431 lines
39 KiB
XML
431 lines
39 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489" ID-PMC="PMC4547026" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-55-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" ID-PubMed="26312044" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576322" ModsDocID="1314-2003-55-1" checkinTime="1451251384199" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Mitchell, John D. & Daly, Douglas C." docDate="2015" docId="782DB0AEB9F05BD89460C6A7F207473C" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 55: 1-92" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 55" docPubDate="2015-08-05" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489" docTitle="Spondias radlkoferi Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 6: 194. 1891." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" id="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" lastPageNumber="45" masterDocId="FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06" masterDocTitle="A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics" masterLastPageNumber="92" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="40" updateTime="1668141444944" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of Spondias L. (Anacardiaceae) in the Neotropics</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Mitchell, John D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 - 5126</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">johndanmitchell@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Daly, Douglas C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458 - 5126</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2015-08-05</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>55</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>92</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.55.8489</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-55-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">FF8CFFB4FFD52937FFDFFFB2FF93FC06</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">576322</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="182227748" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:782DB0AEB9F05BD89460C6A7F207473C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/782DB0AEB9F05BD89460C6A7F207473C" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<subSubSection pageId="39" pageNumber="40" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
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<taxonomicName LSID="782DB0AE-B9F0-5BD8-9460-C6A7F207473C" authority="Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 6: 194. 1891." authorityName="Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 6: 194. 1891." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias radlkoferi" order="Sapindales" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radlkoferi">Spondias radlkoferi Donn. Sm., Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 6: 194. 1891.</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="F2" captionText="Figure 2. Leaflets of Spondias species, showing details of the margin (insets): Spondias dulcis (Ayala & Criollo 3982, NY); Spondias macrocarpa (Thomas et al. 6823, NY); Spondias mombin (Acevedo 6037, NY); Spondias globosa (Neill & Palacios 7079, NY); Spondias radlkoferi narrow-leaflet form (Crane 458, LL) and broad-leaflet form (Contreras 6976, LL); Spondias purpurea (Grijalva 770, NY); Spondias testudinis (Lao Magin 112, NY); Spondias tuberosa (Carvalho et al. 3767, NY); Spondias venulosa (Stehmann 20855, NY)." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Figs 2</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="F5" captionText="Figure 5. Leaf architecture of Spondias radlkoferi. A Intersecondary vein B Arcuate secondary C Area of highly branched sclereids (from Mitchell 120, NY)." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">, 5</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F15" captionText="Figure 15. Flowers of Spondias species: Spondias dulcis (Wurdack 315, NY); Spondias macrocarpa (Spada 013 / 77, NY); Spondias globosa (Daly et al. 7836, NY); Spondias radlkoferi (Heithaus 119, NY); Spondias testudinis (Lao Magin 112, NY); Spondias tuberosa (Carauta 552, NY); Spondias venulosa (Queiroz 2604, NY)." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">, 15</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="F23" captionText="Figure 23. Distribution of Spondias radlkoferi." pageId="39" pageNumber="40">, 23</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Pittier" authorityYear="1914" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias nigrescens" order="Sapindales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="40" pageNumber="41" start="start">Spondias</pageBreakToken>
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nigrescens
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</taxonomicName>
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Pittier, Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 75, Fig. 82. 1914.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias radlkoferi" order="Sapindales" pageId="40" pageNumber="41" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radlkoferi">Spondias radlkoferi</taxonomicName>
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Type. Costa Rica. Nicoya, May 1900, A. Tonduz 13925 (holotype: US-861287!; isotypes: GH!, K! (2 sheets), MO! (fragment)).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="40" pageNumber="41" type="type">
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<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">Type.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="40" pageNumber="41">GUATEMALA. Esquintla [Escuintla]: Esquintla, Apr 1890, J. Donnell Smith 2087 (lectotype: US-1381173!, here designated; isolectotypes: GH!, K!, US-1381174!).</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="41" pageNumber="42" start="start">Description</pageBreakToken>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="43" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Hermaphroditic trees</emphasis>
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, reproductive height 5-30 m. Trunk 2.5-60 (90) cm diam.;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">outer bark</emphasis>
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(brownish) gray, smooth or occasionally rough, with shallow longitudinal fissures, sometimes with colums of warts;
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">inner bark</emphasis>
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(brownish) red with white striations.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Trichomes</emphasis>
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of three types: (1) curved (rarely flexuous), erect or appressed whitish hairs 0.3-0.6 mm long; (2) erect, fine, sharp white bristles to 0.05 mm long; and (3) erect, thick, blunt hairs to 0.05 (0.1) mm long.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Leaves</emphasis>
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sometimes facultatively deciduous, 4-14-jugate, 13-58 cm long; petiole 3.2-11.5 cm long, petiole and rachis glabrous or more often with dense curved hairs; lateral petiolules 2-13 mm long, the terminal one 10-20 mm long, petiolules with dense curved hairs, less often glabrous except for scattered to sparse shorter curved hairs to 1 mm long (also on rachis between leaflets); basal leaflets 1.5-6.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.1-3.1 cm, other laterals (2.5) 3-13.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.6-6 cm, all laterals medially asymmetric, acroscopic side semi-ovate to semi-lanceolate, basiscopic side (narrowly) semi-elliptic; terminal leaflet 3.6-8.5
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.8-3 cm, slightly (ob)ovate to oblanceolate or rarely elliptic; apex either (1) obtuse, rounded, or retuse or sometimes broadly short-acuminate (populations in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Petén">Peten</normalizedToken>
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, Veracruz, parts of Oaxaca), or (2) abruptly and narrowly long-acuminate (remainder of range), the acumen 3-14 mm long, often mucronate; lateral lamina usually basally asymmetrical, the acroscopic side obtuse to slightly cordate, the basiscopic side acute to attenuate, basal insertion asymmetrical; leaflet margin sometimes revolute, entire to slightly crenate, occasionally with a few concave-convex teeth, sometimes ciliate with sparse curved hairs; leaflets chartaceous to membranaceous, both surfaces dull.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Inflorescences</emphasis>
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subterminal, developing along with new flush of leaves, 16-33 (60) cm long, 2.8-10 mm diam at base, flowers congested toward ends of axes, secondary axes 2-22 cm long, axes (sub)glabrous (populations in Veracruz,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Petén">Peten</normalizedToken>
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, parts of Oaxaca) or with scattered bristles and usually with dense to sparse curved hairs (elsewhere); bracts on primary and secondary axes ca. 2.5-6 mm long, lorate to subulate, bracts on higher-order branches and bracteoles 0.3-0.5 mm long, ovate or deltate, semi-clasping, the apex acuminate, all bracts ciliate with curved hairs; pedicel 0.7-2.5 (3.5) mm long, portion distal to articulation 0.4-1 (0.9) mm long, glabrous or pubescent as on inflorescence axes (but curved hairs only to 0.2 mm).
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Calyx</emphasis>
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0.5-0.6 mm long overall, aestivation apert or slightly imbricate, divided nearly to base, the lobes 0.4-0.5 mm long, broadly rounded-ovate, glabrous or with sparse bristles, the margin ciliate with bristles or short blunt hairs; petals 1.8-2.2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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0.8-0.9 mm, oblong-elliptic, apex acute to slightly acuminate, variously reported as white, greenish yellow, rose-white, or greenish cream, glabrous, reflexed at anthesis; stamens spreading, antesepalous and antepetalous ones 1.8-2.2 and 1.5-1.6 mm long, respectively, the anthers 0.5-0.6 mm long, in dorsiventral view oblong, in lateral view oblong(-elliptic); disk 0.4-0.6 mm tall, 0.4-0.7 mm thick, summit slightly undulate and outer margin sulcate, dark purple (Wendt et al. 316, NY), surface markedly papillate; pistil 0.4-0.8 mm long, depressed-globose overall, divided nearly to base into subulate, apically slightly divergent styles, often with a few hairs to 0.2 mm long, the stigmas extrorse and broadly vertically oblong.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fruits</emphasis>
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2.2-4
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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1.5-2 cm (dry), oblong to slightly obovoid, the apex distinctly umbonate (dry), sometimes oblique at base, orange to green when ripe, surface dull, not lenticellate but
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<pageBreakToken pageId="42" pageNumber="43" start="start">sometimes</pageBreakToken>
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warty.
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Seedlings</emphasis>
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(from
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<bibRefCitation author="Garwood, NC" journalOrPublisher="Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca" pageId="60" pageNumber="61" refId="B57" refString="Garwood, NC, 2009. Seedlings of Barro Colorado Island and the Neotropics. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca" title="Seedlings of Barro Colorado Island and the Neotropics" year="2009">Garwood 2009</bibRefCitation>
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): cotyledons ligulate, entire; first two eophylls opposite and trifoliolate, then alternate, the leaflets ovate and sparsely but regularly toothed; petiole, petiolules, midvein, and margin with dense thin stiff hairs.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Leaflet venation</emphasis>
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: Intramarginal vein present or sometimes appearing to have a marginal secondary, occasionally hidden by revolute margin. Secondary veins in 5-12 pairs, often arcuate but straight near base, spacing decreasing toward apex, the angle almost uniform but decreasing toward apex; insertion on midvein abruptly decurrent or less often excurrent; some inter-secondaries present, 0-1 per pair of secondaries and usually perpendicular to the midvein, long and reticulating or basiflexed; epimedial tertiaries present, short, parallel to secondaries or perpendicular to midvein, reticulating; intercostal tertiaries alternate-percurrent and irregular-reticulate with some admedial branching; quaternaries irregular-reticulate and freely ramified, areolation at tertiary or quaternary ranks, FEVs 2-3-branched, dendritic, terminating in highly branched sclereids; on abaxial side the midvein and secondaries prominulous to prominent and discolorous, higher-order veins flat to prominulous, on adaxial surface the midvein narrowly prominulous and the secondaries and higher-order veins flattened to slightly impressed, on both sides the midvein and secondary veins often with dense to scattered curved hairs, rest of surfaces glabrous or with sparse to scattered hairs, glabrescent with age except abaxial surface usually with hairy-tuft domatia in the axils of secondary veins.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias radlkoferi" order="Sapindales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radlkoferi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Spondias radlkoferi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has been recorded from Mexico (Mexico State) S to NW Colombia and Venezuela (Zulia), with one record from Los
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Ríos">Rios</normalizedToken>
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in Ecuador. As noted above, different leaflet forms are associated with different parts of its range.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Ecology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">This species is rather versatile ecologically, growing in primary to secondary formations or even roadsides, in seasonally dry tropical forest, tall evergreen forest, and pluvial forest, on limestone, black clay, and reddish brown stony soils. It occurs on slopes and in valleys at elevations ranging from 10-1000 m.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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Given this
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<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
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relatively broad distribution, its known phenology is broken down by region. Mexico: flowering Mar-May, fruiting May-Dec; Central America: flowering Dec-Jul, fruiting May-Jan.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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In central Panama, populations of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias radlkoferi" order="Sapindales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radlkoferi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Spondias radlkoferi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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often flower 4-6 weeks later than
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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populations (
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<bibRefCitation author="Croat, T" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="483 - 490" publicationUrl="10.2307/2395070" refId="B33" refString="Croat, T, 1974a. A reconsideration of Spondias mombin L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61: 483 - 490, DOI: 10.2307/2395070" title="A reconsideration of Spondias mombin L." url="10.2307/2395070" volume="61" year="1974 a">Croat 1974a</bibRefCitation>
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). The species is known to flower Apr-Jul (peaking in May-Jun) and to fruit Sep-Dec with a peak in Oct-Nov. Croat and others have suggested the fruit becomes an important source of food for mammalian species in times of food scarcity (
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<bibRefCitation author="Croat, T" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="483 - 490" publicationUrl="10.2307/2395070" refId="B33" refString="Croat, T, 1974a. A reconsideration of Spondias mombin L. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61: 483 - 490, DOI: 10.2307/2395070" title="A reconsideration of Spondias mombin L." url="10.2307/2395070" volume="61" year="1974 a">Croat 1974a</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Croat, T" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="59" pageNumber="60" pagination="135 - 137" publicationUrl="10.2307/2989826" refId="B34" refString="Croat, T, 1974b. A case for selection for delayed fruit maturation in Spondias (Anacardiaceae). Biotropica 6: 135 - 137, DOI: 10.2307/2989826" title="A case for selection for delayed fruit maturation in Spondias (Anacardiaceae)." url="10.2307/2989826" volume="6" year="1974 b">b</bibRefCitation>
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) and/or forest fragmentation (spider monkeys;
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<bibRefCitation author="Chaves, OM" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="105 - 113" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00766.x" refId="B29" refString="Chaves, OM, Stoner, KE, Arroyo-Rodriguez, V, 2012. Differences in diet between spider monkey groups living in forest fragments and continuous forest in Mexico. Biotropica 44: 105 - 113, DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00766.x" title="Differences in diet between spider monkey groups living in forest fragments and continuous forest in Mexico." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2011.00766.x" volume="44" year="2012">Chaves et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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As with the other
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias" order="Sapindales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Spondias</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species whose dispersal has been documented, the fruits of
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias radlkoferi" order="Sapindales" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radlkoferi">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Spondias radlkoferi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are often dispersed by frugivorous bats (
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<bibRefCitation author="Bonaccorso, FJ" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences, Tallahassee" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="359 - 408" refId="B18" refString="Bonaccorso, FJ, 1978. Foraging and reproductive ecology in a Panamanian bat community. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences, Tallahassee 24 (4): 359 - 408" title="Foraging and reproductive ecology in a Panamanian bat community." volume="24" year="1978">Bonaccorso 1978</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Bonaccorso, FJ" editor="Chadwick, AC" journalOrPublisher="Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="169 - 183" refId="B19" refString="Bonaccorso, FJ, Humphrey, SR, 1984. Fruit bat niche dynamics: Their role in maintaining tropical forest diversity. In: Chadwick, AC, Sutton, SL, Eds., Tropical Rainforest: The Leeds Symposium. Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Leeds: 169 - 183" title="Fruit bat niche dynamics: Their role in maintaining tropical forest diversity." volumeTitle="Tropical Rainforest: The Leeds Symposium." year="1984">Bonaccorso and Humphrey 1984</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Medellín">Medellin</normalizedToken>
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and Gaona 1991); the endocarps of this species accounted for 50.5% of diaspores collected beneath the leaf tents of the tent-making bat
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Phyllostomidae" genus="Artibeus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Artibeus watsoni" order="Chiroptera" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watsoni">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Artibeus watsoni</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Melo, FPL" journalOrPublisher="Biotropica" pageId="63" pageNumber="64" pagination="737 - 743" publicationUrl="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00528.x" refId="B114" refString="Melo, FPL, Rodriguez-Herrera, B, Chazdon, RL, Medellin, RA, Ceballos, GG, 2009. Small tent-roosting bats promote dispersal of large-seeded plants in a neotropical forest. Biotropica 41: 737 - 743, DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00528.x" title="Small tent-roosting bats promote dispersal of large-seeded plants in a neotropical forest." url="10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00528.x" volume="41" year="2009">Melo et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="common names">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Common names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
|
||
Belize: hog plum, ho-bo (Arvigo 899, NY), pook (Maya, Balick 1824, GH, NY),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="rum-p’ok">rum-p'ok</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Kekchi Maya, Arvigo 627, NY); Honduras: jovo (Hagen
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="43" pageNumber="44" start="start">&</pageBreakToken>
|
||
amp; Hagen 1096, NY), ciruela monte (Hagen & Hagen 1259, NY); Salvador: jocote (verde)(Rosales 394, NY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="economic botany">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Economic botany.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
References to the economic botany of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias radlkoferi" order="Sapindales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radlkoferi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Spondias radlkoferi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the literature are scarce, because the species was treated as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Flora of Panama</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Blackwell, WH" editor="Woodson, Jr RE" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="58" pageNumber="59" pagination="351 - 379" publicationUrl="10.2307/2395174" refId="B17" refString="Blackwell, WH, Dodson, CH, 1967. [1968] Family 101 Anacardiaceae. In: Woodson, Jr RE, Schery, RW, Eds., Flora of Panama. Part VI. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 54: 351 - 379, DOI: 10.2307/2395174" title="[1968] Family 101 Anacardiaceae" url="10.2307/2395174" volume="54" volumeTitle="Flora of Panama. Part VI." year="1967">Blackwell and Dodson 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Flora of Ecuador (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Barfod, A" journalOrPublisher="Flora of Ecuador" pageId="57" pageNumber="58" pagination="11 - 49" refId="B11" refString="Barfod, A, 1987. Anacardiaceae. Flora of Ecuador 30 (104): 11 - 49" title="Anacardiaceae." volume="30" year="1987">Barfod 1987</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so some of the uses ascribed to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in these references should be applied to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias radlkoferi" order="Sapindales" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radlkoferi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Spondias radlkoferi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
According to herbarium specimen data from Belize, the fruits of this species are edible; the bark is used to treat diarrhea, skin rashes, and fevers; a decoction is used as a mouthwash (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Arvigo 899</emphasis>
|
||
, NY); the leaves are boiled and drunk for bladder infections; a drink is prepared from the bark for internal bruises (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Arvigo 825</emphasis>
|
||
, NY); a tea from roots bark and buds is used to treat diarrhea; a tea from roots, bark, and buds is used to treat gonorrhea; boiled roots, bark and buds are used as an eye-wash; leaves and bark are boiled to make a tonic bath during pregnancy; and an infusion of leaves is used as a gargle for sore throats and to treat skin sores (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Balick 1824</emphasis>
|
||
, GH, NY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="selected specimens examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Selected specimens examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">BELIZE</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Belize District</emphasis>
|
||
: South of Yalbac Hills, Terra Nova Medicinal Plant Reserve,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="17" direction="north" minutes="21" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="17.35">17°21'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="89" direction="west" minutes="55" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-89.916664">89°55'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 40 m, 19 July 1995, Walker et al. 1497 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Toledo District</emphasis>
|
||
: Bladen Watershed, Quebrada de Oro tributary,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="35" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="16.583334">16°35'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="88" direction="west" minutes="45" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-88.75">88°45'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 16 Mar 1988, Brokaw 42 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">COLOMBIA</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Antioquia</emphasis>
|
||
: Mun. Dabeiba, km 4 Dabeiba Chigorodo road, 30 Jul 1987, Callejas et al. 4767 (MO, NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Caldas</emphasis>
|
||
: Mpio. Norcasia, Magdalena Medio, Hacienda Playa Alta, 260 m, 22 Jul 2001,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Garzón">Garzon</normalizedToken>
|
||
& Lopera 103 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Chocó">Choco</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: km 41-56 on
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="QuibdóBolívar">QuibdoBolivar</normalizedToken>
|
||
road,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="5" direction="north" minutes="47" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="5.7833333">5°47'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="76" direction="west" minutes="35" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-76.583336">76°35'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 11 Jun 1982, Gentry & Brand 36710 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Córdoba">Cordoba</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Mpio. Tierralta, installations of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Urrá">Urra</normalizedToken>
|
||
Dam, elev. 260 m, 9 Jun 2003, Fonnegra-G. et al. 7850 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">COSTA RICA</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Alajuela</emphasis>
|
||
: La Garita Dam, 25 Jul 1967, Lent 1148 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Heredia</emphasis>
|
||
: La Selva (OTS Field Station), on
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Puerto Viejo just E of confluence with
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Sarapiqui, elev. ca. 100 m, 8 Jun 1985, Jacobs 3293 (GH, BM, NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Puntarenas</emphasis>
|
||
: km 15
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="RincónPuerto">RinconPuerto</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jiménez">Jimenez</normalizedToken>
|
||
road,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="8.55">8°33'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="83" direction="west" minutes="23" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-83.38333">83°23'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 4 Mar 1985, Croat & Grayum 59795 (MO, NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">ECUADOR</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Los Rios</emphasis>
|
||
: Vinces, Jauneche forest, km 70 Quevedo-Palenque, via Mocachi,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="1" direction="south" minutes="16" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="-1.2666667">1°16'S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="42" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-79.7">79°42'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 70 m, (no date), Dodson et al. 8837 (GUAY, MO, SEL).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">EL SALVADOR</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Dept.
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ahuachapán">Ahuachapan</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, San Francisco
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Menéndez">Menendez</normalizedToken>
|
||
, El Corozo [Coroso], Mariposario,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="13" direction="north" minutes="49" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="13.816667">13°49'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="89" direction="west" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-89.98333">89°59'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 380 m, 24 Mar 2000, Rosales 394 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">GUATEMALA</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Alta Verapaz</emphasis>
|
||
: SE of Finca Yalpemech, near Alto
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Verapaz-Petén">Verapaz-Peten</normalizedToken>
|
||
boundary, 23 Mar 1942, Steyermark 45214 (TEX);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Petén">Peten</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: road to Melchior, 10 Jul 1965, Aguilar 37 (NY); Tikal National Park, Tikal, near airfield, 20 Aug 1959, Contreras 85 (GH, TEX).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">HONDURAS</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Atlantida</emphasis>
|
||
: Lancetilla Valley, near Tela, elev. 20-600 m, 6 Oct-20 Mar 1928, Standley 54022 (A);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Yoro</emphasis>
|
||
: Subirana, Oct 1937, C. von Hagen & W. von Hagen 1096 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">MEXICO</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Campeche</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tuxpeña">Tuxpena</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 2 Nov 1931, Lundell 894 (GH, NY); Mpio. Calakmul, km 17 S of gate house for entry to Calakmul,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="18" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="29" value="18.391388">18°23'29"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="89" direction="west" minutes="54" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-89.9">89°54'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 27 Jul 1998, Madrid et al. 1264 (MO);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Chiapas</emphasis>
|
||
: Mpio. Ocosingo, 0.2 km W of Nuevo Guerrero,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="16" direction="north" minutes="59" orientation="latitude" precision="15" seconds="11" value="16.98639">16°59'11"N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="91" direction="west" minutes="17" orientation="longitude" precision="15" seconds="14" value="-91.287224">91°17'14"W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 210 m, 8 May 2002,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Calónico">Calonico</normalizedToken>
|
||
Soto et al. 23370 (TEX);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Quintana Roo</emphasis>
|
||
: km 5 Las PanterasMargarita Maza road, on short cut to
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Mérida">Merida</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 5 Aug 1982, E. Cabrera & H. Cabrera 3331;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Vera Cruz</emphasis>
|
||
: Mpo. San
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Andrés">Andres</normalizedToken>
|
||
Tuxtla,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Estación">Estacion</normalizedToken>
|
||
de
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Biología">Biologia</normalizedToken>
|
||
Tropical Los Tuxtlas, 18°3436'N, 95°0409'W, 15 Apr 1975, Calzada 1813 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="45" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
NICARA
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="44" pageNumber="45" start="start">GUA</pageBreakToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Boaco</emphasis>
|
||
: Comarca San Isidro, ca. 17 km N of Camoapa, ca.
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="12" direction="north" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="12.55">12°33'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="85" direction="west" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-85.5">85°30'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 17 Jul 1984, Estrada et al. 9 (MO).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Zelaya</emphasis>
|
||
: Awas Tingni, 40 km S of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Waspán">Waspan</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="north" minutes="23" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="14.383333">14°23'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="83" direction="west" minutes="57" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-83.95">83°57'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, elev. 20 m, 20 Mar 1971, Little 25273 (MO).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">PANAMA</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Canal Zone</emphasis>
|
||
: Barro Colorado Island, 18 Apr 1968, Croat 4929 (NY),
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Colón">Colon</normalizedToken>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Distrito Portobelo, banks of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Río">Rio</normalizedToken>
|
||
Guanche, elev. 100 m,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="9.516666">9°31'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="79" direction="west" minutes="40" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-79.666664">79°40'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 18 Jan 1995, Galdames & Guerra 1928 (NY);
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">San Blas</emphasis>
|
||
: Comarca de San Blas,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Playón">Playon</normalizedToken>
|
||
Chico, aqueduct trail,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="9" direction="north" minutes="17" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="9.283334">9°17'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="78" direction="west" minutes="15" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="-78.25">78°15'W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 11 Sep 1994, Herrera & Arosemena 1834 (NY).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">VENEZUELA</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Zulia</emphasis>
|
||
: Sierra de Perija, vicinity of Kasmera (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Estación">Estacion</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Biológica">Biologica</normalizedToken>
|
||
de la Universidad del Zulia), SW of Machiques, 25 Aug 1967, Steyermark &
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fernández">Fernandez</normalizedToken>
|
||
99734 (NY).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="conservation status">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Conservation status.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">We consider this species to be of Least Concern because of its broad range and relatively large populations in Central America, S Mexico and Colombia, although the population(s) in the heavily deforested region of Zulia, Venezuela may be endangered.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias radlkoferi" order="Sapindales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="radlkoferi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Spondias radlkoferi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Anacardiaceae" genus="Spondias" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Spondias mombin" order="Sapindales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mombin">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Spondias mombin</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
because of its usually densely fissured bark, leaves 3-14-jugate, the midvein of the leaflet usually prominent abaxially, and the petals glabrous abaxially. The former can be distinguished by the intramarginal secondary vein (sometimes (sub)marginal) (vs. always removed from the margin); the costal secondary veins usually distinctly arcuate with excurrent insertion on midvein, sometimes with hairy tuft domatia in the axils abaxially (vs. essentially straight to very slightly arcuate with decurrent insertion on midvein, without hairy tuft domatia); the pedicel 0.7-2.5 (3.5) mm long (vs. 2-4.5 mm); and the fruit maturing green (rarely orange), obovoid with abruptly short-acuminate apex (vs. maturing yellow or orange(-brown), oblong to ellipsoid to globose, apex rounded to truncate).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Moreover, the tertiary veins are alternate-percurrent and irregular-reticulate (vs. irregular-reticulate and/or admedially ramified); FEVs 1-2-branched, terminating in highly branched sclereids (vs. 3+-branched and not terminating in branched sclereids); on pedicel the portion distal to the articulation almost always shorter than basal portion (vs. distal portion longer); the sepals slightly imbricate at base (vs. calyx apert); the disk markedly papillate (vs. not), the pistil often with with a few trichomes to 0.2 mm long (vs. glabrous).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |