[640,792,1451,1474]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91AF81CA0794044EE" box="[640,792,1451,1474]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
disperse in the first two winters after snowshoe hare population decline (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB918851CE07B20472E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[253,376,1515,1538]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="497 - 505" refId="ref22684" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1997. Dispersal patterns of lynx in the Northwest Territories. Journal of Wildlife Management 61: 497 - 505." type="journal article" year="1997">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB918851CE07B63472E" box="[253,315,1515,1538]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During that time, its physical condition deteriorates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB919491F007BAC470E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[305,500,1547,1570]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), leading to reduction and complete cessation in reproduction (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91A7C1F20789D476E" author="NELLIS, C. H. & S. P. WETMORE & L. B. KEITH" box="[516,709,1579,1602]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="320 - 329" refId="ref21863" refString="NELLIS, C. H., S. P. WETMORE, AND L. B. KEITH. 1972. Lynx-prey interactions in central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 36: 320 - 329." type="journal article" year="1972">Nellis et al. 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91AAE1F207A86474E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). At the end of the second winter of declining snowshoe hare number, most of the remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91A3C1F60788447AE" box="[580,732,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91A3C1F60788447AE" box="[580,732,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have died (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB918D41F807B7F478E" author="POOLE, K. G." box="[172,295,1675,1698]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="608 - 618" refId="ref22629" refString="POOLE, K. G. 1994. Characteristics of an unharvested lynx population during a snowshoe hare decline. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 608 - 618." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB918D41F807AB2478E" box="[172,234,1675,1698]" country="United Kingdom" name="Poole" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Poole</collectingRegion>
|
||
1994
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB9194E1F807BDB478E" box="[310,387,1675,1698]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
and Mowat 1996;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91A371F807AFB47EE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & E. J. HOFER" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="150 - 162" refId="ref21939" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, AND E. J. HOFER. 1997. Numerical responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 80: 150 - 162." type="journal article" year="1997">O’Donoghue et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During periods of declining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91A721FA078FD47EE" box="[522,677,1707,1730]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91A721FA078FD47EE" box="[522,677,1707,1730]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
densities, trapping vulnerability (Ward and Krebs 1985) and starvation increase (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB918A21FE07BC7462E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[218,415,1771,1794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB919C91FE07822462E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[433,634,1771,1794]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) while cannibalism may appear (Mowat and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB919B51E007842460E" box="[461,538,1803,1826]" country="United Kingdom" name="Slough" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Slough</collectingRegion>
|
||
1998).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6FFFB918E01E207FAB40EE" blockId="11.[109,792,203,1954]" lastBlockId="11.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
Morphology and hunting behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91A4C1E20789F466E" box="[564,711,1835,1858]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91A4C1E20781B466E" box="[564,579,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91A2A1E20789F466E" box="[594,711,1835,1858]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is specialized for snowshoe hares (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB919D11E40783E464E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[425,614,1867,1890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it is an efficient predator because of the lower foot-load of hares (Murray and Boutin 1991). It hunts primarily by sight but also by sound (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91B2919C079A641CE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[849,1022,203,226]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91C7519C07E1641CE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[1037,1102,203,226]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91C1019C07EA441CE" box="[1128,1276,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91C1019C07E2F41CE" box="[1128,1143,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91CFF19C07EA441CE" box="[1159,1276,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hunts snowshoe hares by stalking, ambushing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91C2A19E07F44402E" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE & V. O. NAMS" box="[1106,1308,235,258]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1203 - 1210" refId="ref21701" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, M. O'DONOGHUE, AND V. O. NAMS. 1995. Hunting behaviour of a sympatric felid and canid in relation to vegetative cover. Animal Behaviour 50: 1203 - 1210." type="journal article" year="1995">Murray et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91D5319E079D1400E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="169 - 183" refId="ref21982" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 a. Behavioural responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Oikos 82: 169 - 183." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Squires and Ruggiero 2007), following snowshoe hare runways, concentrating movements or using waiting beds (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91DCA18207999404E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91BA418407E2A404E" box="[988,1138,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91BA418407E2A404E" box="[988,1138,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
uses the ambushing method more when the canopy is dense and the stalking method in sparse cover (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91B2918807E41408E" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE & V. O. NAMS" box="[849,1049,395,418]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1203 - 1210" refId="ref21701" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, M. O'DONOGHUE, AND V. O. NAMS. 1995. Hunting behaviour of a sympatric felid and canid in relation to vegetative cover. Animal Behaviour 50: 1203 - 1210." type="journal article" year="1995">Murray et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91C0E18807F5F408E" box="[1142,1287,395,418]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91C0E18807F5F408E" box="[1142,1287,395,418]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
enters snowshoe hare habitat it travels in a more sinuous pattern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91D7618A07FBB40EE" author="MALETZKE, B. T. & G. M. KOEHLER & R. B. WIELGUS & K. B. AUBRY & M. A. EVANS" box="[1294,1507,427,450]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1473 - 1478" refId="ref20349" refString="MALETZKE, B. T., G. M. KOEHLER, R. B. WIELGUS, K. B. AUBRY, AND M. A. EVANS. 2008. Habitat conditions associated with lynx hunting behavior during winter in northern Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1473 - 1478." type="journal article" year="2008">Maletzke et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6FFFB91B0B18C07EDC43EE" blockId="11.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
After stalking as close as possible to its prey,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91D2718C07FAB40CE" box="[1375,1523,459,482]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91D2718C07FAB40CE" box="[1375,1523,459,482]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
usually covers the remaining distance with powerful bounds. The number of jumps depends on the species of prey pursued, the capture success, or the prey density (Nellis and Keith 1968; Squires and Ruggiero 2007). It can make up to 14 jumps to capture its prey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91B981B607EB443AE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & E. HOFER & F. I. DOYLE" box="[992,1260,619,642]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="6 - 9" refId="ref22086" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., E. HOFER, AND F. I. DOYLE. 1995. Predator versus predator. Natural History 104: 6 - 9." type="journal article" year="1995">O’Donoghue et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distance between two jumps varies between 1.0 m (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91CC91B807F20438E" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE & V. O. NAMS" box="[1201,1400,651,674]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1203 - 1210" refId="ref21701" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, M. O'DONOGHUE, AND V. O. NAMS. 1995. Hunting behaviour of a sympatric felid and canid in relation to vegetative cover. Animal Behaviour 50: 1203 - 1210." type="journal article" year="1995">Murray et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6FFFB91DCE1B807FAB438E" box="[1462,1523,651,674]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" unit="m" value="2.4">2.4 m</quantity>
|
||
(Squires and Ruggiero 2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6FFFB91B0B1BC07EF344EE" blockId="11.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91B0B1BC07E7D43CE" box="[883,1061,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91BD61BC07E7D43CE" box="[942,1061,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
hunting success varies according to many factors. When hunting snowshoe hares,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91D5A1BE07FE7422E" box="[1314,1471,747,770]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91D5A1BE07FE7422E" box="[1314,1471,747,770]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has better success when ambushing than stalking (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91D241A007925426E" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE & V. O. NAMS" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1203 - 1210" refId="ref21701" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, M. O'DONOGHUE, AND V. O. NAMS. 1995. Hunting behaviour of a sympatric felid and canid in relation to vegetative cover. Animal Behaviour 50: 1203 - 1210." type="journal article" year="1995">Murray et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The distance from the snowshoe hare at the beginning of the chase is an important factor for successful kills (Nellis and Keith 1968). Length of the chase also influences hunting success. Unsuccessful chases are longer than successful ones (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91B291AA07E2C42EE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[849,1140,939,962]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91CE91AA07F7242EE" box="[1169,1322,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91CE91AA07F7242EE" box="[1169,1322,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
chases snowshoe hares
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6FFFB91BF21AC07E5442CE" box="[906,1036,971,994]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.873" metricValueMax="13.7" metricValueMin="0.046" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" unit="m" value="68.73" valueMax="137.0" valueMin="0.46">0.46–137 m</quantity>
|
||
but successful chases seldom exceed
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6FFFB91DC81AC07905452E" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" unit="m" value="24.0" valueMax="33.0" valueMin="15.0">15–33 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91B0B1AE07E7D452E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[883,1061,1003,1026]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91C411AE07F03452E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[1081,1371,1003,1026]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Squires and Ruggiero 2007). Consistency of the snow and sinking depth are also related to the success of the hunt (Nellis and Keith 1968; Murray and Boutin 1991;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91C231D407F6F454E" author="STENSETH, N. C." box="[1115,1335,1099,1122]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="10632 - 10634" refId="ref24689" refString="STENSETH, N. C., ET AL. 2004 b. Snow conditions may create an invisible barrier for lynx. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101: 10632 - 10634." type="journal article" year="2004">Stenseth et al. 2004b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Successful kills are influenced by the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91C541D607EE645AE" box="[1068,1214,1131,1154]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91C541D607E6345AE" box="[1068,1083,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91C3F1D607EE645AE" box="[1095,1214,1131,1154]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
age and its knowledge of the area (Nellis and Keith 1968) or with the season, increasing during winter (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91BE41DA07E0245EE" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[924,1114,1195,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Success also varies according to the snowshoe hare cycle, with success being lower during periods of increasing snowshoe hare densities as surviving
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91D251DE07FAB442E" box="[1373,1523,1259,1282]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91D251DE07FAB442E" box="[1373,1523,1259,1282]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
become skilled at hunting alternative prey species during the low phase and there is a lag before it switches back to its main prey (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91B291C407E3F444E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[849,1127,1355,1378]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, hunting success is more dependent on hunting conditions than snowshoe hare abundance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91B291C807E54448E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[849,1036,1419,1442]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and is similar among habitats and vegetative cover (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91BEA1CA07E0044EE" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE" box="[914,1112,1451,1474]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1444 - 1451" refId="ref21659" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, AND M. O'DONOGHUE. 1994. Winter habitat selection by lynx and coyotes in relation to snowshoe hare abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1444 - 1451." type="journal article" year="1994">Murray et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91C1E1CA07EC344EE" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE & V. O. NAMS" box="[1126,1179,1451,1474]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1203 - 1210" refId="ref21701" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, M. O'DONOGHUE, AND V. O. NAMS. 1995. Hunting behaviour of a sympatric felid and canid in relation to vegetative cover. Animal Behaviour 50: 1203 - 1210." type="journal article" year="1995">1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6FFFB91B0B1CC07F3C47CE" blockId="11.[840,1523,203,1954]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91B0B1CC07E7F44CE" box="[883,1063,1483,1506]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91BC81CC07E7F44CE" box="[944,1063,1483,1506]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
hunting success varied from 8% to 36% in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB91B1D1CE079ED472E" box="[869,949,1515,1538]" country="Canada" name="Alberta" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Alberta</collectingRegion>
|
||
(Nellis and Keith 1968;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91CB21CE07FD2472E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[1226,1418,1515,1538]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), 42% in Newfoundland (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91B8F1F007EFC470E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[1015,1188,1547,1570]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and from 20.0% to 38.8% in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF6FFFB91B301F2079D5476E" box="[840,909,1579,1602]" country="Canada" name="Yukon" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">Yukon</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91BE31F207E02476E" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE" box="[923,1114,1579,1602]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1444 - 1451" refId="ref21659" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, AND M. O'DONOGHUE. 1994. Winter habitat selection by lynx and coyotes in relation to snowshoe hare abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology 72: 1444 - 1451." type="journal article" year="1994">Murray et al. 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91C1E1F207F7D476E" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE & V. O. NAMS" box="[1126,1317,1579,1602]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1203 - 1210" refId="ref21701" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, M. O'DONOGHUE, AND V. O. NAMS. 1995. Hunting behaviour of a sympatric felid and canid in relation to vegetative cover. Animal Behaviour 50: 1203 - 1210." type="journal article" year="1995">Murray et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91D491F2079D3474E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During increasing and peaking snowshoe hare densities,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91B301F60798447AE" box="[840,988,1643,1666]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91B301F60798447AE" box="[840,988,1643,1666]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is more successful from hunting beds (46%) than not from beds (27%—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91C471F807F55478E" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE & V. O. NAMS" box="[1087,1293,1675,1698]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="1203 - 1210" refId="ref21701" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, M. O'DONOGHUE, AND V. O. NAMS. 1995. Hunting behaviour of a sympatric felid and canid in relation to vegetative cover. Animal Behaviour 50: 1203 - 1210." type="journal article" year="1995">Murray et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91D5E1F807FE4478E" box="[1318,1468,1675,1698]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91D5E1F807FE4478E" box="[1318,1468,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
kills on average every
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6FFFB91C681FA07E0047EE" box="[1040,1112,1707,1730]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" unit="km" value="15.0">15 km</quantity>
|
||
traveled per night (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91D421FA07FB247EE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[1338,1514,1707,1730]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF6FFFB91BA31FC07E0347CE" box="[987,1115,1739,1762]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.25" metricValueMax="3.2" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" unit="km" value="22.5" valueMax="32.0" valueMin="13.0">13 to 32 km</quantity>
|
||
(Nellis and Keith 1968).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF6FFFBE1B0B1FE07BE2408E" blockId="11.[840,1523,203,1954]" lastBlockId="12.[109,793,203,1442]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="148" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91B0B1FE07E70462E" box="[883,1064,1771,1794]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91BC91FE07E70462E" box="[945,1064,1771,1794]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
hunts larger animals in various ways. It approaches bedded white-tailed deer and then rushes to subdue and kill (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91BDF1E207E79466E" author="FULLER, A. K." box="[935,1057,1835,1858]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="395 - 398" refId="ref18642" refString="FULLER, A. K. 2004. Canada lynx predation on white-tailed deer. Northeastern Naturalist 11: 395 - 398." type="journal article" year="2004">Fuller 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Wounded deer may be followed until later captured and killed (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91C501E407EFD464E" author="FULLER, A. K." box="[1064,1189,1867,1890]" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="395 - 398" refId="ref18642" refString="FULLER, A. K. 2004. Canada lynx predation on white-tailed deer. Northeastern Naturalist 11: 395 - 398." type="journal article" year="2004">Fuller 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF6FFFB91CC51E407F09464E" box="[1213,1361,1867,1890]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF6FFFB91CC51E407F09464E" box="[1213,1361,1867,1890]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="147">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ambushes caribou and then bites on the head, neck, or shoulders (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF6FFFB91D001E6079E0468E" author="STEPHENSON, R. O. & D. V. GRANGAARD & J. BURCH" pageId="11" pageNumber="147" pagination="255 - 262" refId="ref24794" refString="STEPHENSON, R. O., D. V. GRANGAARD, AND J. BURCH. 1991. Lynx, Felis lynx, predation on red foxes, Vulpes vulpes, caribou, Rangifer tarandus, and Dall sheep, Ovis dalli, in Alaska. Canadian Field- Naturalist 105: 255 - 262." type="journal article" year="1991">Stephenson et al. 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It attacks mule deer by stalking and biting the neck
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF68FFBE181519C07A8341CE" box="[109,219,203,226]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" unit="cm" value="12.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="10.0">10–15 cm</quantity>
|
||
behind the ears (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE19D819C0783041CE" author="POSZIG, D. & C. D. APPS & A. DIBB" box="[416,616,203,226]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref22875" refString="POSZIG, D., C. D. APPS, AND A. DIBB. 2004. Predation on two mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, by a Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Canadian Field-Naturalist 118: 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="2004">Poszig et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1AFA19C0794041CE" box="[642,792,203,226]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1AFA19C0794041CE" box="[642,792,203,226]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
first feeds on big game by starting on the neck, then moving to the shoulders and rib cage, and finally consuming the haunches and internal organs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE192A18207840406E" author="POSZIG, D. & C. D. APPS & A. DIBB" box="[338,536,299,322]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref22875" refString="POSZIG, D., C. D. APPS, AND A. DIBB. 2004. Predation on two mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, by a Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Canadian Field-Naturalist 118: 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="2004">Poszig et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It may drag ungulate carcasses before eating (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE190A18407877404E" author="POSZIG, D. & C. D. APPS & A. DIBB" box="[370,559,331,354]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref22875" refString="POSZIG, D., C. D. APPS, AND A. DIBB. 2004. Predation on two mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, by a Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Canadian Field-Naturalist 118: 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="2004">Poszig et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Extent of consumption of prey was related to the time between kills rather than prey abundance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE189618807BF1408E" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[238,425,395,418]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF68FFBE18E018A07BAB438E" blockId="12.[109,793,203,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE18E018A07B1440EE" box="[152,332,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE18AD18A07B1440EE" box="[213,332,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
uses ambush beds that consist of loosely packed and ice-encrusted snow (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE19B418C078CD40CE" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE & V. O. NAMS" box="[460,661,459,482]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="1203 - 1210" refId="ref21701" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, M. O'DONOGHUE, AND V. O. NAMS. 1995. Hunting behaviour of a sympatric felid and canid in relation to vegetative cover. Animal Behaviour 50: 1203 - 1210." type="journal article" year="1995">Murray et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Beds may be separated by only
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF68FFBE193618E07BDC432E" box="[334,388,491,514]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" unit="m" value="23.0">23 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE19EB18E07865432E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[403,573,491,514]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and are at a density between 5.1 and 18.4 beds along a 10-km trail (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1AF51B007AB6436E" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Ambush beds of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE19C61B20780A436E" box="[446,594,555,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE19C61B20780A436E" box="[446,594,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are usually closer than
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF68FFBE18DD1B407A87434E" box="[165,223,587,610]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
from the starting point of the chase (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1AFE1B407AFA43AE" author="MURRAY, D. L. & S. BOUTIN & M. O'DONOGHUE & V. O. NAMS" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="1203 - 1210" refId="ref21701" refString="MURRAY, D. L., S. BOUTIN, M. O'DONOGHUE, AND V. O. NAMS. 1995. Hunting behaviour of a sympatric felid and canid in relation to vegetative cover. Animal Behaviour 50: 1203 - 1210." type="journal article" year="1995">Murray et al. 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE18C21B607B1543AE" box="[186,333,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE18C21B607B1543AE" box="[186,333,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also makes resting beds near recent snowshoe hare activity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE19401B807BBC438E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[312,484,651,674]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF68FFBE18E01BA0787B446E" blockId="12.[109,793,203,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE18E01BA07B1243EE" box="[152,330,683,706]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE18AD1BA07B1243EE" box="[213,330,683,706]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
can use snowshoe hare runways to travel (Keith and Meslow 1966). They usually use harder and shallower snow to walk (Murray and Boutin 1991) but may be negatively impacted by snowmobile tracks as they give a competitive advantage to the coyote (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE19421A20785E426E" author="BUNNELL, K. D. & J. T. FLINDERS & M. L. WOLFE" box="[314,518,811,834]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="828 - 838" refId="ref17426" refString="BUNNELL, K. D., J. T. FLINDERS, AND M. L. WOLFE. 2006. Potential impacts of coyote and snowmobiles on lynx conservation in the Intermountain West. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34: 828 - 838." type="journal article" year="2006">Bunnell et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1AFE1A207940426E" box="[646,792,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1AFE1A207940426E" box="[646,792,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be active through the day, it travels mostly during the night from 2 h before dark to 1 h after dawn (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1A271A60795142AE" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[607,777,875,898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF68FFBE18821A807B03428E" box="[250,347,907,930]" country="United States of America" name="Montana" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">Montana</collectingRegion>
|
||
, activity patterns were different between seasons. During winter all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE19FC1AA0784C42EE" box="[388,532,939,962]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE19FC1AA07BCB42EE" box="[388,403,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE19E71AA0784C42EE" box="[415,532,939,962]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were more active during the afternoon and early evening when temperatures were highest (Kolbe and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE18971AE07B25452E" author="SQUIRES, J. R. & L. F. RUGGIERO" box="[239,381,1003,1026]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="310 - 315" refId="ref24528" refString="SQUIRES, J. R., AND L. F. RUGGIERO. 2007. Winter prey selection of Canada lynx in northwestern Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 310 - 315." type="journal article" year="2007">Squires 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During summer, males and females without kittens were active around the crepuscule and avoided high temperatures, while females with kittens remained active throughout the day (Kolbe and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE19BC1D407809454E" author="SQUIRES, J. R. & L. F. RUGGIERO" box="[452,593,1099,1122]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="310 - 315" refId="ref24528" refString="SQUIRES, J. R., AND L. F. RUGGIERO. 2007. Winter prey selection of Canada lynx in northwestern Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 310 - 315." type="journal article" year="2007">Squires 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1A121D4078A5454E" box="[618,765,1099,1122]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1A121D4078A5454E" box="[618,765,1099,1122]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is active 41.5% of the time (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE19001D60782745AE" author="O'DONOGHUE, M. & S. BOUTIN & C. J. KREBS & G. ZULETA & D. L. MURRAY & E. J. HOFER" box="[376,639,1131,1154]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="1193 - 1208" refId="ref22032" refString="O'DONOGHUE, M., S. BOUTIN, C. J. KREBS, G. ZULETA, D. L. MURRAY, AND E. J. HOFER. 1998 b. Functional responses of coyotes and lynx to the snowshoe hare cycle. Ecology 79: 1193 - 1208." type="journal article" year="1998">O’Donoghue et al. 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and is mostly in search of food during its active hours (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1A6E1D807891458E" author="BRAND, C. J. & L. B. KEITH & C. A. FISCHER" box="[534,713,1163,1186]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="416 - 428" refId="ref17311" refString="BRAND, C. J., L. B. KEITH, AND C. A. FISCHER. 1976. Lynx responses to changing snowshoe hare densities in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 416 - 428." type="journal article" year="1976">Brand et al. 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A kill is usually followed by a period of inactivity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1A2A1DA0795745EE" author="PARKER, G. R. & J. W. MAXWELL & L. D. MORTON & G. E. J. SMITH" box="[594,783,1195,1218]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="770 - 786" refId="ref22250" refString="PARKER, G. R., J. W. MAXWELL, L. D. MORTON, AND G. E. J. SMITH. 1983. The ecology of the lynx (Lynx canadensis) on Cape Breton Island. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 770 - 786." type="journal article" year="1983">Parker et al. 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and hunting is resumed following consumption of its last kill (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE180E1DE07B46442E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[118,286,1259,1282]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="384 - 390" refId="ref23689" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 b. Food habits of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 384 - 390." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is more active at its kill around midnight and late in the morning (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE193F1C00785C440E" author="POSZIG, D. & C. D. APPS & A. DIBB" box="[327,516,1291,1314]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="191 - 194" refId="ref22875" refString="POSZIG, D., C. D. APPS, AND A. DIBB. 2004. Predation on two mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, by a Canada lynx, Lynx canadensis, in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains. Canadian Field-Naturalist 118: 191 - 194." type="journal article" year="2004">Poszig et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1A621C0078F4440E" box="[538,684,1291,1314]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1A621C0078F4440E" box="[538,684,1291,1314]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
decreases activity during a storm (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE19131C20784B446E" author="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR." box="[363,531,1323,1346]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="390 - 400" refId="ref23659" refString="SAUNDERS, J. K., JR. 1963 a. Movement and activities of lynx in Newfoundland. Journal of Wildlife Management 27: 390 - 400." type="journal article" year="1963">Saunders 1963a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF68FFBE18E01C407BA3448E" blockId="12.[109,793,203,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE18E01C407B15444E" box="[152,333,1355,1378]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE18AE1C407B15444E" box="[214,333,1355,1378]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is a good swimmer (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1A391C4078E7444E" author="DENIS, A." box="[577,703,1355,1378]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" refId="ref17979" refString="DENIS, A. 1964. The lynx. Pp. 88 - 89 in Cats of the world (B. Campbell, ed.). Constable, London, England." type="book" year="1964">Denis 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When swimming, it may be low in the water or have its back raised and can cover up to
|
||
<quantity id="F23C9B6BDF68FFBE196F1C807B39448E" box="[279,353,1419,1442]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" unit="km" value="3.2">3.2 km</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE19091C807BB2448E" author="DENIS, A." box="[369,490,1419,1442]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" refId="ref17979" refString="DENIS, A. 1964. The lynx. Pp. 88 - 89 in Cats of the world (B. Campbell, ed.). Constable, London, England." type="book" year="1964">Denis 1964</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="5C4B2F65DF68FFBE190F1CE27990456E" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DDE6505DF68FFBE190F1CE27990456E" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF68FFBE190F1CE27857472F" blockId="12.[375,527,1513,1539]" box="[375,527,1513,1539]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<heading id="6E3381E2DF68FFBE190F1CE27857472F" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[375,527,1513,1539]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE190F1CE27857472F" bold="true" box="[375,527,1513,1539]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">GENETICS</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF68FFBE18E01F2678A64648" blockId="12.[109,792,1581,1956]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
The karyotype of
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE190C1F2678774768" box="[372,559,1581,1604]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE19C01F2678774768" box="[440,559,1581,1604]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is indistinguishable from that of the domestic cat. It has a diploid number (2n) of 38 chromosomes, a fundamental number of 72, with 16 pairs of metacentrics, 16 pairs of submetacentrics, and 4 acrocentrics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE180E1FA67B2847E8" author="BENIRSCHKE, K. & E. YOUNG & R. J. LOW" box="[118,368,1709,1732]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="148 - 149" refId="ref16889" refString="BENIRSCHKE, K., E. YOUNG, AND R. J. LOW. 1966. Chromosome studies of four carnivores. Mammalian Chromosome Newsletter 21: 148 - 149." type="journal article" year="1966">Benirschke et al. 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Y and X chromosomes are, respectively, a small meta- or submetacentric and mediumsized submetacentric (Wurster and Benirschke 1968; Hsu and Benirschke 1974). G-banded karyotypes can be used to differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE18DB1E267B6E4668" box="[163,310,1837,1860]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE18DB1E267B6E4668" box="[163,310,1837,1860]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the domestic cat but G-bands are identical among
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE18891E467B7C4648" box="[241,292,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
species (Wurster-Hill and Certerwall 1982).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF68FFBE18E01E667FC0438E" blockId="12.[109,792,1581,1956]" lastBlockId="12.[840,1523,203,1090]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Microsatellite loci may be useful in population genetic studies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE18AE1E8678304688" authority="(Carmichael et al. 2000)" baseAuthorityName="Carmichael" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[214,616,1933,1956]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE18AE1E867ABD4688" box="[214,229,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE18881E867B3D4688" box="[240,357,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE190B1E8678054688" author="CARMICHAEL, L. E. & W. CLARK & C. STROBECK" box="[371,605,1933,1956]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="2197 - 2198" refId="ref17751" refString="CARMICHAEL, L. E., W. CLARK, AND C. STROBECK. 2000. Development and characterization of microsatellite loci from lynx (Lynx canadensis), and their use in other felids. Molecular Ecology 9: 2197 - 2198." type="journal article" year="2000">Carmichael et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In a comparison between core populations and peripheral populations using nine microsatellite loci, peripheral populations exhibited decreased genetic variation in the form of fewer mean numbers of alleles and lower expected heterozygosity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1C9618207FBC406E" author="SCHWARTZ, M. K. & L. S. MILLS & Y. ORTEGA & L. F. RUGGIERO & F. W. ALLENDORF" box="[1262,1508,299,322]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="1807 - 1816" refId="ref23935" refString="SCHWARTZ, M. K., L. S. MILLS, Y. ORTEGA, L. F. RUGGIERO, AND F. W. ALLENDORF. 2003. Landscape location affects genetic variation of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). Molecular Ecology 12: 1807 - 1816." type="journal article" year="2003">Schwartz et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The genetic structuring of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1C0818407F53404E" box="[1136,1291,331,354]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1C0818407F53404E" box="[1136,1291,331,354]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. Canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is similar over large distances (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1BC218607ECF40AE" author="SCHWARTZ, M. K. & L. S. MILLS & K. S. MCKELVEY & L. F. RUGGLERO & F. W. ALLENDORF" box="[954,1175,363,386]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="520 - 522" refId="ref23882" refString="SCHWARTZ, M. K., L. S. MILLS, K. S. MCKELVEY, L. F. RUGGLERO, AND F. W. ALLENDORF. 2002. DNA reveals high dispersal synchronizing the population dynamics of Canada lynx. Nature 415: 520 - 522." type="journal article" year="2002">Schwartz et al. 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1CDE18607F0B40AE" author="ROW, J. R. & C. GOMEZ & E. L. KOEN & J. BOWMAN & D. L. MURRAY & P. J. WILSON" box="[1190,1363,363,386]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="1259 - 1268" refId="ref23491" refString="ROW, J. R., C. GOMEZ, E. L. KOEN, J. BOWMAN, D. L. MURRAY, AND P. J. WILSON. 2012. Dispersal promotes high gene flow among Canada lynx populations across mainland North America. Conservation Genetics 13: 1259 - 1268." type="journal article" year="2012">Row et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however, the Rocky Mountains and the Coastal Mountains represent east-west and north-south barriers to gene flow in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1C8018A0799E40CE" authority="(Rueness et al. 2003)" baseAuthorityName="Rueness" baseAuthorityYear="2003" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1C8018A07FD240EE" box="[1272,1418,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1DE318A079E440CE" author="RUENESS, E. K. & N. C. STENSETH & M. O'DONOGHUE & S. BOUTIN & H. ELLEGREN & K. S. JAKOBSEN" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="69 - 72" refId="ref23549" refString="RUENESS, E. K., N. C. STENSETH, M. O'DONOGHUE, S. BOUTIN, H. ELLEGREN, AND K. S. JAKOBSEN. 2003. Ecological and genetic spatial structuring in the Canadian lynx. Nature 425: 69 - 72." type="journal article" year="2003">Rueness et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The existence of a geographically invisible barrier in eastern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF68FFBE1BC018E07E5F432E" box="[952,1031,491,514]" name="Canada" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
also influences its genetic structure (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1DE318E079E1430E" author="RUENESS, E. K. & N. C. STENSETH & M. O'DONOGHUE & S. BOUTIN & H. ELLEGREN & K. S. JAKOBSEN" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="69 - 72" refId="ref23549" refString="RUENESS, E. K., N. C. STENSETH, M. O'DONOGHUE, S. BOUTIN, H. ELLEGREN, AND K. S. JAKOBSEN. 2003. Ecological and genetic spatial structuring in the Canadian lynx. Nature 425: 69 - 72." type="journal article" year="2003">Rueness et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1C731B007EC5430E" box="[1035,1181,523,546]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1C731B007EC5430E" box="[1035,1181,523,546]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genetically seems to be divided into the same three regions (Atlantic, Continental, and Pacific) that synchronize its cycle in density. Restriction fragment patterns of the 16S rRNA can be used to differentiate
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1D5F1B607FE043AE" box="[1319,1464,619,642]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1D5F1B607F6E43AE" box="[1319,1334,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1D3B1B607FE043AE" box="[1347,1464,619,642]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all other North America felid species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1CA41B807FD0438E" author="MILLS, L. S. & K. PILGRIM & M. K. SCHWARTZ & K. MCKELVEY" box="[1244,1416,651,674]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="285 - 289" refId="ref21082" refString="MILLS, L. S., K. PILGRIM, M. K. SCHWARTZ, AND K. MCKELVEY. 2000. Identifying lynx and other North American felids based on MtDNA analysis. Conservation Genetics 1: 285 - 289." type="journal article" year="2000">Mills et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF68FFBE1B0B1BA079EC426E" blockId="12.[840,1523,203,1090]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">The mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genome have been sequenced. The mitochondrial genome (NCBI, BioProject, Accession Number NC_028313) and nuclear genome (NCBI, BioProject, Accession Number PRJNA533815) are entered in GenBank.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF68FFBE1B0B1A407990456E" blockId="12.[840,1523,203,1090]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Wild female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1C711A407EFA424E" box="[1033,1186,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1C711A407EFA424E" box="[1033,1186,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can mate with wild
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1DE21A407FAB424E" box="[1434,1523,843,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1DE21A407FF1424E" box="[1434,1449,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1DC41A407FAB424E" box="[1468,1523,843,866]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1BEF1A607E2D42AE" author="SCHWARTZ, M. K." box="[919,1141,875,898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="349 - 355" refId="ref23988" refString="SCHWARTZ, M. K., ET AL. 2004. Hybridization between Canada lynx and bobcats: genetic results and management implications. Conservation Genetics 5: 349 - 355." type="journal article" year="2004">Schwartz et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1CFC1A607F3E42AE" author="HOMYACK, J. A." box="[1156,1382,875,898]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="504 - 508" refId="ref19135" refString="HOMYACK, J. A., ET AL. 2008. Canada lynx-bobcat (Lynx canadensis X L. rufus) hybrids at the southern periphery of lynx range in Maine, Minnesota and New Brunswick. American Midland Naturalist 159: 504 - 508." type="journal article" year="2008">Homyack et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hybrids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1B301A807986428E" box="[840,990,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1B301A80790F428E" box="[840,855,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1B1F1A807986428E" box="[871,990,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1BA61A8079B3428E" box="[990,1003,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">–</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1B931A807E19428E" box="[1003,1089,907,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1B931A8079A2428E" box="[1003,1018,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1C721A807E19428E" box="[1034,1089,907,930]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may reproduce successfully (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1DF31A8079E642EE" author="HOMYACK, J. A." pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="504 - 508" refId="ref19135" refString="HOMYACK, J. A., ET AL. 2008. Canada lynx-bobcat (Lynx canadensis X L. rufus) hybrids at the southern periphery of lynx range in Maine, Minnesota and New Brunswick. American Midland Naturalist 159: 504 - 508." type="journal article" year="2008">Homyack et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Hybrids have intermediate physical characteristic like intermediate paw size, intermediate tail color, or intermediate hind foot length, and mixed physical characteristics like a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1B251D0079EA450E" box="[861,946,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Leopardus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1B251D007934450E" box="[861,876,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1B031D0079EA450E" box="[891,946,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pelage and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1C401D007E95450E" box="[1080,1229,1035,1058]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1C401D007E1F450E" box="[1080,1095,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1C2E1D007E95450E" box="[1110,1229,1035,1058]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ear tufts length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1DF31D0079E0456E" author="HOMYACK, J. A." pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="504 - 508" refId="ref19135" refString="HOMYACK, J. A., ET AL. 2008. Canada lynx-bobcat (Lynx canadensis X L. rufus) hybrids at the southern periphery of lynx range in Maine, Minnesota and New Brunswick. American Midland Naturalist 159: 504 - 508." type="journal article" year="2008">Homyack et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<subSection id="5C4B2F65DF68FFBF1C521D6278DB442E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="7DDE6505DF68FFBF1C521D6278DB442E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF68FFBE1C521D627F4945AF" blockId="12.[1066,1297,1129,1155]" box="[1066,1297,1129,1155]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<heading id="6E3381E2DF68FFBE1C521D627F4945AF" allCaps="true" bold="true" box="[1066,1297,1129,1155]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" reason="6">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1C521D627F4945AF" bold="true" box="[1066,1297,1129,1155]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">CONSERVATION</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF68FFBE1B0B1DA67F634728" blockId="12.[840,1523,1197,1956]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1B0B1DA67E7645E8" box="[883,1070,1197,1220]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1BCF1DA67E7645E8" box="[951,1070,1197,1220]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is listed as “Least Concern” by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, is on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, and its population trend is considered stable (United Nations Environment Programme- World Conservation Monitoring Center 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1D2B1C467FBB4448" author="VASHON, J." box="[1363,1507,1357,1380]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="101138963" refId="ref25371" refString="VASHON, J. 2016. Lynx canadensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e. T 12518 A 101138963. http: // dx. doi / 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 2. RLTS. T 12518 A 101138963. en. Accessed 9 September 2019." type="book chapter" year="2016">Vashon 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, it is listed as “Endangered” in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia under the New Brunswick Species at Risk Act and Nova Scotia’s Endangered Species Act. In the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="4DD3761EDF68FFBE1D201CA67FB644E8" box="[1368,1518,1453,1476]" name="United States of America" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1B301CC679B944C8" box="[840,993,1485,1508]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1B301CC679B944C8" box="[840,993,1485,1508]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was listed in 2000 as “Threatened” under the Endangered Species Act (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1C231CE67F734728" author="VASHON, J. H." box="[1115,1323,1517,1540]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" refId="ref25427" refString="VASHON, J. H., ET AL. 2008 a. Spatial ecology of a Canada lynx population in northern Maine. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1497 - 1487." type="journal volume" year="2008">Vashon et al. 2008a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF68FFBF1B0B1F06784F40CE" blockId="12.[840,1523,1197,1956]" lastBlockId="13.[109,793,203,1282]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1B0B1F067E734708" box="[883,1067,1549,1572]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">
|
||
Lynx
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1BC01F067E734708" box="[952,1067,1549,1572]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">canadensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has successfully been reintroduced to
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF68FFBE1B301F2679F04768" box="[840,936,1581,1604]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">Colorado</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1BCE1F267ED14768" author="DEVINEAU, O. & T. M. SHENK & G. C. WHITE & P. F. DOHERTY, JR. & P. M. LUKACS & R. H. KAHN" box="[950,1161,1581,1604]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="524 - 531" refId="ref18013" refString="DEVINEAU, O., T. M. SHENK, G. C. WHITE, P. F. DOHERTY, JR., P. M. LUKACS, AND R. H. KAHN. 2010. Evaluating the Canada lynx reintroduction programme in Colorado: patterns in mortality. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 524 - 531." type="journal article" year="2010">Devineau et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) even though the first attempt most likely failed because of high mortalities due to starvation (Shenk 2001). In the Adirondack Mountains of
|
||
<collectingRegion id="F700F86CDF68FFBE1D7D1F667F2C47A8" box="[1285,1396,1645,1668]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">New York</collectingRegion>
|
||
, the failure of its reintroduction appears to be related to high road mortality (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF68FFBE1B281FA67E4747E8" author="HOVING, C. L. & D. J. HARRISON & W. B. KROHN & R. A. JOSEPH & M. O'BRIEN" box="[848,1055,1709,1732]" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" pagination="739 - 751" refId="ref19270" refString="HOVING, C. L., D. J. HARRISON, W. B. KROHN, R. A. JOSEPH, AND M. O'BRIEN. 2005. Broad-scale predictors of Canada lynx occurrence in eastern North America. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 739 - 751." type="journal article" year="2005">Hoving et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). When planning a reintroduction program for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1B151FC679A447C8" box="[877,1020,1741,1764]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1B151FC679A447C8" box="[877,1020,1741,1764]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, five factors should be examined to increase the success: (1) a release protocol focused on reducing dispersal rates from the reintroduced population, (2) mortality induced by anthropogenic factors, (3) phase of the snowshoe hare cycle when reintroduction occurs, (4) duration of the release program, and (5) number of animals released (Steury and Murray 2004).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF68FFBE1D261E667FAB46A8" box="[1374,1523,1901,1924]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="12" pageNumber="148" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1D261E667F3446A8" box="[1374,1388,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF68FFBE1DF81E667FAB46A8" box="[1408,1523,1901,1924]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="148">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
should be released during the decline phase of the snowshoe hare cycle (Steury and Murray 2004) as each individual requires at least 1.1–1.8 snowshoe hares/ha to persist (Steury and Murray 2004). This allows the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF69FFBF197518007BC3400E" box="[269,411,267,290]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF69FFBF197518007B43400E" box="[269,283,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF69FFBF195018007BC3400E" box="[296,411,267,290]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
population to increase along with the hare population.The success of the reintroduction may be increased by placing individuals in holding facilities for a minimum of 3 weeks, or until physical condition is optimal and the animals have acclimated to the new area (Shenk 2001). Reintroduction should be performed in central areas of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF69FFBF19C018A0781E40EE" box="[440,582,427,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF69FFBF19C018A07B9E40EE" box="[440,454,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF69FFBF19AB18A0781E40EE" box="[467,582,427,450]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
habitat range before trying at the periphery (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF191918C0785F40CE" author="SCOTT, J. M. & D. L. MURRAY & B. GRIFFITH" box="[353,519,459,482]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" pagination="49 - 50" refId="ref24021" refString="SCOTT, J. M., D. L. MURRAY, AND B. GRIFFITH. 1999. Lynx reintroduction. Science 286: 49 - 50." type="journal article" year="1999">Scott et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF69FFBF18E018E07BDD422E" blockId="13.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">
|
||
The conservation and recovery of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF69FFBF1A7B18E078CE432E" box="[515,662,491,514]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF69FFBF1A7B18E078CE432E" box="[515,662,491,514]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations in the southern portion of its range require the protection of large snowshoe hare habitat and ensuring connectivity between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF69FFBF1B7B1B207ABC434E" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF69FFBF1B7B1B20794A436E" box="[771,786,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF69FFBF18151B407ABC434E" box="[109,228,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
populations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF190C1B407860434E" author="MURRAY, D. L. & T. D. STEURY & J. D. ROTH" box="[372,568,587,610]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" pagination="1463 - 1472" refId="ref21747" refString="MURRAY, D. L., T. D. STEURY, AND J. D. ROTH. 2008. Assessment of Canada lynx research and conservation needs in the southern range: another kick at the cat. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1463 - 1472." type="journal article" year="2008">Murray et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF1A3D1B407950434E" author="SQUIRES, J. R. & N. J. DECESARE & L. E. OLSON & J. A. KOLBE & M. HEBBLEWHITE & S. A PARKS" box="[581,776,587,610]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" pagination="187 - 195" refId="ref24357" refString="SQUIRES, J. R., N. J. DECESARE, L. E. OLSON, J. A. KOLBE, M. HEBBLEWHITE, AND S. A PARKS. 2013. Combining resource selection and movement behavior to predict corridors for Canada lynx at their southern range periphery. Biological Conservation 157: 187 - 195." type="journal article" year="2013">Squires et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Forests should be managed to give a temporal and spatial mosaic of forest age classes, which can be done with fires, logging, and timber thinning (Koehler and Brittell 1990). Thus, fire management has the potential to have an impact on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF69FFBF1A3A1BC0788E43CE" box="[578,726,715,738]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF69FFBF1A3A1BC0788E43CE" box="[578,726,715,738]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
abundance (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF18C31BE07B2D422E" author="PARAGI, T. F. & W. N. JOHNSON & D. D. KATNIK" box="[187,373,747,770]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" pagination="77 - 86" refId="ref22206" refString="PARAGI, T. F., W. N. JOHNSON, AND D. D. KATNIK. 1997. Selection of post-fire seres by lynx and snowshoe hares in the Alaskan taiga. Northwestern Naturalist 78: 77 - 86." type="journal article" year="1997">Paragi et al. 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="357B368EDF69FFBF18E01A0078DB442E" blockId="13.[109,793,203,1282]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">
|
||
Climate change, through climate warming and snowfall decrease, may give
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF69FFBF19501A207BE4426E" box="[296,444,811,834]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF69FFBF19501A207B6F426E" box="[296,311,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">L</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF69FFBF193D1A207BE4426E" box="[325,444,811,834]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
less competitive advantage over bobcats and decreases prey vulnerability (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF1A511A4078B4424E" author="HOVING, C. L. & R. A. JOSEPH & W. B. KROHN" box="[553,748,843,866]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" pagination="363 - 382" refId="ref19323" refString="HOVING, C. L., R. A. JOSEPH, AND W. B. KROHN. 2003. Recent and historical distributions of Canada lynx in Maine and the northeast. Northeastern Naturalist 10: 363 - 382." type="journal article" year="2003">Hoving et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the future, this could result in stronger declines for populations at the southern edge of their distribution due to climate change than projected logging or exploitation rates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF1A011AA0795042EE" author="CARROLL, C." box="[633,776,939,962]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" pagination="1092 - 1104" refId="ref17797" refString="CARROLL, C. 2007. Interacting effects of climate change, landscape conversion, and harvest on carnivore populations at the range margin: marten and lynx in the northern Appalachians. Conservation Biology 21: 1092 - 1104." type="journal article" year="2007">Carroll 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). During the last century,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F2C44D0DDF69FFBF19111AC07BA342CE" box="[361,507,971,994]" class="Mammalia" family="Castoridae" genus="Castor" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="canadensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="07B0EA9CDF69FFBF19111AC07BA342CE" box="[361,507,971,994]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="149">L. canadensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
distribution has contracted (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF180E1AE07B36452E" author="MCKELVEY, K. S. & K. B. AUBRY & Y. K. ORTEGA" box="[118,366,1003,1026]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" refId="ref20666" refString="MCKELVEY, K. S., K. B. AUBRY, AND Y. K. ORTEGA. 2000 a. History and distribution of lynx in the contiguous United States. Pp. 207 - 264 in Ecology and conservation of the lynx in the United States (F. L. Ruggerio, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">McKelvey et al. 2000a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this might be due to the reduction of large forest fires, with human-caused fire suppression, resulting in limitation of early successional forest, which are an important habitat for snowshoe hares (Koehler 1990). Other hypotheses are: climate change (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF19211D60784C45AE" author="KOEN, E. L. & J. BOWMAN & D. L. MURRAY & P. J. WILSON" box="[345,532,1131,1154]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" pagination="754 - 762" refId="ref19875" refString="KOEN, E. L., J. BOWMAN, D. L. MURRAY, AND P. J. WILSON. 2014. Climate change reduces genetic diversity of Canada lynx at the trailing range edge. Ecography 37: 754 - 762." type="journal article" year="2014">Koen et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), competition with terrestrial predators, roads and human mortality, reduced habitat quality, increased habitat fragmentation, and reduced in connectivity with northern population (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF19BB1DC0782445CE" author="AUBRY, K. B. & G. M. KOEHLER & J. R. SQUIRES" box="[451,636,1227,1250]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" refId="ref16632" refString="AUBRY, K. B., G. M. KOEHLER, AND, J. R. SQUIRES. 2000. Ecology of Canada lynx in southern boreal forests. Pp. 373 - 396 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Aubry et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF1AF21DC07AFA442E" author="BUSKIRK, S. W. & L. F. RUGGIERO & C. J. KREBS" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" refId="ref17522" refString="BUSKIRK, S. W., L. F. RUGGIERO, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000. Habitat fragmentation and interspecific competition: implications for lynx conservation. Pp. 83 - 100 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Buskirk et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF18C91DE07BFC442E" author="MCKELVEY, K. S. & S. W. BUSKIRK & C. J. KREBS" box="[177,420,1259,1282]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" refId="ref20738" refString="MCKELVEY, K. S., S. W. BUSKIRK, AND C. J. KREBS. 2000 b. Theoretical insights into the population viability of lynx. Pp. 21 - 37 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">McKelvey et al. 2000b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="51554B7FDF69FFBF19CA1DE0782B442E" author="MOWAT, G. & K. G. POOLE & M. O'DONOGHUE" box="[434,627,1259,1282]" pageId="13" pageNumber="149" refId="ref21398" refString="MOWAT, G., K. G. POOLE, AND M. O'DONOGHUE. 2000. Ecology of the lynx in northern Canada and Alaska. Pp. 265 - 306 in Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States (L. F. Ruggiero, et al., eds.). University Press of Colorado, Boulder." type="book" year="2000">Mowat et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |